Category: Writing

The ways stigma can influence health care delivery

The ways stigma can influence health care delivery
The ways stigma can influence health care delivery

The ways stigma can influence health care delivery for marginalised people and groups in Australian society

Order Instructions:

Discuss the ways stigma can influence health care delivery for marginalised people and groups in Australian society? People from the following groups may be stigmatized.

Explore this question from one of the following marginalised groups: refugees, Indigenous Australians, mentally ill or homeless people, older adults or the disabled.

Students will learn to reflect on sociological topics related to society, culture and health and apply the Sociological Imagination Template to their chosen topic. Using the Reflective Learning and Writing Proforma on LEO respond to one of the two topics provided below for the reflective assessment task. Use the proforma steps as headings and write in paragraphs below the headings. Ensure that you use all the factors from the SI template in completing this reflective writing task. It is not necessary to use all four factors in every Step of the proforma. All sources should be referenced using APA style.

SAMPLE ANSWER

The ways stigma can influence health care delivery

Step 1:

Carefully choose one question from the Reflective Learning and Writing Assessment section of the unit outline to guide your reflection. Write the question here:

How does stigma prevent the delivery of healthcare to mentally ill patients in Australia?

Step 2:

Reflect upon and analyse your experiences and observations in relation to your chosen question from Step 1, using the four factors from Willis’ (2004, as cited in Germov, 2014, p. 7-8) sociological imagination template (SI template):

Whereas the treatment of mental illness in Australia is embedded on technological advances and medical research that is informed by not only scientific inquiry but also evidence based results, stigma tends to impact the quality of care patients receive. While dealing with mentally ill patients at my former place of work, I would notice stigma as the most terrifying barrier to quality mental healthcare. One of my patients, who traced her roots in South Asia, recounted just cultural issues impede members of this community from seeking mental healthcare owing to negative thoughts and ethos that encourage the community to pinpoint persons with mental illness. Moreover, an aboriginal patient with a poor self-mage indicated that members of his community tend to repress symptoms to an extent that they fear seeking medical attention after internalizing the community mindset.  By and large, this is evident of cultural stigma, which is anything but a cultural mindset unconsciously perpetuated by members of the community Willis’ (2010, as cited in Germov, 2014).                                                                                    Additionally, stigma hinders their access to services and contributes to low self-worth and greater seclusion and despair.  A shocking revelation of how stigma impacts on the delivery of healthcare was evident when mentally ill patient indicated how medical practitioners would treat them as non-entities.  As a team leader, I made a follow to determine if the allegations were founded or malicious.  Going through the patient’s medical record I was able to identify the care giver that had attended to the patient. After a close examination I noticed that both the caregiver and the patient shared the same cultural background. With this revelation I was quick to learn that caregivers with a certain cultural orientation irrespective of their medical background tend to hold with high esteem issues of stigma and the society’s mindset.  This is demonstrated by the highest level of discrimination against persons with mental illness when it comes to the delivery of quality healthcare Willis’ (2010, as cited in Germov, 2014).

With this backdrop from a clinical setting, I learnt that a genuine interaction from the community through to medical facilities in the absence of a pre-determined mindset can help curtail stigma. Essentially, these experiences demonstrate that minority groups have similar views concerning the stigma that persons with mental illness are subjected to wherever they go (Bradby, 2012).  An elder brother to one of my patients’ told me just how stigma had crushed the self-esteem of not only the patient but also the entire family on allegations that that could imply a family spell that sweeps across blood of generations. It becomes common sense that stigmatization is literally what hinders the minority group from seeking medical attention (Hampton and Toombs, 2013).

Step 3: 

Next, identify and cite one of the readings, articles or videos from eModule 1 or 2 and discuss how this resource helps you to expand and deepen your original reflections on this topic. Remember to relate the information from this resource back to the factors from the sociological imagination template.  (400 words; use two academic sources – one from your textbook Second Opinion by Germov (2014))

The article’s commitment in highlighting stigma as a deterrent to quality mental health care helped me to understand the need for advocacy to de-stigmatize the people. In addition, I learnt new discoveries, techniques and knowledge synthesis. Past studies have main concentrated on descriptive, for instance number of individual that stigmatize depression. The articles adequately evaluate theoretical approaches of stigma.  Furthermore, I learnt how stigma operates from a social perspective because the author would conceptualize stigma as a series of mind set and stereotypes about groups. For instance, the mental ill have been considered by the society to be dangerous which is not the case (Germov, 2014). Besides, I learnt that sociologists consider stigma as a structural aspect. This is based on the political as well as economic reasons, particular institutions have been set in the society which promote stigma or lead to discrimination of people with mental illness. For example, for mental illness one of the structural forms is the law which undermines their ability to vote, have a family among others.                                          The article also exposed the fact that people with psychiatric problems do not get the medical attention compared to other people. This implies that medical facilities discriminate against people with mental illness. Another thing would emerge from the article is the labeling theory. The term stigma would suggest that mental ill persons are socially unkempt. So the article helped me to understand that just because someone has to check with psychiatrist does not mean that they are mentally ill (Germov, 2014). The article demonstrates that stigmatization many interfere with treatment. These are some people with mental illness that decide not to seek for medical attention. So the article enabled me to understand that persons with mental illness want to avoid the labels by refusing to seek psychiatrist attention.

According to the article, I learnt that there different ways of combating stigma including public awareness, protest and contact. Protest is like shame on you type of statement and an appeal to the public to change their negative mindset towards people with mental illness. On the other hand, public awareness is all about transposing the myths of mental illness using facts. Much as public awareness is widely used, its impact seems to wash out in short period of time. Contact approach is involved with introducing persons with psychiatric illness to rest which decreases stigma. Much as the article exposes that structural stigma can be combated in accordance with social justice, I learnt that it has some associated implications. For instance, its injustice to leave mental issues to people with this problem, rather this is a society’s challenge which requires looking at changes in the community to provide these people with an equal chance.

 Step 4: 

Now, building upon your reflections using the sociological imagination template, answer the original question you identified in Step 1, using at least four academic sources (e.g. journal articles, research reports) to support your answer. Locate these academic sources through your own information search.  

Stigma and discrimination continue manifesting as a part of the fabric and tradition of Australia society (Burbank, 2011).  It has significantly affected minority populations, the general healthcare system, and the nursing profession. Usually, stigma is based on the differences that arise due to age, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, gender, race, age or any other characteristic by which people vary (Massaro, 2012). The Australian Nursing Association is determined to work towards the eradication of stigma and discrimination in the profession of nursing, in the education of nurses, in organizations where nurses work as well as well as in the practice of nursing (Barry & Yuill, 2012).

The organization is also committed to promoting egalitarianism and promoting justice in the access and delivery of quality health care to all people regardless of their differences. Stigma associated with mental illness has been attributed to unfairness when it comes to unequal treatment of persons suffering from the condition (Willis, Reynolds & Keleher, 2012). Stigma leads to individual prejudice in terms of disallowed resources, and systemic inequity such as socio-economic, legal and institution discrimination. Moreover, stigma often thwart mentally impaired persons from seeking medical attention, sticking to treatment procedures, getting employment and living harmoniously in the society.

Mindsets towards mental infirmity differ among persons, households, traditions, cultures and nations. Cultural as well as religious teachings impact beliefs concerning the origins and nature of mental sickness (Willis, Reynolds & Keleher, 2012). Besides influencing whether persons with mental illness face social embarrassment, perceptions about mental sickness can impact patients’ eagerness and motivation to look for medical treatment and stick by the guidelines. Deeply ingrained stigmatization has had a wide range of implications in Australia. Structures of discrimination continue putting a severe toll on the minorities contributing majorly to the fact that the minorities are still dying at a younger age compared to other people in the general population (Keleher & MacDougall, 2011). Here are some of the ways through which stigmatization affects health care delivery.

As such, comprehending both cultural and individual mindset about mental sickness is elementary for the execution of proficient strategies to mental health care. Studies indicate that individual experience with mental sickness is distinct. An assessment of ethno cultural value system and mental sickness conducted by Willis & Elmer, (2011) underscores a broad range of cultural beliefs concerning mental health. For example, whereas American Indian communities do not confound mental sickness, others castigate only some mental sickness, while others castigate all mental sickness.

Stigmatization puts the marginalized groups at great risk for long-term health problems. For instance, previous research has found out that refugees who are exposed to stigmatization especially during adolescence have high chances of developing stress-related health issues (Massaro, 2012). This puts them at the risk of acquiring chronic diseases later in their life. Researchers found out specifically that this group of individuals is more likely to have higher levels of hypertension, higher levels of stress related hormones once they turn 20 and a higher body mass index (Barry & Yuill, 2012). Stigmatization also exposes minority groups to high psychological toll which has been linked closely to hypertension. Just the fear of discrimination triggers stress-related responses among refugees which translate to the constant biological stressors that these individuals experience.

Nonetheless, the castigation of mental sickness can be controlled by other variables including perceived cause of the sickness.  A study conducted in 2003 on Chinese Americans and European Americans were executed with a vignette in which persons with schizophrenia were diagnosed (LaNave & Navarro, 2013).  Respondents were informed of the fact that individual’s sickness was somewhat hereditary in origin, as such respondents were queried to contemplate a scenario in which their children would date, marry or replicate with the subject of the vignette.

In Australia, majority of nurses harbor unconscious racial biases especially towards marginalized groups especially the Indigenous Australians. A study conducted in 2012 indicated that about two-thirds of primary care nurses discriminate against the Indigenous Australians. The research suggested that clinicians spend less time with the Natives and do not involve them in medical decisions. However, majority of the health officials are not aware that they are treating this group of people any differently (Bessant, & Watts, 2012).

Genetic ascription of mental sickness importantly abridged the reluctance to get married and procreate among Chinese Americans, while enhancing the same among the European Americans, a factor that underpinned previous findings of cultural differences. Genetic attribution of mental illness significantly reduced unwillingness to marry and reproduce among Chinese Americans, but it increased the same measures among European Americans, supporting previous findings of cultural variations in patterns of mental illness stigmatization (Bessant & Watts, 2012). This form of stigma creates an environment in which the Natives do not feel welcome in the medical system that some have started to avoid seeking medical attention. This has led to the deterioration of their health and increased number of deaths among this group. Furthermore, Indigenous Australians are more likely to lack access to health insurance and less likely to have a regular doctor for checkups. This has resulted in circumstance whereby the Natives die from preventable diseases at higher rates compared to other people in the society due to delayed treatment (Couzos & Murray, 2010).

