Socio- ecological Assessment
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Socio- ecological Assessment
This assignment is going to focus on hypertension among black Americans. Studies have reported that in African Americans record the highest prevalence of hypertension in the United States. According to Hicken et al., (2014), approximately 40% of African Americans have been diagnosed with hypertension. Additionally, hypertension develops early in life and is often very severe.
The issue of hypertension is important in the profession because it is the role of clinicians across the globe to educate, advice as well as measure peoples’ blood pressure. The education entails modifying behavior associated with physical activity, diet, stress, weight, alcohol intake, and smoking. The African Americans are important in this health profession due to the high prevalence they present with. Clinicians can use the population to study what environmental, genetic, sociological, economic or even cultural issues that are associated with development of hypertension. Additionally, practitioners can use the population to study the impact of various pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological interventions such as effect of smoking cessation, weight reduction, salt restriction, and physical activity.
Lifestyle is one of the social risk factors that has an impact on development of hypertension. The hypertensive contribution of alcohol truly matters among African Americans because alcohol induced hypertension is the most prevalent form of secondary high blood pressure. A 2012 survey on drug abuse reported that the rate of binge drinking among African Americans above the 12 years is at 21. 6% compared to the national coverage which stands at 23 percent. The researchers reported that African-American youths are more affected with the risks associated with alcohol drinking. This can therefore be used to explain the high prevalence of hypertension among the African American population. Cigarette smoking is another lifestyle factor that has a significant effect on the etiology of hypertension. About 29.8% of African Americans have been reported to use tobacco (Jamal et al., 2014). Nicotine in cigarettes is a major contributor of hypertension development. It acts by narrowing the arteries and hardening their endothelial wall which eventually increases the heart rate as well as the blood pressure. Moreover, nicotine cause blood clotting which stresses the heart inducing stroke which worsens the severity of hypertension (Rasool et al., 2016).
Poverty is another social factor that has been implicated for the high prevalence of hypertension among African Americans. Studies by Zapolski et al., (2014) have reported that among the different racial and ethnic populations, African Americans have the highest rates of poverty at 27.4% followed by the Hispanics at 26% and whites at 10 percent. As healthcare improves for the wealthy, a reversal socio-economic gradient is seen among the poor, disadvantaged African Americans who are subjected to the largest burden of hypertension. Despite the general provision of effective pharmacological interventions for hypertensive patients in the United States, economies link to the cost: benefit ratio as well as sociological consideration have a great impact on the low rates of early diagnosis, management, and control of high blood pressure among the African Americans.
Poverty promotes poor nutrition contributing to etiology of hypertensions. Poor diet is a risk factor that promotes development of diabetes and obesity. Both diabetes and obesity are linked with high blood pressure with obese patients recording higher rates of hypertension than individuals with normal Body Mass Index (BMI). Additionally, obesity increases cardiac diseases by increasing the levels of Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) to cholesterol ratio this prompts the development of hypertension which can cause myocardial infractions as well as hypertension. Poverty is also associated with stress and depression which increases the release of cortisol that increases high blood pressure.
References
Hicken, M. T., Lee, H., Morenoff, J., House, J. S., & Williams, D. R. (2014). Racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension prevalence: reconsidering the role of chronic stress. American journal of public health, 104(1), 117-123.
Jamal, A., Agaku, I. T., O’Connor, E., King, B. A., Kenemer, J. B., & Neff, L. (2014). Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2005–2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 63(47), 1108-1112.
Rasool, A. H., Man, C. N., Sanip, Z. B., Yusoff, H., & Suhaimi, M. Z. (2016). Relationship between hair nicotine levels with blood pressure, body composition, lipid profile and leptin among healthy male smokers in Kelantan.
Zapolski, T. C., Pedersen, S. L., McCarthy, D. M., & Smith, G. T. (2014). Less drinking, yet more problems: Understanding African American drinking and related problems. Psychological bulletin, 140(1), 188.
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