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 Macroeconomics Short Answer Questions

Macroeconomics
          Macroeconomics

Macroeconomics Short Answer Questions

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the instruction is on the cover sheet, for the graph can you draw it as a jpg because last time the line is just massing around when i summit. i have also upload the chapter key point and ppt. so you can have a look

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MACRO1 (ECON1010) Assignment 2

Submit online at the ‘Assessment Task’ in Blackboard

Due: 11:59PM on 14 May (Sunday)

Tutorial Time and Day: _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Student Name: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Student ID: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

Macroeconomics Short Answer Questions

  • The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) has the following three options to influence the money supply in the Australian financial market. Give a brief description of how each operates.
  1. Open market operations (2 marks)

Open market operations refers to a policy by the national reserve bank involving buying an selling of government securities such as treasury bonds, mortgage-backed securities and treasury bills from its member banks in the open capital market as a strategy to expand or contract the amount of money circulating within the economy. Applying this policy to control money supply in the economy would involve the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) purchasing Australian government securities to decrease the money supply or selling these securities to increase the amount of cash circulating in the economy. The RBA would purchase government securities being held by financial institutions to mop up and withdraw excess money supply in the economy, or sell these securities to inject cash into the money market.

Purchasing government securities in the open market by the RBA would add credit reserves to commercial banks, similar to a direct deposit by the government, and would expand money supply through the multiplier effect by increasing cash available for lending to other banks and to customers.

  1. Reserve ratio (2 marks)

Commercial banks in pursuit of their profit-making objective try to lend as much as possible to increase revenues from interest payments. If un-regulated, they would lend out all their deposits, which would increase risk of insolvency and create instability in the banking sector. The reserve ratio is the fraction or percentage of customer deposits that commercial banks are required to hold as reserves. As a way of regulating the activities of banks, the RBA requires commercial banks to maintain a small proportion of their deposits, which is about 10 percent, in reserve when they close after each business day. Reserves are customer deposits that banks have received but have not loaned out. In a fractional-reserve banking system adopted in many countries of the world, commercial banks are required by banking regulation to hold a fraction of the money deposited by customers as reserves. This amount is usually enough to cover the daily withdrawals by customers after lending out the rest.

  1. Cash rate (2 marks)

The official cash rate is the interest rate percentage that commercial banks and other financial institutions can earn from lending their currency reserves on an overnight basis in the short-term money market. The cash rate is the overnight inter-bank lending rate of interest. The cash rate is used by the RBA as an instrument for influencing the amount of money supply in the economy. Increasing the cash rate raises the level of interest rates in the retail credit market, while decreasing the cash rate lowers interest rates in the economy.

The official cash rate affects general economic activity as changes flow through to interest rates charged by commercial banks to borrowers.

  • Now demonstrate what happens to value of money, the price level and the real interest rate using the money supply (MS) and money demand (MD) diagram shown below.
  1. The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) increases the reserve ratio in the fractional banking system.(2 marks)

An increase in the reserve ratio increases the mandatory reserve required by the RBA for commercial banks to maintain in their vaults, which decreases the amount of money available for banks to lend to the public. This decreases the money supply in accordance with the multiplier effect since it decreases the amount of credit money available in the economy. With demand for money and other factors remaining constant, increasing the reserve ratio withdraws cash from the economy and thus decreased supply of money, which in turn increases the value of money since there is a smaller amount of money in circulation available to purchase the same goods and services being produced in the economy. This is shown on the diagram as a shift to the left of the money supply curve from MS1 to MS2 while demand MD remains constant. The quantity of money supply in the economy falls from Q1 to Q2 while the value of money rises from V1 to V2.

  1. RBA purchases government securities through the open market operations. (2 marks)

Purchasing government securities in the open market increases the money supply in the economy by injecting cash into the money market and by extension the economy. Holding demand for money constant, this results in an increase in the supply of money in circulation and available for purchasing the same goods and services, which decreases the value of money. In the diagram, this is shown by a shift of the money supply curve to the right from MS1 to MS2, which increases the quantity of money supply from Q1 to Q2 and decreases the value of money from V1 to V2

  • Consider an economy that is initially in long run equilibrium in the Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply (AD-AS) diagram that we covered in lectures. Suppose many Australian firms mistakenly expect that there will be an increase in the relative price of their own products as compared to others (including relative to the input costs and wages they pay). Start with the equilibrium point shown in the Figure below and use it to demonstrate the following changes.
  1. How does this change the aggregate price level, real income and unemployment in the short run? Explain and illustrate in the AD-AS diagram (3 marks)

In the short-run, an increase in the overall price level tends to raise the quantity of output supplied by producers in an economy. Expectations of increased relative prices of products relative to production costs and wages would create increased business confidence and increased investment, which would result in increased production and increased amount of goods and services output by producers within the economy. The move by firms to increase production activity would lead to the increased utilization of capital and labour production factors. This would further result in increased investment and decreased unemployment in the short-run.

Increased production output would result in increased supply of goods and services which would cause a surplus in the economy in the short run, which would cause a decrease in the price level. In the AD-AS model, this would be shown as a shift downwards and to the right of the aggregate supply curve from SRAS0 to SRAS1, with a new short-run equilibrium corresponding to a lower price level P1 since there is the same volume of money to purchase the increased amount of output in the economy.

  1. Explain the adjustment process to long run equilibrium (assuming that real potential output remains unchanged, so no change in LRAS), and what happens to the price level. No need to demonstrate it in Figure but it may be helpful. (3 marks)

A change in the price level in the long-run does not affect the quantity of output and supply in the long-run. This is because the potential output level, also known as the natural level of output or full-employment output, in the economy is determined by capital endowment, labour supply and technology that are not affected by changes in the price level over the long-run. The increase in output and supply of goods and services would therefore result in a surplus output, which would lead to a decrease in the price level in the economy. According to the AD-AS model, the economy has a tendency to revert to some form of long-run equilibrium, which is referred to as the steady-state equilibrium. This self-correcting mechanism works through the supply side in that an increase in output and aggregate supply in the short-run causes aggregate demand to fall following a period of inflation, which makes the equilibrium level to self-corrects to a new price level over the long-run.

This is demonstrated by the equilibrium level remaining constant along the LRAS curve since a shift of the AD curve upwards and to the right indicating an increase in aggregate demand over the long-run is countered by a shift of the AS curve downwards and to the left indicating an increase in aggregate supply.

 

One such scenario may come from a crash in the Australian housing market. Keeping in mind of the Aggregate Demand and Supply (AD-AS) framework, elaborate how such a shock may affect the Australian economy. Also, discuss what policy instruments the government have in response, and how they work in practice?

A recession results from adverse shifts in aggregate supply, which causes decreased levels of real GDP output and other measures of income, consumption spending and production factors while unemployment and price levels rise. According to the AD-AS model, the level of output and prices in an economy adjust to create an equilibrium or balance between aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Policy response options for the government would be to take no action assuming that the economy would always self-correct to its initial full-employment equilibrium over the long-run. Heated debate amongst economists has resulted in a division between Neo-classical and Keynesian economists. Neo-classical economic theories argue that the economy would self-correct to its long-run equilibrium after a recession while Keynesian economic theory argues that taking no action would unnecessarily prolong the recession since the economy would not by itself revert to previous steady-state equilibrium. Keynesian economic theory of monetary policy has proven effective in the past during the Great Depression in restoring the US economy back to full-employment. The theory recommends taking action to either raise aggregate demand or aggregate supply or both, which implies a decision on which of either curves in the AD-AS model to influence and through what policies.

To correct the fall in short-run aggregate supply, the government could either adopt policies to expand aggregate demand keeping output at its natural long-run level, which would cause the price level to rise further and worsen the recession before the policies begin to take effect. To forestall the impending economic shock that would result from a burst market bubble in the real estate sector, the government through the RBA could pursue contractionary monetary policies. This would take the form of strategies such as selling government securities to member banks in the open market and increasing the interest rate to slow down inflation and economic growth by lowering lending rates and decrease over-investment in the economy and in specific sectors. In the event of a recession, expansionary monetary policies can be adopted to lower unemployment and stimulate economic growth. Such policies would seek to expand money supply and lower interest rates so as to boost production and consumption economic activity, and to lower unemployment.

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SPSS Hypothesis Testing Assignment Available

SPSS Hypothesis Testing
SPSS Hypothesis Testing

SPSS Hypothesis Testing

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please do my assignment by nest week please.

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Module 6 Application Assignment Worksheet

SPSS Hypothesis Testing

Instructions

For this assignment, you perform a two-sample independent t-test, an ANOVA, and a correlation analysis related to the data set that has been utilized in the previous two modules. Import the data into SPSS or, if you correctly saved the data file from the Module 4 and 5 Assignments, you may open and use that saved file to complete this Assignment. Type your answers to all questions directly into the worksheet, and paste the required output at the end of this document.

 Submit this Application Assignment by Day 7 of Week 11.

Research Scenario

A researcher is interested in the effect of a new medication on serum cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and glycosylated hemoglobin of adults.  The researcher randomly selects a sample of 40 (20 male and 20 female) participants who have been diagnosed with high cholesterol. Assuring equal distribution of males and females, the participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions (or groups):  Following pretest measures of serum cholesterol (chol), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and glycosylated hemoglobin (glyhb), the experimental group (Group 1) is given the medication for a period of 6 months while the control group (Group 2) is given a placebo.  After the 6 months,chol, HDL, and glyhb are again measured.