Several studies have demonstrated other considerable attitude variations towards mental sickness among various cultures in North America. For instance a comprehensive observation ethnographic research of chronic mental ailing people, the European respondents regularly seek  treatment from health care providers and seem to convey beliefs regarding mental conditions related to biomedical views on the sickness (Macionis & Plummer, 2012). On the other hand, African Americans as well as Latino respondents mostly put emphasis on non-biomedical understanding of the symptoms of mental sickness. Even though participants alleged that they face stigma as a result of their mental condition, stigma was the main aspect of African Americans’ views however it was not greatly accentuated by European of American decent (Couzos & Murray, 2010).

Step 5:

Finally, choose one of the Graduate Attributes (at the front of the Unit Outline) that is most relevant and explain how answering this eModule question has helped you to develop this Graduate Attribute.

 

Research and Inquiry:

The answering of this eModule has helped me to enhance my research and inquiry skills. In bid to understanding how stigma impedes healthcare especially on person with mental health, I conducted an extensive study that highlights the popular belief on persons that need mental healthcare. The review of literature from various sources gave me not only an informed position from which to argue my case, but also augmented my knowledge base in nursing.  The discrimination perpetuated by healthcare facilities against persons with mental illness shaped not only my critical thinking skills in try to formulate new comprehension but also when it comes to appraising the existing body of literature on nursing and to acknowledge the drawbacks of that knowledge. Having noted that most studies had been devoted in exploring the public view of mental illness, I would therefore recommend research on community based mitigation plans or approaches through proper legislation as the best way to controlling the segregation that persons with mental illness grapple with.  In the end, I have come to realize the importance of research and management care.

References

Barry, A-M., & Yuill, C. (2012). Understanding the sociology of health: An introduction (3rd ed.). London: Sage.

Bessant, J., & Watts, R. (2012). Sociology Australia (3rd ed.). Crow’s Nest, NSW: Allen Unwin.

Bradby, H. (2012). Medicine, health and society: A critical sociology. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.

Burbank, V. K. (2011).  An ethnography of stress: The social determinants of health in  Aboriginal

Couzos, S., & Murray, R. (2010). Aboriginal primary health care: An evidence-based approach (3rd ed.). South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press.

Germov, J. (2014). Second Opinion: An Introduction to Health Sociology. Fifth Edition. Oxford             University Press.

Hampton and Toombs (2013) Indigenous Australians and health: The wombat in the room. South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press.

Keleher, H., & MacDougall, C. (Eds.). (2011). Understanding health: A determinants approach.   (3rd ed.). South Melbourne, VIC.: Oxford University Press.

LaNave, K., & Navarro, C.S. (2008). Teaching manual for living justice and peace: Catholic social teaching in practice.  Winona, MN: Saint Mary’s Press.

Macionis, J.J., & Plummer, K. (2012). Sociology: A global introduction (5th ed.). Harlow, UK:             Pearson/Prentice Hall

Massaro, T. (2012). Living justice: Catholic social teaching in action (2nd Classroom ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Willis, E., Reynolds, L., & Keleher, H. (Eds.). (2012). Understanding the Australian health care system (2 nd ed.) Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier.

Willis, K., & Elmer, S. (2011). Society, culture and health: An introduction to sociology for nurses. (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, VIC.: Oxford University Press.

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Subrogation Term Paper Available Here

Subrogation
                                 Subrogation

Subrogation

Order Instructions:

explain what is meant by the right of subrogation. how may subrogation affect not only the insured but also the person who has caused the injured or damaged? indicate other means by which the insurance company may keep damages as low as possible

SAMPLE ANSWER

Subrogation is the right of the insurer to assume the rights of the insured that arise automatically as a matter of law or by the agreement as part of the contract (Cheeseman, 2012). Subrogation by contract is common and arises in insurance contracts, especially in accidents and injuries that require monetary compensation. Therefore, it is the act of insurance companies seeking the reimbursement from the person or legal entity responsible for the injury or the accident after realizing that they have paid money that ought to have been paid by another party. In other words, it is the substitution of one person or groups by another in respect to a debt or insurance claim after realizing that the other party is responsible for such claims.

According to Cheeseman (2012), subrogation can affect both the insured and the person who has caused the injuries or the damage in various ways. If the accident or the damage was caused by the insured, the insured is thus responsible for the damage caused and the insurance company is likely to subrogate against the insured. For the person who has caused the damage, the subrogation can be applied against his company so that the insurance company gets a refund for their expenses used to bail out their client.

There are other ways by which insurance companies are likely to keep their damages as low as possible in order to improve on their profitability. The insurance companies keep their damages as low as possible to carefully examining all the conditions surrounding the accident to check is the possibility of transferring the liability to other third parties. In addition, the insurance companies’ only pay for what they think is reasonable concerning the nature of the industries or the damage to their client.

Reference

Cheeseman, H.R. (2012). Business Law 8th Edition. Prentice Hall https://www.amazon.com/Business-Law-8th-Henry-Cheeseman/dp/0132890410

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Pathophysiology Research Term Paper

Pathophysiology
                           Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology

Order Instructions:

Students are to choose one (1) of the case studies available (see LEO) and answer the associated questions. The assignment is to be presented in a question/answer format, and not as an essay (i.e. no introduction or conclusion). Each answer has a word limit; each answer must be supported with citations. Students should follow the recommended formatting for academic papers http://students.acu.edu.au/308971 Students must provide in-text referencing and a reference list must be provided at the end of the assignment.

SAMPLE ANSWER

  1. 1 In relation to your chosen patient, discuss the pathophysiology of their condition and using evidence based practice explore current treatment options for your patient’s condition, include any pharmacological and non-pharmacological considerations.

 

This is a common operation procedure performed in the U.S. Though practiced for along period of time, the procedure faces numerous controversies especially on post-surgery complications. Tonsillectomy refers to the surgical removal of palatine tonsils. It is among the most common surgical procedures performed (McCance Et al., 2014)

Pathophysiology of the disease; tonsils are 3 tissue masses namely the lingual tonsil, pharyngeal tonsil and the palatine tonsil. These tonsils ate lymphoid tissues which are covered by cryptic invagination respiratory epithelium. Tonsils play an important role in immunity process. They produce lymphocytes and synthesize immune-globins. However, diseased tonsils are usually less effective because they are associated with reduced transportation of antigen, reduced production of the antibody and recurrent bacterial infection. This normally causes the tonsils to enlarge resulting to systems complication such as Difficulty in breathing, difficulty swallowing and disrupted breathing especially when the patient is sleeping.  In some cases, there could be cancerous tissue on one or all tonsils. This could lead to recurrent bleeding from the blood vessels neighboring the tonsils surface (Tollefson, 2012).

Tonsillectomy is normally recommended especially if there are frequent episodes of tonsillitis such as more than seven episodes per year, or more than three episodes per year. It is also recommended if the bacterial infection does not improve with antibiotic therapy. However the process is not usually smooth sailing but also associated with risks and complications like other surgeries. For instance, some patients may react to anesthetics. Anesthesia is used to make the patient relax during the surgery, but some studies have reported minor complications such as headache, nausea and soreness of the muscle. Swelling of the tongue and the soft palate could cause breathing difficulty. Bleeding may occur during the process and may also occur during healing processes. This implies that further treatment is required and the patient longer hospital stays (McCance Et al., 2014).

For patients presenting airway obstruction or hemolytic anemia, they are treated using corticosteroids. This pharmacological therapy has been indicated to be effective in reducing fever, pharyngitis and mononucleosis (MN) which could be infectious. Antibiotic treatments are normally used for secondary bacterial infection. Ampicillin and related compounds should be avoided where MN is suspected because it causes generalized popular rash. Cephalexin reacts similarly. The evidence based recommended antibiotic is the antistreptococcal antibiotics e.g. erythromycin. Antibiotics should only be administered is there is an indication of bacterial etiology. The etiology is presented by presence of tonsillar exudates, fever, leukocytosis and GABHS. The bacterial infections are indistinguishable and may require culturing of the bacteria. Administering of penicillin for 10 days is recommended (Martini, Nath & Bartholomew, 2014).

The non-pharmacological therapy entails patient education; patient is requested to complete medications even where the symptoms have been relieved. It is also important for the patient to take a lot of fluids, particularly water and ice pops. Patient is advised to take foods which are easy to swallow. The patient should avoid crunchy and over spiced food. The patient is also required to take ample rest. They should avoid strenuous activity until one is able to resumes normal diet and pain is relieved (Jarvis, Forbes & Watt, 2012).

 

Q. 2 Critically discuss four (4) components of the PACU discharge criteria outlined in the Aldrete Scale. Utilize the scale provided on LEO as a resource in your case study. 

The main goal for postoperative care is to mitigate complications and to promote rapid healing for surgical incision. The care involves assessment, diagnosis of the post-surgery events, intervention and evaluation of the patient’s outcome. The extent of PACU is highly influenced by the type of surgery and the patients’ health status at that time. Where post anesthesia complications are identified, patients must be retained in the hospital until their conditions stabilizes (Smedley, 2012). After tonsillectomy and any other type of surgery, the patient is transferred to PACU where anesthesia reversal and other processes are conducted. The amount spend in this care unit depends on the length of surgery, status of the regional anesthesia and the status of the patients consciousness. In PACU, the nurse reports on the patient’s condition when performing an assessment for post-surgery complications (Tamura Et al., 2012).

The patient is only discharged from PACU after she meets the standard discaharge criteria as indicated by Aldrete Scale. This is scales provides scores on patients vital components. Muscle activity must be scored. This includes the ability for the patient to move jaws and muscle extremities with ease either on command or spontaneously. Where all muscle in question move, the item is scored as one, where none muscle extremities moves, then it is scored as 0.  It is important to evaluate because nerves and blood vessels could be accidently injured during the process. The earlier the condition is identified the better. The second component is the respiration efficiency (Estes, 2013).  In this case study, the patient was assessed if they could breathe deeply with ease, where a score of 2 is given. If the respiratory system is limited or cases of dyspnea are observed, then it is scored as 1, the 0 score is given if there is no spontaneous respiratory activity observed. Postoperative patients are characterized with poor ventilation. The aim is to identify airway obstruction and changes in oxygenation in order to correct it as fast as possible.

