Medical Research paper
All written assignments must be submitted via turn it in dropbox area, must be on a Microsoft Word Document, be in proper APA format: Meaning that your assignments should be typed out, font size 12 font, font names: Times New Roman, Ariel, or Calibri, normal margins (no more than 1 inch), double spaced, .5 indentation at the beginning of each paragraph and .5 hanging references. Make sure your title page consist of your name (First and Last), Panther ID number and research topic/title (APA format).
You will become the subject matter expert by conducting research based on your chosen title/topic and then reporting your findings in a potentially publishable manuscript. You do not have to seek approval for your topic. Choose any health/healthcare related topic of your choice that you feel is a significant problem within the United States.
For each written assignment make sure you address all required instructions/criteria as noted within each assignment located within the assignment instructions/grading rubric.
There’s no specific amount of pages and or word count for each assignment. Address all questions presented and if the instructions/criteria states a paragraph make sure your paragraphs consist of minimum of five complete sentences.
Assignment #2 (Literature Review)Preview the document
Example Assignments:
Found below are example assignments for this course. You are not obligated to follow exactly what’s on the example, however, you are required to complete all criteria for each assignment (see above assignment instructions/grading rubric). I am posting examples so that you get an idea of what each assignment may consist of. Please note that the examples are actually written by a former student. Therefore, you may not see all criteria requirements for each example posted and it is strongly advise that you follow the assignment instructions/ grading rubric criteria given.
- The Outcomes of Neural Stem Cell Transplantation and Localized Drug Therapy on Patients
- Suffering from Traumatic Brain Injury
- John Doe
- Panther ID: 1212121
Assignment #2
Literature Review
Within a literature review, often scientists, academic reviewers and even social experimenters review and discuss published information in a particular subject area or concentration. It usually encompasses am organizational pattern that effectively combines both summary and synthesis; by doing this, information on old material can be given a new light or a distinct and unique interpretation. Lastly, a focused literature review can also evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant bits of information. For the sake of this literature review, I hope to express to potential readers the efficacy of neural stem cell engraftment treatment on patients who suffer from Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and by leaning on this form of treatment the likely outcomes it can play on society as a whole. I will provide a comprehensive knowledge based outline on the current pathway of Neural Stem Cell (NSC)
Therapy so as to then lead into these main concepts for further expansion:
- Major impact of transplantation on motor and cognitive behavior.
- The application of NSC engraftment increasing histopathological outcomes and the likelihood of increasing hippocampal neurogenesis in patients who suffer from Projectile Ballistics Brain Injury (PBBI).
- Comparative analysis of surgical intervention versus NSC engraftment treatment outcomes on TBI based patients and how they affect physician/patient decision making.
As aforementioned above, in the next section I will elaborate on NSC treatment outcomes and how there is a significant correlation between it and the extent of transplantation affecting motor and cognitive behavior.
Overview of Literature Concept 1
According to Dr. Goldberg (2015), NSC have had tremendous positive results in rescuing both cognitive and motor based dysfunction in mice models that have sustained extensive amounts of damage in the midbrain area due to TBI. By localizing the affected region(s) of the brain that have most incurred damages, University of Michigan Clinical Scientists under Dr. Goldberg have been able to inject these impaired areas with a mix of specially designated Schwann cells that protect healthy myelinated nerve fibers, with NSC to help proliferate healthy tissue within the designated areas. On average, after 16 days of this same regimen based treatment, more than 75 percent of afflicted mice models that suffered from stroke due to TBI and PBBI based models vastly improved in both cognition and motor deficits (Goldberg et. al, 2015).
Based on Dr. Gajavelliís reports to the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) regarding cognitive treatment for TBI veterans, to date most treatment is based on examining questions related to synucleinopathies propagation, but have overlooked the therapeutic potential of NSC transplantation to modulate cognition disorders such as dementia, PTSD and Parkinsonís disease that can all be attributed to some level of TBI (2016). At the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis Lab, work is being conducted on transgenic NSC mice that have shown consistently to improve performance in multiple levels of cognitive domains. This gradual recovery process in mice is associated with NSC expression of brain derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF), which restore depleted levels and modulates glutamatergic [modulates protein construction and synthesis] systems in the brain (Atkins, Gajavelli, Herdeen, 2016).
