Category: Writing

Privacy and security in electronic health services

Privacy and security in electronic health services
Privacy and security in electronic health services

Privacy and security in electronic health services

Order Instructions:

Case Assignment

For your Module 4 Case Assignment, in 2-3 pages, answer each of the “questions for discussion” listed below each case. Develop your answers in 150 to 250 words for each question within the context of the background material. In addition, incorporate relevant applicable laws.

Section 1:

Explain the characteristics of technical, physical, and organizational privacy and security concerns.

Section 2: Case 4.8: E-Mail Goes Astray

Kaiser Permanente, one of the nation’s largest health insurers with 8.5 million subscribers, accidentally compromised the confidentiality of the medical information of 858 of its members. The problem occurred when a technician began sending out a large number of e-mail messages that had been backlogged while Kaiser’s system was being upgraded. Some e-mail messages were sent to the wrong recipients. Members access the website and use the e-mail system to fill prescriptions, make appointments, and seek medical advice. Some of the messages contained names, home telephone numbers, medical account numbers, and medical advice. When the technician noticed the problem, he stopped sending out e-mails but did not notify Kaiser managers of the problem. The next morning, two Kaiser subscribers notified the company that they had received other subscribers’ e-mails. The following message appears on the website:

“Your information is confidential. We are dedicated to keeping your personal health information confidential. We take many precautions to make sure others can’t pretend to be you and get your confidential information from the Web site. As long as you don’t give out your PIN, any confidential information you send or receive on this Web site can be seen only by you and Kaiser Permanente staff who have a ‘genuine business need.’ ” The director of Kaiser’s Web site indicated that once the error was discovered, Kaiser officials attempted to telephone each of the subscribers whose e-mails had been sent to the wrong person and, “We have fixed the problem.”

Source: Brubaker B. ‘Sensitive’ Kaiser e-mails go astray. The Washington Post. August 10, 2000: E01.

Questions for Discussion:
1.Who is responsible for the breach in confidentiality? The technician? Kaiser Permanente? And why?
2.Will this breach of confidentiality discourage subscribers from accessing the Kaiser Web site to fill prescriptions and seek medical advice? How can subscribers be reassured that their information will be kept confidential in the future?

Case 4.7: Patients’ Files Used for Obscene Calls

An orthopedic technician who had been convicted of child rape and indecent assault used the password of a former hospital administrator to gain access to confidential medical records of 954 patients at a major hospital. He then made obscene telephone calls to female patients as young as 8 or 9 years old.

The technician’s access to the confidential patient records began in December and continued until he was fired four months later. The hospital was not aware of the problem until a trace on the telephone line of a girl who was receiving obscene calls indicated that the calls originated from the hospital. The computer system failed to detect the outdated password and did not alert employees who were responsible for maintaining the information system that one individual was accessing a large number of patient files. Moreover, the hospital did not conduct background checks when hiring new employees.

Source: Brelis M. Patients’ files allegedly used for obscene calls. The Boston Globe. April 11, 1995: 1.

Questions for Discussion:
1.Should healthcare institutions conduct background checks on new employees who will be allowed access to confidential patient information? What information should be accessible to such employees?
2.How could the hospital have prevented the misuse of patient information from occurring? Was the hospital’s security system at fault for this breach of security?
3.Should the hospital be held accountable for the actions of the technician?

Case 4.44: University Tightens Computer Security

A university is tightening its computer security after hackers broke into a computer at the medical school and secretly used it to generate a flood of e-mail advertisements. Efforts by the university to cope with the break-in have caused balky and intermittent e-mail service for seven months for hundreds of staff members. At least once, e-mail service throughout the system shut down for two days. University officials did not detect the break-in until at least a couple of weeks later, when someone forwarded an advertisement sent by the computer.

A university spokesperson said that no file information was improperly accessed. Instead the hackers merely used the system to generate e-mail promoting other websites. The university announced that $150,000 would be spent to install new equipment to restore the e-mail system. A number of security measures were being upgraded to prevent the computer system from being broken into in the future.

Source: Birch D. Hopkins tightens computer security. The Baltimore Sun. May 29, 1999: 1B-2B.

Questions for Discussion:
1.Are university medical center information systems especially vulnerable to hackers? Why, or why not?
2.Is the medical center accountable for any harm that is caused by unauthorized entry into patient records?

Module Overview

Concerns over the privacy and security of electronic health information fall into two general categories: (1) concerns about inappropriate releases of information from individual organizations and (2) concerns about the systemic flows of information throughout the healthcare industry and related industries. Inappropriate releases from organizations can result either from authorized users who intentionally or unintentionally access or disseminate information in violation of organizational policy or from outsiders who break into an organization’s computer system. The second category, systemic concerns, refers to the open disclosure of patient-identifiable health information to parties that may act against the interests of the specific patient or may otherwise be perceived as invading a patient’s privacy. These concerns arise from the many flows of data across the healthcare system, between and among providers, payers, and secondary users, with or without the patient’s knowledge. These two categories of concerns are conceptually quite different and require different interventions or countermeasures.

Presentations and Required Readings
•The following is primary reading required for this module: Privacy and Security Concerns1
•This article discusses the primary goals of information security in healthcare and examines policy and appropriate uses of medical data: Confidentiality of Electronic Medical Records2
•Zachary Wilson offers a good explanation of the difference between internal and external sources of attacks. Additionally, he illustrates a wide range of vulnerabilities and how they can be exploited. (Do not get hung up in the technical concepts and jargon at this point. We will cover the more technical aspects later in this course.) Vulnerabilities and attacks3
•The following provides a brief overview of basic concepts surrounding information security along with an introduction to vulnerabilities, controls and policies: Security Concepts4
•Read Chapter 4 “Privacy and Confidentiality” from the following book that is available through the eBrary resource, which can be accessed from the TUI CyberLibrary:
?Anderson, J. G. (2002). Ethics and Information Technology : A Case-Based Approach to a Health Care System in Transition. Springer-Verlag New York, Incorporated, Secaucus: NJ. 63-112. Retrieved on September 8, 2007, from the eBrary database.5
•The following is the United States Department of Human Services summary version of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. HIPAA Privacy Rule6
•Wi-Fi Security concerns7

Sources for Presentation Material Referenced Above

For the Record: Protecting Electronic Health Information (1997). Committee on Maintaining Privacy and Security in Health Care Applications of the National Information Infrastructure Protecting Electronic Health Information. Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press. 54-81. Retrieved from the eBrary database.

Barrows, R. C., and Clayton, P. D. (1996). Privacy, Confidentiality, and Electronic Medical Records. Journal of the American Medical Health Informatics Association, 3 (2), 139-148. Retrieved from the PubMed Central database.

Wilson, Z. (2001). Hacking: The Basics. SANS Institute. Retrieved from http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/hackers/

Quinsey, C. and Brandt, M. (2003). AHIMA Practice Brief: Information Security: An Overview. American Health Information Management Association. Retrieved from http://www.advancedmedrec.com/images/InformationSecurityAnOverview.pdf

Anderson, J. G. (2002). Ethics and Information Technology : A Case-Based Approach to a Health Care System in Transition. Springer-Verlag New York, Incorporated, Secaucus: NJ. 63-112. Retrieved from the eBrary database.

Summary of the Privacy Rules. (2003). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/summary/

Alam AS, Al Sabah SAA, Chowdhury AR (2007). Wi-Fi Security The Great Challenge. National Conference on Communication and Information Systems. National Conference on Communication and Information Security.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Section 1

The physical, technical, and organizational privacy and security concerns are categorized into two main forms; concerns about the flow of information systematically within the whole healthcare industry and concerns over the inappropriate release of information within an organization. This may arise when some individuals are given access to some confidential information hence violating a company’s privacy policy (Kshetri, 2013). The systemic concern, on the other hand, is the release of particular patient identifiable information about their health that may be against their wishes hence presenting a major invasion of patient privacy.

The concerns hold different characteristics. For example, there is organizational threats which involve vulnerability of individual organization electronic health records to external or internal agents. Internal agents are those with authorization and have access to information yet they abuse their privileges.

Conversely, external agencies do not have access to the information, yet they try to manipulate the data or rendering the system unusable. Another characteristic includes the concerns that may arise due to sensitive information that could easily be used against the patients as a means of acquiring a leverage over them (Boric-Lubecke et al., 2014). The information mostly targeted are those of celebrities, employers, politicians, and journalists.

The basic approach to countering threats to privacy in healthcare is erecting policies against the act of violation and setting heavy fines against anyone who violates privacy rules. Organizations should also have continuous checkup of their system’s accessibility and employ trustworthy workers to man the system.

Section 2

Case 4.8: Emails Goes Astray

Question 1

The technician was in charge of the breach. The act of not checking the backlogged information before confirming who the email was sent to, suggests so. The other reason was the number of emails sent before realizing the mistake; the medical information of 858 of its members had compromised which is a high volume. Also, instead of reporting the problem to the superiors, the technician left the insurance company to deal with the mistake he had committed. Kaiser Permanente was not responsible for the breach as they even tried to correct and put the subscribers at ease as they handled their information. Under HIPAA privacy rule, the responsibility of health insurers and organizations is to be accountable to the disclosure of their patients and confidential communication. Therefore, Kaiser Permanente did the right thing of informing its subscribers about the technical challenges on the website. They also emphasized on the pretenders warning them in the case of such an issue.

Question 2

The breach will discourage subscribers from the Kaiser web due to reduced trust in confidentiality of the organization. People tend to learn or fear from others mistakes. The subscribers can be reassured by integrating a better system that requires constant change of passwords thus narrowing the margin of email being hacked and informing them. This also ensures that the company adjusts well to the need of the subscribers. Notifying them that they are securing the site for them will make them feel assured and valued. This goes hand in hand with reassuring them that their information is safe. Employing better technicians, to prevent incompetence at work and informing subscribers of the root of the problem after an investigation is essential as it informs the subscribers that the case was not completely forgotten and they are involved in the processes taking place in the organization.

Case 4.7: Patients Files Used for Obscene Calls

Question 1

Clinical centers should carry out background checks on all new employees before allowing access and employ them. It should be carried out by searching through their public records, private investigations, checking their websites and face to face interviews that requires a detailed history of all previous endeavors and checking if it all fits public record (Yüksel, Küpçü & Özkasap, 2017). The main benefits include increased in value of hire, prevents shame of employing criminals, ensures regulatory acquiescence; satisfies industrial standards, reduces chances of drug abuse and less absenteeism and improves workplace safety and security. Information that should be accessible to such employees should be petite. The technician should only be given access to names of patients and medical records under supervision. Allowing such minimal ensures that they do not get the personal information that can be used to irritate patients. The medical files would be required to conduct his work.

Question 2

There are multiple ways of preventing such a breach. The hospital could have performed a full background check on the technician which could have reduced the risk employing an incompetent individual. In the case study, the hospital had employed the technician yet he was previously convicted of indecent assault and child rape. The hospital should have regularly updated the accessibility passwords. The incident in the case study was due to a failure of updating password allowing for the access of the orthopedic technician even after he was fired. The hospital should have to conduct more frequent vulnerability assessments tests; monthly or every two months. Updating the software systems would also have prevented failure on alerting the people in charge of maintaining information systems. The hospital security system was responsible for the breach as it failed to inform the employees in charge of maintaining information systems.

Question 3

For the technician’s actions, the hospital should be held liable. The hospital was responsible for the employment of a rape offender and indecent assault, to begin with; they did not conduct background checks while hiring new employees. The security system of the hospital allowed the technician access even after he was fired. During his time as a technician, supervision was not provided giving him freedom of action. The hospital also granted access to personal confidential information to a technician, yet receptions and secretaries are the people supposed to possess such information. The hospital was not aware till the girl’s obscene calls were traced inside the hospital. The hospital information system, including employees, were incompetent as this could have been noted at early stages but it got to four months.

Case 4.44 University Tightens Computer Security

Question 1

The University Medical Center Information Systems are not vulnerable to hackers. As from the context the hacker who secretly used them to obtain a flood of e-mail for just advertisement purpose suggests that he or she was not interested in the medical information or records within the system. No information is recorded to be missing as reported by the spokesman. The main aim was to create flood email, and any of the superior computer systems would also have been an easy target. Hackers use an external server to avoid detection while sending emails or viruses like Trojan to render a given site useless. They look for the easy access mainframes to operate; in this case, the medical school computers were previously not as well protected the efforts done after the hack. To restore email system they spent $150,000 installation of new equipment and numbers of security measures were upgraded in the process.

