Arguments against Commercialization of Organ Transplants

Arguments against Commercialization of Organ Transplants Order Instructions: Imagine that you are a member of an ethics committee listening to arguments for and against altering the
way in which human organs are obtained for patients in need of transplants.

A new policy to allow the
sale of organs by consenting individuals to patients in need and to medical institutions has been
proposed. Critics argue that permitting organs to be bought and sold is unethical. You have been asked
to review the arguments for and against the commercialization of organ transplants and to construct a
report with your suggested plan of action. Use the Internet or Strayer databases to search for arguments
for and against the commercialization of organ transplants, and then apply the principles learned in
Weeks 1-3 to formulate your report.
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you:
1. Briefly summarize the arguments for and against the commercialization of transplants that you
found in your research.
2. Formulate your position on the debate of whether or not the sale of organs should be permitted.
3. Defend your moral judgment with a moral argument. Identify the moral principle that you are
appealing to in your moral argument.
4. Determine which normative theory best supports your conclusion.
5. Use at least two (2) quality references. (Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as
academic resources.)
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
? Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all
sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your
professor for any additional instructions.
? Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s
name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in
the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
? Determine the considerations for and the process of ethical business decision making to balance
corporate and social responsibilities and address moral, economic, and legal concerns.
? Analyze selected business situations using the predominant ethical theories, such as utilitarian,
Kantian, and virtue ethics to guide ethical business decision making.
? Use technology and information resources to research issues in business ethics.
? Write clearly and concisely about business ethics using proper writing mechanics.

Arguments against Commercialization of Organ Transplants Sample Answer

Arguments against the Commercialization of Organ Transplants

One of the most common human organs that are transplanted is the kidney. In almost all countries around the globe, there is a shortage of kidneys needed for patients. This is one reason that has greatly contributed to the controversy of whether these much-needed organs for transplant can be commercialized. By commercializing these transplants, it will mean that the for-profit system is being adapted. This is because donors will be profiting from donating their organs. One of the arguments against the organ transplants is that the vendors will only do so because they endure poverty to a very great extent such that they have no other choice but to sell their organs (Mazaris et al., 2011). Thus, this argument implies that they are simply doing so against their will, but because their circumstances force them. In other words, they view this as exploitation of the poor.

Second, another argument is that the individuals tempted to sell are ignorant, and, thus, do not have the competence needed to complete the transaction (Hoyer, 2006). This argument has been based on the fact that individuals are simply selling because of the money, but they are unaware of the other health risks they will be placing themselves in. Thus, commercializing this will provide ground for people to aimlessly donate just so they can get money, while also risking their lives. The third argument is that these sales are unjust as a result of the huge income gaps, which ends up motivating individuals to sell organs. Most people who are hoping to be donors do so because of the unfair treatment they experience everywhere because of how they cannot afford almost everything expensive (Mazaris et al., 2011). Lastly, another argument against this commercialization is that donations for free, can be acceptable, but the sale of organs that are highly motivated by greed for money is not.

Arguments for the Commercialization of Organ Transplants

Other groups and individuals have also presented arguments for the commercialization of organ transplants. First, there is an argument that commercializing this trade of organs is important as it presents a strictly regulated market, as compared to the illegal market where donors are placed at risk (Hoyer, 2006). The legal market provides high treatment standards, which are also ensured for all donors, thus these can be justly distributed. This argument basically implies that commercializing this sale will do away with the unsafe procedures commonly handled under poor medical standards. Therefore, individuals will not have to go to these unsafe places whenever they need to sell organs, but instead, they will go to safe places such as hospitals as they will have nothing to hide from (Mazaris et al., 2011). Second, it will not be considered unfair when organs are priced at the level of an annual average salary. This is because every individual will be considered equal, thus creating an equally attractive option for both the poor and rich. This is because illegal markets offer small amounts of money for donors while commercializing this sale legally will lead to a universal price that applies to people in all social groups.

Third, with a strictly regulated market, many family members will feel saved from the pressure applied upon them when they are expected to donate an organ for a relative. This is very important because not all individuals feel comfortable donating, however, when a family member gets ill and requires donations; they are frequently forced simply because they are family (Hoyer, 2006). This is very unfair, and the situation can be salvaged by having organs to purchase, instead of waiting for donations. Lastly, arguing for the commercialization of organ transplants is also because some people make anonymous donations. This implies that some give it from the bottom of their hearts and not only on family-related situations or social grounds. Therefore, if such incentives including social and altruistic motives are acceptable, then there is no need to prohibit financial incentives.

Arguments against Commercialization of Organ Transplants Current Position on this Debate

Considering the arguments above, my position on it is that the commercialization of organ transplants should be permitted. After analyzing the arguments above, I can now understand where both arguments are coming from. Those against the commercialization base their arguments on claims that this step will further lead to the unfair treatment of poor people (Mazaris et al., 2011). Most of these people are uneducated, and will, therefore, not understand the implications of their actions on their health. Since they really need the money, they will simply offer their organs for any small amount to enable them to survive a few more weeks. The group of individuals who are for the idea bases their arguments on the fact that illegal markets are present and will keep on functioning while risking the lives of donors as a result of poor medical standards since they are hiding from the authorities. They also support the idea as the unfair treatment will be reduced since a universal price will be set for organs (Hoyer, 2006). Thus, everyone will find this option attractive as a result of the present conditions and incentives. Lastly, it will cater to the limited supply of organs that lead to family members being pressured into donating even though they are unwilling.

Arguments against Commercialization of Organ Transplants Support for my Argument

The reason why I support this judgment is that it will reduce most of the unethical situations going around in the world. For example, by neglecting the commercialization of organ transportations, illegal markets will be promoted. Such markets are usually characterized by various illegal activities such as human trafficking, kidnappings, murder and many more. Villains will try to make a point of ensuring that they misuse the people around them so that they can benefit from the few cash offered after giving organs. This is wrong because everyone has the right to make a choice of whether they will give out organs or not. By legalizing the idea, such activities will be reduced drastically as individuals will prefer better treatment standards, which will also offer better incentives in terms of cash. The moral principle being appealed to by the above moral judgment is that it is right to let individuals make their own decisions on whether to donate their organs or not, and it is wrong to pressure or force individuals to do the same.

Normative Theory that Supports the above Conclusion

The normative theory that best supports this theory is that of ethical relativism. This is because there are no universal standards of what should qualify as right or wrong. Everything depends on what each individual thinks of it. The conclusion above can be supported by this theory in the sense that not everyone thinks that selling organs is wrong. However, people should not be forced to do so as noted in the illegal markets. Thus, the best option is to let everyone make his or her own choices by providing a fair, safe, and strictly regulated marketplace.

Arguments against Commercialization of Organ Transplants References

Hoyer, P. (2006). Commercial living non-related organ transplantation: a viewpoint from a developed country. Pediatric Nephrology, 21(10), 1364-1368. doi:10.1007/s00467-006-0169-4

Mazaris, E. M., Crane, J. S., Warrens, A. N., Smith, G., Tekkis, P., & Papalois, V. E. (2011). Attitudes toward live donor kidney transplantation and its commercialization. Clinical Transplantation, 25(3), E312-E319. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01418.x

The Impact of Media on Public Opinion

Order Instructions:

Writing to Inform

Approach 1: Capture Your Readers’ Attention:
•Start with an unusual or surprising piece of information about your subject
•Present the information, starting from the least unusual or surprising idea and moving to the most
•Use specific examples, quotations, statistics, and so on to illustrate your topic
•End your paper by restating a unique or surprising aspect of your topic

Approach 2: Question Your Readers
•Begin with a question to help readers see why they might want to read about your topic
•Outline the information, starting with the least significant piece of information and working toward the most important
•Use specific examples, quotations, statistics, and so on to illustrate your topic
•Conclude by answering the questions that you started with

Approach 3: Create a Context:
•Set the stage. What is the situation that your readers may be interested in?
•Broaden your initial explanation with specific details, quotations, and examples so your reader can “see” what you are writing about
•Compare and contrast your subject with another one, to help readers understand the information
•Conclude your paper by reinforcing your reader’s connection to your topic

SAMPLE ANSWER

The Impact of Media on Public Opinion

Media is regarded as the fourth estate for its role in providing information and contributing in opinion formation among its audience. Before going into details on the impact of media on public opinion, let me pose this question. Do you believe that media messages at any time have changed your perception or opinions on any issue? If it has, then it is evident that indeed media has some powers to influence.

