Victimology and victimization
Order Instructions:
Victimology and victimization
Final Paper
For the Final Project, you provide an in-depth analysis of victimization. Select a crime that has been publicized in the media and contains one main victim to use for your Final Project. You apply the concepts studied throughout this course to provide the in-depth analysis of the victimization in the crime.
Final Project Guidelines
Assignment Length: 12 pages (not including title page, abstract, and references)
Your Final Project must include the following elements:
Introduction:
• Describe the type of crime (women/children victimization).
• Describe the victim (Jaycee Dugard).
Demographics:
• Explain factors related to social class, gender, ethnicity, and race of the victim that might have played a role in the vulnerability of the victim.
• Explain factors related to social class, gender, ethnicity, and race that might have played a role in the type of crime committed against the victim.
• Explain how the victim’s experiences in the criminal justice system might vary based on the social class, gender, ethnicity, and race of the victim.
Victim/Offender Relationship:
• Explain the victim/offender relationship (if any).
• Explain how the relationship between the victim and offender may have influenced the type of crime, the location of the crime, and the type of weapon used.
Effects:
• Explain psychological, social, and emotional effects of victimization on the victim. Indicate which effects are short term and which effects are long term.
Perceptions:
• Explain how the media portrayed the victim.
• Explain if there was any victim blaming by the media.
• Explain possible impact (positive and/or negative) of the media coverage about the victim.
Services:
• Explain services available in the state of the victim that might be beneficial for the victim.
• Explain any services that may not be available to the victim that might be beneficial to the victim.
Secondary Victims:
• Describe any secondary victims of the crime.
• Explain effects on the secondary victims of the crime.
Legal Aspects:
• Describe any laws or policies that resulted from the crime.
• If laws or polices were developed, explain the implications for social change.
Social Change:
• Explain any social change implications of this crime being publicized and/or any laws or policies that resulted from this crime.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Victimology
There are people who are involved in the practice of the domestic violence at their residence. It expresses violence in interactions where one companion uses force to gain the control over the other spouse. The intolerable behavior among the partners can be expressed sexually, mentally and physically. It also involves the bullying of the other person that involves the actions that leads to control and threatening. There could also be the act of allegation, wounding, and isolation. It is quite hard to know the exact degree of unfriendliness against women as most of the behavior such as wife battering and rape are being rarely conveyed.
Abusive behavior at home can be physical, sexual, financial, or mental actions or intimidation of activities that impact someone else. It incorporates any practices that threaten, control, humiliate, seclude, startle, threaten, constrain, debilitate, accuse hurt, harm, or wound somebody. It is exceptionally hard to quantify the genuine degree of hostility against women as most occurrences of aggressive behavior at home and rape go unreported. This essay will look into the victimization of women in domestic violence crimes that are occasionally being committed in virtually all parts of the world.
The persons who perform unfriendly practices that involve forceful sex and physical harm are mostly related persons as well as strangers. The people of the female gender are at higher risk in places where they feel more secure such as in their households (Stalans & Lurigio, 1997). For many people, “home” is the place they confront an administration of fear and savagery because of some individual near them someone they ought to have the capacity to trust. They are not able to settle on their choices, voice their opinion, or ensure themselves and their children for dread of further repercussions. The right of ladies are normally underprivileged and taken away repeatedly by the threat of cruelty. Twenty years back, brutality against women was not viewed as an issue deserving of global consideration or concern. Casualties of hostility endured in a hush, with a minimal open difference of their situation. The length of viciousness against women proceeds with, we cannot claim to be making genuine advancement towards balance, improvement, and peace. Important Work by the Commonwealth, States, and Territories alongside accomplice non-government associations, women’s gatherings, and systems has been attempted to handle men’s savagery against women. Our understanding of the nature and extent of this brutality is expanding, and there is better energy about its effect on women, children and on our country. Nevertheless, advance in how to anticipate hostility and to make situations where ladies live free from savagery is at its outset and obliges ongoing Research consideration and strategy vigilance.