Question 2

The health center is responsible for any harm that happens on patient health records. The spokesperson touched on the issue of improper access of information saying that none was obtained. This shows that the medical center should beef up the security of the information and prevent similar hacking cases from occurring in future. Medical centers are bound by Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, (HIPAA) rules to prevent disclosure privacy and security of the patients’ information, confidential communication. HIPAA privacy rule safeguards all identifiable health information of patients that is relayed by a covered entity or business associate. The university had the right of protecting its clients’ information against any hackers with the intention of violating the rules of privacy, as per HIPAA, within the medical center. Therefore, expenses on the installations were put across as well as an upgrade and prevent future hacking incidents.

References

Boric-Lubecke, O., Gao, X., Yavari, E., Baboli, M., Singh, A., & Lubecke, V. M. (2014, June). E-healthcare: Remote monitoring, privacy, and security. In Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2014 IEEE MTT-S International (pp. 1-3). IEEE.

Kshetri, N. (2013). Privacy and security issues in cloud computing: The role of institutions and institutional evolution. Telecommunications Policy, 37(4), 372-386.

Yüksel, B., Küpçü, A., & Özkasap, Ö. (2017). Research issues for privacy and security of electronic health services. Future Generation Computer Systems, 68, 1-13.

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Union Side Argument Paper Assignment

Union Side Argument
               Union Side Argument

Union Side Argument

Order Instructions:

Select Union or Management side and answer the following questions.

1. Summarize your opening statement.
2. Identify the strength and weakness of your case.
3. What questions could you ask in cross examination to assist in the presentation of your case.
4. How does the Oak and Dore test impact your position with respect to the no contact order.
5. What legal arguments would you make with respect to the discipline imposed.

SAMPLE ANSWER

UNION SIDE CASE ARGUMENT

Opening Statement

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom confers on individuals the right to exercise freedom and association. The no-contact order violates Detective Sarah Conor’s privacy and infringes on her rights to freedom and association. Ms Conor should not have been punished for exercising her rights. Canada’s Department of Criminal Justice provides that no-contact orders may be issued at any stage in the criminal justice system until the offender has served his or her sentence. Mr Walter White has already served his term for the offenses committed and the police have no obligation to issue a no-contact order once the criminal justice process is complete.

Strengths of the case

  1. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom protects individuals by allowing them the right to freedom and association. Ms Connor has the right to associate with Mr White without interference from the department. Individuals also have a right to privacy.
  2. No-contact orders apply during the criminal justice process as provided by Canada’s Department of Criminal Justice. By placing a no-contact order, the Police department violates Mr White’s right because he has already completed his term.

Weaknesses of the case

  1. Ms Conor failed to honor orders from her employer. Disobedience counts as work misconduct and her employer could use this as a defense for suspending and demoting her.
  2. In 2014, used PRIME police database to check Mr White’s criminal record. This was later discovered and Ms Conor reprimanded in writing for using PRIME for personal reasons. Ms Conor already has a record of misconduct.
  3. The police use their intelligence to identify factors that may influence security and case proceedings. In this case, Mr White’s intentions are unknown and there is a possibility that he wants to take advantage of Ms Conor’s position to influence case proceedings.

Cross examination questions examples

  1. In March 2014, Sergent Benson was assigned to the Professional Standards Unit of the department. Is that correct?
  2. On March 12, 2014, Ms Conor approached Sergent Benson to ask for advice about dating an individual who has a criminal record, correct?
  3. We can therefore state that Ms Conor was very open with her relationship with Mr White, right?
  4. The Agrestic Police Department Policy and Procedure I.C.75 which explains safety concerns for Agrestic Police department does exist, right?
  5. It is also true that the policy, despite being available has never been circulated to employees, correct?
  6. On April 22, 2014, the Chief received Mr Wood’s investigative report, correct?
  7. The report by Wood indicated that Mr White no longer had contact with any known criminals and was therefore not a security concern. Is that true?
  8. On April 21, despite having a report on Mr White’s clean criminal record, you went ahead and maintained the order against Ms Conor. Right?

Oak and Dore test

The Oak and Dore test does not impact my position with regard to the no contact order. This is because there is a pressing objective in regard to the violation of Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Secondly, the means is proportional, given that there is a rational connection between the means to the objective, a minimal rights impairment exists and proportionality exists between the objective and right infringement.

Legal arguments

In regard to the discipline imposed, I would make an argument based on the labor law, which calls for progressive disciplinary action and disciplinary actions that are proportional to the misconduct. The Canada Labour Code is a basis for argument and Section 36.1(1) provides that disciplinary action should only be imposed with a just cause. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom also gives individuals rights to freedom of expression and association.

References

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Retrieved from http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html

Canada Labour Code. Retrieved from https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-l-2/latest/rsc-1985-c-l-2.html?resultIndex=1#PART_I_INDUSTRIAL_RELATIONS_3876

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Dissertation for the Literature Review

Dissertation for the Literature Review
  Dissertation for the Literature Review

Dissertation for the Literature Review

Order Instructions:

Please follow these 12 rules for the Literature Review:

The main reasons for the inclusion, in a Masters dissertation, of a literature review section are:

1.To present and to analyse, in a critical manner, that part of the published literature which is relevant to your research topic and which acts as the basis for a fuller understanding of the context in which you are conducting your research; thus helping the reader to a more rounded appreciation of what you have completed. Remember critical does not mean looking at the negatives but forming an evaluation.

2.To act as a backdrop against which what you have done in the remainder of the dissertation may be analysed and critically evaluated so as to give the reader the opportunity to assess the worth of your writing, analytical and research skills.

3.To show that not only have you discovered and reported what you have found to be relevant in the literature search, but that you have understood it and that you are able to analyse it in a critical manner.

4.To show that your knowledge of the area of interest is detailed enough that you are able to identify gaps in the coverage of the topic; thus justifying the reason(s) for your research.

5.To show that you know what the key variables, trends and ‘actors’ are in the environment of your study, i.e. you show that you know what the important issues are that need to be investigated.

6.To enable readers to be able to measure the validity of your choice(s) of research methodology, the appropriateness of the process by which you analyse your results, and whether or not your findings are congruent with the accepted research which has gone before.

7.The literature review is presented in the form of a précis, a classification, a comparison and a critical analysis of that material which is germane to a full understanding of your research study.

8.Such published material may be drawn from all, or a combination of, textbooks, journal articles, conference papers, reports, case studies, the Internet, magazine features or newspaper articles.

9.It should be remembered, however, that the most important source of academic literature are journal articles and you should ensure that you are familiar with the most recent publications in journals relevant to your subject area.

10.Remember that your literature review should lead and justify the research objectives and questions of your dissertation.

11.Your literature review should not just be a catalogue of authors, frameworks and ideas but should attempt to introduce a critical evaluation of those authors work.

12. The style must be HARVARD only

SAMPLE ANSWER

Dissertation the Literature Review

Introduction

Organizations are working hard to be successful and out-compete the competitors in the same industry.  Organizations are striving to be the best and lead in the globe market. In order to achieve this, organizations must have the right employees. It is through employees that a company can meet its goals. Employees are now known as the most valuable asset of an organization. There is an emerging trend of treating employees as the human assets because the success of any organizations depends on the appropriate utilization of the human assets. As a result, training and development is an effective method of improving the performance of employees. Training and development are used to improve the ability, wisdom, and skills of the human resource. Training enhances the performance of employees. It polishes the skills of workforce making it the most important factor in employee performance. The State of Qatar is an oil-rich country. The main source of income is the natural resources and heavily relies on the oil industry. Oil prices are experiencing a sharp increase in the global market (Cafiero 2016). This has had a huge impact on countries that rely on oil as the only source of income. Countries such as Saudi Arabia are looking for alternative sources of income and reducing the dependency of the country on oil. Future development of Qatar is important to ensure that Qatar fully utilizes its resources, Qatar must continue benefiting from its natural resources, and this is only possible through improvement of human capital. One of the main ways of improving human capital is through education and training. The falling oil prices have greatly impacted on the performance of companies in Qatar. Some organizations have reduced cost by reducing the workforce.  Reduced workforce couple with a poor performance of organizations has resulted in low employee morale (Chaibi & Gomes 2013).  Companies must come up with right strategies to continue being relevant in the market and raise revenues. Training and development are essential in the Qatar industry to improve the performance of employees. The main aim of this literature review is to review past studies on the role of training and development on the performance.

Training and Development in Qatar Companies

Oil, natural gas, and related companies are the backbone of the Qatar economy. The oil sector contributes 95% of the total government revenues (Cafiero 2016). Recently, oil and gas companies have faced numerous challenges. The companies are experiencing a sharp decrease in revenues due to the reduced oil prices. Additionally, employees are leaving the industry making it difficult for these companies to retain most valuable employees (Chaibi & Gomes 2013). Oil companies are now reorganizing to retain top performing employees. According to Jolo (2013), there is no link of communication between Oil and Gas Bases Industry and education institutions in Qatar. As a result, education institutions are failing to provide oil companies with workers equipped with the right skills.  Education institutions are successful in equipping workers with general skills, but the oil industry requires workers who have certain technical skills.  Jolo (2013) noted that the skills that are demanded by the oil companies are technical and they supplied moderately by the education institutions. There is a gap in skills because the institutions do not fully equip students with technical skills that are required in the oil industry. Companies are expected to offer training and development programs to ensure employees develop the specific skills that are required in the industry. Lack of training and development has been cited as a major obstacle to the development of workers competence and performance in the Qatar oil industry. Rodriguez and Scurry (2014) looked at various empirical studies conducted in Qatar on training and development and noted that there is a huge skills gap in the oil industry. Rodriguez and Scurry (2014) noted that to match the skills gap between education institutions and companies, training and development is not an option in oil based companies. Qatari workers require a special type of training in order to fit in the oil industry.

According to El (2015) research conducted in other oil based countries show that development and training are critical in enhancing the motivation of employees. Research conducted in Oman concluded that employees are not only concerned about monetary benefits but the non-monetary benefits are equally important (El 2015). An Oman-based oil company was used to conduct research on the factors that motivate employees in the oil industry. The study concluded that employees are looking for organizations that will empower them through training and development (El 2015). Rodriguez and Scurry (2014) point out that in an empirical study conducted in UAE, it was concluded that money is important to employees but it is not sufficient to retain employees. The study showed that training and development played a key role in employee retention in the oil industry. Training and development empowered employee and equips them with skills on health and safety. Additionally, it improves their competence and enhances the productivity at the workplace. This ultimately results in a high retention level.

Based on studies on the impact of training and development in oil industry one can point out certain challenges.  There is a need to identify the specific training and development strategies that oil industry can apply. The oil industry is unique because of the type of jobs involved and the requirement for health and safety. The oil industry and Qatar must develop strategic measures that organizations can pursue in training and development. There is a gap in research as most of the study concentrate on the general and training development. This research will improve existing studies by filling the gap by identifying the specific training and development methods that will work in the Qatar oil industry.

Training and Development as Human Resource Strategy

Human resource management is the organization of human resource to ensure that a company has the right employees who can promote the vision, strategy, and aims of the company.  Human resource management aims at securing, maintain and using an effective workforce to achieve the goals of the company and ensure that a company remains relevant in a competitive market ( Dhar 2015). Ford (2014) explains how the Briscoe study which is widely used in human resource management classified the core human resource functions into training and development, staffing, performance, compensation, employee relations, and benefits and appraisal.  Jehanzeb and Bashir (2013) point out that training and development are the most effective human resource management. It ensures that employees remain productive and they can easily adapt to the changing job needs.

According to Dhar (2015), training and development are the transfer of knowledge, skills. And abilities that affect required to handle specific tasks. Training and development are used as Human resource strategy to address the current and future challenges of business. Training and development improve the knowledge, skills and attitude of employees hence it is necessary for reaching aims of a firm. Studies have been conducted to measure the efficiency of training and development as human resource strategy.  According to Elnaga and Imran (2013), training and development is an important function of human resource management because it closes the gap between current performance and expected future performance. Training and development are used to identify the needs of the workers and based on these needs suitable training and development programs are developed. Training is effective human resource strategy because it provides employees with knowledge to manage various aspects of their life (Jehanzeb and Bashir 2013). Training ensures that employees remain relevant at the workplace by equipping them with new skills and advanced knowledge.