The members of the public perceive and have their own opinions and views about certain aspects in the society. However, the media through its messages and opinions or representation of information affects the already formed opinions of the audience. The impacts of messages from media can be higher especially if the audience believes and trusts media as a credible source of information. Some of the reasons that contribute to mass media influence on the public opinion is that the media carry out its own research and report findings from the members of public on their opinions (Lazaroiu 264). Media houses such as CNN, for instance, carry out research to establish the opinions of the audience on various topics. Media furthermore, reports others research and findings as well reports on events, topics, and feelings of groups about them.

Audiences hold their own ideologies as they have distinct belief systems. Ideologies act as constraints when receiving messages from the media. They are able to interpret the messages and form their own opinions. Being able to evaluate messages from a media outlet is determined by various factors such as the interests in the message and the level of education or rather literacy levels (Lazaroiu 265). People with high level of education will not just take in any messages from the media but will dig deeper into the information to ascertain its credibility.

Media has the capacity to form opinions, has the power to shape patterns of feelings, thinking and reacting on certain circumstances, or events as clearly illustrated from the Vietnam War. Media through its depictions of the horrible killings in Vietnam by the American Soldiers made the American citizens to stop supporting their soldiers’ actions. The media portrayals included killings of children and people; something that was very shocking and disturbing. The focus of the Americans shifted on the human activists instead of the soldiers in the Vietnam. On the same not, it is exhibited how negative media portrayal as well impacts on the public opinion. The media in this case affected the opinions and the views of the people through the pictures. Had the media sparingly or concealed some of the acts on ground, the American publics could have not relinquished their support to their soldiers in the USA. Therefore, from the media portrays USA lost in terms of politics and social arena.

Media, through its gatekeepers such as editors, makes the decision on what information the public receives. Such messages or information may influence or override the opinions of the members of the public. The media, therefore, sets the agenda on the issues the members of the public deliberate and discuss on (Lazaroiu 264). For instance, if the gatekeepers decided to concentrate on a specific kind of news, for example, terrorists attack, the members of the public will believe in the messages the media transmits to them. For instance, if the media reports that an attack is carried out by Al-Qaida, members of the public will believe in the information as long as the media keeps on repeating and reporting on the issue even if another terror group carried the attack. This, therefore, means that, media is powerful in influencing the opinion through its framing and that is why it is important that before any information is broadcast or reported to the public, enough evidence is gathered to ensure credibility and as well to upholster the image of the media in the public eye.

Media has the potential of influencing political elections unfairly. Many people that relay on media for accurate information can be mislead to hold contrary position based on information that is not factual. To indicate the sincerity in this argument arose when World Net Daily cautioned members of the public to be vigilant not to be keen in the presidential lection because media had the capability of shaping opinion through skewing the polls.

Media also influences the audience or public opinions as it drives consumers to develop certain consumption/purchasing habits through adverts and promotion of goods and services. People that access to media adverts are highly persuaded to change their purchasing behaviors, as they believe that information transmitted through media is true. Large corporations therefore spend colossal sums of money to run their adverts to accrue high profits from the increased sale of their products after advertisement. A good example is Two and a Half Men show that stared Charlie Sheem who received huge sums of money. The company CBS earned colossal amounts of money in its first quarter courtesy of the show. This therefore, indicates the capability of media to influence the public opinion

In conclusion, the media has a greater potential of influencing the public opinion either negatively or positively. Many people do believe that media messages are true, hence, they believe in the same as illustrated from various events such as Vietnam War and in presidential elections among many others. However, it is important for the public to interrogate media messages they receive to ensure that they are credible and true. This will ensure that they remain objective and sincere.

Work Cited

Lazaroiu, George. Media concentration, digital communication networks, and the impact of new media on the news environment. Economics, Management & Financial Markets, 5.2(2010): 264-272. Print.

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The Impact of Complex Adaptive Systems Discussion

Order Instructions:

The Impact of Complex Adaptive Systems
As a teenager beginning a new school, you likely searched for other students who were similar to you to befriend. You may have looked for students with similar backgrounds, interests, hobbies, and academic abilities. It is likely that no one explicitly told you to do this but that you did it naturally. Others did likewise, and groups began to form. As your group began to interact with other groups, rules governing these relationships may also have formed. Again, these relationships were likely not instituted by anyone in formal authority but passed informally among members and between groups. However, some members may have deviated from these informal relationship rules. If the influence of these individuals were strong enough, they could permanently alter the relationships within and between groups.

Those who apply complexity theories suggest that organizations and even entire industries develop in much the same way as individuals or entire organizations pursue individual goals, react to the actions of others, and form relationships. Scholar-practitioners must ask themselves what implications these theories have for those attempting to develop strategy for modern organizations.

To prepare, review this Week’s Learning Resources on complexity theory. Consider the potential impact of a complex adaptive system for the organization you chose for your SSP.

By Day 5 of Week 5, read all of your colleagues’ posts and respond to two colleague’s individually in one of the following ways:

•Critique your colleagues’ analyses of how a small change in a system may lead to large or radical organizational transformation, and offer additional insight from your personal experience or the literature.
•Refute or support your colleagues’ analyses of the potential impact of complex adaptive systems on leadership using an example from your own experience or support from the literature.
•Refute or support your colleagues’ analyses of the potential impact of complex adaptive systems on innovation using an example from your own experience or support from the literature.
•Answer one of the questions posed by your colleagues in their posts.

Colleague post 1 (Geraldine)
The Impact of the Complex Adaptive Systems

Organizational strategic goals is set up by executing the traditional strategic thinking (“Strategy,” 2005). Many attributes exist within the organization that causes the inconsistent, unlink processes, and business units key relation disconnections. CAS acronyms stand for complex adaptive system. CAS defines how corporation classifies innovation, complex as living machine, and growing organization (Lucas, 2004) and describes as organizations compete with other and compete with other organizations in the same trade is a form as a complex system (Stacey, 2011). Scholars describe combination of a number; populations of entities called as agents, each behaves according to the define set of rules (Laureate Education, 2013; as cited by Stacey).

The Impact of Changes within a CAS

Organization carried out many changes by the force of the changing environment and advanced technology. Internal business units within CAS transform due to the communication and collaboration with other business units (Stacey). IBM has undergone many changes and transformed over the past 100 years. For example, the business focus transformed from a hardware product offering to product and services offering. IBM today has been committed as service oriented.

During the revolution, the organizational culture depends on their CM known as changes management to ensure the success of the project deliverables, while the IT industry will make significant transformations over time as well. IBM cultures innovative thinking, with that a great collaboration and communication, this attributes is one key for the technology enhancement and advancement, procedural and processes improvement.

Potential Impact of CAS on Leadership and Innovation

The organization creates innovative thinking culture; leader encourages employees on innovation and management uses technology and skills to advance processes and competitiveness (McCarthy, 2003). New product and services offering is a key differentiating themselves from another industry. IBM and Apple were the major company during the personal computers (PC) era. The product serves the same deliverables, although serves different types of entities. For instance, Apple was more focus with a graphical interface, whereas IBM focuses with a command line interface system. Microsoft dominated the PC operating system and transformed the PC by incorporating IBM, Apple, and other ideas.

Communicating with the agents within the CAS is the key, because if communication does not exist, then innovative thinking and technology advancement would not stimulate for driving the technological growth. Still true today, a greater collaboration and communication is still the key and continuously exercise. CAS more significant today than ever value, an innovation and flexibility must exist to be sustainable.

The question remains on whether the organization measure the results of these interactions attribute aligned with the leadership expectations (Laureate Education). What is the leadership perspective about the system complexity? What is the next big thing for PC? How quickly consumer adapt the advancement of PC? Any advice for IBM, Microsoft, or Apple?

References

Baran, M. (2010). Teaching multi-methodology research courses to doctoral students. International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 4(1), 19-27. doi:10.5172/mra.2010.4.1.019

Fleming, L., & Sorenson, O. (2001). Technology as a complex adaptive system: evidence from patent data. Research Policy, 30(7), 1019-1039. Retrieved from https://www.funginstitute.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/Technology

Harvard Business School Press. (2005). Strategy: Create and implement the best strategy for your business. Boston, MA: Author

Hill, A., & Brown, S. (2007). Strategic profiling: a visual representation of internal strategic fit in service organisations.

International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 27(12), 1333-1361. doi:10.1108/01443570710835642.

IBM. (2014). About IBM. Retrieved from http://www.ibm.com

IBM Human Ability and Accessibility Center | Industries … (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www-03.ibm.com/able/industries/government/execbrief_beyond.html

Laureate Education (Producer). (2013). Analyzing complex adaptive systems [Video file]. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.edu.