As seen from a case that occurred in New York recently where a young man beat up her wife ruthlessly without a care in the world about the young lady’s health and well-being. Hostility against women is available in every area, in all societies, social groups, different originalities, and oldness. Most of the commands is against wildness on women. Despite the fact that most social orders banish viciousness against ladies, in reality, brutality against the rights of the female gender is normally being allowed according to everyday social practices and beliefs of the religion to the. Also, when violation happens inside the home, as is all the time the case, the misuse is viable supported by the implied hush, and the latency showed by the state and the law upholding apparatus. The worldwide measurements of the brutality are surprising as being shown via studies on its frequency of manifestation. It is regularly known as “sex-based” viciousness because it develops partially from women’s subordinate status in the public arena.
As viewed in the case of the young man madly beating her young wife’s to death due to her decline to have any sexual affair with the man. We can clearly see that the highest degree of antagonism against women is being presented through unfriendliness of the male gender through forced sex. It occurs to teenagers, adults and youths (Coker et al., 2002). Personal accomplice ill-use otherwise called aggressive behavior at home, wife beating, and battering is quite often joined by mental abuse and in one-quarter to a one-a significant portion of cases by constrained sex too. The greater parts of women who are ill-used by their accomplices are being misused commonly. Honestly, a climate of fear frequently pervades damaging connections. Aggressive behavior at home can happen to anybody paying little heed to race, age, sexual introduction, religion, or sex. Unfriendly behavior at home affects people of all the social classes including all the stages of training. The unacceptable behavior being expressed at home occur in both husband and wife, same sex relations and those who are dating. Abusive behavior at home influences the individuals who are ill-used, as well as having a generous impact on relatives, companions, collaborators, different witnesses, and the group. Children who are being raised in abusive marriages ends up growing up being affected by the lawbreaking. The continual exposure of the behavior to kids makes them believe that the abuse in marriage is a normal lifestyle. It can result in the hazard of the development of the offensive societies in for the generations.
The brutality case of this young couple was said to have occurred several other times in the past. But unfortunately nobody had ever come to realize until on this day when the young lady could no longer take any more beating. It shows that this abusive behavior at home regularly happens because the culprit accepts that misuse is and supported and worthy, and may create repeated cycles of ill-use that overlook brutality. Mindfulness, recognition, and documentation of aggressive behavior at home vary broadly from nation to nation. Casualties of abusive behavior at home are involved in local brutal circumstances through seclusion, power and control, deficient budgetary assets, fear, disgrace or to secure youngsters. As an issue of misuse, exploited people may encounter physical handicaps, incessant welfare issues, emotional sickness, restricted accounts, and inadequate capacity make substantial connections. Abused women may go through post-traumatic worry issue. Children that are the secondary victims resides in the insulting residence shows much aggression at the tender age that later results to brutality in maturity (Chesney‐Lind, 2002). The ill behavior expressed in homes occurs to restrained marriages. Aggressive behavior at home was for the most part connected with physical viciousness. In spite of the fact that accurate rates are questioned, particularly in the United States, there is a vast assemblage of multifaceted proof. It proves that ladies are subjected to abusive behavior at home fundamentally more frequently than men. What’s more, there is an expansive accord that women are all the more often subjected to extreme types of ill-use and are more prone to be harmed by an injurious accomplice. The circumstances can exacerbate if the lady is financially or socially reliant on the wrongdoer.
Unfortunately, the case of the young man could not be well handled as later within the prosecution the family of the young lady withdrew the case from the court on the basis of protecting their family name and traditions. It therefore illustrates the fact that in most communal classes, women are being accused of having the pre-marital sex and next of keen have had them killed because of breaking their virginity. Losing one’s virginity is seen as the offense to the integrity of the community. According to Heise (1998), the exercise is worse in the sub-Africa region. The act of ahead of schedule marriage is a typical practice that is overreaching in the towns of Tamil-Nadu. It is a presentation of forceful sex, and the youth are being restrained in marriages and the relations of sex. It exposes them to the peril of high chances of contracting HIV/AIDS. It highly contributes to school drop outs. Moreover, it is a fact where the folks are being highly contributes toward the bright future of their young daughters. Parents give their young girls as a way of acquiring funds and status for themselves with their daughters.