As one of the major areas in human resource development, training and development have attracted the attention researchers. Research conducted in this area has had a lot of impact on the training and development in organizations. As researchers continue with the quest in training and development research; they must continue to identify the importance of training in the oil industry.  In most countries, the intensification of training and development has been caused by a rise in competition due to globalization. In Qatar, companies have not heavily invested in employee development as opposed to other countries such as the U.K. where training is considerably emphasized (Weerakkody et al. 2015).  The sharp fall in oil prices and the reduction in workforce provide researchers with an opportunity to investigate how training and development can restore the oil industry.  There are different types of employees in Qatar the skilled employees and semi-skilled employees hence it is important to identify the methods that will be effective in enhancing the knowledge and skills of employees to polish their careers and remain relevant in the market.

Types of Training

Training methods are divided into two broad categories the on-the –job training and off- the- job training. On-the –job training is conducted while employees are performing their daily work activities whereas off-the-job training is conducted away from the usual work environment. On-the-job training involves various training methods coaching, job rotation, and mentoring (Storey 2014). Job rotation and transfers improve the skills of employees through the movement of employees from a lower position to a high position. Job transfer involves the movement of employees from one country to another. Job rotation provides employees with an opportunity to acquire knowledge and skills on different company operation (Weerakkody et al. 2015). Job transfers especially when it involves employees from other countries provide employees an opportunity to acquire knowledge on the operations of the company in different countries. The knowledge that is acquired through job rotation and job transfers is beneficial to a company. Job rotation is used as motivation tool by organizations. Job rotation reduces the boredom of repeating the same task every day (Elnaga and Imran 2013). Additionally, when employees are moved to a higher position, they are motivated. Coaching and mentoring is used when the experienced employees coach the less experienced employees. Mentoring and coaching are applied to new recruits to provide them with the right job training. Mentoring is useful because it builds strong relationships in the company.  Additionally, it is a good succession strategy for the company where the old employees who will leave the company equip the young employees with the knowledge they have acquired. Orientation is one of the widely used on-the-job training for new employees; it focuses on familiarizing new employees on the job and the organization (Storey 2014).

Off-the-job training involves various methods such as conferences, workshops, and role playing. Conferences and workshops involve presentations to a wide audience. Conferences are a cost effective method of training as it reaches a large number of employees at the same time. However, it has certain shortcomings.  It may only benefit the employees who learn faster and follow the training session (Phillips and Phillips 2016). Role playing is used when employees are to act out work scenarios. Employees are provided with information on the company and expected to act out their role or provide ideas on how they would go about a certain company problem. Role playing is an effective training method in sales and marketing. Formal training courses are used to develop skills required by an organization (Kehoe & Wright 2013). The course programs may involve traditional classroom training and various work related activities.

Empirical studies on the types of training have revealed that Qatar companies must consider some factors when choosing the type of training methods the strategy of the organization, the goals of the company, resources available, target group to be trained, and the need to be identified (Kirat 2015). Oil companies in Qatar mainly look for technical skills hence it is important to determine the type of training methods that can develop these skills.  Kirat (2015) recommends companies in Qatar to focus on on-the-job training methods to train fresh employees. Existing employees can use the off-job-training to improve their knowledge and develop more skills that will be used to develop the entire organization.

Impact of Training and Development on Performance

Employee performance can be looked at in terms of the outcomes. Alternatively, employee performance can be measured in terms of the behavior. Employee performance is measured against the performance standards of the organization. Certain measures are used to indicate the performance of employee they include quality, effectiveness, profitability, efficiency, productivity and effectiveness (Kehoe & Wright 2013). Recent research indicates that employee training and development plays a key role in enhancing the performance.  Training and development improve the competencies of employees. It equips employees with knowledge, skills, and attitude that is not only necessary in the current job but also in their future jobs. Training contributes to the overall improvement of the performance of an organization. Training has been proved to generate positive impacts on the performance of a company. Gaining new skills and knowledge provides employees with the confidence that they need to complete their tasks. The employees can complete more tasks effectively. Training deals with skills gap in an organization (Storey 2014). Today, the needs of employees are changing at the same rate as the changes in the market.  A company must fill the skills gap in an organization by developing various training and development programs throughout the year.

Performance is improved through aligning the skills with the goals of the company. Achieving company goals is a top priority activity for every organization. Training and development provide the company with a good opportunity of providing employees with the right skills to achieve company goals.

According to Lee et al. (2013), training and development show a positive relationship with job satisfaction, and motivation. Training and development provide employees with knowledge that keeps the employees relevant in the market. As a result, employees are satisfied with their jobs. Training and development also indicate that a company is willing to invest in the employees. The employees feel that the companies value them hence they are more motivated (Lee et al. 2013). Training and development intrinsically motivate the employees since they can complete tasks more efficiently (Kehoe & Wright 2013). The productivity of employees increases and output increases as well which in turn increases the revenue of the organization (Storey 2014).

The past studies on the impact of training on performance have revealed interesting findings. Studies have proved training improves performance through the development of knowledge, skills, ability, competencies, and behavior.one of the issue that have been identified in past study is that some studies look at the performance with regards to employee performance whereas other studies look at the organizational performance. Organization performance and employee performance are related in the sense that employee performances improve the general organization performance.

Training Needs

Training programs can fail to achieve the objectives when there is a mismatch between the skills gained and those skills that a company requires (Kehoe & Wright 2013). Training needs must be identified before conducting training to ensure that a training program focuses on the skills that employees require. For a training program to meet its goal, it is important to conduct a training needs assessment. Training needs assessment ensures that the resources used in training are directed towards the training programs that the company urgently needs.  A training needs assessment can expose performance deficiencies through five ways. The first one is investigating the gap between existing skills and the skills the company requires the second one is an organization assessment. A company can analyze weakness, strengths, and competencies (Storey 2014). As a result, the organization identifies the training programs that can eliminate the weaknesses and enhance the strength of the company. The third one is occupational assessment where the skills of a certain occupation are examined. In occupation assessment, an organization can check job description and determine the competencies that the employee need to develop to meet the job requirements (Milhem et al. 2014). The fourth one is the individual assessment. This one focuses on personal goals of the employees. In training and development, a company must ensure that the personal goals of development of an employee are met. The fifth one is the identifying the training need that will meet the environmental and industry changes. Companies must ensure that employees have the right skills given the changes in the market such as technology changes.

With reference to previous studies on training needs, Qataris companies can understand the needs of planning training. Previous studies indicate that the benefits of training are achieved through planning.  The first step of planning is identifying the training needs.  According to Weerakkody et al. (2015), Qatari companies must start assessing the training needs before embarking on any training development programs. As a result, companies will focus on developing skills that are relevant to the company and will improve the productivity of employees.

Challenges Facing Employee Training and Development

Training and development, like many other company activities, faces various challenges. The first one is training a huge workforce. Phillips and Phillips (2016) noted that some companies employ a large number of employees and handling training becomes a huge challenge. The main challenges of handling a large workforce include accommodation, foods, arts, and entertainments.  The second challenge is finding convenient training time that will have minimal impact on the company workflow.  When employees are undergoing training and development program, there may be a shortage of workers resulting in a disruption in the workflow of the company. Sometimes a training program can increase the workload of employees at work (Phillips and Phillips 2016). The employees attend the training, but a large amount of work is piling back at the company, such situations make the training programs less effective.

The third challenge is convincing employees that training will be beneficial. Research indicates that it is challenging to convince managers to attend training programs. Junior employees are more willing to attend training program compared to managers. The third challenge is location. When the organization does not have a training hall, it is forced to book hotels or schools which increase the cost of training. The last challenge is the adverse changes in policies and procedures. Companies are now employing employees from different backgrounds. Some employees do not understand English. Companies are forced to train employees differently and develop training programs that meet their needs.

Theoretical Framework

The action theory explains how learning is controlled and provides insight on how people can change behavior to meet the requirements of the firm. The theory links behavior to specific outcomes. Action theory is used to address the goals of sustained change.  Changes are occurring in the market every day.  Training is essential in addressing the changing needs.  The action theory stipulates that training employees identifies changes and ensures that training programs match skills gap in an organization (Milhem et al. 2014). The action theory attempts to show how employers can use study the behavior of employees and use it to influence their productivity (Baum et al. 2014). According to the action theory, a firm should believe in the unlimited potential of employees regardless of their position and ability (Patton and McMahon 2014). The managers should have the confidence in the value of collaboration and communication among the departments, and also commit to and implement a regular employee performance. Moreover, it is important for the organization to believe in the power of personal connections and relationships among the staff.

Based on the empirical literature review and studies on the impact of training and development on performance, the action theory will be a good fit for the Qatar companies. First, the Qatar companies mainly oil and gas companies hence experience frequent price fluctuations in the global market. According to a World Bank research price fluctuations can cause instability in the market and the companies (Word Bank Org. 2017). The action theory will be used to enhance the learning process and employees will be equipped with skills and knowledge to forecast changes in the market and respond to changes in good time. Secondly, learning should be a continuous process in Qatar firms (Baum et al. 2014). According to action theory, organizations must develop continuous policies of training. As a result, Qatar companies will implement frequent training programs and will not wait for the occurrence of skill gaps to develop training programs. The action theory focuses on the retention of employees. Action theory approaches training and development in a different angle. The action theory links behavior to the outcome (Patton and McMahon 2014).  Knowles et al. (2014) point out that the action theory recognizes the adult learning methods hence it can be used to establish effective training programs. Effective training programs will ensure that Qatari firms retain employees. Training will be associated with a sense if achievement and knowledge since employees will develop their inherent capabilities. There will be few cases if job dissatisfaction and turnover will be greatly reduced.

Conclusion

Qatari companies strive to be the best in the global market. The price fluctuation in the oil industry has a huge impact on the economy of Qatar. Amidst the changes in the global market, Qatari companies must reinvent to remain competitive in the global market. Qatar companies can greatly benefit from employee training and development. Past studies have shown that there is a positive relationship between performance and employee training and development. Additionally, training and development will lead to job satisfaction and reduce the rate of turnover. Qatar companies need to point out the training methods that are appropriate for the firm. The application of action theory will be effective in identifying the specific training practices that will be effective in Qatari companies.

References

Baum, J.R., Frese, M. and Baron, R.A., 2014. The psychology of entrepreneurship. Psychology Press.

Cafiero, G., 2016. Qatar Cuts Spending to Cope with Low Oil Prices. (Updated 1 March 2016).

Retrieved from: http://www.mei.edu/content/article/qatar-cuts-spending-cope-low-oil-prices. (Accessed 24 April 2017).

Chaibi, A. and Gomes, M., 2013. Volatility Spillovers Between Oil Prices and Stock Returns: A Focus on Frontier Markets (No. 2013-034).

Dhar, R.L., 2015. Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Tourism Management, 46, pp.419-430.

El Mallakh, R., 2015. Qatar (RLE Economy of Middle East): Development of an Oil Economy. Routledge.

Elnaga, A. and Imran, A., 2013. The effect of training on employee performance. European  Journal of Business and Management, 5(4), pp.137-147.

Ford, J.K., 2014. Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press

Jehanzeb, K. and Bashir, N.A., 2013. Training and development program and its benefits to employee and organization: A conceptual study. Training and Development, 5(2)

Jolo, H., 2013. Human Capital Formation within Oil and Gas Based Industry: Manager’s perspective. IBA Business Review, 3, pp.95-95.

Kehoe, R.R. and Wright, P.M., 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees’ attitudes and behaviors. Journal of management, 39(2), pp.366-391.

Kirat, M., 2015. Corporate social responsibility in the oil and gas industry in Qatar perceptions and practices. Public Relations Review, 41(4), pp.438-446.

Knowles, M. S., Holton III, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (2014). The adult learner: The definitive  classic in adult education and human resource development. Routledge.

Lee, C.K., Song, H.J., Lee, H.M., Lee, S. and Bernhard, B.J., 2013. The impact of CSR on casino

employees’ organizational trust, job satisfaction, and customer orientation: An empirical examination of responsible gambling strategies. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, pp.406-415.