McCarthy, I. P. (2003). Technology management–a complex adaptive systems approach. International Journal of Technology Management, 25(8), 728-745. Retrieved from http://beedie.sfu.ca/profiles/IanMcCarthy

Colleague #2 post(Quintin)
The Impact of Complex Adaptive Systems

The field of complex adaptive systems theory (complexity) seeks to understand how order emerges in complex, markets, and social systems. High smith (2013) stated “complex adaptive systems provides an alternative to the linear, reductionist thinking that has ruled scientific thought since the time of Newton.” Complex adaptive systems theory maintains that the structure emerges from the interaction of individuals or a group. Successful business transformation has proven to be a complex issue. Cumming and Norberg (2013) stated, “In Darwin’s theory, it is commonly held that the evolution is a gradual process in which all species go through changes at regular intervals.”

Semetsky (2013) described CAS as a living system, which has several recurring conditions. The critical starting point from which the system enters into a presence at the edge of chaos is Disequilibrium. Semetsky described disequilibrium as being fluidity. Merriam-Webster defined fluidity as “the quality or state of being fluid and the physical property of a substance that enables it to flow.” Keyhani, Lévesque, and Madhok (2013) described disequilibrium as a “state in which old processes and strategies are disrupted.” Presence at the edge is an active state, which is a condition that allows old processes, structures, and customer to yield or try new approaches. Highsmith (2013) explained cultivation of self-organization and emergence are results of distributed intelligence. Systems achieve order because multiple local agents interact and those interactions produce unintended outcomes without the intervention of a central controller. Organizations take on properties and structures that are unexpected because people and groups. The most one can do to change and improve themselves is relative to what the other agents are doing (Bolman & Deal, 2013).

Highsmith (2013) described CAS’s as being characterized by perpetual novelty. In an economy, the agent may be an individual or household. Control of the CAS tends to be highly dispersed. A CAS has many levels of an organization with agents at levels servings as building blocks for agents at a higher level. A group of individual workers will produce a department; a group of departments will form a division, and will continue to build throughout the company and world economy. The systems processes are learning and adapting to changes in the system. The agents continuously throughout the process are exchanging information.

Alcock, Burgess, and Hasan (2013) described CAS’s as fluidly changing collections of distributed interacting components that react to both environmental and to one another. Examples of CAS’s include power grids, the internet, social groups, and human society. Power grid refers to the electrical grid that delivers electricity from suppliers to the consumers. The grid has stations that supply electricity to different areas and equipment. Power travels from the plant to the consumer to use for heating, lighting, sound, and refrigeration. Power failure can cripple plants, firms, airports and many other locations that require power. Power grids that cease to operate can cause broad hardships. Devices that need power can stop operating until powers restored. People can die from extreme cold or excessive heat, and the economy could suffer billions of dollars in damage.

Bullock et al. (2014) described how leaders of organizations expect to achieve stability by reducing complexity through codification, solving problems using reductionist rather than holistic thinking, understanding critical cause and linkages, and engaging in complex planning for a world they believe is predictable. Thus, leaders cannot control the future because, in complex systems such as organizations, unpredictable internal dynamics will determine future conditions. Heylighen (2013) described how leaders have learned the importance of interactions, correlation, and unpredictability among individuals. Leaders facilitate communications, but they do not direct communication. The leader allows communication to emerge through linear processes. Involved leaders facilitate development by becoming catalysts for actions, and function as “tags” Tags help speed up specific behaviors by directing attention to what is important and providing meaning to events.

Collins, Fizzanty, and Russell (2013) described that collaboration with other leaders in other areas is important to reduce problems within the organization. Collaborative members suggest that a shift in power relates to change and emergence of new patterns of interactions. Leaders can have available a list of occurrences that can happen and ways to solve the problems. Each leader or agent can have control of their station during any problems within the system. Leaders have to be flexible and recognize change has to occur. The fix used yesterday may not work with the same issue today. Schneider (2012) described leadership as an indirect, catalytic process that facilitates productive self-organization, a movement in which activity reformulates around a common cause.

Examples of CAS include the ecosystems and the biosphere. At the global level, the homeostatic nature of processes crucial to the maintenance of life, especially atmospheric processes which treat the biosphere. Another example of CAS is power companies. Power companies provide power to millions of customer all over the US. When part of the grid goes bad, if not properly corrected, power loss could affect millions of customers. The dispersed and local nature of an autonomous selection process assures continual adaptation.

Leaders cannot predict the future; can leaders use models to give them an idea of what could happen in the complex adaptive systems related to their organization?

A complex system has the ability “to switch between different modes of behavior as the environmental conditions are varied.” It is adaptive. What would be the outcome of a complex adaptive system that makes the incorrect decision/malfunction. Example: Medical equipment used to sustain life.

References:

Alcock, C., Burgess, L., & Hasan, H. (2013). Information systems for the social well-being of

senior Australians in building sustainable information systems (pp. 89-100). New York,

NY: Springer.

Bolman, L., & Deal, T. (2013). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Bullock, J., Colombo, D., Linkov, I., Seager, T., Sweet, D., Tylock, S., & Unrath, U. (2014). Sustainability awareness and expertise: Structuring the cognitive processes for solving wicked problems and achieving an adaptive state. Retrieved from doi: 10.1007/978-94- 007-7161-1_5

Please answer each colleague post individually with three references each !!!!!

SAMPLE ANSWER

The Impact of Complex Adaptive Systems

Colleague One

In response to the post made by the first colleague, Geraldine, I agree with him that each and every organization has strategic goals, which are executed through strategic thinking. Nonetheless, there arises the need to specify that modern organizations have fostered the application of complex adaptive systems by reinforcing their operations. Given the definition of the term Complex Adaptive Systems, which Geraldine notes as being the process of classifying complex living machines and innovations so as to stimulate growth in organizations, the example given on the PC industry adds a different perspective to the argument. This is because even though the industry was shaped by the existence of competitors who impacted on the micro environment through innovations, research and development, it is still appreciated that the slotting in of strategic managers, market researchers and public relation officers facilitated the integration of CAS (Hill & Brown, 2007). In the end, the complexity of the relationship between Apple, IBM and other companies led to a transformation of the industry where currently, companies that were previously specialized in software programming such as Microsoft have ventured into hardware production through mergers and takeovers while hardware producing companies such as IBM have vertically integrated into software programming.

From this example, the impact of CAS is seen as having a neutralizing impact on the growth of the PC industry as all the companies have vertically integrated. This critique moves the argument closer to answering the questions posed by Geraldine asking whether organizations have a way of measuring the results accrued from an interaction of the adaptive systems. The answer to this question is yes. This is because the inauguration of various departments into modern organizations facilitate the identification of key parameters that cause an impact on the adaptive systems (Solvit, 2012). Additionally, the leadership perspective has increased thus necessitating the creation of specific departments to monitor the efficiency of the system. As a result, the next big thing for PC is further vertical integration where companies will be self-sufficient by creating their own software and hardware respectively (Hobbs & Scheepers, 2010). The consumer are very adaptive because the increased competition courtesy of CAS has led to more sophisticated innovations at a relatively low cost. I would advise Apple, Microsoft and IBM to invest more in research and development so as to create more user friendly PCs.

References

Hill, A. & Brown, S. (2007). Strategic profiling: a visual representation of internal strategic fit in service organizations. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 27(12), 1333-1361.

Hobbs, G. & Scheepers, R. (2010). Agility in Information Systems: Enabling Capabilities for the IT Function. Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 2 (4).

Solvit, S. (2012). Dimensions of War: Understanding War as a Complex Adaptive System. Paris, France: L’Harmattan Press.

Colleague Two

The second colleague (Quintin) acknowledges that the complex adaptive system theory defines the process of attaining order in complex markets and social systems. I support the definition of the theory since it seconds the ideas by Alcock, Burgess & Hasan (2013), who identified that CAS is pertinent in integrating complex business ideas. A critique of this note is that the author identifies more with many disciplines that skip the main logic behind the application of the theory in modern business scenarios. In spite of the scattered ideas, the author acknowledges that CAS is likely to result into distributed intelligence. By so doing, the systems attain order by interacting with the agents and this results into unintended outcome. In my opinion, which is seconded by Bronder and Pritzi, (2012) the central controller guides the reaction of the various stakeholders thus their outcome becomes focused towards using the integrated system to maximize on profitability and returns realized from a business. The process of gaining from applying the CAS theory is advanced by the institution of a learning organization where the employees are motivated into learning new skills that will help in shaping the company into adapting to the new systems. An example of this complex adaptations is seen in the technological advancement of medical equipment and machinery which rises the need for hospitals to create learning environments where their medics can interact with the macro environment through social networks and communication (Holland, 2006). By so doing, a cohesive system is created by borrowing knowledge from other better performing systems.

References

Alcock, C., Burgess, L., & Hasan, H. (2013). Information systems for the social well-being of senior Australians in building sustainable information systems (pp. 89-100). New York: Springer Press.