 The post test data for each participant are provided in the Module 4 Application Assignment Data Set Excel file and can be found in the Module 6 Learning Resources. The codebook for the data provided is as follows:

AGE                       Age in years

SEX                         1 =male, 2=female

GROUP 1 =medication, 2=placebo

CHNG_CHOL      change in cholesterol from pretest to posttest

HDL                        High-density lipoprotein at posttest

GLYHB                   Glycosylated hemoglobin at posttest

———————————————————————————————————————

Step 1: Import the Microsoft Excel data file into SPSS or use the correct saved SPSS data file as noted in the instructions above.

Step 2: Conduct an independent samples t-test to determine if there is a difference between Group 1 (medication) and Group 2 (placebo) in terms of changes in cholesterol values. Note that the independent variable is GROUP, and the dependent variable is CHNG_CHOL .For this analysis, choose a two-tailed test of significance. (Be sure to save your output.)

Step 3: Conduct a between-subjects ANOVA to determine if there is a difference between sex (males vs. females) and HDL. Note that the independent variable is SEX, and the dependent variable is HDL. For this analysis, choose a two-tailed test of significance. (Be sure to save your output.)

Step 4: Conduct a Pearson correlation to determine if there is a relationship between HDL and GLYHB. For this analysis, choose a two-tailed test of significance. (Be sure to save your output.)

Step 5: Review your SPSS output and answer each of the following questions:

From the independent samples t-test output:

  1. What is the mean CHNG_CHOL for Group 1? _________-5.95
  2. What is the CHNG_CHOL standard deviation for Group 1? _________095
  3. What is the mean CHNG_CHOL for Group 2? _________-.45
  4. What is the CHNG_CHOL standard deviation for Group 2? _________395
  5. What is the calculated t-score (equal variances assumed)? _________– 5.376
  6. What is the probability that the obtained t-score was simply due to chance as opposed to actual gender differences [see “Sig (two-tailed)” on output]? _________00
  7. If the probability associated with the obtained t-score is <0.05, we assume the results (difference in mean CHNG_CHOL between groups) are much more likely due to the effects of the medication than to chance. In other words, we would say the results are statistically significant. Are the results statistically significant (yes or no)?  _________No

From the ANOVA output:

  1. What is the mean HDL for group males? _________85
  2. What is the HDL standard deviation for males? _________788
  • What is the mean HDL for group females? _________30
  1. What is the HDL standard deviation for females? _________477
  2. What is the calculated F-value? __________251
  3. What is the probability (noted as “Sig” on output) that the obtained F-value was simply due to chance as opposed to actual gender differences? __________01

From the correlation output:

  1. What is the Pearson correlation score for HDL and GLYHB? _________– 587
  2. What is the direction of the correlation value and what does this mean? _____ The direction of the correlation is negative. This implies that as HDL increase, GLYHB decreases and vice versa is true
  3. What is the probability for the obtained Pearson correlation score [see “Sig (two-tailed)” on output]? _significant at 0.01 (2-tailed)
  4. If the probability associated with the Pearson correlation is <05, we assume a significant relationship. Is there a significant relationship between HDL and GLYHB? _________No

Step 6: Paste all required SPSS output below.

T test

Group Statistics
GROUP N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
CHNG_CHOL 1 20 -5.65 4.095 .916
2 20 -.45 1.395 .312

 

Independent Samples Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower Upper
CHNG_CHOL Equal variances assumed 13.247 .001 -5.376 38 .000 -5.200 .967 -7.158 -3.242
Equal variances not assumed -5.376 23.349 .000 -5.200 .967 -7.199 -3.201

One way ANOVA

Descriptive
HDL
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum
Lower Bound Upper Bound
males 20 40.85 7.788 1.742 37.20 44.50 28 56
females 20 49.30 7.477 1.672 45.80 52.80 39 69
Total 40 45.08 8.666 1.370 42.30 47.85 28 69

 

ANOVA
HDL
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 714.025 1 714.025 12.251 .001
Within Groups 2214.750 38 58.283
Total 2928.775 39

 

Correlations
HDL GLYHB
HDL Pearson Correlation 1 -.587**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 40 40
GLYHB Pearson Correlation -.587** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 40 40
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

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Agri Chem Case Analysis Research Paper

Agri Chem Case Analysis
Agri Chem Case Analysis

Agri Chem Case Analysis

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kindly use the attached

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Agri Chem Case Analysis

Introduction

Agri Chem faces a challenge of reduced natural gas supply, following a notification from Enerco, that gas supplies were being rapidly depleted, thus leading to rationing of natural gas. Based on the priorities that Enerco gives from the Federal Power Commission, it is notable that Agri Chem will be significantly affected the rationing. In providing details on rationing, Enerco did not provide proportions for rationing. Agri Chem must determine its usage pattern to determine how best to maximize profits under the circumstances. The problem is to determine which of Agri Chem’s complexes would be least affected by a gas curtailment.

Analysis

The rationing of natural gas is expected to have a significant impact on Agri-Chem, given the high level of usage. Agri Chem mostly utilizes natural gas for the second and third priority, which comprise the commercial use as a raw material source and industrial use as a broiler fuel. This was likely to lead to ‘rolling brownouts’ due to natural gas curtailments. The fact that Enerco does not provide guidelines on the manner in which natural gas will be allocated based on products gives Agri Chem an opportunity to determine its own proportions in a bid to ensure that profitability is maximized under the conditions. While Agri Chem had an allocation of 90,000 ´ 103 cubic feet per day based on its contract with Enerco, this would be reduced by 20% to 40% following the curtailment. This would greatly affect Agri Chem, which utilizes natural gas as broiler fuel except for ammonia production which required natural gas as a raw material.

The situation at hand presents a complex scenario in which the company’s productivity is likely to be curtailed by the rationing of natural gas, given that Agri Chem considerably depends on natural gas for production purposes. This calls for a solution to optimize gas usage under the current circumstances, which essentially calls for a formula for gas usage to ensure that the company’s profits are maximized under the circumstances. Agri Chem has an advantage in that Enerco does not provide proportions for gas allocation and hence the company has the liverty to determine its capacities as deemed appropriate. Determining the product that would be least affected by the curtailment of natural gas helps the company to establish how well it can be utilized to provide optimal results for the company.  Linear programming provides a simple solution for this complex situation, such that Agri Chem can determine how best to approach the problem presented by the gas shortage.

Solution

The main objective is to determine, based on Agri Chem’s complexities, the product that will be least affected by the gas curtailment. The solution involves creation of a linear programming equation that bases its calculation on the contribution, current capacity, production rate and natural gas usage, provided in the table of financial and operation data on page 6. This is optimized using linear programming, putting the possible constraints (20% and 40%) into consideration, to determine the product that would be least affected by the natural gas curtailment. Linear programming is considered effective in obtaining solutions for optimal use of resources and profit maximization because it makes use of simple formulas to determine solutions under different constraints (Haidar, 2015). It is therefore effective in making decisions on complex issues affecting organizations, such as the gas allocation dilemma faced by Agri Chem. In this case, two constraints are present. The process begins by determining the new constraints, representing the expected impact when gas supply is reduced by 20% or 40%. Using excel, calculations are made to determine the new quantities. Using these constraints, it is possible to determine the number of tons that can be produced per day to maximize profits as indicated on the calculations on page 7. The gas constraints are developed with reference to the possible changes, from 85,680,000 cu. ft. per day, which Agri Chem utilizes, once the curtailment is done. This is shown on page 7. The results indicate that Caustic Soda would be the least affected by the gas curtailment. This is because the company can operate optimally with Caustic Soda being produced at low levels; 423.2 tons/day when curtailment is 20% and zero tons/day when curtailment is at 40%. Profitability can then be calculated based on the quantities determined.

Justification

The current situation at Agri-Chem calls for an effective measure to determine the utilization of the natural gas supplies under the constraints.

  • Linear programming is an effective optimization technique, suitable for complex problem solving, such as in the case of Agri Chem.
  • Through the use of linear programming, Agri Chem can maximize its profits by assessing the gas proportions needed for the company and how this can be allocated to ensure optimal use of the available natural gas.
  • This solution provides guidance for Agri Chem on the utilization of natural gas, such that it can be effectively allocated for optimal results and loss reduction.
  • Linear programming gives better outcomes due to its simplicity and definite formula – single and straightforward, thus promoting accuracy.
  • The calculation of optimal levels for profitability helps in promoting decision making e.g. in the case of Agri Chem where the company determines the complexities that are least affected by natural gas rationing.
  • The solution provides a basis for determining the result of different scenarios – in this case the company can determine the profit optimization at 20% and 40% curtailment.

Conclusion

The problem presented in this case involves a situation in which Agri Chem’s production is affected by the curtailment of gas supply due to the effects of a heat wave. Enerco provides that Agri Chem’s supply may be affected by 20% to 40%. This calls on Agri Chem to come up with a formula that will optimize the situation, to ensure that it maintains sustainable profitability under the circumstances. A linear programming solution in which constraints are developed at the curtailment proportions provides that, caustic soda would be least affected by the gas curtailment, at the point of optimal profitability.

Question: Which of Agri-Chem’s complexes would be least affected by a gas curtailment?

