Identifying Patterns
Order Instructions:
In At least 1 paragraph, comments on each of this post with at least one citation, offering your thoughts about the post, or expanding on some points that you felt needed some more thoughts and explanation. Avoid cutting and pasting use proper paraphrasing in this paper, and complete each section by writing the reference list in APA before going to the next section. Importantly you have to support each respond with a credible source and reference it at the end of that section.
Refrain from repeating the writers own words or written, it is important that you read and properly analyze the writers thoughts offering some very constructive thoughts about the post. For section A part one and two you have to read the article associated with the writers post. Using the reference associated to article mention in the post.
SECTION A
Part 1(Sheryl)
What are your thoughts and comments about this post?
Everly, M. C. (2012). Facilitators and barriers of independent decisions by midwives during labor and birth. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 57(1), 49. doi:10.1111/j.1542-2011.2011.00088.x
The process of qualitative data analysis is very involved, hence, time-consuming. Analysis of qualitative data includes the identification, examination, and interpretation of patterns and themes in data (Jones, 2007). After data is collected the researchers use the raw data to find qualities in the data and then examine them. One method of data analysis is coding. Open (unrestricted) coding logically arranges the data and then there is axial coding where the groups are investigated and labelled (Schmidt & Brown, 2012) to find “relationships between categories and sub categories” (Boswell and Cannon, 2014) and finally selective coding where the researcher combine the concepts gathered around the core category while he or she continues to work on other categories that require some refining (Boswell and Cannon, 2014). The aim of coding is to find shared commonalities in the study which is how themes and patterns emerge. Themes and patterns emerge from the commonalities in the data. Themes are established by almost cross-examining the categories through comparison between and within cases (Health et al., 2012). There are different approaches to develop themes in research; a top-down analysis or deductive which is most time used in quantitative research and bottom-up or inductive approach which is mainly used in qualitative study (Boswell & Cannon, 2014). In the deductive approach, themes and codes are pre-selected based on previous literature, previous theories or the specifics of the research question and in the inductive approach, themes are generated from the data though open coding, followed by refinement of themes (Gale et al., 2013) which is how it was done in this study identified above.
In this study by Everly (2012), one-on-one tape recorded interviews of midwives who had experience in managing labor and birth in both types of settings. The data from the interviews was “transcribed and uploaded into QSR Nvivo 7 (QSR International, Cambridge, MA), a computer-assisted, qualitative data analysis program” (Everly, 2012). The first eight interviews were analyzed line by line for as many codes as possible. The last two did not reveal any new codes. This implied that the themes were identified in the first eight analyses, and the data collected seemed credible. The results were then reviewed with and confirmed by seven of the participants for credibility and trustworthiness (Everly, 2012). The themes identified were trust, the woman, the environment, and the care team. These were very important themes because the expectant mother wants to know that she has a care team that she entrust her life and the life of her unborn to provide care in a trusting and nurturing environment. Patients and their families expect nurses to be caring, honest and supportive. The labor and birth environment can be very stressful for patients and their families and we as nurses should work to reduce that stress. It should be that place where there is “visible regard for human dignity and in which the relationships between the caregivers and those they served are built on mutual respect and a shared commitment to healing” (Mathes, 2011).
Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2014). Introduction to nursing research: Incorporating evidence-based practice. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Everly, M. C. (2012). Facilitators and barriers of independent decisions by midwives during labor and birth. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 57(1), 49. doi:10.1111/j.1542-2011.2011.00088.x
Gale, N., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S., & Redwood, S. (2013). Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13117. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-13-117
Heath, G., Cameron, E., Cummins, C., Greenfield, S.,
Pattison. H., Kelly, D., Redwood, S. (2012). Paediatric ‘care closer to home’: stake-holder views and barriers to implementation. Health Place. 18(5):1068–1073.
Mathes, S. (2011). Implementing a caring model. Creative Nursing, 17(1).
Respond to this post hear in one paragraph with at least one citation to supports your comments
SECTION A Part 2 (Elizabeth)
Aliasgharpour, M., & Nayeri, D. N. (2012). The care process of diabetic foot ulcer patients: a qualitative
study in Iran. Journal of Diabetic & Metabolic Disorders, 11(27): Retrieved from:
http://jdmdonline.com/content/11/1/27.