Milhem, W., Abushamsieh, K. and Pérez Aróstegui, M., 2014. Training strategies, theories and types. Journal of Accounting, Business & Management, 21(1), pp.12-26.

Patton, W. and McMahon, M., 2014. Career development and systems theory: Connecting theory  and practice (Vol. 2). Springer.

Phillips, J.J. and Phillips, P.P., 2016. Handbook of training evaluation and measurement  methods. Routledge.

Rodriguez, J.K. and Scurry, T., 2014. Career capital development of self-initiated expatriates in Qatar: cosmopolitan globetrotters, experts and outsiders. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(7), pp.1046-1067.

Storey, J., 2014. New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge.

Weerakkody, V.J.P., Al-Esmail, R., Hindi, N., Osmani, M. and Irani, Z., 2015. Localising professional skills development strategies in the GCC: Research and policy considerations for Qatar.

Word Bank.org, 2017. How is Qatar Reacting to Low Oil Prices? Retrirved from:

http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gcc/publication/economic-brief-july-qatar-2016. (Accessed 24 April 2017).

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Board Paper Assignment Paper Available

Board Paper
Board Paper

Board Paper

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BOARD PAPER

Agenda Item: Exxon Mobil Oil Spillage.

Sponsor:

 

Draft Resolution:       A proposed resolution to renovate the transport system is needed to avoid further oil spillage. The continuous oil spillage into the Indian Ocean, is as a result of the poor conditions of the oil tankers. This spillage results in water pollution.

 

  • Executive Summary

This board paper is about the rampant oil spillage that occurs in the Indian Ocean[1] as Exxon Mobil company oil tankers transport oil to our African clients. This has resulted in catastrophic negative impacts to the environment and huge losses incurred by the company.  The paper is endeavoring to achieve a lasting solution to this situation and is therefore seeking the board’s approval to revamp the oil transport infrastructure.

  • Background

The current corporate social responsibility issue that we are facing as the Exxon Mobil Oil Company is the pollution of the ocean due to the recurring problem of oil spillage. The situation has escalated into unprecedented levels following the reported mass death of aquatic life and growth of water hyacinth and other troublesome water weeds as a result[2]. Coral reefs are also being reported to have been destroyed as spilt oil floats on the water thus blocking sunlight and oxygen from reaching aquatic life below[3]. The problem is being caused by the poor conditions of our oil tankers and lack of properly trained personnel to handle the situation. Our stakeholders who are mostly affected are our customers who live along the shores of the affected regions and depend on fish for their livelihood. The appendix provided below will illustrate this problem using some images that were taken recently to emphasis the predicament.

  • Recommendation:

The recommendations that were arrived at by the management involved the training of the current staff[4] on how to address such a scenario. The staff would also be trained on ways to ensure the oil tankers are in the best condition possible to avoid punctures and stalling of the ships. Another recommendation that was on offer was hiring qualified personnel but it was overlooked since the management concluded that it was more costly than training the existing staff. The other recommendation agreed upon was the acquisition of new and advanced oil tankers.

By implementing these recommendations, the management hopes to reduce the oil spillage and in the event of such a scenario, the staff will be in a position to deal with it appropriately.

  • Implications of non-action and of the recommendation:

The key stakeholders who will be affected are:

  1. Customers
  2. Shareholders
  3. Marine society

The customers will be affected in that they will see that our company complies with environment preservation regulations and thus they can have complete trust in our business practices. The shareholders will be positively affected too as the reduced oil spillage will consequently reduce loses and subsequently increase profitability. The marine society will be impacted the most as the marine life they depend on will be conserved[5]. The company’s strategy, mission and policies will be maintained and we shall also be in compliance with corporate governance. The CEO and the board will also avoid any liability on environmental degradation.

However, inaction on these recommendations will lead to huge losses for the company, more aquatic life deaths[6], uncontrollable water pollution and negative impacts on the society and the company’s reputation. Refer to appendix 2 for risk assessment and financial implications.

 

  • Appendices

Appendix 1- Risk Assessment Table

RISK DESCRIPTION LIKELIHOOD CONSEQUENCE IMPACT POTENTIAL
A Expensive oil tankers Risk of acquiring expensive oil tankers thus increasing implementation costs low low minor
B Legal constraints Risk of going against government regulations hence inviting lawsuits high high moderate

 

Appendix 2- Images of Oil Pollution

b) spilt oil burning
a) Capsized oil tanker
c) Negative effects on aquatic life
Marine society affected negatively.

 

Appendix 3- financial implications

Recommendation Estimated cost
Training the staff $ 1500
Acquiring new oil tankers $ 150,000

Bibliography

  1. Kadafa, A.A., 2012. Oil exploration and spillage in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Civil and Environmental Research, 2(3), pp.38-51.
  2. Green, J. and Trett, M.W. eds., 2012. The fate and effects of oil in freshwater. Springer Science & Business Media.
  3. Owa, F.W., 2014. Water pollution: sources, effects, control and management. International Letters of Natural Sciences, 3.
  4. Al-Majed, A.A., Adebayo, A.R. and Hossain, M.E., 2012. A sustainable approach to controlling oil spills. Journal of environmental management, 113, pp.213-227.
  5. Doerffer, J.W., 2013. Oil spill response in the marine environment. Elsevier.
  6. Geraci, J. ed., 2012. Sea mammals and oil: confronting the risks. Elsevier

[1] Oil spillage is the number 1 cause for ocean pollution.

[2] Oil spillage leads to many effects on water.

[3] Oil kills aquatic life by blocking sunlight and oxygen from penetrating into the deep. Sunlight and oxygen are important for life to thrive underwater.

[4] Highly trained personnel are one of the ingredients for a sustainable approach to controlling oil spills.

[5] The marine environment and the people who depend on it will be the highest beneficiaries of reduced oil pollution.

[6] Sea mammals will die in large numbers leading to a negative effect on the ecology.

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Developing an Advocacy Campaign

Developing an Advocacy Campaign
       Developing an Advocacy Campaign

Developing an Advocacy Campaign

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Developing an Advocacy Campaign

Introduction

Obesity is one of the major public health challenges not only in the United States but also in most developed countries. The prevalence of obesity has increased due to the increased consumption of calorie-rich foods as well as a decrease of daily physical activity. Consequently, public health practitioners and policymakers have been compelled to come up with best practices and have the competencies to use legal agencies and laws to control the epidemic of obesity. For instance, regulations and statutes at the state and the federal level have been instituted to promote nutritional choices, encourage physical activity, access to healthy foods, and enlighten consumers about adopting healthy lifestyles (Imes & Burke, 2014). Therefore, it is important to note that the law plays a crucial role of controlling most chronic disorders such as obesity as well as the behaviors associated with these conditions. This paper will shed light on how the advocacy campaign for obesity control can be enacted by creation of new legislation and elaborate how existing laws can affect the advocacy.

Question 1: How proposed policy could be enacted 

Food Labelling Act

One of the ways of implementing the policy is through the use food labelling guides. This can be done by the aid of the Food and Drug Administrative (FDA) which is charged with the responsibility of ascertaining that foods sold in the United States are wholesome, safe, and properly labelled.  The FDA will pass a regulation of ensuring all foods produced locally as well as those imported have food labels that indicate content claims as well as certain health messages for consumers to comply with specific requirements. FDA should also liaise with research institutes so that they can determine the recommended calories that are required in most snacks that the public takes. They will then report their findings to the manufacturers informing them about what they should include in the snacks and legal consequences that will befall any manufacturing company that does not heed to the regulation.

Calorie labeling on restaurant menus

Legislations should also be enacted requiring restaurant menus and vending machines to be labelled properly to help consumers make informed healthy decisions regarding their meals or snacks. Studies by Swartz, Braxton & Viera, (2011) indicate that most individuals take approximately a third of their calories away from home.

Efforts to increase financing and access for fresh fruits and vegetables

Fruits and vegetables have been classified as important sources of essential nutrients such as vitamin, potassium, fiber, folate, and other vital phytochemicals. Policy makers should therefore design strategies aimed at increasing the access to quality fruits and vegetables. The strategies will ensure that the fruits are either fresh, canned or dried but must maintain a particular level of healthfulness. 

Education

Policymakers should also come up with a legislation that ensures that all schools have lessons that teach the students about diet and its consequences when not adhered to. Moreover, they should compel the ministry of education to use advertisements in popular TV stations or set up billboards about obesity and how to avoid it.

Question 2: How existing laws or regulations could affect the advocacy efforts

Most of the existing laws will facilitate successful implementation of the advocacy campaign. One such regulation is the National Hispanic Caucus of State Legislators of 2010 (Fana, Martinez & Burgos, 2010). This law points out that obesity has a detrimental impact on the economy of the country. This is because it causes discrimination, less productivity, and high mortality. The income generated annually thereby decreases. Therefore, both the enactment and advocacy work towards minimizing obesity.

The Let’s Move Campaign of 2010 started by the White House is another legislation that will really promote management of childhood obesity (Wojcicki & Heyman, 2010). The initiative enlightens the public about healthy choices, importance of physical activity, and access to affordable quality foods. All these objectives are in line with those that I intend to achieve through my advocacy plan.

Question 3

Legislators and policy makers are integral to implementation of the advocacy campaign against obesity. In order to successfully achieve this advocacy campaign against obesity, I should reach out to legislators as well as their allies and constituents who are able to influence their opinion on this important policy change. Legislators who are sympathetic to the advocacy campaign policy against obesity and are willing to collaborate with advocates can assist expand the network of support through recommendations, visits and calls. Identification of opinion makers and interaction with them is also vital as any dissenting voices can be persuaded to support the policy legislation process. The methods used to persuade legislators and policy makers include organizing for public hearings and discussions. These public hearings are formal ways of working closely and persuading members of the legislature to support the policy because of the participation of various stake holders and constituents. Open and substantive discussions are persuasive and usually have the jurisdiction and power to address the substance of the policy at hand. I can benefit from public discussions as an advocate because it encompasses the supportive opinions of all those involved as well as taking into account the dissenting opinions of critics with an aim of improving the policy. Public forums organized for presentations on the policy also can influence legislators to support the policy because of their ability to provide intimate details on the pros of the policy to the legislators (Zetter, 2014). Additionally, I can hold individual briefings and meetings with the legislators and policy makers. These briefings are designed to present an analysis of the facts of the proposed obesity policy. Meetings and briefings can also help persuade legislators by providing details of the policy in person and one on one discussion that are friendly. Telephone phone calls and letters can also be used as effective tools to influence legislators. They are designed to clearly articulate the objectives of the policy and acknowledge the legislator’s influence on the policy. The three legged lobbying which includes relationship, money, and public opinion can be used in persuading lawmakers. The public has an opinion about all aspects of policy change hence with the rise of Political Action Committees there is an aided effort that provides money for lobbying advocates to shape public opinion and hence influence the decision making of the legislators. The three legged can assist in the lobbying process because clamor for public attention by legislatures make the public bombard them with policy information hence persuading them for support.

Question 4: Obstacles

During the legislative process political factors as well as the structure of the parliamentary house can be an obstacle to the successful passage of the policy bill (Dodsonet al., 2013). Sometimes, political pressure due to hard-line party positions may prevent liberal minded legislators from supporting the bill. Any policy change is destines to fail without the necessary support. The legislature is a political house where resistance to certain policies will always arise. The policy change may also involve the tedious effort of changing the constitution as well as conflicting state laws hence making the process slow and tedious. To overcome this obstacle, good will and transparency with enhanced persuasion is necessary. Many at times, the government and advocates of the policy apply to address the members directly to persuade them otherwise. Additionally, incentives can be provided by advocates such as offering legislators positions in influential committees where they can shape opinion.

Big issue policy reform such as advocacy campaign on obesity is bound to attract a number of opinions and many voices that may confuse the need for policy reform. Schnakenberg, (2017) point out that all organizations, leading figures, and government officials will want to influence the process for personal and financial gains. Transparency and ethical issues where legislators demand for bribes and kickbacks can derail the process making the process non-objective. To overcome this there should be a transparent process where offenders and bribe-demanding legislators are investigated, charged and apprehended to serve as an example.