Financial and Operational Data

Contribution    Capacity    Production Rate  Natural Gas Usage

Product                              ($/Ton)      (Tons/Day)  (% of Capacity)  (1,000 Cu.Ft./Ton)

Ammonia                             $80              1,500                  80                           8

Ammonium phosphate        $120              600                   90                          10

Ammonium nitrate              $140              700                   70                          12

Urea                                    $140              200                   80                          12

Hydrofluoric acid                $90               800                   70                           7

Chlorine                               $70              1,500                  80                          18

Caustic soda                         $60              1,600                  80                          20

Vinyl chloride monomer      $90              1,400                  60                          14

Working

Let X1 = ammonia ; X2 = ammonium phosphate ; X3 = ammonium nitrate ; X4 = urea ; X5 = hydrofluoric acid ; X6 = chlorine ; X7 = caustic soda ; X8 = Vinyl chloride monomer

Agri Chem’s current natural gas usage = (1,200 × 8 + 540 × 10 + 490 × 12 + …) = 85,680,000 cu. ft. per day

At 20% curtailment, availability is 0.8 x 85,680 = 68,554,000 cu. ft. per day

Therefore, gas constraint = 8X1 + 10X2 + 12X3 + 12X4 + 7X5 + 18X6 + 20X7 + 14X8 ≤ 68,544

Using Excel, the following solution is obtained.

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8
Tons/day 1200 540 490 160 560 1200 433.2 840

 

At 40% curtailment, availability is 0.6 × 85,680 = 51,408,000 cu. ft. per day

Constraint: 8X1 + 10X2 + 12X3 + 12X4 + 7X5 + 18X6 + 20X7 + 14X7 ≤ 51,408

Excel calculation results in the following:

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8
Tons/day 1,200.00 540.00 490.00 160.00 560.00 718.22 0.00 840.00

Reference

Haidar, A. D. (2015). Construction Program Management – Decision Making and Optimization

Techniques. London: Springer

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Research problem and significance Paper

Research problem and significance
         Research problem and significance

Research problem and significance

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PLEASE NOTE We need to use the second article, Rehods one.

HNB3123 Working with Evidence 2017

Assessment 2-Essay- journal critique

Number of words: 1200

This is an academic essay. You are required to conduct a critical appraisal of a primary research paper. Two papers are provided and you choose one (either quantitative or qualitative).

You should follow the format of an academic essay and use well-structured headings (for example, as you see in a journal article). Headings are signposts and give clarity to writing.

We suggest the critical appraisal has headings for the following areas:

1. Introduction
2. The research problem and its significance
3. The research design and the methods.
4. Findings and their relevance to contemporary nursing policy and practice
5. Conclusion

It is important you refresh your learning about academic essay writing and refer to the marking guide (assessment rubric). A range of resources to assist with Assessment 2 have been provided in VU collaborate. This includes information about how to write critically, how to write an introduction and conclusion. The following links are very useful.

https://www.vu.edu.au/campuses-services/student-support/academic-support-development/academic-writing/writing-types/essay-writing

Help is available at this link. If you would like more help with your academic writing, visit the Writing Space and chat to Student Writing Mentors about your assignment.

The critical appraisal will be marked on the following areas:
• Introduction
• Grammar, spelling and punctuation
• Sentence, paragraph structure & APA format
• Sequence and organisation of answer
• Closing paragraph / conclusion
• The research problem and its significance
• The research design and the methods.
• Findings and their relevance to contemporary nursing policy and practice
• Critical analysis.
• Sources and referencing
• Conclusion

Read the marking criteria when planning and writing the critical appraisal

There should be evidence of critical analysis of the research not just a gathering of information.

Select one of these original research articles to address the questions:

Ma, C., & Park, S. H. (2015). Hospital Magnet status, unit work environment, and pressure ulcers. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47(6), 565-573.

OR

Rhodes, P., McDonald, R., Campbell, S., Daker?White, G., & Sanders, C. (2016). Sensemaking and the co?production of safety: a qualitative study of primary medical care patients. Sociology of Health & Illness, 38(2), 270-285.

Students are referred to relevant Victoria University assessment policies. Especially note the VU policy regarding criteria for special consideration and the documents you need to provide to support your application for an extension. Inquiries about his process to the unit of study Coordinator only before the due date. Requests after the due date will not be processed.

Students should take account the following requirements:

Essays submitted after 5 days will not be accepted or marked.

Every essay is checked for plagiarism. Make and keep a full copy of all work submitted for assessment.

This is an academic essay so dot points will not be accepted -i.e. use sentences.

The essay should be written and presented in a

  • scholarly manner
  • Double-space
  • Include a title page with your name.
  • Include accurate and systematic in-text referencing and a bibliography using APA Referencing: The essay should have a Reference List that includes at least 6 references:
    • At least one research textbook;
    • At least five journal articles published between 2011-2017.

Students are referred to relevant Victoria University assessment policies.

See also relevant VU policy regarding criteria for special consideration and the documents you need to provide to support your application for an extension. Inquiries about his process to the subject Coordinator only before the due date.

The word limit for the critical appraisal is 1200 words. There will be a 5% deduction for every 10% above or below the word limit

There are serious penalties for late submission and word limit infractions-Refer to University policies on submission guidelines. Essays submitted after 5 days will not be accepted or marked. Make and keep a full copy of all work submitted for assessment.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

The safety of patients in primary health care setting has mostly been explored in the context of eliminating medical error. This often leaves out important factors that patients find pertinent to their safety as established in the article “Sensemaking and the co-production of safety: a qualitative study of primary medical care patients” by Rhodes et al. (2016). The research by Rhodes et al. (2016) explores how primary care patients make sense of safety and co-produce safety, concluding that there is need for a broad conceptualisation of patient safety, in order to address patients’ concern on safety in primary care settings. This essay is a critical analysis of the article by Rhodes et al. (2016) to evaluate its research problem and significance, methodology used, findings and their significance in contemporary nursing policy and practice.

Research problem and significance

            The research problem as presented by Rhodes et al. (2016) is the safety of patients, with specific interest in the manner in which patients perceive and define safety, and how they make sense of their experiences in primary care settings. The patient perspective of safety presents a contemporary issue that is of considerable medical research interest, having been previously studied by among others Rhodes, et al. (2014), Baran et al (2011), Ricci-Cabello et al. (2016) and Daker-White, et al. (2015). All these studies seek to understand patients’ understanding of safety and how it can inform the medical profession, given that a majority of previous studies mostly focused on medical safety. Based on this, it can be established that Rhodes et al. (2016) take on an important research problem that is bound to provide viable solutions in patient safety.

The significance of the article by Rhodes et al. (2016) is that it addresses an important aspect of medical care (safety) and introduces the relevance of sensemaking in understanding the perception of patients on safety. Authors have justified the significance of their study as it helps in the identification of factors that influence patients’ sense of security, such that this can be addressed to ensure quality services are provided in healthcare settings. This resonates well with the research by Rhodes, Campbell and Sanders (2016), which establishes that patients envision safety in completely different ways than what has been documented. Daker-White et al. (2015) in their research offer similar sentiments but also discuss factors related to the patient including attendance errors, misjudgments, memory limitations, emotional factors and patient preferences that may impact on patient safety.

Research design and methods

This research utilizes the qualitative design in determining the sensemaking and safety co-production. Qualitative research denotes a design in which researchers aim at understanding phenomena by interacting with the population’s views and lived experiences (Yin, 2013). In obtaining data for the research, the interview method was utilized for the study. This was done through interviews among selected respondents, mostly in their homes. Quimby (2012) notes that interviews are effective in the collection of data because they allow the researcher to obtain more complete and authentic data.

The researchers make deliberate attempts at improving the reliability and validity of their research. Being a human subject research, it is commendable that the researchers sought ethical approval before beginning their research (Yin, 2013). An important aspect in conducting research is avoiding bias by ensuring that the study sample selected is representative of the population (Quimby, 2012). The researchers endeavored to ensure maximum variability in terms of age, career status, education level, socioeconomic level, and ethnic background. The study also included a wide age consideration, with respondents being aged between 18 and 78 years. However, it is notable that the method used in selecting the sample may not have been appropriate in ensuring equal representation. Being a form of purposive sampling, maximum variation sampling may lead to bias because it selects respondents based on the researcher’s convenience, which in this case led to a deliberate over-sampling of patients with long-term conditions. Snowballing may give rise to bias, given that the recruitment of respondents is based on referrals from the first batch of respondents (Yin, 2013). Despite attempting to show demographic variability, the authors do not break down the composition of the sample.

The data collected was analyzed using a qualitative data analysis software (NVivo10). The analysis involved thematic and iterative techniques, targeted at generating open codes. Some initial themes were identified through a coding system, and these were later distilled into three core themes. For sensemaking purposes, the data was reanalyzed using Weick’s framework.

Findings and their relevance to contemporary nursing policy and practice

The findings of this study are presented under three broad areas. The first is Sensemaking and the articulation of safety, whereby the authors discuss patient responses on their understanding of medical safety. The authors note that most respondents closely associate safety with the quality of care received and professionalism of the care provider. Further, participants reported the importance of both psychosocial and physical aspects of safety in primary care (Rhodes, Campbell & Sanders, 2016). These aspects of safety emerge in other studies such as Rhodes, Campbell and Sanders (2016) and Ulrich and Kear (2014).

The second area is sensemaking from experience: reflecting on safety and practice, where narration by patients identified the specific situations which made them feel unsafe including practitioner attitudes, doctor interpersonal skills, technical competence and the possibility of getting the same medical personnel for consecutive consultations. Results from Rhodes, et al. (2014) also indicate similar safety issues, where patient–doctor continuity is considered important in promoting patient safety. Ricci-Cabello et al. (2016) also identifies health professional behavior and attitudes and physical environment as factors influencing safety.

The third area is Proactive patients and the co-production of safety, where results indicated that patients can contribute to their own safety through proactive measures such as using their knowledge and previous experiences to safeguard against risk. Through understanding their conditions, obtaining information on treatment options, challenging practitioner procedures or decisions, patients were able to avoid risk. The study by Mehra (2015) alludes to this, based on its findings that information-seeking behavior among patients can play a vital role in promoting quality of health care.