The third component is the circulation system. This entails checking the systolic and diastolic systems. This is monitored through the anesthetic state. If the systolic and diastolic pressure seems to be +/- 20% is normal, then a score of 2 is given. BP of +/- 20 % to 50%, the scoring is 1; and if there is   alteration of the pressure is more than 50%, the score is zero. Some patients may experience hypoxemia and may require supplementary oxygen. This situation may alter the blood pressure which could result to stroke and ischemic heart attack. Lastly, Consciousness is the most important component of Aldrete assessment (Lopez Et al., 2013; Wilding Et al., 2010). The patient full alertness is indicated by their ability to answer give questions vividly and attentively. Where the patient is considered to be awake, then a score of two is given, if the  patient  are aroused only  their names are called, then they get a score of 1, and score of zero where the auditory stimulation elicit reduced response. This is important to identify conscious complicated and uncomplicated conditions due to reactions to anesthesia medication which could change the patients’ blood pressure, respirations and heart rates (Atlas Et al., 2014).

 

  1. 3 Discharge plan

Amy is 20 year old female.   She was admitted on October 23rd, 2014. She was suffering from difficulty in breathing and swallowing, fever and insomnia which was diagnosed as tonsillitis. Tonsillectomy was recommended, which she undertook three days ago. Depending with the patient’s condition and the type of surgery, the patient is discharged from PACU to in for an extended stay or to day surgery before a person is discharged to home. According to evidence based practice discharge depends on the patient’s recovery from anesthesia. Before the discharge, the patient must be conscious and mental state is fully returned. The patient should manifest stable vital symptoms including respiratory, cardiovascular system, excessive bleeding have stopped and the muscular systems. The pain should remain under control, the baseline temperature at normal level. Patient could stay longer at the PACU if there is nausea and vomiting. Additionally the patient must score nine out of possible ten PAS. If patients PAS score is below the standardized care, the chief anestheologists can be consulted. Before discharge, the RN must obtain verbal or written order from the physician; the orders must be recorded (Atlas Et al., 2014).

Preparation for discharge is an ongoing process even throughout the surgical processes. At the time of discharge, the nurse should ensure that the care providers know how to care for would sites and dressing systems including recommendations for vital daily activities during bathing. The reaction to the medication provides should be avoided and alternative drugs described or enhanced (Lewis Et al., 2013). The patient is prohibited to take physical activities such as returning to work, driving and exercises. Other important restrictions and modification should be supported. The instructions should be written instructions. Increasingly people are discharged from the ospital with many care demands, the care provider who receives the nurse should take care to protect the wounds drains, the wound dressing and other necessary traction apparatus (Tamura et al, 2011).

Social workers contact the family to inform them on discharge plan, Provides transportation to home and arranges medical supplies. Nurses ensure that patients care givers are informed on date of discharge. Provides the care giver and patient discharge list which contain treatment instructions, nutrition plan, physical activity recommended and scheduled appointment. Nurse should ask the patient care giver to verbalize the information to evaluate if they understand the instructions (Davis Et al., 2011). Documentation of the transfer is done and the patient is discharged from PACU. Sign and date the discharge form and discharge summary is documented. Pharmacist provides drug regime and the dosage. Family care giver advised on dietary modification. Family must make arrangement for care services at home. Family must ensure that the transition is smooth and peaceful. There is need to understand that the patient health is still undergoing recovery and thus need massive support (Atlas Et al., 2014).

References

Atlas, S., Matthews, J. R., Fritsvold, E., & Vinall, P. E. (2014). Social implications of chronic illness & disability. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Estes, M.E.Z. (2013). Health assessment & physical examination (5th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.

Davis, G., Cox, E., Wolfe, R., & Becker, C. (2011). Cutaneous Capnography in the PACU: Immediate Assessment of Respiratory Status Emerging From Anesthesia. Journal Of Vascular Nursing, 29(2), 93. doi:10.1016/j.jvn.2011.04.009

Jarvis, C., Forbes, H., & Watt, E. (2012). Jarvis’s Physical Examination & Health Assessment (Australian and New Zealand ed.).St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders.

Lewis, E., Craig, M., & Johnson, L. (2013). Use of the Pain Assessment Behavioral Scale (PABS) in PACU. Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing, 28(3), e47-e48. doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2013.04.137

Lopez, M., Bellarmino, G., & Viellette, E. (2014). Early Assessment and Prevention of Skin Breakdown in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU). Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing, 29(5), e34. doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2014.08.114

Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2014). Fundamentals or Anatomy & Physiology (9th ed.). California: Pearson.

McCance, K., Heuther, S., Brashers, V., & Rote, N. (Eds.). (2014). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (7th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier

Smedley, P. (2012). Patient Risk Assessment in the PACU: An Essential Element in Clinical Decision Making and Planning Care. British Journal Of Anaesthetic And Recovery Nursing, 13(1-2), 21-29. doi:10.1017/s1742645612000174

Tollefson, J. (2012). Clinical psychomotor skills: Assessment tools for nursing students (5th ed.). South Melbourne: Cengage Learning.

Tomura, H., Yamamoto-Mitani, N., Nagata, S., Murashima, S., & Suzuki, S. (2011). Creating an agreed discharge: Discharge planning for clients with high care needs. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20(3/4), 444-453.

Wilding, J., Manias, E., & McCoy, D. (2010). Pain Assessment and Management in Patients After Abdominal Surgery From PACU to the Postoperative Unit. Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing, 24(4), 233-240. doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2009.03.013

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Corporation law Essay Assignment Available

Corporation law
                 Corporation law

Corporation law

Order Instructions:

Examine the impact of share price and blockhoder (e.g. hedge funds, pension funds, and institutional investor) activity on the shareholder-board-manager balance of power relationship in Listed companies. In this context (1) how should the focus on share price be addressed, and (2) should investment funds be regulated, and if so how and why?

Use Australian guide to legal citation Referencing Please

SAMPLE ANSWER

Corporation law

Introduction

This paper focuses on the impact of blockholder and share prices on the shareholder board managers’ powers in different firms. By definition, blocklolder refers to those individuals who own a large amount of shares in the company. These owners can influence the company using the voting rights which are privilege with what they hold. Strong incentives that they possess can be used to acquire information considered to be costly during losses. The losses may result from poor firm quality or long term investments. If it is the latter, the blockholders retain their stake during these difficult moments. This share price will enable managers to exploit growth opportunities that will reduce short term earnings (Holderness 2003).

Managers have enough stakes in their companies. However, large shareholders also called blockholders usually have a critical governance role in a company since their adjustable stake carry high incentives to undergo the cost of monitoring managers.

Blockholders can apply governance through two primary mechanisms. The first is immediate intervention inside a firm, also called voice. It incorporates proposing a vital change through either an open shareholder proposition or a private letter to administration, or voting against directors. While the vast majority of the early research on blockholder governance has concentrated on voice, recent writing has examined a second governance instrument exchanging a company’s shares, overall known as exit, after the “Wall Street Rule,” or taking the “Wall Street Walk.” If the director destroys value, blockholders can offer their shares, pushing down the stock cost and therefore harming the manager. The risk of exit impels the administrator to expand esteem and therefore, forcing to maximize value.

Blockholders might as well intensify more than agency problems. To begin with, regardless of the possibility that blockholders’ activities maximize firm value ex post, their presence may decrease value ex stake: the risk of intervention may disintegrate administrative activity, and their negligible presence may lower liquidity. Second, as opposed to amplifying firm esteem, they may separate private advantages. While blockholders may ease irreconcilable circumstances in the middle of supervisors and speculators, there may be irreconcilable circumstances between the extensive shareholder and little shareholders. Case in point, blockholders may force the firm to purchase items from an alternate organization that they possess inflated costs (Edmans 2009).

Controlling the share price

Stock price is an indicator of the wellbeing of an organization. Expanded benefits, for instance, will drive the stock price up. Likewise, unreasonable debt will drive it down.  The stock price has a significant impact on the organization in general. For instance, a declining share price will make it difficult to secure credit, draw in further financial investors, assemble associations, and so forth. Likewise, representatives are frequently holding alternatives or in a stock-purchase arrangement. Thus, a declining offer price can seriously dampen spirit.

In a compelling case, if offer prices fall too far, the organization can be constrained to switch the shares, and, in the end, take the organization private. Investment funds should be regulated so that the scandals which occur due to systemic failure are evaded. The rule making in the in-regulation process should involve the combination of a time disclosure as well as enhance responsibilities of key actors in the firm such as managers or the directors. Thus, blockholders and share price have a great influence in the management of a company.

References

Holderness, Clifford G. A survey of blockholders and corporate control. (Economic policy review 9, no. 1 2003).

Edmans, Alex. Blockholder trading, market efficiency, and managerial myopia. (The Journal of Finance 64, no. 6 2009).

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Advanced Pharmacology Essay Paper Available

Advanced Pharmacology
               Advanced Pharmacology

Advanced Pharmacology

Order Instructions:

For this paper, the writer will follow all the instructions below to complete this annotated bibliography. This is a continuation of the paper with reference #112424. The writer will have to continues on the completed paper of that week and add this as unit 4, 5 and 6 base on the references provided below . The writer will follow strictly the format on the template that was use to complete that paper and continue written at the bottom where he stopped on the last reference. The writer must follow instructions clearly to complete this assignment.

They will be a total of 9 new references to include to 9 references of what will be on 112424, making it a total of 18 references for the annotated bibliography that are expected from you this week , 3 for each unite so make sure you follow the instructions in choosing the sources. Understand that this assignment you have just 9 new references to use for the annotated bibliography.

As scholarly practitioners and as healthcare providers who depend on science-based evidence to make treatment decisions, such as prescriptions for medications, we must quickly access reliable information.

Citing Sources

Critiquing sources found on the internet is an essential skill for healthcare providers who depend on research-based evidence to support their clinical decisions. In considering use of a drug database or clinical guideline, ask “Does this source meet ALL of these criteria?”

• Is the target audience professional healthcare providers or is it information for the general public?