Conclusion

Indeed, obesity is a challenging public health problem. Therefore, developing a policy campaign through creation of new legislations in parliament can help reduce obesity in the society. The introduction and implementation of this policy against obesity has broadened the public health strategies concerning obesity. The legislation has greatly impacted the public health policy by various entities hence reduction in the number of people affected by this medical condition. These new legislative reforms involve a collective effort of persuading legislators to support the policy change.

References

Dodson, E. A., Stamatakis, K. A., Chalifour, S., Haire-Joshu, D., McBride, T., & Brownson, R. C. (2013). State legislators’ work on public health-related issues: what influences priorities?. Journal of public health management and practice: JPHMP, 19(1), 25.

Fana, C., Martinez, I., & Burgos, E. (2010). Hispanic Obesity: An American Crisis. National Hispanic Caucus of State Legislators: 2010 Policy Brief.

Imes, C. C., & Burke, L. E. (2014). The obesity epidemic: the USA as a cautionary tale for the rest of the world. Current epidemiology reports, 1(2), 82-88.

Schnakenberg, K. E. (2017). Informational lobbying and legislative voting. American Journal of Political Science, 61(1), 129-145.

Swartz, J. J., Braxton, D., & Viera, A. J. (2011). Calorie menu labeling on quick-service restaurant menus: an updated systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8(1), 135.

Wojcicki, J. M., & Heyman, M. B. (2010). Let’s move—childhood obesity prevention from pregnancy and infancy onward. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(16), 1457-1459.

Zetter, L. (2014). Lobbying 3e: The art of political persuasion. Harriman House Limited.

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PRICE AND MARKET (WOOLWORTH SUPERMARKET)

Price and Market
               Price and Market

PRICE AND MARKET (WOOLWORTH SUPERMARKET)

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we choose Woolworth supermarket in Australia for our report, i will upload the annual report. it should be useful for the report so please take a look.

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PRICE AND MARKET (WOOLWORTH SUPERMARKET)

Introduction

Outstandingly, supermarkets act as a one-stop shop where different customers can find products of their preference and purchase them. By exposing a wide range of products to its consumers, supermarkets are able to accommodate each customer. Nonetheless, for a supermarket to operate effectively, it has to lay down proper strategies such as of pricing and similarly have sufficient resources to spearhead its operations; resources can be in terms of human labor, access to funds amongst others.

Woolworth supermarket (Australia)

The trading place visited was Woolworth supermarket which is arguably the largest supermarket chain in Australia which has established itself as an iconic brand over the years (Boyd, 2015). The items of trade in this supermarket are largely groceries of a wide range, this includes vegetables, fruits, meat, and even packages foodstuffs. By operating in such a large scale sphere, it means the supermarket has numerous distribution centers and support offices whose main objective is to promote and provide superior service to the customers (Spillan, 2015).

Buyers

With the supermarket attractive a mammoth of buyers flocking its stores each day, arguably all persons from the young to old members of the society get to shop at Woolworths. However, there is a going belief that women in particular tend to shop more as such regarded as the most regular customers. Men are presumed to be more frustrated by aspects such as long checkout queues, failure to find an assistant, and items being sold as compared to women. It is such occurrence that limits their turnout.

Importantly, customers are motivated by various factors that push them to shop at the supermarket. Top amongst these is the proximity of the store to their homes. Similarly, convenience with regard to aspects such as parking, finding items on shelves also stands out as a major contributing factor to attracting shoppers. Others aspects such as pricing, branding, quality and customer service relatively play significant influence.

Source: Shoppers Survey Report, Street Ahead Project. (November 28th, 2014).

Sellers

This supermarket mainly sources products from Australian farmers and growers. This is the case because naturally groceries such as vegetables are easily perishable. This prompts the need to acquire them from a convenient place where they are readily available taking into consideration the required quantity. Importantly, by allowing local farmers and sellers to be the main sellers, the supermarket promotes growth within the economy because of provision of income to these people to sustain themselves and invest in other businesses.

Equilibrium

So as to achieve symmetry in sales and purchases, the amount of products put on sale depends on the demand that is available for them. In circumstances whereby there is excess demand and excess supply of products, to achieve equilibrium, then buyers must subject themselves to purchasing only amounts sufficient for the usage whereas sellers produce quantities that would evenly match the demand.

Market Structure

Woolworth operates under an oligopoly market structure where an imperfect competition exists between Woolworth supermarket and its closest rival Coles as the two main operators (Sprothen, 2016). This market structure is characterized by aspects such as having a significant market share and control and a large loyal customer base. This form of market structure limits entry of new competitors based on the high standards and barriers set by the two dominant players as such prompting government intervention so as to set parameters with regard to aspects such as pricing and quality of products because when only certain businesses are dominant, there can be a tendency to constrain customers.

Hence, the purpose of government intervention is to facilitate a fair competitive environment that does not hurt the consumers and other firms that may wish to join in that field of operation. Without such an intervention, one would argue that it is the consumers that would bear the most suffering.

Word Count: 615.

MICROECONOMICS ANALYSIS

Introduction

Significantly, under this section the main object will be to analyze how a certain economic phenomenon by a business is likely to impact on the targeted group and consequently ascertain the end result of such undertakings. Thus, microeconomics gives us an insight of what is likely to be anticipated when certain changes are instigated with regard to the operations of a company and this is important because it can further aid in making proper decisions and initiating sustainable operating strategies.

For this section, the microeconomic issue identified is the cutting of prices of products or equally giving of offers by business. The table below briefly illustrates on the tangible issues that will be further discussed.

TOPIC QUESTION TOOL
PRICE CUTS/OFFERS Why do businesses provide price cuts/offers on products? 1.      Competition

2.      Boost sales

3.      Brand promotion

4.      Market dominance

5.      Economic recession

6.      Market failure

 

  1. PRICE CUTS

Undisputedly, the pricing of a certain product eventually determines on whether it is likely to guarantee higher sales or losses. Ordinarily, customers are sensitive when it comes to the price of s product that they want to purchase because if it is not a pocket friendly price, then a majority will opt to buy an alternative product that will equally serve the same purpose but at a reasonable price (Dogan, et al 2013).

Similarly, when operating under a certain field competitors are bound to be present. This means that for one to outsmart them they have to come up with effective strategies to lure more customers to buying their products as compared to the rival’s and subsequently gain a large market share ( Pauwels & D’aveni, 2016). Hence, pricing seemingly plays a vital role under such circumstances.

Important to note is that before a business embarks on an initiative of providing price cuts on its products, there are certain essential factors that must be considered. This is so because not all price cuts may work for the advantage of the company. In fact, it is assumed that most price cuts tend to lead to low profit margin for the concerned business and this may hurt the overall operations of the business. Among the things to be considered includes the long term implications of price cuts. For instance, one a price cut has been made and new customers have joined the bandwagon of purchasing it, increasing such a price thereafter may lead to loss of these customers as such a business must put in place other plans such as improving the quality of the product so as to demand a higher price because without such modification the initial price cut may end up hurting the business.

So as to answer the critical question of why do various businesses offer price cuts, the subsequent section of this paper will dwell on analyzing the various tools identified in discussing the economic issue.

  1. Competition

Foremost, competition is one of the key features of any market. However, stiff competition may force a business out of the market as only the dominant participants get to have the larger market share. To mitigate such an event occurring, businesses are inclined to offer price cuts to their products so as to retain a fair share of the consumers in the market.

By giving such price cuts, it means that such a company can compete fairly in the area of operation. Accordingly, one can argue that consumer would often resort to buying products at reasonable prices, hence if one of the competitors is offering the same product at a higher price it is highly likely that they will lose buyers to the company that gives relatively cheaper pricing. In such a situation, to promote a fair competitive market, prices will thus be relatively proportionate as a result leading to a fair share of each participant in terms of customers and the market place.

  1. Sales

Significantly, when a product does not sale it may eventually cause the business to succumb to losses. Thus, the concept of sales can be boosted in a twofold channel. First, for new products that have been introduced to a market it is imperative that price cuts are given so as to entice customers into buying the products.

On the other hand, when there are low buy outs of products, then a company may opt to initiate price cuts all in a bid to try and revamp the product. Generally, price cuts that aim to boost the sale of a commodity have to address a certain deficiency. In this way, having reduced prices serves as an effective tool in enhancing the purchase power of consumers towards a specified product.

  1. Brand Promotion

Particularly, for new products that are unknown to consumers, it is vital that price cuts are provided. This is so because, often consumers may refrain from interacting with new products in the market based on aspects such as having a preference of the already existing ones. Such circumstances may impair the emergence of new businesses in that market. Thus, when price cuts are offered as incentives for customers, it id then highly likely that new consumers will indulge in buying the given product based on its reduced pricing.

  1. Market dominance

Naturally, for businesses that operate in the same field of operation the market share that one has over the other largely matters. The market share determines the profit that a company expects to acquire from its sales. Hence, companies are motivated to initiate strategies that would put them at an advantage position over their rivals. One of the ways of doing this is by providing price cuts on the products of the business. Price cuts as aforementioned in the discussed sections are an allure for new customers.

When one business obtains new customers that belonged to a rival company it subsequently means that the former company acquires a large market share. However, such an undertakings has its downside in that it forms a platform for emergence of a monopolistic market structure whereby there is only one dominant player. When this happens, consumers are put in the liberty of that dominant player in the market because such a business has all the power and keys of controlling how that particular market will operate.

  1. Economic recession

Notably, the economic state of a country determines how consumers of products will purchase and spend on products. In the case where the economy is booming and businesses are not financially constrained, consumers are highly likely to purchase products without much limitations or considerations such as on pricing. In this scenario, offering price cuts whereas fellow competitors are not may harm the business because consumers may not give too much concern about their spending.

On the other hand, when there is an economic slump, in that businesses are not doing as well as they would normally do this thus calls for effective measures to retain and attract customers so as to continue operating.

Under an economic recession situation, consumers would preferably want to spend less. To match with such changed dynamics, then one would argue that price cuts on the products of a business are the most viable solution to follow.

  1. Market failure

Considering market failure is a concept that occurs as a result of inefficient allocation of certain resources within the market of operation, then such a situation is consequently likely to affect the operations of the company (Fabella, 2015). For instance, a monopolistic market structure may be deemed as a market failure ingredient based on the fact that new businesses will find it hard to compete in a market that is largely dominated by one player.

Nonetheless, in such a situation a company may opt to provide price cuts on its product so as to try and mitigate the market failure effects which if not diminished will certainly curtail the operations of the other businesses.

  1. Government failure

Significantly, the government is duty bound to make sure that businesses operate in a fair and friendly environment. To do this, certain limitations must be imposed and constraining barriers broken down. For instance, take a situation whereby the government fails to monitor the operations of businesses through relative agencies, in such a situation certain business may drain consumers by instigation undertakings that would solely serve their own interest. One of such an undertaking may be over-pricing on the produced products.

However, such an undertaking may not suit all the businesses within the market as such prompting the need to lower prices of similar goods so as to counter the other business competitors.

SECTION SUMMARY

Normally, the interaction between the supply and demand of commodities in the market place determines the price that a certain product will sell at. The point of equilibrium marks the acceptable value for both the buyers and sellers.

 Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/supply-and-demand 

Nonetheless, there may exist factors that may affect this equilibrium price such that a business may be forced to make adjustments. This is of essence because without such alterations, a business is likely to operate under losses. The aspect of price cuts maybe one of the ways that business may use to reach certain equilibrium. By giving price cuts it fundamentally indicates that a company aims at first increasing its sales and similarly obtains new customers. Importantly, aspects such as the profit margin that the business aims at must be considered before making such a move. In doing this, prior research is essential because without having knowledge of such information then a business may orchestrate its failure.

CONCLUSION

Foremost, markets are placed that are guided by certain distinctive features that must be observed and preserved so as to allow business to operate efficiently. For instance, without embracing the concept of fair competition between rival businesses, then one may triumph over the other leading to unfair labor practices.

Significantly, the importance of government intervention in market practices cannot be ignored. The government plays a key role in regulation of various aspects of the market so as to facilitate proper co-existence between the firms themselves and the consumers that they serve. Without such an intervention, evidently every business would seek to protect their own interests putting aside all other basic requirements such as offering quality products.