Post-Doctoral fellow Zachary Belrin-Lufreny at the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, also stipulates the major implications that NSC treatment has attributed on Sprague Dawley mice 4 motor function (2016). The overall attenuation and efficacy of treatment due to NSC’s, has allowed mice who have suffered a stroke for 90 minutes to essentially be revived from the dead, and still have limited motor function. That within itself is completely unheard of in the field of Neuroscience (Belrin-Lufreny, Bramlett, Sequeira, 2016). Most mice who suffered a stroke for just a couple of minutes had prolonged and sometimes irreversible effects due to the nature of occluded blood vessels. Being at the helm of TBI research that demonstrates the probable use of future medication and treatment, data suggests that we just may be able to reverse symptoms and signs of degenerative brain loss thanks to NSC application. In the next section, I will review the components of NSC engraftment and how it responds to PBBI based injuries that may need newer and healthier neural cells so that the brain may begin to heal effectively and efficiently.
Overview of Literature Concept 2
Neurogenesis is a process in Neurology that is used to describe the growth and development of nervous tissue. It is a biological process that is almost exclusively done during the pre-natal development stage and is responsible for populating the growing brain with neurons. According to Dr. Helen Bramlett (2015), her research has shown that without a doubt in more than 3,200 laboratory controlled mice NSC injection and engraftment has led the way in increasing neurogenesis productivity at later stages in the development cycle. This is even more evident in damaged brain that needs healing and restoring capabilities that it by itself cannot perform adequately. The mouse brain, functioning just like that of the human brain, just at a much smaller rate, articulates dendrite activity just like humans do. In turn this reflects that the way they respond to injuries is very much like that of the human brain.
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Efficacy of Dr. Bramlettís PBBI treatment procedures demonstrates extensively that when the midbrain is injured, the area where most of the neurogenesis takes place, neurons coming from the cerebral wall join up and bind at the specific injury site. When adult staged neurons enter this region, immuno-histological markers are activated in the brain and antibodies come in and do a lot more harm than good in the service of trying to protect the brain (Bramlett al, 2015). By introducing an FDA patented drug created at the University of Miami Miller School Of Medicine, researchers there have been able to inject a cocktail of the CA20 medication along with NSC’s at specific localized origin sites of injured brain regions within the hippocampus, and in more than 90 percent of mice, brain glucose metabolism decreased and provided the perfect conditions for the proliferation of NSC to grow in small proportions. But, even greater than that and more unprecedented was the facilitation of neurogenesis that CA20 and NSC combined afforded the hippocampus to do at such a steady rate (Bramlet et. al, 2015).
Dr. Bramlett and her research team have identified a tremendous factor within injury induced neurogenesis that suggests endogenous repair mechanism exists for cognitive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (2015). When biochemical receptors of the brain lay dormant, much like that of the brain when it is injured, glucose metabolism increases drastically so as to give the brain a fighting chance at survival when it is at its lowest functional point. By lowering brain glucose metabolism which is what CA20 does, then using NSC engraftment strategies at specialized openings within traumatic brain areas is when this strategy was proven to be most effective (Bramlet et. al, 2015). The next section will evaluate where the NSC engraftment modality of treatment works most effective in. By comparing the effectiveness of treatment methodology, future healthcare professionals can outweigh the risks and benefits associated with surgical intervention or NSC engraftment for reducing TBI effects on patients.
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Overview of Literature Concept 3
A myriad of the focus on TBI effectiveness in both the lab setting and the clinical environment has been placed on highly invasive procedures that at most times can become quite worrisome and least cost effective for families involved with patients who suffer from TBI. According to Clinical Director Dr. Ross Bullock (2016), although clinical findings in the laboratory setting validate the confidence and support for treatment in various aspects of the healthcare realm, nothing is more important and more pivotal than supplying the highest level of quality basic education/information to the families of the victims that are involved. Being a top Neurosurgeon within the country, as well as, a gifted researcher who has obtained his PhD in the field of Neuroscience, the synthesis given below will encompass a broader scope of NSC engraftment approaches and how to relay that information both sensibly and compassionately to victims and patient family members.