• Is the material on the site peer-reviewed?

• Is the material based on scientifically acquired evidence?

• Are citations and references to the underlying research provided?

• Is the latest update within 5 years, and preferably within 2 years for pharmaceutical information?
An example of a disclaimer that would cause an NP to reject this electronic source as support for pharmacological decisions is: “WebMD, its licensors, and its suppliers make no representations or warranties about the following: The accuracy, reliability, completeness, currentness, or timeliness of the Content, software, text, graphics, links, or communications provided on or through the use of the WebMD Site or WebMD.”
Scholarly sources can generally be identified by several features:

• Content

• Audience

• Language

• Intent

• Authorship

• Peer-review

• References

• Listing

Use the critiquing criteria above (Citing Sources) to select sources that will guide your pharmacological practice decisions.

• Your annotation for each entry should summarize the content of the piece in your own words. You must also explain the usefulness of that content to your prescribing practices.

• You must have read the source in full, not just the abstract. Do not include any textbook readings.

Unit 4
University of Maryland Medical Center. (June 25, 2014). Gout. Retrieve from http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/gout

Mayo Clinic (November 25, 2014). Gout. Treatment and drugs. Retrieve from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gout/basics/treatment/con-20019400

Chowalloor, P.V., Keen, H. I., Inderjeeth, C. A. (August 1, 2013). Gout in the elderly. Retrieve from https://www.oapublishinglondon.com/article/776#

John Hopkins Arthritis Center (October 10, 2012). Treatment of gout. Retrieve from http://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/gout/gout-treatment/

Unit 5
Department of Health Care Finance. (nd). Retrieve from http://dhcf.dc.gov/node/892092

Redwood, T., & Neill, S. (2013). Diagnosis and treatment of asthma in children. Practice Nursing, 24(5), 222-229.

Clayton, S. (2014). Adherence to asthma medication. Nurse Prescribing, 12(2), 68-74.

Werner, A. (2012). Taking a long-term look at childhood asthma treatment. RT: The Journal for Respiratory Care Practitioners, 25(1), 18-21.

Greener, M. (2014). Managing asthma in school age children: An overview. British Journal of School Nursing, 9(10), 484-487.

Unit 6
HealthyChildren.Org (December 2, 2014). Effective birth control for sexually active teens. Retrieve from http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/teen/dating-sex/Pages/Birth-Control-for-Sexually-Active-Teens.aspx

NPR. (October 1, 2014). Long-term birth control works best for teens, pediatricians say. Retrieve form http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/01/352980000/long-term-birth-control-works-best-for-teens-pediatricians-say

National Conference of State Legislatures. (July 11, 2014). Teen pregnancy prevention. Retrieve from http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/teen-pregnancy-prevention.aspx

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Advanced Pharmacology

Annotated Bibliography

Name

(Section #)

Topic (alphabetical order) Unit #3
Reference in APA 6th edition format)

Annotation paragraph…
   
 
 
AMN Healthcare. (March 27, 2014).The Limits on nurse practitioner practice:
current and future trends.  Retrieved from: http://www.amnhealthcare.com/latest- healthcare-news/limits-nurse-practitioner-practice-current-future-trends/. Unit 1
 
  The article explores the hindrances to nursing in modern and future practice. The information targets
the public health practitioners including Nurses, Physician, and physician assistants.
The information is not peer reviewed, nor scientifically collected. However, the information
remains relevant to the pharmacology and nursing field. The article
explains that there is need to implement the Affordable Care Act to ease the burden experienced
in the health care system. It calls the state remove restrictions and permit nurses practice
in the health care systems with minimal restrictions. The article lacks references but
blogs with related information are listed. The article is written in English using Scientific language.
 Al Sha’alan, K., Ferwana, M., Saeed Ur, R., & Yaseen, I. A. (2013). Knowledge and practice of Unit 2
primary care physicians in management of gastro esophageal reflux disease. Middle East
Journal of Family Medicine, 11(2), 40-46.
The article aims at investigating the role of physicians  in management of Gastro-
esophageal reflux disease (GERD) According to this article authored by Khalid, Ferwana. Rahma and
Yaseen; GERD is very rampant in most countries with a prevalence rate ranges of 21-56%. The
paper targets the health practitioners and contributes essential information on the role of physician in
GERD. Management. The paper is peer reviewed by Middle East Journal of Family Medicine. The
information is gathered through qualitative research method and all references used to construct
the paper is listed on the last page. The language used to compile the report is English & scientific
language
 
 
 
Chowalloor, P.V., Keen, H. I., Inderjeeth, C. A. (August 1, 2013). Gout in the elderly. Retrieve from https://www.oapublishinglondon.com/article/776# Unit 4
 
The article  explains about Gout and its incidences in adults. According to Chowalloor and
colleagues, gout refers to mono sodium urate crystals deposition on the joints and soft tissues.
The article associates the pathology with increased morbidity and mortality. The disease
prevalence rate in the elderly has increased by two folds in the last decade. The article  targets
both healthcare professional and the public. It includes etiology and disease pathophysiology,
clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management. There is no mention on scientific data
collection method. The article is also not peer reviewed but very enlightening on Gout disease.
The language used is English and scientific language. The article ends with a list of references
used to compile the paper.
 
 
 
Clayton, S. (2014). Adherence to asthma medication. Nurse Prescribing, 12(2), 68-74. Unit 5
 
The article reports on patient’s adherence to asthma medication. According to  Clayton, adherence to
Asthma is an intermittent airways disease that id reversible. It requires long term medication.
There is increased non-adherence which ranges between 30 and 70 percent. The article addresses
both the healthcare professionals and the public. It educates the public that  non adherence to
medication results to negative impacts to the patients quality of life which translates to high
Healthcare cost burden. This paper is peer reviewed by Nursing Prescribing journal. The
information is gathered scientifically using the systematic review approach. All reference used
to compile the article are referenced. The article uses simple scientific language to compile
the report.
 
   
   
Department of Health (August 29, 2012). Nurse practitioners. Unit 1
Retrieved from http://doh.dc.gov/node/237762.
The article describes the nurse practitioner regulations and requirements as outlined by the Department of health in the United State. The information targets people in the population who wish
to become professional nurse. For instance, it indicates that a person can only practice nursing
if he/she is registered as nurse under Chapter 54. Other information includes educational
requirements, certification processes, Standard code of conduct for nursing practitioner and the scope
of practice. The information is not peer reviewed and is generated from the department of health.
The article lacks list of references. The article is written in English using Scientific language.
Department of Health Care Finance. (nd). Retrieve from http://dhcf.dc.gov/node/892092

 

 Unit 5
The article describes on District of Columbia (DC) Medicaid. This is a federal state insurance
Program which provides healthcare coverage to low income households and underprivileged
People. The article targets both the healthcare professionals and the public. It describes the criterion
to qualify for DC Medicaid. The  article describes the differences between the MAGI Medicaid and
non –MAGI Medicaid. The article is not peer reviewed nor is the information gathered using
Scientific method; but,  gathered from DC health Care legislation. The article is written in English
and simple scientific language that lay man  can understand. The article lacks references but has
links listed on websites which contains further information on DC Medicaid.
 