Unreliability, clashes, and societal emergencies additionally enhance early marriages. Fiscal reasons are said to assume a note worthy part in such relational unions. Because of the regular practice of lady cash, the young lady youngster turns into an advantage replaceable for cash or products. Families see giving an adolescent girl (or sister) to a family that has the capacity pay a high cost for the lady as an issue answer for their neediness and obligation. The custom of lady cash may rouse families that face responsibility and financial emergency to “trade in for cold hard currency” the “advantage” as youthful as 6 or 7. It is with the comprehension that the real marriage is being deferred until the kid achieves adolescence.On the other hand, there ports demonstrate that this is likewise being watched that young people may be sexually abused by the husband to be. Also they are abused by more seasoned men in the family, especially if the man of the hour is a youngster as well.
The case of the young man and the lady also became open when several of their friends come out in the open and directly criticized the young man. The young man is criticized of infidelity which might have been the cause of the brutality she had towards her wife. The wife might have been just trying to protect herself from contamination to sexual disease thus her refusal for a sexual relationship with her partner thus the brutality against her. Therefore, it is clear that Women cannot ask for safe practices of sex and can neither resist bad sex practices. It has contributed to the high spread of the HIV/AIDS. Undesirable sex from being not able to say “no!” to an accomplice and be listened, to rape, for example, assault brings about a higher danger of scraped spot and dying, giving a prepared road to transmission of the infection. A study showed that the high number of HIV/AIDs were being found in people of Tamil-Nadu in the present years. The lack of the information predisposes the ladies to abuse. The affected people in today’s out fitted clashes are much more inclined to be regular folks than soldiers. By most accounts, 70 percent of the set backs in latest clashes have been non-warriors the greater part of them women and children. Ladies’ bodies have ended up into being some piece of the battleground for the individuals who use deadly weapons as an issue of war. They are assaulted, stolen, mortified and made to experience constrained pregnancy, sexual misuse, and bondage.
In many countries, women and young girls living in exile camps have reported assaults, beatings, and kidnappings that happen when they leave the camps for necessities. 29percentage of all women have encountered physical attack. When a fight ensues, the lady bears the burden of the outcome of such unrest. Welfare specialists and NGO’s distant from everyone else cannot change the social, social, and lawful environment that offers rise to and overlooks far-reaching brutality against women. Finishing physical and sexual hostility obliges long haul responsibility and methods including all parts of society. Numerous governments have conferred themselves to suppress the brutality against the rights of the women. They have also passed the laws that enables for the protection of the rights of women and to punish their abusers. According to Sternberg et al. (1993), there are ways that can make ladies change the convictions and mentality that allows for unfriendly behavior. Just when ladies pick up their spot as equivalent parts of society will viciousness against ladies never again be an imperceptible standard, however, rather a stunning variation. Numerous NGO’s have organized out training and gathering talks, as an issue of which “respect killings” were shockingly talked about in broad daylight. The undertaking prompted positive changes in information, mentality, and practices among group parts that progressively started to respect “honor killings” as an issue, instead honest to goodness intends to guard a tribe’s honor.
Crimes are perpetrated against the women in varied forms of brutality. According to the Constitution, Article 21, it has to be linked to the harshness against women and not to the community. In India, Crimes against ladies extensively fall into two classes. Offense eminent under IPC and offenses accepted under Special Laws. The Act is proposed to secure the privileges of ladies adequately to an acceptable and honorable life in the group. It is critical to note, that the Preamble of the Act emphasizes the requirement of the concerned women quick reliefs. Harshness against women illustrates uneven force in associations amongst the men and ladies. Brutality against women is an appearance of unequal force relations in the middle of men and ladies. It has led to the oppression of the ladies by the male gender. It is usual that the abuse is the portion that affects the general well-being that is against human rights. The fierceness’s effects are very destructive to ladies’ health both mentally and physically. According to Crenshaw (1991), brutality results in hazards of various body organs of the body as well the agony, drug abuse and conditions of the body. The ladies that have a past of physical and sexual abuse have the high rates of unplanned pregnancies, STIs and abnormalities in their fetuses. The ones that are involved in the violence seeks the assistance from medical practitioners where they end up vain.