When it comes to the various macroeconomic issues that may affect the operations of markets, first it is important to note that such issues may have a direct effect on the activities of consumers and as a result end up curtailing the operations of the business in the end. Microeconomic issues should be looked at from a wider scope. Their particular effects should be analyzed in depth so that the right techniques are initiated to mitigate on their possible hazards.

Significantly, these issues should never be ignored before they may have adverse effects on the operations of the company as such creating the need to find way to move around them and benefit the business.

Finally, without fair market practices, not only does firms suffer but consumers too share in the same suffering. This calls for proper market practices that protect both the interests of the businesses and consumers so that none is inclined to spear-head their own interests on the expense of the other. Where unfair practices may emerge, it is imperative that even the firms themselves take personal measures and approaches to meditate on the negative consequences.

Reference

Boyd, T. (2015, Nov 28). Woolies crisis to go for years. The Australian Financial Review

Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1736670877?accountid=45049

Dogan, Z., Deran, A., & Koksal, A. G. (2013). Factors influencing the selection of methods and

determination of transfer pricing in multinational companies: A case study of United Kingdom. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 3(3), 734-n/a. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1392996149?accountid=45049

Fabella, R. V., & Fabella, V. M. (2015). Re-thinking market failure in the light of the imperfect

state. St. Louis: Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1698893264?accountid=45049

Pauwels, K., & D’aveni, R. (2016). The formation, evolution and replacement of price-quality

relationships. Academy of Marketing Science Journal, 44(1), 46-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0408-3

Shazad, M. M., & Miniard, P. W., 2013. Reassessing retailer’s usage of partially comparative

Pricing. The Journal of product and brand Management, 22 (2), 172-179. http://dx.doi/10.1108/10610421311321077

Spillan, J. E., & Ling, H. G. (2015). Woolworths: An adizes corporate lifecycle perspective.

Paper presented at the, 13 1-11. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1731519564?accountid=45049

Sprothen, V. (2016, Mar 11). Investors start to turn on ‘treasure island’; doubts grow about

Australian companies’ ability to keep offering big profits and high dividends. Wall Street Journal (Online) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1772148989?accountid=45049

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Nursing practice and Law Essay Paper

Nursing practice and Law
             Nursing practice and Law

Nursing practice and Law

Order Instructions:

Address the following five (5) elements and how they relate to the nursing practice (in Australia).100-110 words for each elements.
1. LAW
2. ETHICS
3. STANDARDS OF PRACTICE
4. SOCIAL MEDIA
5. PROFESSIONAL BOUNDARIES.

Consider the code of professional conduct for nurses, code of ethics for nurses, standards for practice: Enrolled nurse, the nursing and midwifery board of Australia etc.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Nursing practice and Law

In Australia, there are two regulations under which the nurses and midwives practice. These include a) self regulation and b) statutory regulations. Example of statutory regulation is The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) that regulates nurses and midwives under health practitioner regulation National Law (2009). The self regulated standards/ laws are those determined by nursing professionals and have no legally binding regulation or force.  In general, nursing practice spans beyond the stereotypical positions as it touches every aspects of life. This implies that nursing that there is a significant relationship between nursing and the worlds of law. For instance, the issues of confidentiality, ethics, consent, and health policy are nursing aspects that have legal component. In addition, nurses are also trained to be patients and healthcare advocates, and especially for the vulnerable populations. Therefore, nursing relationship with law is that nurse’s needs to understand the legal structural issues in healthcare, regulations and policies needed and possess skills that will enable them address these issues using legal problem-solving lens (Nursing & Midwifery Council, 2014).

Nursing practice and Ethics

Ethics have an integral part in nursing practice. Nursing practice is mainly concerned to the welfare of the injured, sick, and vulnerable individuals in the society. Nursing not only encompasses disease prevention, suffering and restoration of health but also adheres to moral norms that promote social justice. Nurses in Australia are guided by the Code of Ethics whose purpose is to develop fundamental ethical values and standards to which the nursing profession is committed to. The framework acts as a reference point from which the nurses reflect about their conduct, and guides in ethical decision making processes.  This guiding framework emphasizes for quality care for every person in the society, respect, cultural competence, ethical management of patients information, access to quality care for everyone and establishing a socio-economical and socio-ecological environment that promote community’s wellbeing (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2014).

Standards of practice

The core standard of nursing practice in Australia is that the midwives and nurses must be registered as per the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA). In Australia, the professional standards that define the nurse’s practice and behavior include code of ethics, conduct, competency standards and guide to professional boundaries.  The domains of nursing standards  of care includes  provision of  professional, ethical, quality care, reflective as well as analytical practice. The nurses are expected to practice in a way that ensures that people’s rights are protected. They are also expected to reflect on evidence based practice in order to deliver care (assessment to health education) informed by evidence, and within quality and safety guidelines. They are also expected to engage in professional development practices (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2014).

Social Media and nursing practice

Modern communications methods are transforming the way people interact with one another. In Australia, nurses are adept of using social media to connect, be creative and to become more efficient in their work. The nurses are embracing opportunities offered by social media for research purposes, assessment, diagnosis and implementation processes. However, when using social media, nurses are expected to adhere to the National law and Nurses code of ethics and standard of practice. This includes complying with privacy obligations and confidentiality such as avoiding discussing patients, pictures of procedures, or sensitive patient information without consent or presenting biased or unsubstantiated claims (Casella, Mills, & Usher, 2014).

Nursing professional boundaries

A nurse has therapeutic relationship with their patients which include great deal of patient’s personal information. Nursing standards of practice expects that nurses will act in the best interest of the patient and will provide care based on their specific needs. In this context, professional boundaries refer to the limits in which the nurse protects the space between professional power and patient’s vulnerability. This is because there are borderlines that distinguish between professional, non-professional and therapeutic relationship between the patient and the nurse.  Crossing these boundaries indicates that the nurse is misusing his or her professional power. In Australia, nurses professional boundaries is guided by nursing professional code of conduct, nursing practice standards and code of ethics. If a nurse experiences any boundary-crossing behavior, they should seek counsel from their supervisors and colleagues. This is because care setting, client needs, community influences, patient’s age, gender and nature or therapy being provided (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2014).

References

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2014). Standards for practice. Retrieved from http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2014). Professional boundaries. Retrieved from http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2014). Code of ethics. Retrieved from http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx

Nursing & Midwifery Council.(2014). Legislation. Retrieved from http://www.hpca.nsw.gov.au/Nursing-and-Midwifery-Council/Legislation/Legislation/default.aspx

Casella, E., Mills. J., & Usher, K. (2014). Social media and nursing practice: changing the balance between the social and technical aspects of work. The Australian Journal of Nursing Practice, Scholarship and research. 21 (2); p 121-126

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Short Answer Questions Assignments

Short Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions

Short Answer Questions

Order Instructions:

instruction in the first page of the assignment

Short Answer Questions:

  1. Compute various indicators of the state of the labour market using the following information. Please show all of your working. If you do not, you will receive zero marks for the question(s).
Demographic Group Number of Residents
Full-time workers 7,000
Part-time workers 2,000
Unemployed and looking for work 600
Unemployed and not looking for work due to

discouragement over job prospects

 500
Not working due to disability 300
Not working due to retirement 900
Under the age of 15 3,000
Total Population 14,300

 

  1. (1 mark) What is the size of the labour force in this economy?

 

  1. (1 mark) Calculate the Labour Force Participation Rate for this economy. Report as a percentage to two decimal places.

 

  1. (1 mark) Calculate the Unemployment Rate for this economy. Report as a percentage to two decimal places.

 

  1. (1 mark) Suppose that the natural rate of unemployment is considered to be 5%. What is the rate of cyclical unemployment? Report as a percentage to two decimal places.

 

  1. Analyse the effects of the following events using the loanable fund market diagram where we have (real) interest rate on the vertical axis and the quantity of loanable fund on the horizontal axis. Please ensure to explain what happens to saving, investment and (real) interest rate.

 

  1. Consumers decide to save more to prepare themselves for the future (at any given interest rate). Assume the government budget balance is zero. (3 marks).

 

Answer here (Tips: to create new lines, simply copy the existing curves and move to the new location)

Real Interest Rate (r)

 

  1. A reduction of income tax rate by noting that the source of the supply of loanable funds coming from both private as well as public saving (3 marks)

Answer here (Tips: to create new lines, simply copy the existing curves and move to the new location)

 

Real Interest Rate (r)

 

  1. Watch the 10 minute video at gapminder.org/videos/what-stops-population-growth

Summarize the video in minimum of 5 sentences (Not in the bullet points, please!). What were the most interesting or surprising facts you learned? (3 marks)

(Answer

  1. Over the next 100 years real GDP per capita in Neverland is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 2.0%. Gotham (yes, where Batman lives!) is expected to growth at an average annual rate of 1.5%. If both have a real GDP per capita today of $20,000, compare their real GDP per-capita in 100 years. Please show all of your working. If you do not, you will receive zero marks for the question(s). (2 marks)

(Answer)

  1. The level of government debt is a growing concern for the current Australian Treasurer who has the responsibility of managing the government budget. Summarise the key arguments on the debate around Australian government debt and deficit for the Turnbull government.

Your summary must address the following; what is the major concern of running government deficits, what is the economic reasoning to have a balanced budget and when might a budget deficit/surplus be ok? Conclude by briefly discussing what policies you would suggest to Scott Morrison implements in order to balance the budget and why. The summary should be at least half a page in length (again, please do not write in the form of the bullet points). No need to list the reference, but please do not copy and paste from whatever you found on the web. We can easily detect this in our system! (5 marks)

(Answer)

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

The labour market is one of the pillars of global economy. This means that all aspects surrounding the labour market should be managed properly. Labour force, participation rate, unemployment rate and rate of cyclical employment are some of the aspects surrounding labour markets (Thompson 2013, p.34). From demographic information, these aspects can be calculated easily.

 

The table below contains labour market information. The information has been used in various calculations.

 

Demographic Group Number of Residents
Full-time workers 7,000
Part-time workers 2,000
Unemployed and looking for work 600
Unemployed and not looking for work due to

discouragement over job prospects

 500
Not working due to disability 300
Not working due to retirement 900
Under the age of 15 3,000
Total Population 14,300

 

  1. The labour force in this economy

Labour force refers to the part of a population that is able to work; employed or seriously looking for work. From the information provided in the table above, the economic labour force is as follows.

Economic labour force = full-time workers + par-time workers + unemployed and looking for work

=7000+2000+600= 9600

  1. Labour force participation rate for this economy

Adult Population = Total population – Under the age of 15

This is equal to 14,300 – 3,000 = 11,300

Labour force participation rate =  x 100 =   x 100 = 84.96%

  1. The Unemployment rate for this economy

Unemployment rate is given by

x 100 =     6.25%

  1. The rate of cyclical unemployment
  • Natural rate of unemployment of 5%.

Rate of cyclical unemployment is given by:

Actual Unemployment rate – Natural rate of unemployment

This is equal to    6.25% – 5% = 1.25%

  1. Analysis of events using the loanable fund market diagram
  2. Consumers decide to save more to prepare themselves for the future (at any given interest rate). Assume the government budget balance is zero.

 

 

Real Interest Rate (r)
Supply1

                                   Demand2

Supply2

Demand1

E2

Quantity of Loanable Funds (Q)
Q1                         Q2

Size of loanable funds shifts right and the real interest(r) rates goes down. A reduction in interest rates catalyses the economy as many investors are attracted to invest which in the long run pushes the rates up

A reduction in the rate of income tax by noting that the source of the supply of loanable funds coming from both private as well as public saving

 

Real Interest Rate (r)

 

E1

                              Demand2

 

Demand1

E2

r2

Quantity of Loanable Funds (Q)
Q1

 

Q2 

Reduction in income tax expands the income of the public and private sector. This leads to reduced demand for loanable funds hence the curve shifts left while the interest rate goes down

  1. A summary of a 10 minute video available at

 www.gapminder.org/videos/what-stops-population-growth

The summary is highlighting the most interesting facts therein.

Hans Rosling explains that poverty has been a catalyst of population growth in developing countries in his explanation using the bubbles in the box theory. In this theory, he projects that the industrialized population in 2050 will be 2 billion. He states that control of mortality rate and introduction of family planning methods are critical aspects in controlling population increase. He further states that governments and private sectors should invest dearly in industrialization to make families stay engaged in their operations and remain in the course of owning a car rather than a bicycle. He finally warns that the population poverty levels are likely to go up if growth oriented measures are not put up. This theory is important as it acts as a benchmark for governments in planning and focusing on economic tools to look at in satisfying their citizens.