Greener, M. (2014). Managing asthma in school age children: An overview. British Journal of School Nursing, 9(10), 484-487. Unit 5
The article describes the interventions to manage asthma in school aged children in UK. It is an
overview report. The article targets the public (particularly school children parents , care givers and
teachers. It also has some good information for the healthcare physician too. According to Greener,
about one in every eleven children is asthmatic. There are asthmatic emergency every 21 minutes.
Poor medication adherence to medication on children contributes to lower grades due to increased
absenteeism The article concludes that optimizing treatment could lower asthmatic attack on children
by 90% and 75% hospital readmissions.  The article explains the symptoms , diagnosis, management
and treatment strategies including the long acting beta agonists. The article explains on the benefit
of adhering to inhaler technique and the role of school teachers and nurses. The article  describes the
UK school asthma policies and the most effective strategies to manage asthma in school children.
The article uses qualitative research methodology and is peer reviewed. It is published in the British
Journal of school nursing. Reference list is listed on the last page of the article including further
information.
Harmes, K. M., Blackwood, R. A., Burrows, H. L., Cooke, J. M., Harrison, R. V., & Passamani, Unit 3
P. (2013). Otitis media: diagnosis and treatment. American Family Physician, 88(7), 435-440.
 The article reports on AOE, its diagnosis and treatment. According to the article,  AOE  is a
Complication which arises  when the middle ear fluid becomes infected with microorganisms
Such as Streptococcus pneumniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus species.  Management
of AOE  is through pharmacological  therapy including use of amoxicillin for patients who are not
Penicillin sensitive for both pediatrics and adults. The paper condemns use of nasal steroids and
Decongestants. The paper target public health practitioner and citizen. It provides immeasurable
Information on etiology, diagnoses and treatment. The paper uses qualitative research method. The
work is peer reviewed and is published American Academy of family physician. All references  are
Included in the last page. The language used is English.
Healthy Children.Org (December 2, 2014). Effective birth control for sexually active teens. Retrieved from Unit 6
http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/teen/dating-sex/Pages/Birth-Control-for-Sexually-Active-Teens.aspx
This article highlights information on over the counter prescription for sexually active teenagers.
According to this paper, most parents are not comfortable on having sex education with their teens.
The article targets the public especially the teenagers and teenage parents. The article information
is an educative one and there is no scientifically collected data.  Examples of the  methods described
includes contraceptive implant, intrauterine device (IUD), Progestin injection (Depo Provera),
NuvaRing, birth control pills and contraceptive patch. Each contraceptive method pros and cons
are highlighted. The paper uses simple scientific language, simple enough for a teen to comprehend.
There is no reference list; but list on related topic links is made at the end of the article.
Health Affairs. (May 15, 2013). Nurse practitioners and primary Care (updated).
Retrieved from: http://www.healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/brief.php?brief_id=92. Unit 1
The article describes the role of nurse practitioners in primary care. The information in the article
targets both the public and health practitioners. It aims at providing enlightening the target group
on policies which regulate the nursing practice. According to the article, Federal laws, state and local
policies are increasingly limiting the scope of practice for nursing practitioners in care services.
  The information is peer reviewed, and is gathered through mixed Scientific research method. It is
generated from the Health policy briefs of United States. List of references is included.
The article is written in English using Scientific language.
John Hopkins Arthritis Center (October 10, 2012). Treatment of gout. Retrieve from http://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/gout/gout-treatment/ Unit 4
The article explains on the treatment of Gout disease. The article targets the healthcare professionals
and the public. According to the article, treatment aims at suppressing inflammation and pain control.
The article explains that treatment is effectively done by use of NSAIDs, Colchine and corticosteroids.
More therapeutic measures are elaborated using scientific language. The article is not peer reviewed
and is authored by the Manno Rebecca, an assistant professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins
University. There is no reference list and other associated links are lacking. There is no mention
of scientific methodology of data collection. However, the therapeutic interventions are described
are very enlightening.
Kierkus, J., Oracz, G., Korczowski, B., Szymanska, E, Wiernicka, A., Woynarowski. M. (2014
Comparative safety and efficacy of proton pump inhibitors in pediatric GERD. Drug safety 37:309-316 Unit 2
 The article explores on the the safety on using proton pump inhibitors (PPI) in managing GERD  in
Pediatric. The study also evaluates the efficacy of PPI on children. According to the article, PPI are
Very effective  in management of GERD in infants; and information on the long term safety in infants
Is limited. The article targets pediatricians, and in adding knowledge on GERD management in
Infants. The paper is peer reviewed and published by Springer international publishing Switzerland.
The article is written using scientific language and  contains data generated using mixed method of
Scientist research. The list of references used to compile this study is written  in the article’s last
Page.
Mayo Clinic (November 25, 2014). Gout. Treatment and drugs. Retrieve from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gout/basics/treatment/con-20019400 Unit 4
The article is authored by Mayo Clinic. It explains on Gout definition, symptoms, causes, risk factors
complications and  treatment and drugs. The medications  indicated as the most effective includes
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Motrin. Dosages are as prescribed by the
physician. Colchine and Corticosteroids are also effective to manage the disease. The preventive
medicines include the uric acid production blockers such as Lopurin and Febuxostat. Other therapy
includes medication which eradicates uric acid. Lifestyle modification and dietary changes are
encouraged. The article is not peer reviewed and the data is not scientifically collected. There are no
references. However, the information is very educational. The article targets the general public.
Mittal, A., & Kumar, S. (2014). Role of pH of External Auditory Canal in Acute Otitis Externa.
 Indian Journal of Otolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery, 66(1), 86-91. doi:10.1007/s12070-013-0684-0 Unit 3
The article highlights the role of PH during treatment of External Auditory Canal in Ear infection.
The  prospective study evaluates on  the pH of the normal auditory canal in healthy individuals and
Compared the results with people diagnosed with acute otitis externa (AOE). The study also
explored The effect of temperature, humidity in relation to AOE incidences. The study results
indicate that Normal EAC pH is acidic and more alkaline in AOE. The study targeted ENT health
practitioner. The study uses English healthcare scientific language.  The research  technique used is
 quantitative  and is peer reviewed; the information  is published in Indian J otolaryngology Head
Neck Surg.
National Conference of State Legislatures. (July 11, 2014). Teen pregnancy prevention. Retrieve from http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/teen-pregnancy-prevention.aspx Unit 6
The article is authored by the National Conference of State Legislatures. The audience targeted
teenagers and teenage parents. It outlines the birth rates among the different teenage girls per region.
The article explains effects of teenage pregnancies including increased school dropouts and increase
in intergenerational conflicts. Teenage prevention programs are outlined. The information is not
collected using any scientific method and it is not peer reviewed either. The language used is simple
English language. The additional resources are listed and links provided.
NPR. (October 1, 2014). Long-term birth control works best for teens, pediatricians say. Retrieve form http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/01/352980000/long-term-birth-control-works-best-for-teens-pediatricians-say Unit 6
The article targets the teenage and teenagers parents. It explains  that the long term birth control
Approach is the most effective technique to mitigate teenage pregnancies. These includes the IUD’s
And implants. The article highlights that teenager’s lack information about these long term strategies.
The article is not peer reviewed, but carries contents from peer reviewed  articles such as the New
England Medicine. The article also includes an interview with pediatricians on the most effective
Technique of teenage contraception. The scientific language is used and mixed research method is
Applied. There are no references.
Redwood, T., & Neill, S. (2013). Diagnosis and treatment of asthma in children. Practice Nursing, 24(5), 222-229 Unit 5
The article targets the general public and healthcare professionals. The article highlights the disease
etiology, diagnosis  and the disease management. The article suggests that the disease  diagnosis
requires further study on  comprehensive representation, the detailed  therapeutic regime and ways to
manage  recurrent  and persistent  respiratory symptoms. The article acknowledges the importance of
drug adherence  and the integration of  non-pharmacological  technique. The article is peer reviewed
and is published in the practice nursing journal.  The article uses qualitative research method.
The reference list used to compile the article is listed
Thornton, K., Parrish, F., Sword, C. (2011). Topical vs. systemic treatments for acute otitis
 media. Pediatric Nursing  37(5); 263-270 Unit 3
 This article compares tropical treatment of AOE with systemic treatments in infants. According to
The research tropical treatment such as use of  analgesic ear drops  and antibiotics are the most
Effective treatment because they release pain. The article recommended for increased patient
education based on the evidence based practice. The article targets health care practitioners and the
public. The information is simply put in English. The article uses quantitative research. The work is
Also peer reviewed and has been published in pediatric nursing. The paper has reference list.
University of Maryland Medical Center. (June 25, 2014). Gout. Retrieve from http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/gout Unit 4
The article targets the general public. It is about Gout and the disease pathophysiology. According to
the article, about 8.3 million Americans suffer from gout, especially on the aging population. The
article describes the pathophysiology, the symptomatology, complications, diagnosis, disease control
management and risk factors. The article is not peer reviewed. The article is not collected through
any scientific method, but it is very informing and beneficial. The medical conditions linked to gout
are listed and the resources links. The references are also listed including various text books and
peer reviewed journals.
Venkataraman, J., & Krishnan, A. (2012).
Long-term medical management of gastro-esophageal reflux disease: how long and when to consider surgery? Unit 2
Tropical Gastroenterology: Official Journal of the Digestive Diseases Foundation, 33(1), 21-32.
 The article evaluates the management of GERD using  pharmacological therapy such as  proton
Acid depressants and non-acid depressants drugs. According to the article, there is limited
information on how or when the treatment should end. The paper recommends that future  research
should  include randomized  controlled trials to evaluate the most effective  GERD intervention i.e.
use of PPI vs. laparoscopic fundoplication. The article aims at educating the public and public
Health practitioners on other alternatives of managing GERD other than pharmacological therapy.
The article uses qualitative research technique. It is peer reviewed and has been published by
Tropical Gastroenterology journal. All list of references used to compile this piece of information
Is listed on the last page. The language used to compile the report is English scientific.
Werner, A. (2012). Taking a long-term look at childhood asthma treatment. RT: The Journal for Respiratory Care Practitioners, 25(1), 18-21 Unit 5
The article highlights on the long term way of looking at childhood Asthma. The article is an
Interview on  Stanley J. Szefler.-  the  principal for NHLBI sponsored Childhood Asthma management
Program (CAMP). The article is on the long term effects on treatment. The article explores on the
Factors which improves or limits asthma progression on children; ways to integrate the factors when
Making clinical decisions. The article uses qualitative method of research. It targets the researchers,
Healthcare professionals and general republic. The article lacks references and it is peer reviewed.
The  information is very educative and is published by  the journal for respiratory care practitioners

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Professional Role Socialization Paper

Professional Role Socialization
                 Professional Role Socialization

Professional Role Socialization

Order Instructions:

Read the following and then compose your paper:

Chapter 4: Role Transition (Reprinted with permission from: Lora Claywell (2009) LPN to RN Transitions 2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.)
Ellis & Hartley (10th ed), Nursing in Today’s World. Chapter 1, pp. 26-28, Characteristics of a Profession.
The paper consists of five (5) parts and must be submitted by the close of week six.

Part I: Define professional socialization. Using the criteria for a profession described in the assigned readings, discuss three (3) criteria of the nursing profession which support professional socialization.

Part II: Refer to the Four Stages of Role Transition listed at the end of the Module Notes for this module. Read and summarize each stage. Then, identify the one stage which you are currently experiencing and support your decision.

Part III: Identify two barriers which may interfere with accomplishing Claywell’s FOURTH stage of role transition. For each barrier, describe two (2) resources to overcome each one. (total of 4 resources).

Part IV: Claywell (2009) discusses 8 areas of differences between the LPN and RN roles: Assessment skills, Patient teaching skills; Communication skills; Educational preparation; Intravenous Therapy; Legal responsibilities; Nursing care planning; Thinking skills. Choose three (3) differences and provide supporting evidence how the differences you selected are implemented AND why they are such an integral part of the RN role.
Part V: Conclusion. Describe your plan for socialization into the role of the professional nurse.

Compose your work using a word processor (or other software as appropriate) and save it frequently to your computer. Use a 12 font size, double space your work and use APA format for citations, references, and overall format

SAMPLE ANSWER

Professional Role Socialization Paper

Professional socialization is the whereby an individual acquire knowledge, skills, and values that are key for one to start a successful career which requires advanced skills and knowledge. It has a great influence on one’s professional development, it is therefore important to understand socialization because it enables one to be able to strategize on the kind of recruitment to carry out (Masters, 2014). Professional socialization is influenced by several factors while the student is still in school and when in their working environment trying to develop their careers. Definition of professional socialization is mostly derived from the learning norms, attitudes, behaviors, skills, roles and values of a particular profession. For an individual to become socialized in a profession, he/she has to become conversant with values and norms of that profession by changing his/her behavior and personality (Lai, & Pek, 2012).

The nursing profession is never that easy, actually its part of socialization whereby an individual has to internalize and develop so as to build professional identity. Nursing involves dealing with patients who are not easy to handle, and this is quite challenging because they have to find ways on how to handle them no matter what.  Some studies have shown that in nursing, sense of belonging, and professional identity contributes to professional socialization. For a nurse to develop in his/her career it involves a sense of becoming, personal commitment and internalization of values. For one to gain professional identity one should be able to view him/herself as a nurse and be able to perform job responsibilities skillfully. Nursing socialization is whereby the nurse as an individual is able to have a sense of belonging, and be knowledgeable (Zarshenas, Sharif, Molazem, Khayyer, Zare, & Ebadi, 2014).