After a further study of the case of the young lady and her abuse husband, it becomes eminent that the young man started being brutal to the young lady before and after she gave birth to his firstborn. It clearly shows that the danger of abusive behavior at home for women who have been pregnant is most noteworthy promptly after labor. The Council E.U dispensed guidelines on the fight against the brutality being shown to women and young girls including the FGM. The European women supported this information that aid in addressing issues affecting the women in Europe today. The ill behavior toward the women entails the physical and the sexual harassment of the families or the outside relationships (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). Women are being exposed to the higher percentage of brutality in the private relationship as compared to anywhere else. In a later study by the WHO in Tamil-Nadu, over 50% of the elder officials realizes the abusive relationships interferes with ladies’ working environment and has a negative impact on organization benefits. It was further being realized that the brutal misconduct at home made the affected to lose about 8000000 number of days of paid work annually. Subsequently, large number of women are subjected to early death by their recent or previous partners. Ladies are being murdered by the individuals whom they know and kick the bucket from weapon savagery, beatings and smolders, among various different manifestations of misuse.
The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) expresses that the brutality against the ladies is proof of unbalanced powers present between the ladies and men. It has triggered the expertise over and the oppression of ladies and to the counteractive action of whole the progression of ladies. It also has led to hostility against ladies is one of the urgent social instruments by which ladies are constrained into a subordinate position contrasted and men. The Declaration of the Elimination of Violence against Women orders viciousness against ladies into three classes. They all happens in the family happening, in the general group and at the executed or overlooked by the State (Mullin & Linz, 1995). When a woman is being mistreated during the period of expectancy, it may result in serious problems of health to the fetus and herself. Pregnancy is also advantageous since it makes the rude partner halt the behavior.
A UNIFEM report gives an account of savagery against women, from 1327 episodes of violence towards women gathered in the year 2003 to 2005. Over 35 females were being involved in various cases of killing. Restricted accessibility of administrations, disgrace, and apprehension keep ladies from looking for support and change. In the recent study that was being conducted by the organization of health found that 55-95% of Tamil-Nadu, ladies who were abused had never complained about any assistance. Savagery by accomplice is so typical in our public that forced ladies do commit suicide a few times. All the traditional practices observe harsh treatment against women that are being practiced in many parts of the world. It includes the FGM, honor killing, and early forceful marriages. They all result to the death, mental disturbance and health problems of women. Females of all age are interfered by this tradition. In this case, the media had highlighted in bold letters about the young man’s behavior and used this as a good example of them any women who suffer brutality in silence. The media took the opportunity that men are the once who mostly instigate these brutal confrontations within the families. Although it was the case in a specific scenario, it is sometimes the other way round where also women are the victimizers of their men something that the media did not highlight in the occasion.
Indeed, ladies that have not been exposed to the incidences of the hostility are aware of their susceptibility. Most women have the fear of walking alone during the nights. According to the parliamentary report, there is the authorization from various mixed sources. Ladies are more dreadful than men of being distant from everyone else in their homes and of strolling in their neighborhood around evening time. Ladies s alarm of hostility in the group found that more than 70 percent of Australian ladies feel dangerous when walking unaccompanied at night. According to the Victorian study, the effects of abuse on women should not be ignored. Various ladies experience the different forms of brutality which largely affects their security and success, at work and in the group. Brutality against women especially at home does a huge effect on the children who experience the traumatizing images of their parents fighting at very tender age. It affects the child mental well-being as in the case of the child belonging to the young couple who occasionally fought while being watched by their young ones. Thus, it brings a very negative image of the society and thus tarnishing the community’s name.