Bronder, C. & Pritzi, R. (2012). Developing Strategic Alliances: A Conceptual Framework for Successful Co-operation. European Management Journal, 10 (4), pp. 412-421.

Holland, H. (2006). Studying Complex Adaptive Systems. Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, 19 (1), 1-8. http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/41486

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Forensic Issues Essay Paper Available Here

Forensic Issues Essay Paper

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Forensic Issues.
Assume that you are called upon to testify in one of the two case scenarios below on behalf of the nurse-defendant. Outline what evidence is important to preserve – how? Why?

Case Study 1:
Malpractice Action Brought by Yolanda Pinnelas
People Involved in Case:
Yolanda Pinnelas-patient
Betty DePalma, RN, MS-nursing supervisor
Elizabeth Adelman, RN, recovery room nurse
William Brady, M.D., plastic surgeon
Mary Jones, RN-IV insertion
Carol Price, LPN
Jeffery Chambers, RN-staff nurse
Patricia Peters, PharmD-pharmacy
Diana Smith, RN
Susan Post, JD-Risk Manager Amy Green-Quality Assurance Michael Parks, RN, MS, CNS-Education coordinator SAFE-INFUSE-pump Brand X infusion pump Caring Memorial Hospital Facts: The patient, Yolanda Pinellas is a 21-year-old female admitted to Caring Memorial Hospital for chemotherapy. Caring Memorial is a hospital in Upstate New York. Yolanda was a student at Ithaca College and studying to be a music conductor. Yolanda was diagnosed with anal cancer and was to receive Mitomycin for her chemotherapy. Mary Jones, RN inserted the IV on the day shift around 1300, and the patient, Yolanda, was to have Mitomycin administered through the IV. An infusion machine was used for the delivery. The Mitomycin was hung by Jeffrey Chambers, RN and he was assigned to Yolanda. The unit had several very sick patients and was short staffed. Jeffery had worked a double shift the day before and had to double back to cover the evening shift. He was able to go home between shifts and had about 6 hours of sleep before returning. The pharmacy was late in delivering the drug so it was not hung until the evening shift. Patricia Peters, PharmD brought the chemotherapy to the unit. On the evening shift, Carol Price, LPN heard the infusion pump beep several times. She had ignored it as she thought someone else was caring for the patient. Diana Smith, RN was also working the shift and had heard the pump beep several times. She mentioned it to Jeffery. She did not go into the room until about forty-five minutes later. The patient testified that a nurse came in and pressed some buttons and the pump stopped beeping. She was groggy and not sure who the nurse was or what was done. Diana Smith responded to the patient’s call bell and found the IV had dislodged for the patient’s vein. There was no evidence that the Mitomycin had gone into the patient’s tissue. Diana immediately stopped the IV, notified the physician, and provided care to the hand. The documentation in the medical record indicates that there was an infiltration to the IV. The hospital was testing a new IV Infusion pump called SAFE-INFUSE. The supervisory nurse was Betty DePalma, RN. Betty took the pump off the unit. No one made note of the pump’s serial number as there were 6 in the hospital being used. There was also another brand of pumps being used in the hospital. It was called Brand X infusion pump. Betty did not note the name of the pump or serial number. The pump was not isolated or sent to maintenance and eventually the hospital decided not to use SAFE-INFUSE so the loaners were sent back to the company. Betty and Dr. William Brady are the only ones that carry malpractice insurance. The hospital also has malpractice insurance. Two weeks after the event, the patient developed necrosis of the hand and required multiple surgical procedures, skin grafting, and reconstruction. She had permanent loss of function and deformity in her third, fourth, and fifth fingers. The Claimant is alleging that, because of this, she is no longer able to perform as a conductor, for which she was studying. During the procedure for the skin grafting, the plastic surgeon, Dr. William Brady, used a dermatome that resulted in uneven harvesting of tissue and further scarring in the patient’s thigh area where the skin was harvested. The Risk Manger is Susan Post, J.D. who works in collaboration with the Quality Assurance director Amy Green. Amy had noted when doing chart reviews over the last three months prior to this incident that there were issues of short staffing and that many nurses were working double shifts, evenings and nights then coming back and working the evening shift. She was in the process of collecting data from the different units on this observation. She also noted a pattern of using float nurses to several units. Prior to this incident the clinical nurse specialist, Michael Parks, RN, MS, CNS, was consulting with Susan Post and Amy Green about the status of staff education on this unit and what types of resources and training was needed.
Case Study 2:

Wrongful Death by Howard Carpenter on Behalf of Wilma Carpenter,
Deceased People Involved in Case:
Mrs. Wilma Carpenter-patient-deceased
Mr. Howard Carpenter-husband and plaintiff in wrongful death suit
Mrs. Scale, RN, MS-nursing supervisor
Elizabeth Adelman, RN, recovery room nurse
Richard Washington, M.D.-orthopedic surgeon
Judy Gouda, RN, NP
Joseph Alsoff, LPN-post surgical unit nurse
Kelly Wheeler, RN-post surgical unit nurse
David Casler, LRT
Susan Post, JD-Risk Manager Amy Green-Quality Assurance Michael Parks, RN, MS, CNS-education coordinator Caring Memorial Hospital Facts: The plaintiff, Mrs. Carpenter was a 55-year-old woman who underwent a total hip replacement at Caring Memorial Hospital. The physician was Richard Washington, M.D. Dr. Washington is an orthopedic surgeon. His nurse practitioner is Judy Gouda, RN, NP. Dr. Washington reviewed the consent with Mrs. Carpenter prior to surgery. Joseph Alsoff, LPN witnessed the consent, Mr. Carpenter was present. Joseph does not remember the doctor ever mentioning that death could be a result of the surgery. The recovery room nurse is Elizabeth Adelman, R.N. The respiratory therapist is David Casler, LRT. The nurse on the post-surgical unit was Kelly Wheeler, RN. The supervising nurse was Mrs. Scale, RN, MS. The patient had an epidural catheter for a post-operative pain management, following an episode of hypotension in the Recovery Room which was treated with Ephedrine. Judy Gouda made rounds on the patient in the Recovery Room after the hypotensive event and vital signs were stable. The patient, Mrs. Carpenter, was placed on a medical surgical nursing unit with the epidural. The nurse, Kelly, was assigned to the patient and had not worked on that unit before, but had worked in post-acute critical care units. The nurse’s assignment was to provide patient care on the entire floor for that shift. There was also an LPN, Joseph on the unit. It was a busy day on the unit. Mrs. Carpenter was not the only post-operative patient. Kelly assessed the plaintiff upon admission, checked the IVs, asked if the patient was in pain, noted that the patient was responsive and understood where she was and was stable. She then left to care for other patients. The licensed practical nurse, Joseph Alcoff, had been working on the unit for several years. It had been rumored that Joseph was an alcoholic. There was no evidence that he had been drinking on the unit. Approximately an hour after the patient arrived on the unit, she was unable to tolerate respiratory therapy that was ordered, and she became nauseated and vomited. David Casler administered the respiratory therapy. According to Kelly, the registered nurse, ten minutes after the vomiting episode, Joseph Alcoff, the LPN, found the patient blue and unresponsive and called a code. Joseph is the only person other than the physician that carries his own liability insurance. The hospital also has malpractice insurance. The code team responded, along with Kelly, the registered nurse. Mrs. Carpenter was intubated and cardiac resuscitation was initiated. The patient responded to resuscitative efforts and she was transferred to the intensive care unit. Subsequently, Mrs. Carpenter did not do well, was unresponsive, and declared brain dead and taken off the respirator. She did not have a DNR in place. There is a conflict in testimony between Joseph the LPN and Kelly the RN. Joseph indicated that Kelly found the plaintiff to be unresponsive after the vomiting episode and called the code. The time elapsed between the vomiting episode and finding the patient is in dispute. The final diagnosis was anoxia encephalopathy due to the time lapse between CPR being initiated. The patient was eventually extubated, breathed independently for a period of time, and then subsequently expired. The vital signs ordered by the physician were hourly. The hypotensive episode in the recovery room had not been reported to the registered nurse. The Risk Manger is Susan Post, J.D. who works in collaboration with the Quality Assurance director Amy Green. Amy had noted when doing chart reviews over the last three months prior to this incident that the vital signs taken in the recovery room were not charted, not done, or not reported to the units. She was in the process of collecting data from the different units on this observation. She also noted a pattern of using float nurses to several postoperative units. Prior to this incident the clinical nurse specialist, Michael Parks, RN, MS, CNS, was consulting with Susan Post and Amy Green about the status of staff education on these units and what types of resources and training was needed.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Forensic Issues

There are certain evidences I should preserve if I am called upon to testify on behalf of a nurse-defendant in the case of Yolanda Pinnelas. One of the evidence I would protect is the one indicating that the pharmacy delayed in delivering the drug on time. This evidence will be altered with by indicating that the drug was actually delivered on time. The reason why this evidence ought to be protected is that it is against the law to delay to deliver drugs to a patient in un-stabilized condition (Maschi, Bradley & Ward, 2009). This provision is provided in the Patient Care Act which indicates that license of RNs could be revoked if proves that a patient was actually neglected.