The findings of this research have various implications for the nursing practice. The nursing practice needs to open up to the possibilities of more safety dimensions affecting patients such as physical, architectural, psychological and moral safety dimensions identified by Rhodes et al. (2016). Policy would need to go beyond the functional impairment that the health sector focuses on currently. Burgess et al. (2012) emphasizes on the need to expand beyond the ‘error risk’, by integrating newly discovered safety aspects including psychological and emotional harm. Rhodes et al. (2014) discover similar findings, establishing that psychological safety factors are important patient perspectives that should be considered in the medical profession. This is accentuated by Ricci-Cabello et al. (2016) who notes that current frameworks on patient safety are solely based on professional and healthcare system perspectives.

Conclusion

            This essay provides a critical analysis of the article Sensemaking and the co-production of safety: a qualitative study of primary medical care patients’ by Rhodes et al. (2016). This analysis has evaluated the problem statement, noting that the study investigates patient safety from a patient perspective through a sensemaking framework. The authors utilize a qualitative study approach, involving the use of semi-structured interview to collect responses form a total of 38 respondents. The study presents important findings for nursing, such as the close association between safety and quality in patient’s interpretation of safety.

References:

Daker-White, G., Hays, R., McSharry, J., Giles, S., Cheraghi-Sohi, S., Rhodes, P., & Sanders, C. (2015). Blame the Patient, Blame the Doctor or Blame the System? A Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Studies of Patient Safety in Primary Care. Plos ONE,  10(8), 1-42.

Legg, M. J. (2011). What is psychosocial care and how can nurses better provide it to adult oncology patients. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28 (3), 61-67.

Mehra, P. (2015). Face to face information seeking behavior of patients and impact on in-clinic satisfaction. Asia Pacific Management Review, 20(4), 193-303.

McCracken, S., & Edwards, J. (2014). “Customer” Knowledge Management in Healthcare. Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge        Management, 2, 637-640.

Quimby, E. (2012). Doing Qualitative Community Research: Lessons for Faculty, Students and the Community. UAE: Bentham Science Publishers.

Rhodes, P., McDonald, R., Campbell, S., Daker-White, G., & Sanders, C. (2016). Sensemaking and the co-production of safety: a qualitative study of primary  medical care patients. Sociology of Health & Illness, 38(2), 270-285.

Rhodes, P., Campbell, S., & Sanders, C. (2016). Trust, temporality and systems: how do patients understand patient safety in primary care? A qualitative study. Health Expectations, 19(2).

Rhodes, P., Sanders, C., & Campbell, S. (2014). Relationship continuity: when and why do primary care patients think it is safer? British Journal of General Practice, 2014, e758-e764.

Ricci-Cabello, I., et al. (2016). Patients’ perceptions and experiences of patient safety in primary care in England. Fam Pract, 33 (5), 535-542.

Top, M., & Tekingündüz, S. (2015). Patient Safety Culture in a Turkish Public Hospital: A Study of Nurses’ Perceptions about Patient Safety. Systemic Practice & Action Research, 28(2), 87-110.

Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient Safety and Patient Safety Culture: Foundations of Excellent Health Care Delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447-457.

Yin, R. K. (2013). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. New York: SAGE Publications.

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Research Methodologies and Methods

Research Methodologies
                           Research Methodologies

Research Methodologies

Research Methodologies and Methods

Order Instructions:

Research Methodologies

Please follow these instructions as they are very important for this chapter:

1.You should begin the Research Methodologies chapter by stating, again, the research objectives of the project. This will enable the reader to make an assessment as to the validity of your chosen research methodology.

2.This chapter is that part of the dissertation where you have the opportunity to justify to the reader the process by which the research questions, which were derived by an analysis of the relevant literature, were answered.

3.It is not sufficient to say, for example, “suitable respondents were sampled using a quota sampling technique and then surveyed using a postal questionnaire” and then leave it at that.

4.It might well be the case that, given the problem(s) to be investigated, such a choice of research methods is entirely appropriate. However, if you have not taken the opportunity to justify your research choices to a reader they could be correct in assuming that you have, by chance, merely guessed at what would work and, more by luck than judgement, arrived at the ‘correct’ solution to the problem.

5.The term ‘methodology’, particularly when employed in the social sciences, does not just mean method, but also the governing philosophy behind the methods employed

6.The chapter on research methodology must, painstakingly argue for, and justify each, decision that is taken when arriving at the way in which the research is to be organized.

7.Every time that you, the researcher, have to make a choice from a number of options, you must state what each of these are, why you made the choice you did, and why you rejected those not used.

8.The conclusion of this chapter should provide a summary of the main points that have been covered. The conclusion should also direct the reader as to how the contents of this chapter link in with the contents of the next chapter, your findings.

9.All References must be in Harvard Style.

VERY IMPORTANT NOTE:
please read the proposal which it is attached as the all information regarding the methodology is written there.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Research Methodologies and Methods

Introduction

The objectives of this research include exploring the role of training and development on the performance of organizations in Qatar; and identifying the strategic measures that organizations can pursue in training and development. In achieving research objectives, the research methodology plays a vital role in promoting research reliability and authenticity. This insinuates that the methodology chosen for research must promise to effectively meet the research objectives by answering the research questions adequately. This chapter provides an elaborate description of how the research was conducted, including the research design, sampling procedures sample size, data collection methods, data analysis methods and legal and ethical considerations.

Research Design

This study utilizes the qualitative research design approach to explore the human resource strategies that influence employee engagement within organizations in Qatar. Qualitative research is considered an effective approach in business studies research, given that it seeks to understand phenomena based on lived experiences and views of individuals who have interacted directly with the phenomena (Chesnay, 2014).  The use of qualitative research helps the researcher in understanding underlying perceptions, opinions, reasons, comprehension and motivations among respondents, based on their interaction or experience with the subject of study (Leew, Hox & Dillman, 2012). In this case, the research works with employees, who provide responses based on their experiences on training and development programs in their organizations. Qualitative research is selected over quantitative research approach for this research due to the nature of the research, which mostly consists of descriptive data (Anney, 2014). Unlike quantitative research which involves the analysis of statistical data and structured data sets, qualitative research is used in exploratory studies whose data may vary significantly in structure, such as the data collected from interviews (Padilla-Díaz, 2015)

Data collection and research methods

The data for use in this research was collected using both primary and secondary data. Primary data is highly important in research because it provides first-hand information from research. Given that the researcher employs data collection and analysis procedures that are carefully selected with the aim of obtaining the most appropriate results for the research, primary data is considered more reliable (Rose, Spinks & Canhoto, 2014). Secondary data’s importance cannot be underestimated, given that it provides valuable information to guide research based on previous researches (Rose, Spinks & Canhoto, 2014). Secondary data consisted of peer-reviewed journal articles, books, case studies and other sources of information regarding training and development in organizations. Secondary data was mostly used in literature review and discussion of findings from primary data.

To collect primary data for the completion of this research, the researcher utilizes two qualitative inquiry methods, namely: semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. These were effective in understanding how employee engagement is influenced by human resource strategy. Using these methods, the research employs an exploratory approach in obtaining information, by collecting diverse information from the interviews and open-ended questionnaires.

The semi-structured interview approach works by integration pre-determined questions with open questions that elicit a conversation, such that the researcher can explore various themes further (Cohen Manion & Morrison, 2011). Semi-structured interviews were used based on their ability to collect diverse information from respondents regarding the research subject, which ensured that the research questions are adequately answered. Since the researcher was not restricted to a particular interview script like in structured interviews where the researcher must follow the pre-determined questions, semi-structured interviews ensured that the researcher could collect information on areas of interest depending on the recipient (Leew, Hox & Dillman, 2012). On the contrary, semi-structured interviews may be time consuming and failure to guide the interviewee may divert the interview from important matters or lead to the collection of a lot of unnecessary information, which makes analysis more difficult (Leew, Hox & Dillman, 2012). To counter this, the researcher allocated specific timings for questions to ensure that respondents did not dwell too much on some at the expense of others. The researcher also remained in control of the interviews, by guiding the respondents when they seemed to be diverting from the main agenda.

Questionnaires were considered effective in the collection of data due to their ability to collect data from a large population within a short period of time. Questionnaires also save costs besides saving time, compared to interviews, where the researcher had to spend considerable time and money for travelling and conducting interviews (Holt & Pamment, 2011). They were also easier to administer because the respondents can fill them at their own convenience and without having to reveal their identity, which improves confidentiality (Christopher, 2013). Uniformity of data would also achieved due to the pre-determined questions, which makes analysis easier. However, data from questionnaires may be less accurate because the researcher has no way of controlling how the respondent answers the questions and whether canvasing is involved. Despite this shortcoming, questionnaires were considered more effective due to the high number of respondents involved in the research. Furthermore, combining this approach with semi-structured interviews ensured that the researcher obtained more reliable results.

Research Population and sample size

The target population for this research was the Qatar workforce. Given that Qatar is a region with a vibrant business environment and diverse human resource practices, the population would provide adequate information for strategies that influence employee engagement. A sample of 100 employees was utilized for the research. Employees were selected from 10 companies operating in Qatar, such that 10 respondents were selected from each company. The selection process was done in collaboration with the human resource managers from the respective organizations.

Sampling Procedures

This research targets 100 employees from Qatar to get useful data for analysis and conclusions. To achieve this, a combination of simple random sampling and purposive sampling were employed.