According to Boswell & Cannon (2014), qualitative research is based on something that is impossible to specifically measure; it is subjective and uses inductive reasoning to create data. The first step in data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging the data into units to make it more manageable and then the data is interpreted (Jacelon & O’Dell, 2005). Qualitative data analysis software (QDAS) is a computer program utilized to ease the workload of the researcher not to replace the researcher from actively performing the data analysis (Jacelon & O’Dell, 2005). To assist in searching for changes in the data the data is put into graphs and charts, this visual picture is very effective in looking at a large amount of data and finding any changes or discrepancies (Jacelon & O’Dell, 2005). Once this process is complete the researcher has the challenge of transmitting the results in a way that will be beneficial to the reader (Jacelon & O’Dell, 2005).
In the study by Aliasgharpour and Nayeri (2012), grounded theory method was used in clarifying the care process for Iranian diabetic patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Data saturation was carried out and demographic questionnaires and interviews were used (Aliasgharpour & Nayeri, 2012). After the recorded interviews were transcribed and look over numerous times the key themes were designed with the work of team members (Aliasgharpour & Nayeri, 2012).
Thematic analysis focuses on human experience subjectively, it emphasizes on the participants’ perceptions, feelings and experiences as the paramount object of study (Braun & Clarke, 2006). This is framework of a qualitative study and one of the ways that makes it different from quantitative studies.
References
Aliasgharpour, M., & Nayeri, D. N. (2012). The care process of diabetic foot ulcer patients: a qualitative
study in Iran. Journal of Diabetic & Metabolic Disorders, 11(27): Retrieved from:
http://jdmdonline.com/content/11/1/27.
Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2014). Introduction to nursing research: Incorporating evidence-based
practice. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in
Psychology, 3(2), 77-100.
Jacelon, C., & O’Dell, K. (2005). Analyzing Qualitative Data. Urologic Nursing, 25(3): 217-220.
Respond to this post hear in one paragraph with at least one citation to supports your comments
SECTION B part 1(Lynn)
Qualitative research requires the factor of time to conduct the research and repeatedly analyze the data in various formats to prevent errors in analysis. It is most beneficial for the actual interviewer to review transcribed data for accuracy (Rothwell, 2010). Phenomenology as a research method incorporates personal interviews to depict experiences as stated by the research subjects (Boswell & Cannon, 2014). Audio recordings of the interviews can be played and replayed to ensure accurate transcription. Analytical software has been used in qualitative research since the 1980’s (Woods, Macklin, & Lewis, 2013). As technology improves, so do the capabilities of sophisticated software programs to analyze descriptive data represented in audio recordings and text files. The accessibility to portable mobile devices only enhances these products and complicates the selection process in an already competitive market. In a study to interview subjects who have experienced the phenomenon of recall following general anesthetic for surgery, I would use audio/video recordings to capture expression and tone in responses to interview questions. A review of multiple software products on the market for quality data analysis yielded a preference for the MAXQDA program. Comparatively, the MAXQDA software seems more user friendly with easy to navigate interfaces for input and coding interpretation. I am a visual learner by nature and feel that this software and the overview presented on their website and tutorial offered more than other companies for the type of data I would be interested in analyzing.
Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2014).Qualitative and Mixed Research Methods. In C.B. Boswell & S.C. Cannon (Eds.). Introduction to nursing research: incorporating evidence-based practice (6th Ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
MAXQDA, The Art of Data Analysis. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.maxqda.com/products/maxqda
Rothwell, E. (2010). Analyzing focus group data: content and interaction. Journal For Specialists In Pediatric Nursing, 15(2), 176–180.
Woods, M., Macklin, R., & Lewis, G. (2013). How has Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software affected qualitative research? Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/TQR2013/woods_etal.pdf
Respond to this post hear in one paragraph with at least one citation to supports your comments
SECTION B Part 2(Mary)
Case studies are a design that investigates one person at a time or a group of people. This type of design is used when more information is needed about a particular situation (Boswell, C. & Cannon, S. 2014). The information may be small as in one case but the variables are large as in many cases concerning that case study. Data collection is either clinically done, observationally done or in the field. These data collections are done through a process so that the particular study can be followed and analyzed (Cronin, C. 2014).