Evidence that also requires to be preserved is the evidence that Jeffrey had neglected Yolanda prior to his assignation. This is very critical in court of law as it suggest that there was no close monitoring of Yolanda’s improvement during the treatment. This is against the competency standards of any Registered Nurse (RN). This evidence can be preserved by indicating that, the hospital being understaffed, made Jeffrey to check on other patients who were undergoing the same treatment (Furuse, 2001). This statement will convince the judges that Jeffrey was universal in trying to give all the patients quality services accorded to them.

Delicate evidence that need to be preserved too is the evidence that Betty, the supervisory nurse, did not note the name of the SAFE-INFUSE or its serial number. The problem here is that the pump was neither isolated nor sent for maintenance. If this evidence is presented in the court of law, Betty can be sued due to incompetency. Any medical practitioner is expected to demonstrate competency levels when dealing with patients. To preserve this evidence, it should be indicated that the reason behind using the pump is because the other six infusion pumps were already being used, and there was an urgent need to give Yolanda the intended services.

Doctor William Brady, if evidence is presented in court, can be fired or his license gets revoked. This is because he used dermatome that resulted in uneven harvesting of tissue and further scaring in Yolanda’s thigh area where the skin was harvested. This is against competency standards that indicate that William ignore to verify whether mitomycin had actually entered Yolanda’s body tissue and went ahead with skin grafting (Carroll & Buddenbaum, 2007). This evidence can be preserved by indicating that Dr. William was working guided by the documentation in the medical record that indicated that only infiltration to the IV had happened.

Amy Green, on the other hand, can be sued in court if the evidence attributed to him is presented. The evidence is that she had opted to use floating nurses to counteract the rising nurse-shortage shortage in the facility (Baker, 2005). I will defend Mrs. Green by providing that the use of floating nurses is due to neglect the state government to supply hospitals with more nurses. Therefore, Mrs. Green used floating nurses to reduce the increasing burden attributed to the reduced number of nurses.

Having malpractice insurances can convince the judges that the negligence of the medical officers used in treating Yolanda was because their mistakes were insured. This evidence requires to be protected by indicating that malpractice insurance is only geared to ensure that medical officers work professionally despite being insured. In the concerned hospital, only Betty and William are insured (Furuse, 2001). This evidenced can be preserved by arguing that the malpractice insurance attributed to Betty and William is because they hold very delicate position that is frequented with unavoidable mistakes.

References

Baker, T. (2005). Reconsidering the Harvard Medical Practice Study conclusions about the validity of medical malpractice claims. J Law Med Ethics.

Carroll, A.E., & Buddenbaum, J.L. (2007). Malpractice claims involving paediatricians: epidemiology and aetiology. Paediatrics.

Furuse, A. (2001). What we must learn from recent medical accidents—experiences at the investigation committee. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho

Kohn, L.T., Corrigan, J.M., & Donaldson, M..S. (2000). To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Maschi, T., Bradley, C., & Ward, K. (2009). Forensic social work: Psychosocial and legal issues in diverse practice settings. New York, NY: Springer Pub.

Ubelaker, D. H. (2013). Forensic science: Current issues, future directions. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

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The Impact of Complex Adaptive Systems

Order Instructions:

To prepare, review this Week’s Learning Resources on complexity theory. Consider the potential impact of a complex adaptive system for the organization you chose for your SSP.

By Day 4 of Week 5, post a 8-9 paragraph analysis of the impact of changes within a complex adaptive system on a transformation in an organization ( Brookside Dairy Company ). Next, explain the potential impact of complex adaptive systems on leadership and innovation within an organization (Brookside Dairy Company ). Use examples of potential changes to the organization to support your response.(Brookside Dairy Company )

Extend the conversation by identifying implications for practice or research, as well as for your own research agenda, where appropriate. Be sure to integrate one or two new related, and engaging, questions that will extend the discussion about your post in constructive ways. Try to think of a question that will engage your peers in critical analysis and thinking about your organization (Brookside Dairy Company ), which may provide insight for your use as you continue preparing your sections of the major Weeks 4 and 7 Sustainable Solutions Paper (SSP) due in this course.
Your analysis should include proper APA citations and adhere to all guidelines of APA style.

******For example the paper should be formatted as such :

A)The Impact of the Complex Adaptive Systems ( which should elaborate on it in general and also discuss/ link it to Brookside Dairy Company !!!

B)The Impact of Changes within a complex adaptive system.( in general) also state couple sentence relating to Brookside dairy company.

C)Potential Impact of Complex Adaptive System on Leadership and Innovation.

note: please also try to link Brookside dairy company (which is the company I choose to do my SSP) to all question in the assignment while still answering it in general!!

SAMPLE ANSWER

Most activities that take place at Brookside Dairy Company forms part of complex adaptive systems with the potential of benefiting the organization in several ways. Complex adaptive systems are not used to predict what will happen rather they are used to think about the world around us and all situations related to their environment (Schwandt & Szabla, 2013). Many natural and artificial systems taking place within Brookside Dairy Company are characterized by apparently complex behaviors that result from interactions of these numerous components.

Since there is a close connection between the systems and their environment, it is easy for systems within accompany to adapt to the changing environment. In the case of Brookside dairy, the connection will be created such that the decisions that are made in the finance department are likely to affect the production department. In this regard, change always seen in the context of co-evolution with all the related systems as opposed to separate and distinct environment. Complex adaptive systems allow distributed control within the organization and this enhances coherence within an organization (Kim & Mackey, 2014). In this case, there is no single centralized control mechanism that governs the system behavior of all the operations taking place within Brookside Company. Moreover, complex adaptive systems promote interrelationships and interaction that facilitate the connectivity of different departments within the same organization. This implies that the decisions and actions within one part of Brookside Dairy Company are likely to affect all other related departments of the company. Complex adaptive systems within an organization have the potential of influencing co-evolution that changes the elements of an organization based on their interactions with one another.

According to Edson (2012), changes within complex adaptive system have the capability of deviating the focus and nature of professional behavior of individuals to a greater extent. Hall and Clark (2010) also argue that the use of complex adaptive system has the possibility of replacing the machines due to their productive means of approaching organizational change. By modeling Brookside Dairy Company structure, and processes on a complex adaptive system adapts to external stimuli through self-organization. Therefore, complex adaptive systems have the potential of achieving improved performance in the organization by supporting learning initiatives. Complex adaptive system provides a framework and a model that helps in the analysis and construction of that helps organizations achieve their objectives (Kim & Mackey, 2014). Over the years, complex adaptive system remains an interesting alternative framework through which to instigate and understand organizational change. Complex adaptive systems promote involvement, good relationships, and good understanding of any given situation within the workplace. Complex adaptive systems provide an alternative paradigm to that of strong and effective leaders managing a passive and resistant workforce change (Edson, 2012).

With regards to innovation, complex adaptive system promotes the energy and creativity of the leadership of a particular organization. Moreover, it promotes innovation and creativity of the leadership of the organization through management conformity. Complex adaptive systems have enabled the leaders of organizations to bring new concepts of self-organizing pattern of behavior across the operation systems. The new patterns of behavior result in the creation of new services and more responsive local needs that promotes the innovation of businesses. Complex adaptive systems enable the leadership of Brookside Dairy Company to form self-directing teams that provide greater opportunities to experiment and innovate as per their line of duties.

References

Edson, M. (2012). A Complex Adaptive Systems View of Resilience in a Project Team. Systems Research & Behavioral Science. Vol. 29 Issue 5, p499-516.

Hall, A & Clark, N. (2010). What do complex adaptive systems look like and what are the implications for innovation policy? Journal of International Development. Vol. 22 Issue 3, p308-324.

Kim, R & Mackey, B. (2014). International environmental law as a complex adaptive system. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law & Economics. Vol. 14 Issue 1,

Schwandt, D & Szabla, D. (2013). Structuration theories and complex adaptive social systems: Inroads to describing human interaction dynamics. Emergence: Complexity & Organization. Vol. 15 Issue 4, p1-20.

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Reasons for organisations to hold inventories

Order Instructions:

Dear Sir,

I want a custom essay in the following subject :

Identify key Reasons for organisations to hold inventories. What factors may lead an organisation to change the level of inventories that it holds? How could such a decision affect the other elements of working capital?