Simple random sampling refers to a method of sample selection where the every member of the population has an opportunity to be included in the research (Nahorniak, et al., 2015) According to Christopher (2013), this eliminates bias and ensures that the information collected to a great extent represents the entire population. Simple random sampling was considered more effective than other probability sampling methods such as stratified sampling and cluster sampling. Stratified sampling requires the researcher to perform random sampling within subgroups of the population, which ensures that smaller groups within the population are equally represented (Nahorniak, et al., 2015) This is considered highly effective in ensuring equal representation but this research did not require this form of stratification. Cluster sampling is applicable where there are numerous micros clusters within the population, such that a random sample of each cluster is considered. This method would not be applicable in this research because the researcher‘s selection criteria was not aimed at dividing the population into clusters.

Purposive sampling is where the researcher selects the sample based on which respondents can provide the kind of information being sought, often informed by their knowledge and experience in the subject under inquiry (Monette, Sullivan & DeJong, 2013). This increases the probability of obtaining more accurate information and consequently enhancing the accuracy and reliability of the study results. Purposive sampling is widely used among researchers in situations where specific respondent knowledge and expertise is needed. The downside of purposive sampling is that it may be biased, given that the researcher influences the respondents to be included in the research (Patton, 2015). In essence, it is the opposite of random sampling which aims at ensuring equal representation of the population. To address this, the researcher aimed at avoiding bias by ensuring that the respondents were only selected based on their qualifications and experience.

Simple random sampling was used in selecting the companies to be included in the research. Employees were selected from 10 companies identified using simple random sampling. In selecting a sample for the research, purposive sampling was used in selecting respondents who would offer appropriate data on how human resource strategies influence employee engagement in Qatar. The researcher collected a list of 150 companies in Qatar and then used a random number selection application to identify 10 companies whose employees were to be involved in the research. Once the companies were identified, the researcher approached the human resource manager in the companies to assist in selection of respondents through purposive sampling. This was considered an appropriate measure because the human resource manager was in a better position to identify individuals within the organization who meet the selection criteria. As provided in purposive sampling, a random sample may not always be effective in selecting a sample due to the possibility of selecting respondents who may not offer adequate information to answer the research questions.

In order for an employee to qualify as a potential respondent, he or she must have worked in Qatar for at least 10 years and worked in their current organization for at least three years. This would ensure that the respondents could provide adequate information in the Qatar context as well as the company context. One employee from each company had to be the human resource manager while two employees from each company had to be department managers. The other seven employees were sourced from different departments within the organization, ensuring that as many departments as possible were represented. The researcher interviewed 30 employees out of this sample, who basically included the human resources and department managers. The interviews were aimed at establishing what managers thought about the impact of training and development on their employees’ performance. Questionnaires were issued to the other 70 employees to determine employees’ reaction to training and development on their performance.

Data Analysis approach

Following the collection of relevant data, the researcher used Microsoft Excel in analyzing the data by employing the various statistical data analysis tools available on the software. This included a combination of excel tabulations, pie charts and tables for visual presentation of the data collected from the research and perform inferential statistical tests. Coding was used in analyzing data from the interviews.

Microsoft Excel is considered one of the most utilized tool for data analysis globally due to the numerous functions including calculation and computation tools, presentation tools and statistical analysis functions. Jackson (2012) notes that Ms Excel makes analysis easier by providing formulas for analyzing data for comparison purposes. It is also effective in presenting information from data collected, thus enhancing data analysis and dissemination.

Coding is known for its ability to analyze qualitative data, hence its selection for the analysis of interview data collected in the research. Coding involves the classification of research findings into different categories and assigning them codes, based on themes identified (Klenke, 2016). This allows for narrative data to be effectively analyzed and thus promote result accuracy.  Ms Excel provided an excellent platform for data entry, coding and analysis and will thus be effective in this process.

Validity & Reliability

In order for research results to be effectively utilized to inform strategy, policy and development of other researches among other uses, validity and reliability are considered essential prerequisites. This research makes deliberate attempts at enhancing validity and reliability through well implemented research procedures and eliminating possible errors. To enhance validity, the researcher went through training on interview performing skills to ensure that the process was flawlessly executed and that the right procedures were used to reduce chances of researcher bias (Powell, Hughes-Scholes & Sharman, 2012). To ensure that the research is reliable, the researcher utilizes purposive sampling which ensures that the sample selected is of the highest quality and that it provides high level data on the research. To minimize bias, the researcher uses random sampling to select the sample companies to be used for research (Yin, 2013). Ethical sampling and respondent communication also played an important aspect in promoting validity and reliability. The researcher ensured that the sampling process was as transparent as possible and that the respondents were given an opportunity for informed consent (Quimby, 2012). The use of reliable and efficient data analysis techniques also played a significant role in promoting the reliability of the research (Leavy, 2014).

Ethical Issues

Researchers are expected to maintain high ethical standards in order for research validity and authenticity to be achieved. In this regard, the research will be conducted within the legal frameworks and uphold highest standards of ethics during the collection and utilization of information. To achieve this, the researcher will seek approval from the ethics committee before commencing the study. Secondly, the researcher will ensure that all respondents selected for the study participate out of their own consent and that no one is coerced into being part of the study. Thirdly, the researcher will observe the following ethical issues with regards to research.

Permission to conduct study

Ethical standards require that when conducting a research in an institutional setting, it is important to seek permission from authorities in order to ensure that they are aware of the researcher’s intentions and activities (Hammersley & Traianou, 2012).This research was done in private organizations in Qatar and selection of respondents was done in conjunction with the human resource manager. This means that the first step in conducting the research was to seek permission from the organization.

Privacy and confidentiality

An important ethical factor in research is ensuring that the privacy and confidentiality of respondents is maintained. This means that their views should only be used for research purposes and should not be shared with third parties or used to incriminate them (Quimby, 2012). In this research, privacy and confidentiality was assured in the entire process through various actions. Firstly, the researcher assured participants that their responses would only use used in informing the research and not for any other purpose. Secondly, their views and information collected from them would not be shared with third parties including their managers or marketing companies. Thirdly, respondents given the questionnaire would not be required to indicate their names, thus boosting their assurance on confidentiality (Chesnay, 2014). Those who participated in interviews were assured that their personal credentials and responses would be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Informed consent

Research ethics require that participants must not be coerced into participating in any study and that they must do so upon their own volition. To ensure that this is achieved the researcher is expected to ensure informed consent, which involves providing adequate information to respondents regarding the research, to help them make an informed decision on whether to participate or not (Resnik, 2016). To address this issue, the researcher sent information to the respondents indicating the purpose of the research, data collection methods and expected usefulness of the research.

Conclusion

This chapter comprehensively explains the methodology that this research applied in exploring the role of training and development in enhancing organizational strategy. The chapter establishes that this research utilizes the qualitative method, with interviews and questionnaires being used in the collection of data. The data analysis method to be used to scrutinize findings as well as the how validity and reliability of research will be ensured are discussed. The chapter also defines the population, sample and sampling methods used in determining the sample for research; and defines the ethical issues considered during the research.

The next chapter consists of the findings from the research, which comprises of the data collected from the interviews and questionnaires. The results will form a basis for analysis and consequently the research findings.

Reference List

Anney, VN 2014, ‘Ensuring the Quality of the Findings of Qualitative Research: Looking at Trustworthiness Criteria,’ Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS), 5, 2, pp. 272-281.

Chesnay, 2014, Nursing Research Using Phenomenology: Qualitative Designs and Methods  in Nursing Qualitative Designs and Methods in Nursing Qualitative Designs and Methods, New York, Springer Publishing Company.

Christopher JL et al., 2013, Understanding and Conducting Research in the Health Sciences, New York, John Wiley & Sons.

Cohen, L, Manion, L, & Morrison, K 2011, Research methods in education (7 Ed), New York, NY, Routledge.

Hammersley, M & Traianou, A 2012, Ethics in Qualitative Research: Controversies and  Contexts, London, SAGE.

Holt, A, & Pamment, N 2011, ‘Overcoming the challenges of researching ‘young offenders’: using assisted questionnaires – a research note’, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 14, 2, pp. 125-133. Retrieved from web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=f1b1bdbc-05f3-4993-8562-fccca8390c55%40sessionmgr104&hid=129

Jackson, SL 2012, A Concise Guide to Statistical Analyses Using Excel, SPSS, and the TI-84  Calculator, Spiral bound Version, London, Cengage Learning.

Klenke, K 2016, Qualitative Research in the Study of Leadership: Second Edition, Bingley, Emerald Group Publishing.

Leavy, P 2014, The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research Oxford library of psychology, London, Oxford University Press.

Leew, ED, Hox, J & Dillman, D 2012, International Handbook of Survey Methodology  European Association of Methodology Series, London, Routledge.

Leew, ED, Hox, J & Dillman, D 2012, International Handbook of Survey Methodology  European Association of Methodology Series, London, Routledge.

Monette, DR, Sullivan, TJ & DeJong, CR 2013, Applied Social Research: A Tool for the  Human Services, London, Cengage Learning.

Nahorniak, M, Larsen, D, Volk, C, & Jordan, C 2015, ‘Using Inverse Probability Bootstrap Sampling to Eliminate Sample Induced Bias in Model Based Analysis of Unequal Probability Samples’, Plos ONE, 10, 6, pp. 1-19. Retrieved from web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e6d41ef7-1645-4338-8b7e-42001aa3e445%40sessionmgr102&vid=0&hid=129

Padilla-Díaz, M 2015, ‘Phenomenology in Educational Qualitative Research: Philosophy as Science or Philosophical Science?’, International Journal of Educational Excellence, 1, 2, pp. 101-110 Retrieved from www.suagm.edu/umet/ijee/pdf/1_2/padilla_diaz_ijee_1_2_101-110.pdf

Patton, MQ 2015, Qualitative research & evaluation methods (4th ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications.