Also, it is necessary that the nurse acquires the necessary values for the position change his/her behavior and attitudes which are important to achieve the professional role. The period taken by the students to study nursing is quite long and greatly interferes with their values, norms and behaviors. Socialization is very important in the medical field because nurses, doctors and all other parties in the medical field have to be able to develop, their norms, behaviors and values in line with their profession. For nurses to be able to perform their duties professionally, they have to develop a sense of belonging to that career. By developing a sense of belonging they will be able to accept their career as nurses, this means that one is able to respect his/her profession as a nurse, which makes them to be able to commit, and improve on the career and on themselves (Zarshenas,  Sharif, Molazem, Khayyer,  Zare, & Ebadi, 2014).

Transition is when an individual passes from one stage to another.  The movements are considered to have great impact on the person’s life and other people close to them. They greatly affect their wellbeing and their health. The first stage in role transition is transition shock. This is the stage whereby new nursing students graduate and are registered as nurses. When starting career one is filled with anxiety, how to behave professionally and get used to practice and practical application of class work. This greatly impacts the new graduate’s life and those close to the student in different ways. This is because the graduate has to first get acquainted with what happens in his/her profession, adapt to work environment and forget about class environment which causes a lot of shock to them and takes time for them to stabilize and perform their duties well  (Duchscher, 2009). Transition stages enable employers to be able to understand their new employees better. The four stages of role transition include:

  1. Doing

In this stage, students are not completely prepared for the new environment and the new responsibilities. The new employees are filled with anxiety and expectations about the new roles. They are faced with challenges of understanding what is expected of them and meeting their required tasks on time. In this stage graduates feel stressed because they are not quite familiar with the practical environment and also they don’t want to be seen as incompetent. Due to these pressures of the new job, new environment you find that the new nurse personality is changing so as to adopt to the changing norms, values and behaviors  of the new profession. In this stage the new employee is not able to perform many tasks compared to the other employees. Therefore, it is the duty of the new graduate to work hard to try and balance his values, behaviors, and norms with those of his/her new profession (Duchscher, 2009).

  1. Being

This stage is after 4 to 5 months of working in the nursing profession.  In this stage their thinking, knowledge level and skills improves compared to the first stage. The new nurses start criticizing the practice and the in competences of the health care systems. The shock that these new graduates had is already gone and they are able to handle tasks more professionally compared to the initial stage. Though these new nurses have not absorbed their new responsibility completely a great change is seen I n them. In this stage they are able to be given leadership positions and they are able to offer better medical services in a better way (Duchscher, 2009).

  1. Knowing

The new graduates have achieved separateness which differentiates   them from the other medical practitioners. In addition, they are able to re unite with the community as professionals. In this stage, some of the new nurses are still recovering while others have completely recovered from the shocks and anxieties of joining the profession. In this, stage Relationships between the nursing graduates and other medical practitioner’s advances to different levels.  In addition, their values, norms and behavior change to conform to the nursing profession values, norms and behavior. Their confidence and comfort improves to a higher level and they are able to interact freely with the other employees in the organization (Duchscher, 2009).

  1. Mastery

In this stage the new nurse is now aware of what he/she is required to do and is more confident in his/her job. Though not easy to master everything in the nursing field because it keeps advancing and changing every now and then the new nurses have a lot of knowledge about their career. Accomplishing this final stage in role transition is faced with several challenges such as, the new researches being carried about medicine which make them to have to keep on gaining more and more knowledge about the career every now and then. In addition, the emerging sicknesses which are not easy to handle make it hard for the nurses to be able to achieve this stage completely.

Dealing with patients is not that easy this is because, patients come from different cultures and the pain that comes with sickness makes them hard to handle. To overcome some of the challenges in this stage, the nurse should ensure that: he/she is updated with all the information about the new trends in the medical field and how to handle them. In addition, one should ensure that his relationship with the other medical practitioners is good so that they can be able to share their experiences in the field and how they have been able to deal with their challenges. In addition, one can also decide to go back to school to gain more knowledge and skills in the field. Finally, one can join nursing association so as to be able to be able to interact with nurses all over the country and share ideas and gain new ideas about nursing.

The stage which am currently experiencing in my nursing career is the being stage.

This is because am now able to do my job well and meet deadline, am also able to handle a large number of clients and I have improved on my service delivery. Also, the other day I was given the responsibility of heading the prenatal unit. I also feel more confident compared to when I was new in the organization.

RN and LPN roles are very important in the medical environment and should be clearly defined so as to avoid confusion and conflicts in the hospital. RN roles are about directing LPN functions. LPN’S is concerned with providing direct medical care to patients, operate as members of the healthcare team, evaluates the nursing care, and implementing of  care plan under RN’S  instructions( Greenwood, 2015). It is therefore very important for an organization to ensure that these roles are clearly stated and there is teamwork between RN’S and LPN’S to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in the hospitals. Also, the relationship between the RN’S and LPN’S should be good so that there are no conflicts between the two groups because conflicts lead to poor delivery of services  and this is not good for the healthcare organization and the patients too. Role clarification is very important in the nursing field (Shaffer, Johnson, & Guinn, 2010).

Communication is very important in all professions. In the nursing profession to avoid conflicts RN’S and LPN’S it is very important that communication is ensured between the medical practitioners. Poor communication skills in the nursing environment can lead to inefficiency of services to the patients.  The reason for choosing communication skills is because, if there is poor communication between registered nurses and licensed nurses in the hospital, probability of attending to the patients effectively is low.  The licensed nurses will also not be able to gain more knowledge in the field. Also proper instructions need to be given to licensed nurse by registered nurse for them to carry out their job and with poor communication cannot be possible. Finally to make work easier for both groups communication is paramount.

The other differences are legal responsibilities and thinking skills (Stream companies, 2015).

The registered nurses have more legal responsibilities compared licensed nurses this makes them more responsible for the services given to patients by the licensed nurses.  An RN should have better thinking skills because they enable him/her to be able to know how to deal certain situations in the medical environment.  The three differences are implemented by ensuring that the nurse’s roles are clear to them and they have the necessary qualifications to do their defined roles. They are very critical to RN’S roles because if they lack the three there will difficult in service deliver by the LPN’S. Also, a registered nurse is expected to be more knowledgeable compared to the licensed nurse because of his/her experience in the field.

Socialization in the nursing profession is very important because one has to integrate his personal values, norms and behaviors with those of nursing so that he/she can be able to gain career development and identity. Also, it enables a nurse to be able to love his/her job and feel motivated and be able to deliver the best services to the patients. My socialization plan into the role of nursing profession will involve the following steps:  I will first accept the responsibilities that come with the nursing profession and find ways to adapt to the new changes in my life. Secondly, I will seek advice from other experienced nurses on how they handled their first times in the profession and ask them to help me through the stages. Thirdly, I will ensure that I don’t take I have a role model in the nursing profession. Finally, I would ensure positive attitude towards my job and set goals to achieve so that in future I will be able to measure my progress in the career. To improve my services I will ask my workmates to be rating monthly. Also, if am not following my career goals I would also ask them to remind me and help me achieve them.

References

Duchscher J. E.B. (2009). Transition shock: the initial stage of role adaptation for newly graduated registered nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 65(5), 1103-1113.

Duchscher. J. B, (2009). A process of becoming: The Stages of New Nursing Graduate Professional Role Transition, the Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 39(10), 441-447

Greenwood. B. (2015).  RN duties VS LPN duties. Retrieved, March 25/2015, from: Work. Chrone.com/ rn- duties-vs-lpn-duties-9254.html.

Lai, P. K., & Pek, H. L. (2012). Concept of professional socialization in nursing. Int EJ of Sci Med Edu, 6(1), 31-5.

Masters, K. (2014). Role development in professional nursing practice. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Shaffer. L.M, Johnson.K, & Guinn. C, (2010).  Remedying role confusion: Differentiating RN and LPN roles, American nurse today. 5 (3).

Stream companies, (2015).what are the differences between a RN and a LPN. Retrieved march25/2015, from: www.pit.edu/blog/2015…/what-is-the-difference-between-a-rn-and -lpn/

Zarshenas.L, Sharif. F, Molazem. Z, Khayyer. M, Zare. N, & Ebadi.A. (2014). Professional Socialization in Nursing: A qualitative content analysis, Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 19(4): 432-438.

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America’s three branches of government

America’s three branches of government
          America’s three branches of government

America’s three branches of government differ in many ways. Write an essay discussing how they differ in terms of accommodation, deliberation, and accountability.

Order Instructions:

America’s three branches of government differ in many ways. Write an essay discussing how they differ in terms of accommodation, deliberation, and accountability. In other words:

1) How much accommodation has to be made for
each branch to reach a decision?

2) How much deliberation goes into the making of
decisions within each branch? and

3) How much input from the public goes into each branch’s decisions, and how can the public hold each branch accountable for its decisions?

SAMPLE ANSWER

America’s three branches of government

America’s three branches of government differ in many ways. Write an essay discussing how they differ in terms of accommodation, deliberation, and accountability. In other words:

1) How much accommodation has to be made for each branch to reach a decision?

For any organization to be able to function properly, it needs it various departments to work in synch and not engage in unnecessary competition.  A business benefits when the department work to complement each other in the knowledge that combined the make a more formidable force as opposed to individually.  The same is true about governance and its operatives.  The executive, judiciary and legislature – Congress, must exist independently yet depend on each other for their smooth operation and ultimate success in delivering their mandate (van, de Kerkhof, 2006).  The legislature needs the judiciary to implement the laws passed and the executive to enforce the said laws.

On their part, the judiciary expects the legislature to be a bit sensitive to the environment when they consider the laws they pass.  Similarly, the executive must enforce the laws humanly otherwise they will be at cross-purposes with the judiciary.  The interaction between the branches begets a complex web of relationships all based on the knowledge that for each branch and the government to succeed – deliver improved life to citizens, then all branches have to accommodate each other (van, de Kerkhof, 2006).  In accommodation, each branch acknowledges the important role played by the other and actively engages in actions that promote inter-branch operations.