Providing examples from real companies.

Thank you for your help.

SAMPLE ANSWER

The key decision in most retail and manufacturing industries is how much inventory they should hold. Inventory is by far the largest assets of the business. Furthermore, inventory levels, once established, becomes an important aspect of the business budgeting system. By definition, inventory is the total merchandise that a business has on hand. Inventory is also defined as itemized record or report of the stock that the company or business holds in hand. It includes a list of goods with their respective estimated worth. Making decision on the required inventory level involves establishing a delicate balance between three categories of costs: holding costs, ordering costs, and shortage costs. A company needs not only to hold but also to control its inventories.

The reason for holding inventory may vary significantly depending on the nature of business. The first basic reason for holding inventory is to meet the unexpected demands. Supply and demand chain comes into play here very significantly. Companies know that consumers expect goods whenever they need them. However, they are uncertain about the levels of future demand in the market at any given time. Thereby, businesses hold inventories in order to meet unexpected demands. Business also needs to smoothen the seasonal demands. Markets demands are directly influenced by different seasonal events. For examples, seasonal events such as Christmas and Easter celebrations directly increase the demands of most products. Retail outlets and other businesses need to keep inventories to meet the rising demands during these seasons (Saxena 2009).

Another significant reason for holding inventories is to take advantage of the discount prices. Usually, businesses get discount from manufacturers and suppliers if they buy in large bulk. Discounts are usually given in order to attract and maintain regular customers. It is very helpful for a business to take advantage of price discount by holding large inventories. However, the business does not need to overstock the inventory because it might lead to other failures by the business. Holding inventories also help businesses hedge against price fluctuations. Prices of goods and services often fluctuate due to the action of various market forces. However, by having good and efficient inventory system, the business is able to control the ever-fluctuating market prices.

Irrespective of the nature of business, a company cannot maintain a fixed level of inventory. Of course, a company needs to change the level of inventory that it holds quite often. Many factors may lead to changes in the inventory level. In most cases, company may experience increment in inventory due to late order deliveries, quality problems, unexpectedly increase in demand, and inaccurately forecasted lead-time. These factors are eh major factors that may make the business to change the level of its inventory. The most common one is unexpected changes in demand for goods and services. Businesses make changes to their holding inventory to match the existing level of demand.

Changes in the level of inventory directly affect other elements of working capital. This is because, in any organization, inventory is an important element of the working capital. Practically, proper management of the working capital depends on how the company manages its inventories. Furthermore, as illustrated by Muckstadt and Sapra (2010), holding inventory implies holding the working capital. Therefore, changes in the level of inventory are directly reflected by changes in the level of working capital. For example, if the company increases its level of holding inventory, then it must reduce the level of working capital and vice versa.

References

SAXENA, R. S. (2009). Inventory Management: Controlling In a Fluctuating Demand Environment. New Delhi, Global India Publications.

MUCKSTADT, J. A., & SAPRA, A. (2010). Principles of Inventory Management: When You are Down to Four, Order More. New York, Springer.

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Issues associated with Push up the Supply Chain

Issues associated with Push up the Supply Chain when Implementing JIT

Order Instructions:

I want a custom essay 1000 to 1500 words with 7 different referencing Harvard system in the following subjects:

What are the issues associated with pushing risks up the supply chain when implementing JIT?

Provided with examples from real companies.

Thank you for your help.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Issues associated with Pushup the Supply Chain when Implementing JIT

There are varied issues that can emanate from pushing risks up the supply chain when implementing JIT. One of the issues is that the illusion that organizations have managed the risks has often been overlooked, as well as the critical exposure along the supply chain. Therefore, supply chains that control hundreds or thousands of companies over several tiers present significant risks (Smith & Zsidisin 2002). Another issue that may arise is that pushing up risks the supply chain when implementing JIT limits ownership and increases the risks of obsolescence, inventories, and lack of responsiveness to peak and troughs in customer demands, thus, becoming even more complicated (Smith & Zsidisin 2002, p.119). Ownership problem can also be brought in by the process, which is triggered by outsourcing and concentration on core competencies, the accelerated use of manufacturing and distribution, and logistics partners leading to a complex network of business correlations with confused dimensions of responsibilities (Smith & Zsidisin 2002, p.119). These risks will emerge into inventory costs due to product obsolescence and markdowns or stock-outs, which are pushed up the supply chain.

When implementing JIT, getting the source of risks for the supply chains becomes hard. This is because the risks have been pushed up the supply chain in disorderly and concealing manner. Chaos effects can arise in supply chains (Smith & Zsidisin 2002). This is as result of second-guessing, unnecessary intervention, overreactions, and distorted information throughout a supply chain. Another issue that emerges is inertia. There will be general lack of responsiveness to dynamic and market signals of environment conditions. Inertia will also be brought by inflexibility of cost production. The practice of pushing risks up the supply chain also brings problems with cost containment, whereby, ability to adapt to changing costs becomes difficult. In addition, visibility is limited by the pushing-up of the risks as supply chain executives still struggles to analyze and act on the right information

Reference list

Smith, M. & Zsidisin, G. (2002). Early Supplier Involvement at MRD, Practix, Best Practices in Purchasing & Supply Chain Management journal. pp. 119-122.

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My Dialect and Native Language Paper

My Dialect and Native Language

Order Instructions:

Now that we have talked about dialects vs. languages and dialect features in class, try to give a linguistic profile of yourself. Tell us what language you speak natively (or languages, if you grew up bilingual), and then explain what dialect of that language you speak, and give some information about the dialect (for example, is it is a regional dialect, an ethnic dialect, etc.) and who else speaks it. Then try to come up with some specific examples of dialect features that are present in your speech that are typical of that dialect. Concentrate not on just lexicon, but also on phonology and syntax. Is there anything specific to your pronunciation as opposed to a mainstream version of the language? Any specific grammatical constructions you are using, which are not part of the mainstream? Has anyone ever commented on your dialect? When traveling to a different place have you ever noticed your own speech differing from that of other people? If you could change your dialect, would you?

For the purposes of this assignment, it does not matter whether you are a native English speaker or not. Talk about your native language, and compare your dialect with the features of your native language!

I need Chinese mandarin as my native language,and any one of the Chinese dialect is ok.

SAMPLE ANSWER

My Dialect and Native Language

The Chinese mandarin happens to be my native language, but I also learnt English right from my early stages in school. I have since grown up as a bilingual with spoken and writing skills in both languages. Chinese Mandarin in general is a tonal language with about 3000 different characters (Ross, Chen, He, & Ma, 2014). Mandarin is a group of varieties of Chinese languages that are spoken across the northern and southwest China. Beijing dialect is the language that I speak. The Beijing dialect is spoken in the Beijing region and City. Beijing Mandarin is basically the root of the standard Mandarin but its usage is greatly limited within the confines of the Beijing region.

The Beijing dialect is consistent with most natives, and greatly employs the ‘er’ sound at the end of words. This accent also tends to enunciate its tone with what I can describe as authority. In some sense, I find it a melodious way of speaking the Mandarin. Again, people from the north will often utter “mei shi’er” as a way of saying “mei guan xi” which people from the south are likely to find perplexing. This aspect of the Beijing accent usually makes it very easy for those who are conversant with the language to recognize and comment on my accent.

As Wang and Qin, (2014) note, the most distinct lingual features of the Beijing accent are the tonal and sound variations. For instance, ”言語一聲兒“ is pronounced as (yuan2 yi yi4 shengr1) instead of the (yan2 yu3 yi2 shengr1). It has a different accent and many other lexical differences from the other dialects.

The phonology structure of the Beijing dialect syllables comprises of a nucleus with a vowel (a monophthong, triphthong, or a diphthong) proceeded by an onset (which can be a single consonant, zero onset, or a consonant + glide) followed by a coda consonant (Wang and Qin, 2014). The tone can also be carried by a consonant. Most syllables also tend take the form of open syllables meaning that they have no coda. The number of sounds in the Beijing dialect varies from that of Mainstream Mandarin. Each of the syllables can be pronounced with three to six distinct pitch contours which denote different morphemes. Consequently, the number of tonal contrasts in Beijing dialect differs from the other dialects because it has fewer distinctions (Ross et al., 2014).