Powell, MB, Hughes-Scholes, CH & Sharman, SJ 2012, ‘Skill in Interviewing Reduces Confirmation Bias’, Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling, 9(2), pp. 126-134. doi:10.1002/jip.1357. Retrieved from web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&sid=840a00b8-3a9a-4750-b4ac-149ff58712c0%40sessionmgr105&hid=124

Quimby, E 2012, Doing Qualitative Community Research: Lessons for Faculty, Students and  the Community, UAE, Bentham Science Publishers.

Resnik, DB 2016, ‘Employees as Research Participants: Ethical and Policy Issues’, IRB:  Ethics & Human Research, 38, 4, pp. 11-16. Retrieved from web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=8&sid=f1b1bdbc-05f3-4993-8562-fccca8390c55%40sessionmgr104&hid=129

Rose, S, Spinks, N & Canhoto, AI 2014, Management Research: Applying the Principles, London, Routledge Yin, RK, 2013, Case Study Research: Design and Methods, New York, SAGE Publications.

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Fireproof Movie Review Assignment Paper

Fireproof Movie Review
Fireproof Movie Review

Fireproof Movie Review

Order Instructions:

Essay must be written in APA, double space at least 290 words

Movie Review

Critical Read and Review Description. Thoroughly discuss and answer all Questions 1-5. Included Proper in-text citation. Apply Attached APA_Sample_Paper.

1.Read, analyze, and critique the movie Fireproof . Then, follow these instructions
Your thread must be at least 290 words

2.WATCH :THE MOVIE FIREPROOF IN ORDER TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE EMC EQUATION (IDENTIFIED NEEDS + INTENTIONAL RESOURCING = ENLARGING THE CONVERSATION). THROUGH THE LENS OF OUR COURSE MATERIALS, EXPLORE THE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION CONCEPTS YOU IDENTIFIED IN THE MOVIE. FOR EXAMPLE, DID YOU FIND A DEGENERATIVE COMMUNICATION SPIRAL? WHAT ROLE DID SELF DISCLOSURE PLAY? HOW WAS IDENTITY REVEALED

Read, analyze, and critique the movie Fireproof . Then, follow these instructions
Your thread must be at least 275 words

1.In this module you have had the opportunity to watch the movie Fireproof in order to better understand the EMC equation (Identified Needs + Intentional Resourcing = Enlarging the Conversation).
2.Through the lens of our course materials, explore the interpersonal communication concepts you identified in the movie. For example, did you find a degenerative communication spiral?
3. What role did self disclosure play?
4. How was identity revealed?

References:

Movie: Fireproof, 2008

Books:

1. Stewart, J. (2012). Bridges not walls: A book about interpersonal communication (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

2. Petersen, James. (2015). Why don’t we listen better? Communicating and connecting in relationships. Portland, OR: Petersen Publications.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Fireproof Movie Review

After watching the Fireproof movie, I was able to note that the main characters in the movie had various interpersonal communication concepts.  An environment of misunderstanding and dissatisfaction was created through the non-supportive behavior that existed between Caleb and Catherine. The two characters had a communication spiral which intensified the non-supportive relationship amongst them (Stewart, 2012).

Caleb and Catherine could not communicate to each other effectively. After realizing this fact, Caleb took an initiative to save his marriage through sending reconciliatory messages to Catherine. Catherine however, was not willing to gladly listen and respond well to the call. This is shown by the body language between the two characters during their numerous conversations which in most cases led to an argument (Fireproof, 2008). According to Peterson, poor communication skills is a great barrier towards creating deeper and healthy relationships and leads to distant friendships that are impersonal (Peterson, 2015). Peterson’s argument is fully evidenced in the Fireproofs movie because Caleb’s good intention of trying to save his marriage were seen by Catherine as ways employed by Caleb to upset her.

Caleb at some point, was on the verge of giving up because Catherine showed no sign of giving him a second chance. He however resorted to prayer hoping that all would be well for his family. On one occasion when Catherine found out that Caleb bought her mother’s items using his boat’s money, it dawned on her that her husband wasn’t only looking out for himself but cared for her too and was committed to seeing her through many challenges (Fireproof, 2008). By Caleb creating a strong relationship with God, everything started to work out for him, and Catherine realized that if her husband could change, then she could also do change.

References

Fireproof movie, 2008

Petersen, James. (2015). Why don’t we listen better? Communicating and connecting in relationships. Portland, OR: Petersen Publications.

Stewart, J. (2012). Bridges not walls: A book about interpersonal communication (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

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SPSS Summary Statistics Assignment Help

SPSS Summary Statistics
               SPSS Summary Statistics

SPSS Summary Statistics

Order Instructions:

Kindly review the attached

SAMPLE ANSWER

Module 5 Application Assignment Worksheet

SPSS Summary Statistics

Instructions

For this assignment, you create and compute summary statistics for a dataset provided as a Microsoft Excel file. Import the data into SPSS and then calculate the summary statistics, including the mean, median, mode, range, range, and the standard deviation as instructed below. Note: If you correctly saved the data file from Module 4 assignment, you may open and use that saved file to complete this assignment. Type your answers to all questions directly into the worksheet, and paste the required summary statistics output at the end of this document.

Submit this Application Assignment by Day 7 of Week 9.

Research Scenario

A researcher is interested in the effect of a new medication on serum cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and glycosylated hemoglobin of adults.  The researcher randomly selects a sample of 40 (20 male and 20 female) participants who have been diagnosed with high cholesterol. Assuring equal distribution of males and females, the participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions (or groups):  Following pretest measures of serum cholesterol (CHOL), High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and glycosylated hemoglobin (GLYHB), the experimental group (group 1) is given the medication for a period of six months while the control group (group 2) is given a placebo.  After the six months, CHOL, HDL and GLYHB are again measured.

The post-test data for each participant are provided in the data set “Module 4, 5, and 6 applic assign data_Cholesterol etc” and can be found in the module learning resources. The codebook for the data provided is as follows:

AGE                       Age in years

SEX                         1 =male, 2=female

GROUP 1 =medication, 2=placebo

CHNG_CHOL      change in cholesterol from pre-test to post-test

HDL                        High density lipoprotein at post-test

GLYHB                   Glycosylated hemoglobin at post-test

———————————————————————————————————————

Step 1: Import the Microsoft Excel data file into SPSS or use the correct saved SPSS data file as noted in the instructions, above.

Step 2: Run descriptive/summary statistics (mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and range) for both groups 1 and 2 (medication and placebo), combined for each of the following:  AGE, CHNG_CHOL,HDL, and GLYHB   (be sure to save your output)

Step 3: Separate the data file by group

Step 4: Run descriptive/summary statistics for each group separately for each of the following:  AGE, CHNG_CHOL,HDL, and GLYHB   (be sure to save your output)

Step 5: Review your SPSS output and answer each of the following questions:

QUESTION type answers below
For groups 1 and 2 (medication and placebo) combined:

 
1.      What is the mean for AGE? _____37.18___________
2.      What is the median for AGE? ______37.50__________
3.      What is the standard deviation for AGE? _12.262_______________
4.      What is the mean for CHANGE_CHOL? -3.05________________
5.      What is the median for CHANGE_CHOL? -2.0________________
6.      What is the standard deviation for CHANGE_CHOL? _4.006_______________
7.      What is the mean for HDL? __45.08______________
8.      What is the median for HDL? ___45_____________
9.      What is the standard deviation for HDL? ____8.66____________
10.   What is the mean for GLYHB? ____4.96____________
11.   What is the median for GLYHB? ___4.79_____________
12.   What is the standard deviation GLYHB? ____0.88____________
For group 1 (medication) only:

 
13.   What is the mean for CHANGE_CHOL? ___- 5.65_____________
14.   What is the median for CHANGE_CHOL? _- 5.00_______________
15.   What is the standard deviation for CHANGE_CHOL? ____4.095____________
16.   What is the range for CHANGE_CHOL? ____17____________
For group 2 (placebo) only:

 
17.   What is the mean for CHANGE_CHOL? ______- 45__________
18.   What is the median for CHANGE_CHOL? ____________- 50____
19.   What is the standard deviation for CHANGE_CHOL? __________1.395______
20.   What is the range for CHANGE_CHOL? _____________5___

 

Step 6: Paste all required SPSS output below.