When Congress or the executive act or engage in actions that are contrary to the constitution, it is the responsibility of the Judiciary to protect the citizens.  If Congress or the Executive had only taken time to consult and appreciate the constitutionality of each of the actions, instances when the Supreme Court kicks out laws for being unconstitutional would be greatly minimized if not eliminated (van, de Kerkhof, 2006).  For example, in the Brown v. Board of Education, the courts reversed the earlier Plessy v. Ferguson, which had given legal backing for having racially segregated public facilities.  Despite the courts hiding behind the 14th Amendment, the biggest pressure must have come from Congress and the Executive which wanted segregation ended for political reasons.

2) How much deliberation goes into the making of decisions within each branch?

Within each branch are a number of stakeholders with real and imagined stake in the success of the branch.  From elected, selected to employed persons, each branch has individuals seeking individual improvement while at the same time seeking branch development.  As a result in each branch, the most effective and beneficial decision are those entered to after deliberation.   Deliberation entails allowing all stakeholders to express their views before coming to a final decision.

In congress, laws can only be passed when deliberative politics is practiced.  Deliberative politics involves allowing all including dissenting voices an opportunity to express their objections.  By then allowing the issue to be decided by a vote with the majority winning, congress epitomizes the use of deliberation in decision making.  With time even those who get defeated, get to understand the dynamics of Congress and have laws that they are passionate about passed due to understanding and engaging in deliberations (Honig,, 2007).

In the judiciary, when decisions have to be made in criminal and civil cases, the constitution provides for trial by a ‘jury of one’s peers’ (Gastil, John, and Phillip J. Weiser, 2006). This jury then gets to listen to the evidence to and against while being guided by a learned person – on the intricacies on justice.  In the end, the decision that is arrived at is one that needs deliberation to get.  In cases one party is not happy with a decision; they are allowed to appeal the decision to a higher court.  The Supreme Court – the highest court in the land makes its decision by relying on deliberations.  Having an odd number of judges means that even when they do not deliberate, they still do not stagnate and can still keep the operations running.

In the executive, the president is the leader and gets to make the final decisions.  However, in many administrations and in a habit most probably picked during campaigns, deliberations play a central role in the operations of the executive.  When vote hunting, the constitution demands that each presidential candidate declare their running mate – vice president.  Given the contribution, when finally in office, it is prudent that the president consult the vice president as a matter of courtesy and realization of election pledges and attainment of a smooth succession when the time comes.  It is the desire of each leader to have a smooth transition not to mention someone who will ensure their projects succeed.

3) How much input from the public goes into each branch’s decisions, and how can the public hold each branch accountable for its decisions?

Within each branch, public participation is a very important component of how the branch operates.  In Congress, public participation is achieved in two ways.  Congress holds all its activities in public making the public fully aware of what they are doing.  Given that the senators and representatives are but representative of the people, it is deemed that when they ask questions, they are a voice of the people.  Secondly, when a committee of Congress engages in an act of interrogating a public issue or public servant appointee, it conducts this session in public and actively seeks the public assistance in providing background information.  Politics is all about activity public participation in decision making.

The judiciary also does apply public participation in its operations.  The input from the public in the judiciary is mainly in performing jury duty (Gastil, John, and Phillip J. Weiser, 2006).  On the unique characteristics of the American justice system is the use of jury’s to hear cases.  This way the public is able to contribute by being the main actors and their decision thus becomes the basis for the judge in deciding the appropriate sentence.  Additionally, when the prison services are considering paroling a prisoner, they ask for petitions from the victims of the crime they were convicted for.  Part of the government’s desire it to have released prisoners be remorseful of their action, rehabilitated and ready to reintegrate in to the society.  When the society or prisoner is not ready, the strategy fails.

On its part the executive could be called the most public sensitive of the three branches.  This could be from the fact that the occupant of the office has to get elected universal suffrage and thus needs to understand what the public wants.  For example, when former First Lieutenants’ supporters launched an online petition, they knew that if they could get 100,000 signatures within 30 days, White House would have respond – it has a policy to respond to all petitions that get 100,000 or more signatures within 30 day (Tan, 2015)

Works Cited:

Gastil, John, and Phillip J. Weiser. “Jury Service as an Invitation to Citizenship: Assessing the       Civic Value of Institutionalized Deliberation.” Policy Studies Journal 34.4 (2006): 605  27. ProQuest. Web. 15 Mar. 2015.

Honig, Bonnie. “Between Decision and Deliberation: Political Paradox in Democratic       Theory.” The American Political Science Review101.1 (2007): 1-17. ProQuest. Web. 15  Mar. 2015.

Tan, Michelle. “Petition Forces White House Response for Imprisoned LT” Army Times: A           Gannet Company. 21 Jan. 2015. Accessed 16 March 2015 from

http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/2015/01/19/lorance-murder-white-house-petition/22014195/

van, de Kerkhof. “Making a Difference: On the Constraints of Consensus Building and the          Relevance of Deliberation in Stakeholder Dialogues.” Policy Sciences 39.3 (2006): 279   99. ProQuest. Web. 15 Mar. 2015.

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Reflection on Survival Activity Assignment

Reflection on Survival Activity
   Reflection on Survival Activity

Reflection on Survival Activity

Order Instructions:

See the attached files for instructions.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Reflection on Survival Activity

This reflection is based on a Team survival situation where my team went through after having crash landing on a desert. Luckily just before the pilot informed us on the next step to take, the most updated information from the plane indicated that the temperature on the ground level will be 54 degrees.  Looking at my team all of us had dressed in light clothing, in fact, the majority of us had short sleeved shirts, socks, pants and streets shoes. Everyone also had handkerchiefs. This meant that we needed to find a way to survive through as we found our way to the rescue destination. The main objective of the team exercise was to learn to how to work as a team and also coordinate with one another so as to reach our destination safely (Boonstra, 2013). This called for embracing proper communication skills and collaborative style of making decisions. Application of the big five personalities aspect would prove to be very crucial.

The Exercise

As part of teamwork, we began by choosing items that were most important to ensure our survival in the next 20-25 hours which was the time estimated for us to reach our destination safely. We all sat down as a team and brainstormed on the choices at hand, all of us had their own time to decide on which item should be priority. It was important to note that we were able to communicate and coordinate with one another very well in comparison to other groups in the class (Murphy, 2011). We came to a consensus early enough because we discouraged arguing and more of active listening (Hackman, 2012). And even though our choice of priority items may not have been correct in the first instance, we all remained positive that the items we chose would help us survive through the desert.

This made the team appreciate that the most effective way to making a decision was through communication and actively listening to the opinion of each member of the team. In addition, by practicing the knowledge we learned in the class also helped each member of the team to remember (L & Laeticia, 2014). This activity allowed each member of the team to choose fifteen helpful tools to use to survive and escape from the crash point to a much safer place in order of priority (Bell, 2010).

As a team leader, I was able to make use of the Big Five personality approach in solving issues that arose from the team (Rubin, 2015). Where as a leader I was able understand the personality of each team member through the five major traits. There were some members of the group who expressed themselves through extroversion; they would stress their points with a lot of energy (Archad, 2012). For these people I would listen to them more as the team leader, there were also those who were agreeable to everything, for this part of the team (Wyatt, 2014). I would ask them questions in order to understand what they felt, another team member was also conscientious, this member of the team would repeatedly ask us to get to the end of the discussion, for this member I would constantly update on what the discussion entailed, there was also one member who expressed neuroticism (Lencioni, 2011), he was always negative in all the choices we made, I would contain this person in order not to allow him influence other member negatively (Bennis & B.Nanus, 2010).

The Big Five personality model allowed each member to feel that his or her contribution was important, forexample, as we made the decision about which tool would be the most important, we had two different opinions (Johnson & Johnson, 2010). I suggested that a bottle of water would be the most important, the reason was that we were facing harsh temperature of about 53%, this means that the most important thing was to keep hydrated so that we could not die or lose time resting due to dehydration (Smith & Lehman, 2010). Another member of the team however, believed that the cosmetic mirror was the most important because it would be used to reflect with the direct sunlight and enable a flying plane to spot us (Johnson M. , 2011). As a result after actively listening to one another, and the reasons for their choice, our group was able to agree on priority items for survival. We ranked the priority items as follows: Cosmetic mirror, Top coat, water, parachute, Jack-Knife, Plastic raincoat, Caliber Pistol, Sunglasses, compress kit with gauze, magnetic compass, sectional air map of the crash area, book, Vodka and lastly the bottle of salt tablets (Nester, 2012).

Conclusion

From the exercise, I learnt a lot about the importance of communication in solving problems in a conflict situation with my team (Jay, 2013). I was also able to learn that the most effective way of making a better decision would only be derived from communicating with one another and actively listening to the needs and opinions of each member of the team.

References

Archad, M. (2012). The Communication Skills Handbook: How To Talk To Anyone & Become A Powerful Leader (Strong & Powerful Communication Skills) . Amazon Digital Service.

Bell, J. (2010). Social Intelligence: A Practical Guide to Social Intelligence: Communication Skills – Social Skills – Communication Theory – Emotional Intelligence. Communication Masters.

Bennis, W., & B.Nanus. (2010). Leaders: Strategies for taking charge. New York: NY: Harper and Row.

Boonstra, J. J. (2013). Cultural Change and Leadership in Organizations: A Practical Guide to Successful Organizational Change. Wiley-Blackwell; 1 edition.

Hackman, R. (2012). Leading Teams: Setting the Stage for Great Performances . Harvard Business Review Press; 1 edition.

Jay, D. (2013). Group Dynamics for Teams. SAGE Publications, Inc; Fourth Edition edition.

Johnson, D. H., & Johnson, F. P. (2010). Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills (10th Edition). Pearson; 10 edition.

Johnson, M. (2011). The Ultimate Desert Handbook : A Manual for Desert Hikers, Campers and Travelers. International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press; 1 edition.

L, & Laeticia. (2014). Teamwork: Become the Greatest Team member ever: Be a Powerful Link in the Chain of your WorkGroup (performance team, human resources development, communication … management, management, relationship ad). Routledge.

Lencioni, P. (2011). The Five Dysfunctions of a Team: A Leadership Fable. Jossey-Bass; 1st edition.

Murphy, P. W. (2011). Always Know What To Say – Easy Ways To Approach And Talk To Anyone . Routledge.