Like the Chinese language, Beijing dialect is a very analytic language that has almost no inflectional morphemes. Indeed, I find it similar to English in the sense that it follows a similar structure of sentence that frequently forms sentences in the subject-predicate order. For instance, the predicate may be an intrusive verb, transive verb that is followed by the direct object, and a linking verb that is followed by a predicate normative. Additionally, the writing system for the Mandarin dialect is founded on a series of written logograms. When communicating with members from the other parts of the country such as Henan, Sichuan, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, one notices the difference in terms of accents which are quite distinct. This is because the vocabulary of the Beijing dialect excludes all slang and other regionalism elements. Again, some colloquial words in this dialect are not present in the standard Mandarin Chinese and as such may not be comprehended by others from other regions away from Beijing. I find the Beijing dialect and the Mandarin in general a very rich and interesting language. There would be no intent for me to change the language in any way, instead, I would rather strive to learn more about the language.

References

Ross, C., Chen, P., He, B., & Ma, J. (2014). Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook. New York, NY: Routledge.

Wang, K., & Qin, H. (2014). What is peculiar to translational Mandarin Chinese? A corpus-based study of Chinese constructions’ load capacity. Corpus Linguistics & Linguistic Theory, 10(1), 57. doi:10.1515/cllt-2013-0020

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Economic and Perceived Value Pricing

Order Instructions:

Economic and Perceived Value Pricing

It is important for a firm to get its pricing strategy right because the potential impact on its net revenue is enormous. Traditional pricing models advocate an economic approach that involves computing the firm’s cost of goods sold (COGS) and a required profit margin that is added on top of the costs to determine the price of the product.

Recently there has been an abundance of journal articles that advocate a perceived value approach, whereby the value of the product to the consumer is quantified and then a profit margin is added on top of this quantified value to determine the price of the product. For example, if the cost to make a gallon of a radically new biocide product is $5 and the required profit margin is 100% of cost, then, using the economic approach, the suggested price per gallon would be $10.

On the other hand, if consumers perceive that the biocide is valued at $100 because of cost savings to the consumers, and a margin, say $10, is added on top of it, this perceived value approach would suggest pricing the biocide at $110. Five-dollar cups of coffee or three-dollar bottles of water are prime examples of this perceived value approach. The assumption with the perceived value approach is that the consumers are not likely to know the cost structure of the product.

After reviewing the resources for this week, respond to the following:

• Should prices reflect the cost of making the product, as suggested by the economic value approach, or should prices reflect the perceived value of the product?
• What are some advantages and risks of each approach, and what implications do they have when crafting marketing strategy?
• How does the approach differ if you are marketing a service rather than a product?
• Be sure to give specific examples to illustrate your answers.

Resources:

Articles

Garbarino, E., & Lee, O. (2003). Dynamic pricing in Internet retail: Effects on consumer trust. Psychology & Marketing, 20(6), 495–513. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

This article discusses individual price discrimination, particularly on the Internet, as well the affect this type of pricing has on the trust level of the consumer.
Vesanen, J. (2007). What is personalization? A conceptual framework. European Journal of Marketing, 41(5/6), 409–418. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

The new buzzword in marketing is personalization. This article presents a framework for the concept of personalization as this term tends to be defined differently by different marketers, causing confusion.
Avlonitis, G., & Indounas, K. (2007). An empirical examination of the pricing policies and their antecedents in the services sector. European Journal of Marketing, 41(7/8), 740–764. doi:10.1108/03090560710752384

After surveying 170 service companies regarding factors that influence and determine pricing, the authors conclude that a unique combination of environmental and organizational characteristics affects each individual pricing decision.
Balabanis, G., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2008). Brand origin identification by consumers: A classification perspective. Journal of International Marketing, 16(1), 39–71. doi:10.1509/jimk.16.1.39

This paper focuses on the ability of consumers to identify the country where an item is produced, the factors that help or hinder the identification, and the consequences of the brand origin on consumer behavior.

Calantone, R., & Di Benedetto, C. (2007). Clustering product launches by price and launch strategy. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 22(1), 4–19. doi:10.1108/08858620710722789

In this research, the authors study over 200 new product launches to look for similarities in launch strategies and methods of pricing.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Decision on whether prices should reflect the cost of making the product, as suggested by the economic value approach, or whether prices should reflect the perceived value of the product

Pricing is a critical strategy that influences the demand for a company’s products or services and hence affects its profitability at the end of each financial year. Price plays a very important role in influencing the buying decisions of customers. Competition, costs and price sensitivity are some of the known parameters that influence the pricing strategy of a company. Economic value approach is one the methods that companies use to set prices for their products and /or services (Vesanen, 2007). This method uses accounting data which enables a company to set prices that will enable it to achieve a certain mark up on costs which in turn assist in realizing a desired return on investment. The main advantage of this price setting method is that it is easy to calculate since accounting data is readily available. It is easy to forecast into the future and to budget. It however ignores certain aspects of demand as it does not take into account consumer willingness to pay the price and price elasticity of demand. It also ignores industry forces such as the competition. Perceived value pricing quantifies data on perceived customer value of a product in setting prices for a product (Smith, 2011). This method is concerned with creating additional customer value to increase customers’ willingness to pay more in spite of competitor prices. This approach is driven by a deep understanding of customers’ needs, customers’ willingness to pay, price elasticity and customers’ perception of value. The main weakness of perceived value pricing is that data on customer preferences, willingness to pay and price elasticity are not readily available and tends to be subjective. This approach also tends to set ridiculously high prices that encourage entry into the industry by new players. It is apparent that none of the two pricing strategies is without weaknesses. The best pricing strategy is one that takes into account costs of goods sold, competitors pricing and price sensitivity parameters (Pancras, 2010).

The advantages and risks of each approach, and implications they have when crafting marketing strategy?

Economic value approach is very easy to use as it relies on readily available accounting data on costs. The approach also aids in planning and is a good method in countering competitors pricing strategies. This strategy can assist in achieving a cost leadership marketing strategy. In the event that a company wants to offer its products at the lowest price possible, this strategy will assist in achieving this goal. This strategy can however ignite unsustainable price wars that may be detrimental to the company. It should therefore take into consideration competitor pricing strategies before setting prices. This strategy is most ideal in fast moving consumer goods targeting the mass market (Avlonitis &Indounas, 2007). Perceive value pricing is a subjective pricing method since it is difficult to quantify perceived customer value. Getting data from all actual and prospective customers of a product or service is difficult. However the method is ideal for differentiation marketing strategy. This strategy is whereby a company intends to differentiate itself and the products it serves in a given market segment. This strategy is ideal for unique and specialized products and services targeting distinct market segments. It can be used in high end markets offering unique products such as high end wines and super luxurious cars (Garbarino & Lee, 2003).

How the approach differs if you are marketing a service rather than a product
Unlike products which are tangible, services are intangible. It is therefore difficult to calculate costs of goods sold in a service to enable a cost accountant set a mark up. Perceived value pricing is most ideal for services since the quality of a service is mainly perceived but cannot be measured(Vesanen, 2007). Economic value approach even though easy to use may not be ideal because of challenges in getting data on costs. Even when the costs can be found, the value that clients attach to a service will definitely determine whether they will buy a service or not. For example in a hotel, the aesthetics, ambience, friendliness of waiters, speed at which service is offered and manner in which complaints are addressed will influence the prices set for the various services (Calantone & Di Benedetto, 2007). Perceived value pricing even though ideal for service should not ignore competitor pricing strategies since competitive pricing can bring down a company. The other reason why perceived value pricing is ideal for services is because this method is concerned with creating additional customer value to increase customers’ willingness to pay. This approach is also driven by a deep understanding of customers’ needs, customers’ willingness to pay, price elasticity and customers’ perception of value (Anuwichanont, 2011).

References

Anuwichanont, J., PhD. (2011). The impact of price perception on customer loyalty in the airline

context. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 9(9), 37-49. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/892713889?accountid=45049

Avlonitis, G. J., &Indounas, K. A. (2007).An empirical examination of the pricing policies and

their antecedents in the services sector. European Journal of Marketing, 41(7), 740-764. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090560710752384

Calantone, R. J., & Di Benedetto, C. A. (2007). Clustering product launches by price and launch

strategy. The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 22(1), 4-19. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08858620710722789

Garbarino, E., & Lee, O. F. (2003). Dynamic pricing in internet retail: Effects on consumer trust.

Psychology & Marketing, 20(6), 495-513. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/227715378?accountid=45049

Pancras, J. (2010). A framework to determine the value of consumer consideration set

information for firm pricing strategies. Computational Economics, 35(3), 269-300. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10614-009-9193-3

Smith, T. J. (2011, Jul). PRICING STRATEGY: PRICKING THE VEIL OF VALUE

EXCHANGE. Cost Management, 25, 34-37. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/893907812?accountid=45049

Vesanen, J. (2007). What is personalization? A conceptual framework. European Journal of Marketing, 41(5), 409-418. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090560710737534

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Sectarianism and Extremism and the Fight against Terrorism

Order Instructions:

This is an English essay, the writer must pay close attention to details here as the paper will be graded base on grammar and structure. It is critical the paper must be written in 3rd person . The writer must use sources from the U.S and not international as it is clearly mentioned in the requirements. the writer must address all the points mentioned in the organization section clearly indicating the different sections in paragraphs.