The qualrus qualitative analysis program is what I would use to examine the data collected from the case study. Qualrus qualitative analysis program is designed to be easy to use, exceptionally good for ciphering through large amounts of information, and different types of wording. I would use this program because it makes since of information that’s not structured, the format is also unstructured and the information is conveyed from different researchers and studies and also has been collected over a long period of time. This is what is involved when doing a case study about a particular situation of interest. It also makes case study research convenient, because I could work at home as well as the office with this software (Qualrus, 2014).
References
Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2014). Introduction to Nursing Research: Incorporating Evidence-Based Practice. (3rd ed.). Burlington, WA: Jones & Bartlett Learning
Cronin, C. (2014). Using case study research as rigorous form of inquiry, Nurse Researcher, 21(5), 19-27
QUALRUS, (2012). Qualrus the intelligent qualitative analysis program, Retrieved from http://www.ideaworks.com/qualrus/index.html
Respond to this post hear in one paragraph with at least one citation to supports your comments
SAMPLE ANSWER
Identifying Patterns
I agree with Sherly that the qualitative data analysis process is extremely involving as well as time consuming. This is based on the fact that results are only identified after themes and patterns are analyzed from the gathered literature and data. Noteworthy, the writer also acknowledges the significance of coding when identifying themes and patterns from data. There may be the use of selective, open, and axial coding. I support Sherly’s view that coding aims at finding the shared commonalities of data, and this leads to the identification of patterns and themes. The writer is also keen to mention that themes can be identified after the deductive and inductive approaches. The study actually used the inductive approach. In the study, themes and patterns were identified through a thorough analysis using the tape recorded interviews, transcription, and QSR Nnivo 7. The interviews had every line analyzed and within the first 6, there was saturation. The participants were involved in analyzing the results so as to promote trustworthiness and credibility. The analysis identified the themes as the care team, environment, women, and trust (Everly, 2012).
Reference
Everly, M. C. (2012). Facilitators and barriers of independent decisions by midwives during labor and birth. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 57(1), 49. doi:10.1111/j.1542-2011.2011.00088.x
Elizabeth also notes that qualitative data is subjective and there is usually the use of inductive reasoning when creating data. However, the writer should also have noted the role of deductive reasoning. It is impressive for the writer to specify that there should be first systematic searching as well as arranging the data. These data units make it manageable and the interpretation becomes very easy (Aliasgharpour & Nayeri, 2012). Elizabeth recognizes the use of the qualitative data analysis software that makes identifying patterns and themes easy. Another method that can be used is reading and re-reading through the data until there is saturation and themes and patterns are identified. In the study, there was transcription and thorough assessment for identification of themes.
Reference
Aliasgharpour, M., & Nayeri, D. N. (2012). The care process of diabetic foot ulcer patients: a qualitative
study in Iran. Journal of Diabetic & Metabolic Disorders, 11(27): Retrieved from:
http://jdmdonline.com/content/11/1/27.
Lynn notes that qualitative research is time consuming since immense time is required for conducting the research and analyzing the data repeatedly using different formats so as to prevent analytical errors. I support Lynn in that the actual interviewer has to review the transcribed data so as to promote accuracy. My take is that audio recording should be supplemented by notes, which promote accurate transcription and analysis to identify themes and patterns. The writer notes that with the improved technology, there are also improved and sophisticated software programs for analyzing descriptive data. I recommend the use of video and audio recordings as well as the MAXQDA software (MAXQDA, The Art of Data Analysis, 2014). This software is user friendly and it promotes data analysis in qualitative studies.
Reference
MAXQDA, The Art of Data Analysis. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.maxqda.com/products/maxqda
I agree with Mary that case studies involve studying a person or group intensive for a certain period of time. This is more so when a lot of information is needed from the specific group. The data can be collected from the field, observationally, or clinically (Boswell & Cannon, 2014). I consent with Mary that the qualrus qualitative analysis program is very strategic for use in case studies since it is easy to use, permits a comprehensive sieving through huge amounts of data, and various forms of wording emerge. Using the software is portable for the researcher and different studies and researchers can be involved at the same time.
Reference
Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2014). Introduction to Nursing Research: Incorporating Evidence-Based Practice. (3rd ed.). Burlington, WA: Jones & Bartlett Learning
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