Nester, T. (2012). Desert Survival Tips, Tricks, & Skills. Diamond Creek Press; First edition.

Rubin, G. (2015). Better Than Before: Mastering the Habits of Our Everyday Lives. Crown.

Smith, D., & Lehman, C. A. (2010). Desert Survival Handbook : How to Prevent and Handle Emergency Situations. Primer Publishers; Revised edition.

Wyatt, W. (2014). Communication Skills: The Ultimate Guide To Improve Your Communication Skills And Get Your Ideas Across. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

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Border States Industries Fuels Rapid Growth with ERP

Border States Industries Fuels Rapid Growth with ERP
Border States Industries Fuels Rapid Growth with ERP

Border States Industries Fuels Rapid Growth with ERP

Order Instructions:

Read the case and answer the followings:

1. What problems was Border States Industries encountering as it expanded? What management organization and technology factors were responsible for these problems?
2. How easy was it to develop a solution using SAP ERP software? Explain your answer
3. List and describe the benefits form SAP software
4. How much did the new system solution transform the business? Explain your answer
5. How successful was this solution for BSE? Identify and describe the metrics used to measure the success of the solution
6. If you had been in charge of SAP’s ERP implementations, what would you have done differently?

SAMPLE ANSWER

Border States Industries Fuels Rapid Growth with ERP

  1. What problems was Border States Industries encountering as it expanded? What management organization and technology factors were responsible for these problems?

One problem Border States Industries encountered as it expanded was lack of appropriate system that could support its new lines of business. The Rigel system it had was only restricted and limited to electrical wholesalers. It therefore needed to solve this problem to enable it continue with its operations smoothly. The company as well suffered as processes were stopped as the managers worked on the proposed new solution. This therefore meant that the company had to incur losses in terms of its sales because of these day-to-day disruptions. It also faced problems related with shortage of experts/consultants with experiences in SAP softwares making it to hire consultants to consume it to look like its old Rigel in some of its areas (Shepherd & Cordier, 2010). This caused delays and inconveniences.

The problem therefore was caused by failure of management to plan.  Had they planned and anticipated growth of business in advance they could have made early preparation. Technology factors as well contributed to the problems. Technology the company had adopted earlier was not reliable and this caused delays and interruptions that contributed to the company incurring more expenses.

  1. How easy was it to develop a solution using SAP ERP software? Explain your answer

SAP was customized to conform to the old Rigel system. The software was easy to use after its customization.  It allowed automatic interface with other systems from vendors such as Taxpayers systems Inc., TOPCALL International GmbH, Innovis Inc among others.  This therefore made it easier for the company to transact with its suppliers and other stakeholders. For instance, TOPCALL system enabled the company to fax customers and vendors directly from the SAP system. This therefore, made it easier for the company to make transactions with its customers and remit taxes to the government among other functions.

  1. List and describe the benefits from SAP software

The more recent version of SAP software had a number of benefits to the company. One of the benefits is that it supported bills of material and kitting not available in the older  system hence  utility customers could easily be serviced since it prepared kits that could be directly delivered to the site (Shepherd & Cordier, 2010). The SPA software as well allowed the company to process more than 360,000 claims every year. The software is also important in helping track more than 1.5 million unique items across various branches the company runs (SAP, 2013). The softwares also helped the company to increase its sales with 300 percent, profits increased by 500 percent and it allowed more than 60 percent of transactions to be carried out using electronic EDI. The SPA processing as well reduced by 63 percent.

  1. How much did the new system solution transform the business? Explain your answer

The new system solution contributed greatly to business transformation. The company process and operations improved to drastic levels. The company began to turn over its inventory more than four times every year. This indicated that its stocks increased as transaction were processed quickly (Computer Economics Report, 2014).  Furthermore, financial monthly statements and year to date financial results could be accessed within a day after the closure of the books. Most of the operations were done electronically and this reduced manual work which was slow and tiresome. For instance, the company incoming emails, preparation of bank deposits became computerized.  Vendor invoices as well arrived through electronic means hence reducing the number of staffs that were required. The company therefore saved cost of labor.  Transactional errors reduced as well enabling the company to reduce the huge losses it was incurring.

 

  1. How successful was this solution for BSE? Identify and describe the metrics used to measure the success of the solution

The solution contributed to success of BSE.  It allowed standardization of data and this allowed management to access to up to date information hence made quick decisive decisions pertaining to their operations that impacted positively on the company financial status.

The metrics used to measure the success of the solution was use of costs as percentage of sales.  Gartner Group consultants categorized these costs as costs of goods sold, warehouse costs, overhead and administration, IT support and delivery.  The analysis indicated that between the year 1998 and 2001 implementation cost of SAP software was $ 9 million and investment that  was  paid back by the savings accrued from the new ERP  system in a span of two and a half years (Shepherd & Cordier, 2010).  Furthermore, it was revealed that the software produced a saving of $30 million between 1998 and 2006. As a percentage of sales, delivery cost reduced by 0.5 percent, warehouse costs by 1 percent, while overhead costs by 1.5 percent.

 

 

  1. If you had been in charge of SAP’s ERP implementations, what would you have done differently?
    If I were in charge of implementing SAP, I would have done a number of things differently. I would have incorporated in the software additional software for decision support. The softwares would be able to produce reports on the markets trends and the business in entirety to help in informing decisions. As internet grows and expands, I would as well come up with a system that would allow customers to make their purchases, make orders and even review invoice. This would ensure that the company remain the best option to shop hence make it gain a competitive edge.

References

Computer Economics Report. (2014). Fighting Complexity: Can SAP Run Simple? , 36(7), 16-     20.

SAP. (2013). SAP AG SWOT Analysis. 1-8.

Shepherd, J., & Cordier, A. (2010). Border States Industries, “Operating Systems SAP  Software

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Text Bias Worksheet Assignment Available

Text Bias Worksheet
Text Bias Worksheet

Text Bias Worksheet

Order Instructions:

Read the sample test questions below.

Analyze each question for the presence of bias.

Describe your findings and analyze each item.

Include answers to the following questions in your analysis and description:

• What makes the test question biased or unbiased?
• Which audience might be offended?
• How could you modify the biased questions?

Test Question Samples:

1. To approximate a sphere’s circumference, what instruments of measure would you employ?

2. Write an essay about the differences between living in Aspen, Colorado and Cape Cod, Massachusetts.

3. Describe an invention created by a man you would nominate as “Man of the Year.”

4. Design a campaign poster for a strong candidate for student body president, showing that he can help promote the school.

5. Create a rap about your “hood.”

6. What is the main source of income on the reservation? How did the white man influence this trend?

SAMPLE ANSWER

Text Bias Worksheet

Biasness can be referred to the leaning of temperament outlook that is a person can make an unreasoned judgment or become prejudiced (Bias, 2013). Biased questions can be referred to as a question that is constructed in such a way that when one answers he or she will favor a particular response than others (Sica, 2005). Such questions are prejudiced and tend to mislead the person who is asked.

The first test question, “To approximate a sphere’s circumference, what instruments of measure will your employ?” is biased. This is because the wordings used to phrase the question that is “Instruments measure and employ” can confuse a student in high school level. However for people in higher level of learning can answer this question reasonably. There is no particular individual who can be offended by this question (Aims, 2015). The question can be rephrased and written as follows “To approximate a sphere’s circumference, what will you use to take the measurements”

The second question “Write an essay about the differences between living in Aspen, Colorado and Cape Cod, Massachusetts.” Is also biased. This question is biased to individuals who have not lived in both places at different times. Although, since the objective of the question is to get opinions what will count is a person’s experiences who had lived in both Aspen and Cape Cod at different times. There is no specific audience that can be offended by this question, though it will bring a feeling of vagueness and confusion to the audience. The question can be rephrased and written as “Write an essay on environmental and geographical differences between Aspen, Colorado and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and how it influence those living in this two neighborhood ”(Aims, 2015).

However the question “Describe an invention created by a man you would nominate as “Man of the Year” is biased. In that the word “man” used discriminates women. The phrase “man of the Year” and also “created by a man” is prejudiced and can offend women who will be answering this question. The question can be rephrased and written as follows “Describe an invention created by someone you would nominate as “Distinguished individual of the year””.

The test question “Design a campaign poster for a strong candidate for a student body president, showing that he can help promote the school” is biased also. Realistically, the word “he” used to create the sentence is biased against candidates who are female. People who can be offended by this question are the female candidates and their supporters. The question can be rephrased and written as follows “Design a campaign poster for a strong candidate for student body president, showing how they can help promote the school” (Aims, 2015)

The question “Create a rap about your “Hood”” Is biased also. In this question the word “Rap” is biased against individuals who do not support rap. The word “hood” is also biased against a person who does not like to refer to his neighborhood as a hood. It is also biased against a person who doesn’t have a home. The question also makes an assumption that the person asked the question knows what “hood” means. Hood as two meaning, that is, a covering for the head found in jackets and other tops. On the other hand, Hood can also mean a place where one lives bringing biases. Therefore, to ensure that the question is not biased it can be rewritten as follows. “Compose a song about your “neighborhood”.

The final tests question “What is the main source of income on the reservation? How did the white man influence this trend?” is also biased and offensive. The phrase “the reservation” biases respondent’s answers according to their experiences with Native Americans. On the same note, the phrase “the white man” biases the question according to respondents’ previous incidents with white people, men in particular. The question is also vague, it does not expound on “reservation” and the term “trend”. It leaves the respondents with an answered question; at what point in time? Which reservation does it refer to? What trend? This indicates biasness in the question.

The question tends to offend people with prior experience with both European and Native Americans. It also offend Native Americans and as well as the Europeans.

The question can be rephrased and written as: “What is the main sours of income on (place A) reservation at (period B in history)? What influences let to this understanding?

References

AMS. (2015)Assessment-wiki – 08 Test Bias Worksheet. (n.d.). Retrieved o from http://ams-assessment-wiki.wikispaces.com/08+Test+Bias+Worksheet

Bias. (2013). merriam-webster.com. Retrieved from  http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bias.

Sica, G.T., MD, MPH. (2005). Bias in Research Studies. Boston, MA: Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates. Retrieved from  http://radiology.rsna.org/content/238/3/780.full.

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