The National Survey on the people’s position to brutality against Women 2009 will both help and reinforce these activities. It expands on the outline and methodology of two past national reviews of group state of mind to savagery against ladies embraced by Headquarters of Women between the years 1987 to 1995. The key aims of the 2009 National Survey are to evaluate the constituents that influence organization various collection depositions. It aid brutality against the women and achieves the gauging mental alterations. The hostility happens in all the tribes, social classes, and religious beliefs. In the world, all women are vulnerable to hostility. As seen in the case of the young men and her wife, it is eminent that both women and men can be culprits and casualties of hostility and rape. Look into reliably demonstrates that men execute the mind dominant part of brutality and misuse against ladies in homes. It is the men whom ladies know well or in circumstances they impart Violence against ladies cuts over different varieties of interpersonal viciousness. Therefore must be tended to as an issue of sex imbalance and disparity (Gracia, & Herrero, 2006).
In conclusion, Brutality against ladies is not just a sign of unequal force relations amid men and ladies; it is a component for sustaining imbalance. Knowledge of brutality against ladies and why group disposition is imperative Violence against ladies is an infringement of human rights, now and again fatal and constantly unsuitable. It is an intricate and tireless issue with different reasons (Campbell, 2002). The general effect of such hostility is boundless, as it straightforwardly influences women as well as their children, their families and companions, work environments and groups. In good terms, there is no more prominent effect than the damage showed by personal accomplice savagery on ladies’ lives the end of such viciousness has turned into a commitment of all governments. In respect of the brutality against ladies, we must take a day out to judge investigate and wipe out any brought on viciousness on them. Also universally, it is praised on 25 Nov consistently as “white lace day “additionally. The conclusion from the World History, it has dependably been demonstrated that a woman is dependable been tormented physically, rationally and sexually. Continuously, she is dealt with as an issue that looks decent when being indoors and throughout and does everything according to the instructions given to her. It’s the time to structure such society that promises women that brutality is inadmissible and that no lady should be beaten, sexually ill-used, or made to endure inwardly.
References
Campbell, J. C. (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet, 359(9314), 1331-1336.
Chesney‐Lind, M. (2002). Criminalizing victimization: The unintended consequences of pro‐arrest policies for girls and women. Criminology & Public Policy, 2(1), 81-90.
Coker, A. L., Davis, K. E., Arias, I., Desai, S., Sanderson, M., Brandt, H. M., & Smith, P. H.
(2002). Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. American journal of preventive medicine, 23(4), 260-268.
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford law review, 1241-1299.
Gracia, E., & Herrero, J. (2006). Acceptability of domestic violence against women in the European Union: A multilevel analysis. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 60(2), 123-129.
Heise, L. L. (1998). Violence against women an integrated, ecological framework. Violence against women, 4(3), 262-290.
Heise, L. L., Raikes, A., Watts, C. H., & Zwi, A. B. (1994). Violence against women: a neglected public health issue in less developed countries. Social science & medicine, 39(9), 1165-1179.
Mullin, C. R., & Linz, D. (1995). Desensitization and re-sensitization to violence against women: effects of exposure to sexually violent films on judgments of domestic violence victims. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(3), 449.
Paudel, G. S. (2007). Domestic violence against women in Nepal. Gender, Technology and Development, 11(2), 199-233.
Stalans, L. J., & Lurigio, A. J. (1997). Responding to domestic violence against women. The Legal Response to Violence Against Women, 5(4), 343.
Sternberg, K. J., Lamb, M. E., Greenbaum, C., Cicchetti, D., Dawud, S., Cortes, R. M., … &
Lorey, F. (1993). Effects of domestic violence on children’s behavior problems and depression. Developmental psychology, 29(1), 44.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Prevalence and consequences of male-to-female and female-to-male intimate partner violence as measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey. Violence against women, 6(2), 142-161.
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