  1. Data output for combined group 1 & 2
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
AGE 40 17 65 37.18 12.262
SEX 40 1 2 1.50 .506
CHNG_CHOL 40 -16 2 -3.05 4.006
GLYHB 40 3.41 7.72 4.9665 .87109
HDL 40 28 69 45.08 8.666
Valid N (listwise) 40

 

 

 

  1. Data output for  CHNG_CHOL by GROUP

 Case Processing Summary
Cases
Included Excluded Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
CHNG_CHOL  * GROUP 40 100.0% 0 0.0% 40 100.0%

 

 

Report
CHNG_CHOL
GROUP N Mean Median Std. Deviation Range
Experimental 20 -5.65 -5.00 4.095 17
Control 20 -.45 -.50 1.395 5
Total 40 -3.05 -2.00 4.006 18

 

  1. Data output for all variables in Control and Experimental group separately
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Included Excluded Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
AGE  * GROUP 40 100.0% 0 0.0% 40 100.0%
SEX  * GROUP 40 100.0% 0 0.0% 40 100.0%
CHNG_CHOL  * GROUP 40 100.0% 0 0.0% 40 100.0%
HDL  * GROUP 40 100.0% 0 0.0% 40 100.0%
GLYHB  * GROUP 40 100.0% 0 0.0% 40 100.0%
 

Report
GROUP AGE SEX CHNG_CHOL HDL GLYHB
Experimental N 20 20 20 20 20
Mean 41.45 1.50 -5.65 50.15 4.4085
Median 43.00 1.50 -5.00 50.00 4.4950
Std. Deviation 12.630 .513 4.095 7.300 .36357
Control N 20 20 20 20 20
Mean 32.90 1.50 -.45 40.00 5.5245
Median 33.50 1.50 -.50 40.00 5.2000
Std. Deviation 10.518 .513 1.395 6.829 .87742
Total N 40 40 40 40 40
Mean 37.18 1.50 -3.05 45.08 4.9665
Median 37.50 1.50 -2.00 45.00 4.7900
Std. Deviation 12.262 .506 4.006 8.666 .87109

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Legal and Ethical Conduct Essay Paper

Legal and Ethical Conduct
             Legal and Ethical Conduct

Legal and Ethical Conduct

Order Instructions:

This is a discussion post. There is a video that pertains to this paper. I will record it and send it through an e -mail. We also have to include a nurse practice act from the state we live. I live in Texas. Thank you. If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to call at 973-842-5512.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Legal and Ethical Conduct

The American Nurses Association (ANA) through its code of ethics recognizes the need for patient confidentiality by the nurses. It insists in the nurse’s responsibility for maintaining the confidentiality of all the information about the patient regardless of it being personal or clinical. The information should be kept a secret in the work setting or any other form of digital communications like the social media (Olson, 2016). Confidentiality and privacy form the basic components of human rights in our society. Safeguarding this right with concerns on the individual’s personal information on health records is not only an ethical but also a legal obligation required out of the health care providers. Doing so in today’s generation, however, is very tricky.  Considering the scenario of Lena, she is faced with two critical decisions that are hard to make. After finding out that her sister’s boyfriend is HIV positive, her considerations would be two: 1. Go against the Health Insurance Portability and Insurance Act (HIPPA) that insists on patient confidentiality and save her sister from the situation through disclosing the information to her or uphold the patient confidentiality and avoid disclosing the information to her sister. Personally, the latter will take precedence (McGraw, 2013).

Upholding patient confidentiality is a sacred trust accorded to every nurse and thus taking a hard decision like the one above is mandatory. As clearly presented in the ANA’s Code of Ethics, the nurse should strive to advocate an environment that gives enough physical privacy to the patient needs as well as the auditory privacy. The maintenance of the patient confidentiality goes a long way in impacting the patients’ recovery as well as his/ her perspective towards the medical complication. The connection and the relationship that will exist between a nurse and a client will surely be dictated by whether the nurse upholds the privacy of the patient or not.  According to the ANA code of ethics, the nurse is given a role in advocating, promoting and strive to protect the rights of the patient regardless of the situation at hand (Lachman, 2015).

According to the College of Registered Nurses in Colombia, the nurses are provided with an ethical obligation to safeguard the information that they receive in the context of the client-nurse relationship. This is because the clients disclose such information with confidence that it will not fall into the hands of wrong people. The possibility of a patient coming back for further consultations with regard to a new or previous complication is dictated by the nurses’ ability to keep the previous conversation a secret. The nurses are required to store the patient’s records in secure places taking great care when the information is being moved to various places; it also requires that the during electronic transfer of information, secure measures should be employed such as not using the client names or fax number (Bamford, 2013). Ensuring that the computer monitor displaying sensitive patient information is not left unattended to is also another security measure. In situations where a nurse is tempted to disclose information, then she must first find the consent of the patient with the best alternative being that the nurse encourages the patient to disclose the information alone. If I were Lena therefore, I would dedicate quality time to convincing my sister’s boyfriend to disclose the information about his HIV status in order to ensure that the life of my sister is safeguarded.

References

Bamford, M., Wong, C. A., & Laschinger, H. (2013). The influence of authentic leadership and areas of worklife on work engagement of registered nurses. Journal of nursing management, 21(3), 529-540.

Lachman, V. D., Swanson, E. O., & Winland-Brown, J. (2015). The new ‘Code of Ethics for Nurses With Interpretive Statements’(2015): practical clinical application, part II. MedSurg Nursing, 24(5), 363-368.

McGraw, D. (2013). Building public trust in uses of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act de-identified data. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 20(1), 29-34.

Olson, L. L., & Stokes, F. (2016). The ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses With Interpretive Statements: Resource for Nursing Regulation. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 7(2), 9-20.

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Medical Records, Patient Consent, and Information Management

Medical Records, Patient Consent, and Information Management
Medical Records, Patient Consent, and Information Management

Medical Records, Patient Consent, and Information Management

Order Instructions:

Medical Records, Patient Consent, and Information Management

As your fourth assignment toward completion of the Session Long Project, you will need to discuss the fragile balance between the need for public health agencies to acquire data and the demand for security of sensitive information. Review the article Ethics in Public Health Research.

As public health director in a small county, you must maintain records that track diabetes rates, the incidence of HIV, and immunization records. Recently, there have been at least two breaches when computers were stolen from employees or an outside hacker broke into the system and downloaded data.

Now you must write an open letter addressing the community and explain how the department is going to protect the information. In your letter, address the following questions.
1.Explain why the health department collects this information conveying the idea of how it serves the greater good.
2.Discuss the public’s interest in privacy and why this is important in our society.
3.Discuss why the department needs to infringe on the community’s privacy.
4.Explain how the department might ensure greater security.
5.Be sure to identify at least one applicable regulation, statute, or source that supports the ability of the department to collect this information.

Module Overview

Informed consent requires more than just a good written form—it also requires preparation for a full discussion with the patient and a check to ensure that the messages have been received.

Informed consent is the process of communication between a patient and physician that results in the patient’s authorization or agreement to undergo a specific medical intervention [AMA 1998].

Disclosure of facts related to an individual’s healthcare, including level and location of care, are central to the fulfillment of informed consent. When an individual is unable to provide informed consent because they lack the decision-making capacity to process the information and/or they have been deemed legally incompetent, the healthcare team should obtain assent from the individual whenever possible.

Questions remain as to how to proceed when assent cannot be gained and the decision involved causes a level of distress for the individual that is difficult to resolve. A focus on maintaining hope and support with a clear transition and follow-up plan are important variables to consider for an ethical, caring response.

Traditionally, the ethical principle of patient confidentiality, including the right to personal privacy has been an important consideration in healthcare. Recent incidents involving identify theft, confidentiality, and patient privacy have led to increasingly restrictive policies on patient health information and access to records and data. Some believe that these restrictions can harm efforts to protect the public’s health. This has prompted discussions on a more appropriate balance between privacy concerns and the protection of public health.

Required Reading

A Practical Guide to Informed Consent. Temple Health (2007). http://www.templehealth.org/ICTOOLKIT/html/ictoolkitpage1.html

Informed consent Russell G. Thornton Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2000 April; 13(2): 187–190.PMCID: PMC1312305 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1312305/

Informed Consent in Louisiana – Lugenbuhl v. Dowling, 701 So.2d 447 (La. 1997), rehearing denied (Nov 21, 1997) Guide http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cases/consent/Lugenbuhl.htm

Am J Public Health. 2008 May; 98(5): 793–801. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107706

PMCID: PMC2374810 Ethics in Public Health Research: Privacy and Public Health at Risk: Public Health Confidentiality in the Digital Age. Meyers, Frieden, Bherwani and Henning. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2374810/

Optional Reading

Improving the Informed Consent Process Krames StayWell Blog (2009). http://info.kramesstaywell.com/Portals/36339/docs/Krames%20Informed%20Consent.pdf

SAMPLE ANSWER

Medical Records, Patient Consent, and Information Management

The health department maintains community records that track diabetes rates and incidence of HIV and their management practices in the community. The collection of data is a systematic approach that ensures the department spends its resources appropriately to improve the health of the population in the most effective approach. The data collected   is used for epidemiological, qualitative and comparative analysis to describe the health problems of a community. The data is used to identify the inequalities of the health services and to determine the priorities for effective use of resources. The health benefits are those that benefit the wider environmental and social changes. Successful health needs assessment require  practical approach to understand what is involved and the resources necessary to complete the assessments, and to ensure sufficient integration of the study findings that will help in planning and commissioning of the local services (Nass, Levit, & Gostin, 2009).

This is important because it does not only help the department to monitor but also to improve the healthcare services and well being of the community. The information gathered is important in assessing the health needs of a community.  This is because the health needs of a patient collected in their respective clinics may reveal the community health needs. Therefore, this information is important in assessing the wider needs of a community in planning and providing the local health services. If the needs are ignored, the community health needs will not be addressed thereby putting more and more people in danger. Using the information collected, the department is able to assess the residents cost of care,  safety, accessibility as well as the quality of health; and or use the information to partner with other institution  for regional health planning (Meyers et al., 2008).

The privacy Act of 1974   states that all persons information obtained from individuals and have personal identifiers such as social security number, name or any other identifier should not be disclosed without prior written consent from the individual. The issue of Health Insurance portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) comes into place when the health information is collected and discussed. The issue of confidentiality refers to the professional obligation to hold the health information collected as confidential. This obligation is supported by the professional association codes of ethics found in the first principle of the American Health Information Management Association Code of Ethics (AHIMA) “advocate, uphold and protect individual’s right to privacy and confidentiality when disclosing healthcare information (Nass, Levit, & Gostin, 2009).”

The public’s interest on the issue of privacy in this department arises from the breach of privacy due to the stolen laptops. The concern is caused due to worries that the information in those two stolen laptops may negatively affect the resident’s dignity, and is likely to cause harm. The public is scared that the breached information may contain personally identifiable health information, which can lead to embarrassment or discrimination.  In addition, the medical information collected in this department include the most intimate details regarding patient’s behavior,  and may also include information about their social behaviors or personal relationship or economic status. This brings forth the major concern for the medical data privacy. Thus, the society needs some sort of assurance that the information that got lost with the stolen laptops is protected and will not be disclosed to the public (Meyers et al., 2008).