  1. Assuming that a nation is reporting GDP of dollars a, and experiences a change of b per annum, the GDP achieved after c years is as follows.

$a× (1+ 0.0 b) c

It is assumed 0 ≤ b < 10

If real GDP per capita in Gotham grows at an average annual rate of 2.0%, real GDP per capita in 100 years will be:

[$20,000 × (1 + 0.02) 100] =$144,893

At an average annual rate of growth of 1.5%, real GDP per capita in Neverland in 100 years will be:

[$20,000 × (1 + 15/1,000)100]= $88,641

Although the two nations have equal GDP currently, Neverland’s growth rate is 61.2% of Gotham’s growth in living stands. This is calculated as below.

× 100% =61.2%

  1. Summary of the key arguments on the debate around Australian government debt and deficit for the Turnbull government.

 

A government’s deficit is a key phenomenon in many developing countries and few developed countries. Deficits are usually brought about by current or past governments spending more than their total revenue collections. A country’s inability to fund its development activities after settling its recurrent expenditure is the ideal explanation of budget deficit. This situation is a common definition of crisis in economy that leads to economic slump. Additionally, this ends up causing increased unemployment rates thus promoting criminal actions. This condition has created hot air which has made economists elucidate on the reasons why there should be unwavering concern about budget deficits. The key grounds touch on economic stress which causes death of industries. This leads to poor growth in a country as citizens cannot afford much in their life. It is worth noting that the poverty line is the lowest threshold in which one cannot afford daily meals. Unavailability of sustainable budget pushes the government to issue cheap bonds which is a major cause of making the private sector get deprived of capital. If the government in authority is unable to control this effect, it results into inter-generational transfer of debt thus crippling a country’s ambitions of development in the future. Balanced government budget is phenomenal as it creates a favourable atmosphere for sourcing funds in the international market. It also frees the government thus giving it an opportunity finance development projects thus catalysing economic growth. A balanced budget after continued period of investment results into budget surplus which is an important economic condition. This allows a country to engage in economic research and explorations on how to improve the economy and how to invest abroad in other developing countries which further expands its budget and promotes recreational activities. This being the case, Scott Morrison should put in place budgetary policies. The policies should focus on monetary measures to control the amount of money in circulation and fiscal policies by controlling the borrowing rates as well as encouraging the public to participate in maintaining the economic.

References

Thompson, S (2013), Global Labour markets, (Online) Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/business/docview/194164649/A352F7CD585E4050PQ/15?accountid=45049    , Last Accessed 18th  April, 2017

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Recovery Principles & Clinical Recovery; Mental Health

Recovery Principles & Clinical Recovery
  Recovery Principles & Clinical Recovery

Recovery Principles & Clinical Recovery; Mental Health

Order Instructions:

Kindly view the attached

SAMPLE ANSWER

Mental Health: Recovery Principles & Clinical Recovery

Introduction

The concept of recovery oriented practice has increasingly become a prominent concept in mental health policy internationally. This notion originated from consumer perspectives that challenged traditional beliefs about course of mental health disorders and the effective treatment strategies, and it has become widely conceptualized that recovery  oriented care is a deeply unique process that changes a person’s attitudes, feelings, values, goals and skills with the aim of improving life limitations caused by the mental illness (Doran et al., 2015). Using Janet’s case study Version 1 and Version 2, this essay expounds on the concept of recovery oriented care by focusing on recovery principles; and elaborating how recovery principles differ from clinical principles.

Recovery principles

Recovery principles refer to the collective approach used to respond to the mental health distress by supporting empowerment, autonomy and retention of hope.  Fundamentally, the recovery principles focus on the benefit of acknowledging a person as a whole instead of defining them by their deficits or difficulties (Evans et al., 2017). In this context, recovery is supported through the implementation of collaborative and consultative treatment strategies to people with mental health issues. These strategies place the client at the center of care and emphasize on individuals strengths to support their self determination. The recovery principles are core to the professional standards for Australian and New Zealand mental health includes uniqueness of an individual, autonomy, rights and attitude of their carers, treating mentally ill people with dignity and respect, collaborative care enhanced through effective communication (Mental Health Commission, 2012).

Based on recovery principles, helping patients who experience mental health issues with psychotic clinical issues, such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, requires a range of skills and attitudes that are developed from sound knowledge foundation as well as inquisitive approach.  The core recovery principle in this group of attributes is the ability to establish a respectful support and collaborative relationship (therapeutic alliance) with the client, their relatives, friends and their loved ones (Slade et al., 2014).

The main challenge for clinical practice during the recovery paradigm is the capacity to remain responsive to the patient’s change and family/loved ones concerns. However, this is vital because client’s capacity to exercise autonomy during decision making may fluctuate over time. For instance, the client may change their desired treatment approach frequently or the client’s family may hold different opinions about the best treatment. Therefore, the recovery principles enable the provider to develop the capacity to ‘be with’ instead of insisting on the standard clinical practice. For instance, in Janet’s Case study Version 2, “the psychiatrist was happy to reduce drugs after 10 days when Janet told her how horrible they were” (O’Hagan, 2014, p.227).

From this analysis, the healthcare provider should understand their own feelings and values to this practice. This is because their personal ethical beliefs and values could make them to inadvertently exhibit judgmental behaviors which could compromise care.  The mental health care providers should perform rigorous and regular clinical supervision so as to retain clarity in nursing practice (Evans, Nizette, & O’Brien, 2017).  Clinical supervision is one of the recovery principle recognized as professional standard for Australian as well and New Zealand mental health nurses. In addition, it is evident that recovery principles are based on reflective care that is not influenced by the individual’s personal values or ethics. These principles emphasize on self determination and collaborative partnership. For instance, in  Janet’s case study version 2,Through collaborative treatment approaches, Janet  was able to overcome the sexual abuse trauma; she is better, and now works as a mental health nurse, where she uses her experience to guide other mentally ill patient (O’Hagan, 2017, p.228).

The difference between recovery principles and clinical recovery

Recovery can be viewed through different lenses – personal experience (set of workforce competencies/practices) or clinical recovery process. This personal recovery approach is viewed as the post institutional service philosophy because it challenges the bedrock of traditional mental health system (Barder, 2012). Clinical recovery is a concept that emerged from the expertise of mental health care providers, and it entails treating of psychosocial symptoms so as to restore functioning or to bring back the patient’s life back to normal. Recovery principle differs in clinical recovery in that the concept emerged from expertise of people who have lived the experienced or mental illness (Hapell et al., 2013). On the other hand, recovery principle dwells on a deep unique change of a person’s values, attitudes and feelings with the aim of living a satisfactory life within the daily life limitations associated with the illness. It is basically creating a new purpose and meaning in client’s life as she or he grows beyond the catastrophic event associated with the mental illness (Williams et al., 2012).

As depicted in Janet case study Version 1, the traditional healthcare system perceives mental illness with no legitimacy. Most clients experience major mental health issues as frightening, desolate and also destructive. This is because the pain in mentally ill clients is at par with grief and torture of surviving a battle field or that of being accused of heinous crime (Leah, 2012). The only difference is that the latter experiences have legitimacy and the society has a well defined pathway for their justice and recovery; and surviving them is perceived as heroic and is admirable. On the other hand, mental health is met with fear, reproach and pity.  Unlike clinical recovery, recovery principles recognize the importance of person recovery in that mental illness is perceived as a full human experience; therefore, it does not support justification for segregation, cruelty and coercion. A society that has person recovery mind concepts has place for people with mental health illness because seeks to provide a better pathway to better life (O’Hagan, 2014).

Another aspect of clinical recovery that acts as bedrock of the unfortunate traditional belief is community’s abdication of responsibility for the mentally ill people to the profession and services. In the current society, people seek answers to human problems from state- authorized profession institutions.  Although to some extent this has been of benefit, it is associated with overdependence of deficit oriented institutions and professionals. Their reputed monopoly on expertise has disabled the mentally ill clients by keeping the stuck in the healthcare services as indicated by Janet’s case study version 1, “the mental health system is responsible for the Janet’s terrible state (O’Hagan, 2014, p. 224).

The devaluation of mental illness in conjunction with community abdication has is associated with naïve community consensus around client’s safety, which is based on discriminative assumption that mentally ill people are not responsible of their behavior, and that the mental health institutions and services must take responsibility of their behavior  through tightly controlled approaches (Gilburt et al., 2013). The clinical recovery approach develops unsustainable assumptions that mentally ill persons must be controlled like robots; they lack freewill and those mental health institutions and professionals have magical powers to predict and that the strict measures towards the mentally ill people is meant to establish a safer community. Unfortunately, the unrealistic demands have led to increase in risk adverse practices such as liberty restrictions, locked doors and compulsory treatment just as those experienced by Janet Version 1 case study (Berglund, 2012; Ivey et al., 2012).

Clinical recovery is important, but focusing on clinical recovery alone makes the patient to feel defined by their mental health problem, thereby exacerbating the problem. This approach also makes a person to neglect other aspects of lives that could be cultivated and potentially lead to improved wellbeing (Evans & Brown, 2012). Most of the clinicians identify  mental illness experiences such as  hearing voices a focus of clinical recovery, which not only make it problematic, but also leads to waste or resources in order to get rid of personal idiosyncrasies that otherwise would be  the patient’s assets if well understood and work with using the best approaches possible. On the contrary,  the recovery principles of the mental health service  seek to design treatment strategies for mental illness is  that does not only keeping people out of acute crisis so that they can lessen their  dependency and burden to the community. The strategies contemplate the possibility of holistic recovery instead of focusing on clinical issues only, which in most cases could be resolved (Le Boutillier et al., 2015).

Conclusion

Mentally ill people are human beings too; they have rights as other citizens and must be allowed to participate in their local communities. To ensure that the mentally ill patients are socially included in the community’s daily life, the society and mental health professions will be required to change their traditional beliefs and unfortunate assumptions about mental health. In this context, the final frontier is eradicating the barriers that prevent people from experiencing their entitlements as the other citizens. This involves transformation of “treat clinical symptoms- and recover” world view. In addition, the mental health systems should give priorities to treatments strategies that help the mentally ill patient to continue re-engaging with their life. However, the most important and the broadest challenge is the societal change. This implies that the mental health professionals should collaborate with people with lived experienced of mental illness to become partners and social activists who challenge the erroneous stigmatizing assumptions associated with mentally ill people which prohibits them from enjoying the same citizenship entitlements as other people in the community.

References

Barder, M.E.(2012). Recovery as the new medical model for psychiatry. Psychiatr Serv 63 (3) 277-279

Berglund, C. A. (2012). Enter the patient. In C. A. Berglund (Ed.), Ethics for health care (4th ed.) (pp.71-97). South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press

Doran, E., Fleming, J., Jordens, C., Stewart, C. L., Letts, J., & Kerridge, I. H. (2015). Managing ethical issues in patient care and the need for clinical ethics support. Australian Health Review, 39(1), 44-50. doi: 10.1071/AH14034

Evans, K., Nizette, D. & O’Brien, A. (2017). Psychiatric and mental health nursing (4th ed.). Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier Australia.

Edwards, K-L., Munro, I., Welch, A. & Robins, A. (2014) Mental Health Nursing: Dimensions of Praxis. (2nd ed) South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

Evans, J., & Brown, P. (2012). Videbeck’s Mental Health Nursing. Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Gilburt, H., Slade, M., Bird, V., Oduola, S., & Craig, T. K. (2013). Promoting recovery-oriented practice in mental health services: a quasi-experimental mixed-methods study. BMC psychiatry, 13(1), 167.

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An ethical dilemma Case Study Assignment

An ethical dilemma
                    An ethical dilemma

An ethical dilemma Case Study

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An ethical dilemma

Introduction

Ethical conflicts have been a subject of concern and in discussions in many science disciplines.  Due to the advancement in medical practice and technologies, the healthcare providers often face challenges to make appropriate decisions especially in situations where complex situations may arise in practice (Fisher, 2011). This essay discusses ethical conflicts where the healthcare providers are torn between respecting patient’s rights and doing no harm ethical principle. The discussion helps one to understand healthcare ethics and law and their relevance in decision-making processes that ultimately uphold patient’s rights and protects them from danger (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013).