Based on studies conducted by Dr. Bullockís team, his data implicates that prior to any decision that the physician can make in regards to treatment procedure and viability, he must first discover the optimal location site that can produce maximal engraftment (Bullock, Dietrich, Gajavelli, 2016). If a respective localized injury site that is not compatible with tissue or cellular engraftment can’t be discovered, then unfortunately a more invasive and possibly dangerous procedure must take place in order to save the life of a patient, in this case the life of the rat is being discussed. When presented with actual human beings, this onset problem can be quite tricky to navigate; by being upfront, empathetic to a patient’s family wishes, and honest with both consequences and possible outcomes play a significant role in maintaining that family members are up to speed, as well as confidently put at ease with treatment recommendations (Bullock, Dietrich, Gajavelli, 2016).
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If and when a NSC engraftment is possible, it is imperative that the optimal time window that produces maximal engraftment is obtained. This is discovered in mice right after onset of PBBI. Intracranial swelling is at its highest peak and glucose activity decreases around the wound drastically so neurons have not reached to injury site to protect it yet (Bramlett et. al, 2015). A radiography report and Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) do a remarkable job at identifying both occurrences. Once this is done at a relatively quickly, both researchers and clinicians alike must determine at what concentration of NSC is cell dose most optimal. By assessing optimal site, time, and cell concentration to produce maximal engraftment of NSC’s in a wide variety of TBI procedures, physicians can verify the best possible treatment options and in turn medical errors due to TBI procedures can be reduced when an interdisciplinary team of collaborative researchers, physicians, and family members of afflicted patients can all be in agreement of what is best for the patient (Bullock, Dietrich, Gajavelli, 2016).
References
Atkins, C., Gajavelli, S., Herdeen, B. (2016). Review of collected works for Veteran Affairs: Transplantation of Neural Stem Cells to Modulate and Aid in the Effects of Cognitive Impairments in Military Personnel. Miami Project to Cure Paralysis. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Published on January 2016.
Belrin-Lufreny, Z., Bramlett, H., Sequeira, D. (2016). Hypothermic induced TBI and vehicle motility for irreversible effects: Attenuation of Motor Response in Stroke Based TBI Victims. Miami Project to Cure Paralysis. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Published on January 2016.
Bramlett, H., Bullock, R., Diaz, J., Gajavelli, S., Jackson, C., Spurlock, M., et al. (2015). Penetrating Ballistic Brain Injury Systems and Methodology: A hippocampal regenerative effect study in a rat model. Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Published on June 2015.
Bullock, R., Dietrich, WD., Gajavelli, S. (2016). Penetrating Ballistic Brain Injury Systems and Methodology: Optimal maximal engraftment of human NSCís via surgical intervention or localized therapy injection. Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Published on February 2016.
Goldberg, N., Park, A., Sedgh, S., Silosenov, G., Zasliah,E., Zlurton, M. (2015). National institute of health: Neural Stem Cell Rescue Cognitive and Motor Dysfunction in a Transgenic Model TBI. Department of Neuro-trauma, University of Michigan School of Medicine. Published on October 2015.
Title Here
Student Name (First and Last)
Panther ID
Florida International University
Month Year
Literature Review
This section is the literature review. You will need a minimum of three concepts to elaborate on relative to your research topic. Within this section “Literature Review” you are required to include one paragraph which gives a brief overview of what a literature review is and what concepts you plan to discuss. Briefly introduce your next research section. While this may seem redundant at each section, it is important to remind the reader at the beginning of each section.
Overview of Literature Concept 1
Research your topic by reading articles, dissertations, and other scholarly materials. Elaborate on one concept that stood out to you as important for your research topic. This section requires three paragraphs in length.
Overview of Literature Concept 2
Research your topic by reading articles, dissertations, and other scholarly materials.
Elaborate on one concept that stood out to you as important for your research topic. This section
requires three paragraphs in length.
Overview of Literature Concept 3
Research your topic by reading articles, dissertations, and other scholarly materials.
Elaborate on one concept that stood out to you as important for your research topic. This section requires three paragraphs in length.
References
Remember that any reference in your reference list must be present in your paper in the form of a citation (Author, year). Likewise, any citation in your paper must be present in your reference list. Refer to your APA Handbook 6th edition for more detailed information on developing a reference list. For your Assignment 2 you need a minimum of four (4) scholarly references.
Assignment 2 Grading Rubric: Literature Review
Criteria Points Possible
Title of Proposed Topic/Research 10
Literature Review (Overview) 20
Overview of Literature Concept 1 20
Overview of Literature Concept 2 20
Overview of Literature Concept 3 20
References (Four Required) 10
Deductions: APA formatting,
Spelling/Grammar/Punctuation at the College
Level, Originality etc.
Total Points Possible 100
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