Major Writing Assignment #2
Editorial Cartoon Analysis

Appearing on the editorial page of a newspaper or a magazine, the editorial cartoon exists in a sea of words.
Is it just for fun? No. An editorial cartoon is as much an argument as the most serious editorial.

Often featuring exaggerated drawings of famous people or important symbols in unusual or bizarre settings, these cartoons sometimes make us laugh, they sometimes make us cry, and they sometimes make us cringe—but they should always make us think.

Editorial cartoons are definitely worth serious study as argument, and that’s what you will do in this assignment.

Assignment:

Select four editorial cartoons on the same subject. Analyze each cartoon and then write an essay presenting the results of your analysis. The focus of your paper should be to illustrate that the cartoons present a consistent viewpoint about a controversial social or political issue OR that the cartoons present opposing viewpoints about a controversial social or political issue.

Organization:

• Introduce the concept of editorial cartooning and state your thesis

• Write a well-developed background paragraph on the issue

• Write an analysis paragraph of each cartoon, one paragraph per cartoon minimum. Your analysis should
be thorough and include details from the cartoons to support your point. Use spatial organization in
your analysis paragraphs.

• Write a well-developed opinion paragraph on the issue. This is your chance to weigh in on the subject at hand.

• Write a well-developed conclusion that reiterates your thesis and offers some reflection on the nature
and value of the editorial cartoon as a type of argumentation.

Requirements:

Do write 3 pages minimum, typed, double-spaced.
Do include a works cited page referencing the cartoons used.
Do include copies of each cartoon (not counted toward the 3 page minimum)
Don’t use four cartoons by the same cartoonist. Don’t use international cartoons ( Base in The U.S only).
Don’t argue about the controversial issue throughout the paper—advocate that a viewpoint you identify is expressed by the cartoons. You have only one paragraph where you should argue about the issue.

Resources.

For an easy-to-access collection of editorial cartoons, see http://www.cagle.com/. Please use this source and only this source for your cartoons.

Sample thesis statements:

• When All four cartoons present a consistent view:

The four editorial cartoons about { } illustrate the viewpoint that { }.

• When two cartoons present one view, and two cartoons present the opposite or an alternate view:

The four editorial cartoons about { ) illustrate the debate between { }position
and { }position.

Sample topic sentence:

The first cartoon, drawn by ___________________ of _________________ depicts __________________.

(artist) (original publication) (description of the visual)

Naming the artist and the original place of publication in each topic sentence is a method of in-text citation.
The artist will be the first thing mentioned in each works cited entry.

Works Cited:

In this paper, your works cited list should include the four cartoons, listed by artist. You should use the format for cartoon and finish the citation as a short work on a website. Or to rephrase, don’t include the original place of publication in your citation. Instead, cite the Cagle website.

If you consult sources to write your background paragraph, you must include these sources on the works cited page and you must cite them in the text using MLA format.

Point of View:

This paper should be written in third person. You can get away with using first person in your opinion paragraph, but it’s possible to use third person even in this paragraph.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Sectarianism and Extremism and the Fight against Terrorism

The issue of terrorism has turned out as one of the biggest concerns of the century for the United States. One thing has come out clearly in the country’s fight against terrorism; that global fight against terrorism requires major effort and greater coordination between nations. The U.S government recently announced that it had reached a crossroads in this fight and a time had come to redefine and recalibrate the war (Gürbüz, n.p). These sentiments have been echoed across the political defines all over the world with calls for international coordination and cooperation. However, the issue remains as controversial as ever with diverse view points on several concerns such as the role of the U.S in the Middle East conflicts, the use of drones, and the need for ceasefire. The four editorial cartoons about the controversial issue of terrorism illustrate the debate between the U.S government and its allies on one side and the proponents of the ceasefire campaign.

Background of the Terrorism Issue

The ‘war on terror’ is a term used to imply the international military campaign led by the U.S and UK that was started after the 11 September 2001 attack on U.S. it resulted in a global campaign to eliminate al-Qaeda and other militant groups such as the recent ISIS. Because of the diffuse actions involved in the counter terror war, the initiative has elicited numerous debates on the basis of the assumptions, justifications, ambiguities, and beliefs surrounding them (Gürbüz, n.p). Some critics cite that this war has been used to justify unilateral preventive war, violations of international law, and abuse of human rights.

# 1: John Darkow (By John Darkow)

The first cartoon, drawn by John Darkow of the Columbia Daily Tribune depicts an attack on the White House by the ISIS militants as an attempt or direct attack on the U.S government. It implies the seriousness of ignoring such a group by the international community. The repercussions of letting such a dangerous group get away with their erroneous acts would equally impact on others across the globe. The carton attempts to elicit more focused reactions and imaginations from readers. It also elicits emotional reflections on the past attacks by terrorists on innocent people. Apparently, there are a series of emotions, viewpoints, and reactions that are the cartoon is likely to generate across the board.

#2: Jeff Darcy (by Jeff Darcy)

The second cartoon, drawn by Jeff Darcy of The Plain Dealer sarcastically depicts the echoing by President Obama of Hillary’s 1996 message in her book that it takes the proverbial Muslim village to bring up a child who is not brainwashed by extremists. It exhibits the government’s stand on their war against terrorism as well as the call to thwart the radicalization of the Muslim youth. It is used as a vehicle in setting up the political agenda concerning possibly by reorienting and shaping the public opinion by the mirroring of the current standoff in the issue of Muslim radicalism especially in the Middle East.

#3: Paresh Nath (by Paresh Nath)

The third cartoon, drawn by Paresh Nath of Cagle Cartoons is an illustration of the need for the international community to join forces in the fight against terror. The cartoon has been used as a communicative tool in passing the message of cooperation against a global social evil; terrorism. It has been used to construct the reality of the terrorism issue and to represent the social representation of the political and international cooperation. As illustrated in the cartoon, ISIS is in trouble following a grand coalition by fierce stronger forces against it. This cartoon exhibits the potential in cooperating among nations in the fight and in bringing the terror organization ISIS on its knees and brings about a more peaceful world.

#4: Steve Kelley (by Steve Kelley)

The fourth cartoon, drawn by Steve Kelley of New Orleans Times-Picayunehas been used purposely to communicate with the audience in persuading them towards perceiving the war and the ceasefire issue from a different point of view. It is used as a strategic tool to make those involved in the war in one or another to make them more receptive as well as to provide rational argument that a permanent ceasefire is the best solution in this case. By using ridicule of the situation on temporary ceasefire as has been the case in Gaza, the cartoon effectively creates an impression of irrationality and carelessness but the two sides of the conflict. This elicits a sense of thoughtfulness and rationality where the two teams should be more focused on what is good for the society; peace.

Reflection

Terrorism poses a real threat to security and safety of innocent citizens in the U.S and in many other nations across the world. As a global treat that knows no nationality, border, or religion, it presents as a global challenge that the international community must tackle collaboratively. The use of cartoons to is an effective means of illustrating these concerns and issues. Indeed, editorial cartoons presents the controversial issue in a way that elicits rationalization and more effective thinking in a friendly and fun way’ one that is not offensive to others.

Conclusion

In recent years, the genre on cartoon has continued to gain considerable interest among scholars as a potent source of data used in the study of social, economic, and political phenomena. The editorial cartoons used in this analysis have been used, for instance, to shape and reorient the public opinion through the use of recurrent depictions mirroring the socio-political issue of terrorism in the current period. The analysis was particularly interested in the themes illustrated through the sign system founded on the denotation elements in the cartoons. The analysis established a number of themes revolving around the fight against terrorism such as the need for global coordination and ceasefire. These political cartoons were effectively used to set social and political agendas by encapsulating current and sensitive concerns on the terrorism issue.

Works Cited

Darcy, Jeff. Hillary Obama: It takes a muslim village to raise a child not radicalized. Adapted from: http://www.cagle.com/. (accessed on 1/10/2014)

Darkow, John. Ok, maybe we underestimated the rise of ISIS!. Adapted from: http://www.cagle.com/. (accessed on 1/10/2014)

Gürbüz, Uğur, and Press IOS. Capacity Building In The Fight Against Terrorism. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2013.

Kelley, Steve. If temporary ceasefire don’t work, maybe they should try a permanent one… Adapted from: http://www.cagle.com/. (accessed on 1/10/2014)

Nath, Paresh. Grand coalition. Adapted from: http://www.cagle.com/. (accessed on 1/10/2014)

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