This paper explores Case Study 1 to identify the ethical conflict present in the case study. The essay will also explore the ethical and legal aspects of the identified ethical conflict in relation to ethical theories, principles of health care, professional code of ethics, professional standards of conduct as well as the national and international charters. The context analysis will be done so as to provide an appropriate solution to the identified ethical conflict.

Case study 1: 

This case study is about an adult patient who has ended –stage cancer. Mr. Harry Nelson has exhausted all the treatment options and is currently receiving palliative care at his home, where he lives with his daughter.  He has no advanced care directives. When his health deteriorates, he refuses to go to the clinic which forces his daughter and the paramedic’s team to transport Mr. Harry to the clinic forcefully (Paramedics Australia, 2011).

Through this case study, the impact of ethical principles autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice during decision-making processes is evaluated. In addition, the concepts of utilitarian and consequentialism ethical theory will be used to explore the  impacts of Paramedics Australia professional code of conduct, Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council professional standards, national and international charters (Statute law and Common law, Australian Charter of Health Care, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in ethical decision making processes.

Ethical conflict

The ethical conflict central to this case study is autonomy vs. beneficence and nonmaleficence (save a life vs. respecting patient’s rights).  In this case, the healthcare professionals intentionally used the paternalistic approach during the decision-making the process as they believed that this was the most beneficial approach to Harry and his family. Although the intervention seemed to be useful for the patient, it breached the ethical principle of autonomy by disrespecting the patient’s wish.  Such situations require that the health care to critically analyze the benefits and risks associated with their decisions, along with the consequences associated with the decision making process. The decision made should be the one that promotes maximum beneficence and with the most minimal harm (Jones & Creedy, 2012).

Legally and ethically defensible approach that address the ethical conflict

Nursing profession in Australia is influenced by the four bioethical principles developed by Beauchamp and Childress including; a) autonomy-  need to respect patients rights, b) beneficence –  do good  to prevent harm, c) non-maleficence –  avoid causing harms and d) justice-  fair distribution of resources to ensure equal and fair treatment to all clients (Banks & Gallagher, 2009).  In this case, the principle of autonomy applies in terms of patient’s rights and obligations. Based on this principle, Harry has the right to make decisions about their medical treatment. According to Beauchamp and Childress, autonomy refers to as being “free from controlling influences or personal limitations such as inadequate understanding” (Beuchamp & Childress, 2013, p.56). Therefore, the healthcare provider is obliged to remain truthful (veracity) to their clients and to respect their choices. Relating to the case scenario, the healthcare team that transports Harry to the hospital against his will violates this ethical principle by not respecting the patient last wishes and therefore Harry has no choice to decide for himself which inhibits his autonomy (Kerridge, Lowe  & Stewart, 2013).

Further analysis of the scenario, Harry’s daughter, and the medical team decision to forcefully transport his father to the hospital raises the questions about the family’s intention. Evidently, her intentions are good and this brings up the ethical principle of beneficence and no-maleficence. The ethical principle of beneficence mandates the healthcare professionals to treat their patients in a manner that is of maximum benefit to the patient (Australian Medical Association, 2004). On the other hand, the ethical principle of nonmaleficence assures that the actions of the healthcare providers do not cause harm. This basically implies that the main responsibility of the healthcare providers is to avoid doing any harm to their patients.  This ethical principle correlates with the ethical theory of utilitarianism which argues that the healthcare professional’s actions should provide “highest good for a maximum number of people” (Berglund, 2012).

Utilitarianism theory supports the idea of taking actions that offer maximum benefits at minimized risks and costs (Tonti-Filipini, 2011).  In this situation, the health care provider’s decision to transport Harry to the hospital for more treatment favors the intention of the family members but it does not favor Harry’s decision but it may positively impact the psychological well-being of the patient. This act outweighs the ethical principle of autonomy in regards to the nurse obligations to non-maleficence. However, this act may negatively affect the patient-physician relationship and may lose the trustworthy relationship with the patient. In addition, forcing the patient into treatment may make him depressed and could lead to serious mental complications such as suicidal attempts. In this case, the principle of beneficence may prove to be of benefits but the probability of causing harm is high (Doran et al., 2015).

The ethical principle of justice focuses mainly on equality and fairness in the distribution of the healthcare resources. There are different forms of justice including rights based justice and distributive justice. In rights-based practice, the principle states that every person has the right to access care plan (Catholic Health Australia, 2001).  In this situation, the healthcare team violates Harry rights because he was forced to participate in care plan without his consensus. This is an ethical conflict because the patient had no limitations that he would not be able to make an informed decision. Based on the consequentialism theory, the healthcare provider’s action was appropriated as the consequences of taking Harry to the hospital was the choice that was likely to yield more net benefit as compared to loss (Tonti-Filipini, 2011). Therefore, this theory justifies the acts of overriding patient’s decision to refuse further treatment as Harry’s decision could have resulted into serious harm (Townsend & Luck, 2013).

Every nurse primary commitment is to the patient, and their main role is to advocate for the patient’s rights, with the aim of protecting patient’s health and safety. A nurse is expected to maintain professional’s integrity during care delivery.  This is supported by Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) which mandates that healthcare providers should deliver care based on the patient’s needs and with unrestricted considerations of class, personal attributes, economic status, or the nature of the disease (AHPRA, 2012).  Based on these nurse values, the healthcare provider decision to forcefully transport Harry to the hospital for further treatment was appropriate. However, on this value, the nurse owes the same duties to the patient including maintaining cultural competence and to preserve integrity when determining the appropriate action and consistent with their obligations to provide optimum care. This value was violated by the nurse actions as they are expected to practice with compassion and to respect patient’s dignity (Freegard, 2012).

Australian Charter of Healthcare states that healthcare providers are also expected to conduct themselves in accordance with the relevant laws relevant to the nursing practice. The professional standards nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia outlines the professional codes of conducts. Nurses are expected to deliver safe and with competence. In addition, the nurses are also expected to respect culture, dignity, values and beliefs of the person receiving care (Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). They are expected to promote and to preserve the trust as well as the privilege the inherent in the relationship between the people receiving care and the nurses. In addition, healthcare providers are required to deliver care to any person who is need of the care and anyone who refuses to deliver it commits a crime and is liable to imprisonment.  They are mandated to work in good faith and without any recklessness. This rule is established by the Medical Practitioners Act 1938 (NSW) and the current Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act which states that it is illegal for any health care provider who fails to deliver satisfactory care without any reasonable cause, unless the healthcare provider proves that they have taken all reasonable steps to save the patient and within a reasonable time (Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA, 2012).

All treatment procedures normally require consent, but there are key legal factors that determine of a person can receive treatment without consent including; a) the patient’s mental health capacity, b) if there is advance care directives, c) the degree of urgency based on the patient’s health and situation and d) if there a substitute decision –maker (usually a relative) is present and is able or willing to make the decision (Forrester & Griffiths, 2015).  Where the patient is unable to give consent or substitute decision is absent, this legal requirement is usually waived under the Statute law and Common law. In this situation, the principle of patient autonomy is outweighed by the Common Law (Atkins, de Lacey & Britton, 2014). This is because, Under the Common Law, a health care provider is expected to deliver urgent treatment to the patient, if the healthcare provider acts honestly and reasonably believes that the treatment provided is needed to prevent serious complications to the patient’s health.  In addition, the healthcare provider’s decision is supported by the principle of necessity in Common Law. This principle justifies a healthcare provider actions of giving treatment even in the situation where the patient’s condition is not life threatening and also without the patient’s consent (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, 2012).

Analyzing context and proposing a solution

In my opinion, there is no perfect answer for the identified ethical conflict. It is not easy to reach a perfect situation, but the situation can be analyzed using ethical decision-making process and by applying the best possible principle. However, it is evident that two ethical principles conflict; beneficence or non-maleficence vs. autonomy (Fisher, 2011). Nurse’s action to respect patient’s autonomy implies that she or he is accepting the patient’s decision and in other words, increasing serious harm to occur. However, the healthcare in-charge carried out actions against   Harry’s expressed wishes which would be expected to result in the ‘net benefit’ of improving his health condition and quality of life (Forrester & Griffiths, 2015).

Reinforcing this action is nurse professional standards that emphasize that the primary nurse duty is to help and save lives (Fisher, 2011). Although the professional conduct of ethics asserts that the appropriate course of action should be chosen on behalf of the patient (with or lacking capacity) should be in line with the patient’s beliefs and values so as to promote their autonomy and to act in their best interests, but in this situation, the resulting consequences would have been harmful to the patient (Ozolins, & Grainger, 2015). Therefore, it would have been morally right to override Harry’s decision. However, one fundamental aspect of a nurse role is advocating for patient’s  rights, making sure that they are adequately informed, supporting and respecting their decision (accept or decline treatment) and to involve them when making decisions about their care. In cases where there are disputes, then it would be advisable to obtain legal guidance from the courts. In a case where a decline of care would lead to serious harm to the patient, the professional guidance is crystal clear that the patient’s wish must be respected (Morrison, & Furlong, 2014).

Conclusions

The complexities of healthcare practice are increasing as the health care sector continues to evolve. This case study provides useful insights into the nature of ethical dilemmas faced by the healthcare providers in their daily practice. Therefore, it is important to understand the ethical and legal frameworks governing decline of treatment and capacity. This case study has helped me understand the role of nurses when making ethical decisions and the importance of upholding patient’s rights while preventing doing harm.

References

Atkins, K., de Lacey, S. & Britton, B. (2014). Ethics and Law for Australian Nurses (2nd ed.). Port Melbourne: CUP.

Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (2012). Safety and quality improvement guide standard 6: Clinical handover ACSQHC, Sydney. Retrieved from <www.health.gov.au>

Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). (2012). AHPRA definitions. Retrieved from <http://www.ahpra.gov.au/Support/Glossary.aspx#P>.

Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008). Code of ethics for nurses in Australia. ACT: Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council. Retrieved from http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Codes-Guidelines.aspx

Australian Medical Association (2004). AMA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from: https://ama.com.au/position-statement/ama-code-ethics-2004-editorially-revised-2006

Banks, S., & Gallagher, A. (2009). Ethics in professional life: Virtues for health and social care. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2013). Principles of biomedical ethics (7th ed.) New York: Oxford University Press.

Berglund, C. A. (2012). Enter the patient. In C. A. Berglund (Ed.), Ethics for health care (4th ed.) (pp.71-97). South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press

Catholic Health Australia. (2001). Code of ethical standards for Catholic health and aged care. Retrieved from  http://www.cha.org.au.

Doran, E., Fleming, J., Jordens, C., Stewart, C. L., Letts, J., & Kerridge, I. H. (2015). Managing ethical issues in patient care and the need for clinical ethics support. Australian Health Review, 39(1), 44-50. doi: 10.1071/AH14034

Fisher, A. (2011). Catholic bioethics for a new millennium. Cambridge: CUP.

Forrester, K.,  & Griffiths, D.  (2015). Essentials of Law for Health Professionals (4th ed.). Sydney: Elsevier

Freegard, H. (2012). Ethical practice for health professionals. (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Cengage.

Johnstone, M. (2016). Bioethics: A Nursing Perspective. (6th Ed.). Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier.

Jones, K., & Creedy, D. (2012). Health and human behavior (3rd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press.

Kerridge, I., Lowe, M., & Stewart, C. (2013). Ethics and Law for the Health Professions (4th ed.). Sydney: The Federation Press.

Morrison, E., & Furlong, E. (2014). Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for the 21st Century. (3rd Ed.). Sudbury. MA: Jones and Bartlett

Ozolins, J. T. & Grainger, J. (Eds.). (2015). Foundation of healthcare ethics: theory to practice. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press

Paramedics Australasia (2011). Australasian Competency Standards for Paramedics. Ballarat, Vic. Retrieved from http://www.paramedics.org/content/2011/10/PA_Australasian-Competency-Standards-for- paramedics_July-20111.pdf

Tonti-Filipini, N. (2011). About bioethics: Philosophical and theological approaches. Ballan: Connor Court Publishing.

Townsend, R., & Luck, M. (2013). Applied Paramedic Law and Ethics: Australia and New Zealand. Chatswood: Churchill Livingstone.

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