All institutions that are involved in collection of  resident’s healthcare information, they must establish strong measures that  ensure that people’s personal data is not disclosed by taking strong  strategies that safe guard the  health data.  All the organizations should take additional measures to strengthen the data protection.  In this context, the department understand the value of individual rights, personal choice and is doing all it can to protect intrusion of the private sphere.  The department understands the importance of maintaining the medical information confidential. For this reason, this organization have appointed security officers who have the responsibility  of assessing effective strategies of data protection, and implementing  staff training that will help implement the solutions. The departments also make greater use of encryption in order to further protect the resident health data (Krames StayWell Blog, 2009).

Effective data protection needs effective security measures. The HIPAA security rule sets floor for data security standards. However, the HIPAA security and privacy rule have not improved the public confidence that their personal information will be kept confidential. With the recent spate of the stolen laptops that contain patient health information, encryption has been done on other laptops and other removable media that contains such data (Meyers et al., 2008).   Enhanced security measures will reduce risks associated with data theft and will reinforce the public’s trust and diminish the anxiety about potential risk of unintentional disclosure of the information. In addition, the department is considering applying new strategies such as pseudonymization strategy. This is a strategy used to replace the identities of the people’s information in the organizations database. The use of pseudo IDs ensures that the medical information cannot be linked directly to a person (Nass, Levit, & Gostin, 2009).

References

Krames StayWell Blog (2009). Improving the Informed Consent Process. Retrieved from http://info.kramesstaywell.com/Portals/36339/docs/Krames%20Informed%20Consent.pdf

Meyers, J.,  Frieden, T. R., Bherwani, K.M., and Henning, K.J . (2008).  Ethics in Public Health Research: Privacy and Public Health at Risk: Public Health Confidentiality in the Digital Age.. Am J Public Health. 98(5): 793–801. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107706 PMCID: PMC2374810 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2374810/

Nass, S.J., Levit, L.A., Gostin, L.O. (2009).  Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information: The HIPAA Privacy Rule: Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009. 4, HIPAA, the Privacy Rule, and Its Application to Health Research.  Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9573/

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Informed Consent Essay Paper Available

Informed Consent
                            Informed Consent

Informed Consent

Order Instructions:

Case Assignment

Make sure you have read all of the assigned readings. Discuss the questions presented below and follow directions
1.Review the case Informed Consent in Louisiana – Lugenbuhl v. Dowling.
2.First, identify the elements of the legal citation- plaintiff, defendant, court, location of case etc.
3.Explain the meaning and importance of the doctrine of informed consent.
4.Discuss why we have this doctrine and what would happen if we did not.
5.Discuss the two elements that must be present for informed consent to exist under the law.
6.In a legal case of negligence and liability explain why the basis for negligence may be battery, unconsented touching, or breach of a duty imposed on the doctor to disclose material information.
7.Explain the elements that must be present for a patient to give informed consent.

Module Overview

Informed consent requires more than just a good written form—it also requires preparation for a full discussion with the patient and a check to ensure that the messages have been received.

Informed consent is the process of communication between a patient and physician that results in the patient’s authorization or agreement to undergo a specific medical intervention [AMA 1998].

Disclosure of facts related to an individual’s healthcare, including level and location of care, are central to the fulfillment of informed consent. When an individual is unable to provide informed consent because they lack the decision-making capacity to process the information and/or they have been deemed legally incompetent, the healthcare team should obtain assent from the individual whenever possible.

Questions remain as to how to proceed when assent cannot be gained and the decision involved causes a level of distress for the individual that is difficult to resolve. A focus on maintaining hope and support with a clear transition and follow-up plan are important variables to consider for an ethical, caring response.

Traditionally, the ethical principle of patient confidentiality, including the right to personal privacy has been an important consideration in healthcare. Recent incidents involving identify theft, confidentiality, and patient privacy have led to increasingly restrictive policies on patient health information and access to records and data. Some believe that these restrictions can harm efforts to protect the public’s health. This has prompted discussions on a more appropriate balance between privacy concerns and the protection of public health.

Required Reading

A Practical Guide to Informed Consent. Temple Health (2007). http://www.templehealth.org/ICTOOLKIT/html/ictoolkitpage1.html

Informed consent Russell G. Thornton Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2000 April; 13(2): 187–190.PMCID: PMC1312305 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1312305/

Informed Consent in Louisiana – Lugenbuhl v. Dowling, 701 So.2d 447 (La. 1997), rehearing denied (Nov 21, 1997) Guide http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cases/consent/Lugenbuhl.htm

Am J Public Health. 2008 May; 98(5): 793–801. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107706

PMCID: PMC2374810 Ethics in Public Health Research: Privacy and Public Health at Risk: Public Health Confidentiality in the Digital Age. Meyers, Frieden, Bherwani and Henning. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2374810/

Optional Reading

Improving the Informed Consent Process Krames StayWell Blog (2009). http://info.kramesstaywell.com/Portals/36339/docs/Krames%20Informed%20Consent.pdf

SAMPLE ANSWER

Informed Consent

Question 1

Informed consent goes beyond just signing a piece of paper to the level that there must be a clear discussion between the patient and the medical professional in order to reach an understanding. Disclosure of the medical health history by a patient forms a greater part of informed consent. In the Lugenbuhl v Dowling case, the surgeon got the patient’s consent and gave and assurance that he would use the surgical mesh. The surgeon, however, went against this promise and never used it. While undertaking the operation, the surgeon thought that all would be well besides the change in plans, but unfortunately, things didn’t work out as he had planned. His patient who had intracostal incisional hernia sued him for going against the informed consent. During whole hearings of the case, the charges were separated into medical malpractice and the lack of informed consent. During the case, however, there was no sufficient evidence that the surgeon had gone against informed consent by not using the mesh as the plaintiff did not have the vital causation element. The medical evidence showed no case of violation on the healthcare by Dr. Dowling (Eonas, McCoy, & Eaton, 2010).

Question 2

In the case, the Plaintiff was the concerned patient, DR. John Downing who was a professional surgeon was the Defendant. The case was heard on 10th October 1997. It was filled in the Supreme Court of Louisiana.

Question 3

Informed consent is a legal process that ensures that the client, patient or the researcher are well informed about the potential dangers or risk and cost that comes with a medical process. The elements of informed consent include available alternative medical care, potential benefits, awareness about the nature of treatment and the treatment risks. For instances where a patient might not be able to make the consent, then a legal representative can be involved. It forms a bigger part towards satisfaction of medical attention as patients are part of the process (Faden, Beauchamp, & Kass, 2014). Informed consent serve as a guide to the physician when making great decisions concerning the health of the patient.

Question 4

The lack of informed consent can lead to many malpractices by the medical professionals during the provision of healthcare services. The healthcare professionals will have the freedom of administering any kind of medication on their clients without seeking their opinion. Informed consent, however, restricts them to always heed the patient’s need as going against it can lead to various legal implications. Through informed consent, a patient can fully participate in decisions that concern his or her life and in turn leads to them adopting a healthy way of living (Faden, Beauchamp, & Kass, 2014).

Question 5

The existence of informed consent under the law relies on two concepts. First, there should be a statement concerning the consequences that will occur in the event that the client decides not to proceed with the procedure. In the event that withdrawal from the procedure might cause some effects on the health of the patient, then there should be a clear explanation of the required withdrawal procedures in order to uphold patient safety (Tsai, Orav, & Jha, 2015). This will give an opportunity to the patient to make a decision on whether to withdraw or not, knowing the consequences that will accompany the option they will opt for. Secondly, there should be an explanation that the medical procedure involves some risks which might not be evident at the moment. Such risks must be explained by the medical professional as the patient might not be able to recognize such effects. Ensuring that the patient clearly understands the risk before undertaking a treatment is more paramount than just informing them.

Question 6

The basis of negligence might be considered as a battery if the doctor’s unconsented procedure amounts to the batter. The law does not protect any medical procedure which is performed outside the informed consent as it is considered as the legally permissible procedure. Breach of duty would occur when evidence prove that the defendant had a responsibility towards the plaintiff which was not upheld. Such cases would mean that the defendant exposed the plaintiff to loss.

Question 7

In order for the patient to provide informed consent, quite a number of factors must be present. To start with, the patient should be in the correct state of mind in order to voluntarily make decisions at that moment. The patient needs to be well informed that besides the paper they are signing they need to make a personal decision from their heart. The medical professional should act as a guide to the patient in the quest of reaching an informed consent through the provision of advice on the best alternative decisions in order for the patient to understand what is at stake. The professional should use simple terms and language in order to make sure that the patient clearly comprehends what is being said. The consent should also cover the following parts: it should provide reasonable alternatives, risks, and benefits, assessment of the patient’s understanding and the patient’s acceptance to undergo the medical procedure. In the case where a better alternative exists, then the medical professional needs to take the patient through the option convincing him or her to opt for that alternative.

References

Eonas, A., McCoy, J. D., & Eaton, S. H. (2006). Medical informed consent: clarity or confusion?. Journal of hospital marketing & public relations, 16(1-2), 69-88.

Faden, R. R., Beauchamp, T. L., & Kass, N. E. (2014). Informed consent, comparative effectiveness, and learning health care. N Engl J Med, 370(8), 766-768.

Tsai, T. C., Orav, E. J., & Jha, A. K. (2015). Patient satisfaction and quality of surgical care in US hospitals. Annals of surgery, 261(1), 2.

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