Psychopathology of HIV and Inflammatory Bowel disease
Order Instructions:
Post on or before Day 3 a brief description of the pathophysiology of your selected immune disorders. Explain how the maladaptive and physiological responses of the two disorders differ. Finally, explain how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of each disorder. Disorders I chose are HIV and Inflammatory Bowel disease
SAMPLE ANSWER
HIV
Pathophysiology
Once the HIV virus gains entry into the cells, it attaches to the CD4 receptors as well as co-receptor through glycoproteins links. The virus encodes reverse transcriptase, allowing a copy of genetic component (DNA) to be constructed from viral RNA. Once integrated in the cells, the provirus can remain quiescent for a long period of time. The virus uses host cell machinery for replication process. Within few weeks, the virus will have replicated over 10million viral aspects per microlitre of plasma. This causes a decline in the amount of CD4 counts and immune mediators resulting to opportunistic infections (Hickey, Gounder, Moosa, & Drain, 2015).
Maladaptive and psychological response
The mutation rate of the virus is very high, causing increased resistance to HIV treatment. The virus uses host cell machinery for replication process. The Host initial response to the virus is determined genetically. Coping challenges fluctuates as the disease progress from one stage to another. Additionally, the patient gets depressed and their social roles and functions are adversely affected due to stigmatization and financial implication (Hickey, Gounder, Moosa, & Drain, 2015).
Inflammatory Bowel disease
Pathophysiology
Inflammatory Bowel disease (IBD) is caused by dys-regulated immune response to intestinal micro-flora. The inflammation mainly occurs on the mucosa lining of the intestinal tract which forms ulceration, bleeding, and edema. Several studies indicates that IBD is influenced by genetic factors as well as inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, T cells, Helper T cells of both type 1 and Type 2 (Severance et al., 2013).
Maladaptive and psychological response
Research indicates that psychosocial factors offer an important role in clinical manifestation and pathophysiology. However, most of the patient could present psychological disorders such as depression, insomnia and anxiety. Psychosocial factors are thought to mediate alterations of immune systems resulting to immune mediated diseases such as Cancer and opportunistic diseases (Sajadinejad et al., 2012).
References
Hickey, A., Gounder, L., Moosa, M., & Drain, P. (2015). A systematic review of hepatic tuberculosis with considerations in human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. BMC Infect Dis, 15(1). doi:10.1186/s12879-015-0944-6
Sajadinejad, M., Asgari, K., Molavi, H., Kalantari, M., & Adibi, P. (2012). Psychological Issues in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Overview. Gastroenterology Research And Practice, 2012, 1-11. doi:10.1155/2012/106502
Severance, E., Gressitt, K., Yang, S., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., & Vaughan, C. et al. (2013). Seroreactive marker for inflammatory bowel disease and associations with antibodies to dietary proteins in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 16(3), 230-240. https://www.doi:10.1111/bdi.12159
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