What type of macroeconomics policy (monetary,fiscal, structural) might include each of the following actions:
a) Abroad government initiative to shift from a high energy-use economy to a low -energy use economy.
b) A Government spending program to improve roads and other infrastructure during a recession.
c) series of internet rate cuts by the central bank to stimulate spending in the economy.
d) an attempts to reduce the government budget deficit by raising taxes.
e) central bank provision of additional cash to the banking system during a financial crisis.
f) a decision by developing country to impose controls on international capitals flows.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Macroeconomics Policies
Macroeconomics involves two major short-term policies, fiscal and monetary policies. Each of the policies addresses different issues in macroeconomics but they are all projected toward realization of economic stability. In monetary policy, money supply is regulated by the central bank. The policy mainly focuses on money circulation especially between banks. Central bank usually intervenes to regulate interest rates formulated by different banks. Fiscal policy on the other hand entails government intervention to manipulate a country’s economy by means such as taxation and revenue collection. In most cases, governments focus on demand manipulation to cause stability. Fiscal policy is significantly influenced by the political status of a nation unlike the monetary policy. Implementation of the monetary policy is considerably easier compared to that of the fiscal policy. Key players in the regulation of economic stability are the government and a country’s central bank.
Contrary to the short-term effect of fiscal and monetary policies, a third macroeconomic policy, the structural policy encompasses long term methods of creating economic stability (ABDEL-KADER, 2013, Pg. 46). Structural policies work on price control, management of public resources, labor, and social aspects among other variables.
Structural policies would for instance be implemented if a government wants to create an extensive shift from an economy highly dependent on energy to one that would have little dependence on energy. A decision by a country to regulate international capital flux would also entail the structural policy. On the other hand, the government would apply the fiscal policy in improvement of infrastructure in a state of economic recession. Likewise, the fiscal policy of macroeconomics is likely to be applied in a bid by the government to contain a budget deficit by increasing taxation. Instances of monetary policy application would include central bank’s act of increasing money supply to financial institutions. The same policy would be effective if the central bank induces cutting of internet rates so as to improve the state of a country’s economy.
Reference
ABDEL-KADER, K. (2013). What are Structural Policies? International Monetary Fund, 50(1), 46-47
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why is average labor productivity a particularly important economics variable?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Average Labor Productivity
Average labor productivity is a tool used in economics to determine the productivity of a country. It is usually a function of output and time amount input in production. It reflects how much a country produces and also predicts on the economic progress of a nation. The concept achieves this by evaluating the total amount of work done and comparing it to the total amount of time resource used (BUREAU OF LABOR, 2015, Pg. 47). In the calculation, gross domestic production enables determination of the total amount of work done. When labor output is divided with amount of time, then average productivity is obtained.
Average labor productivity is an important tool in assessment of the economic progress of a country.It also allows countries to compare their productivity among themselves. Countries with high values of average labor are more productive than those with low values. Through the determination of average labor productivity, economic predictions give a country a better understanding regarding the use of resources. An alarming low value of average labor productivity in a country would for instance necessitate economic measures that would help raise it. Such measures are more likely to be oriented toward increasing the GDPas time would remain an independent variable.
The concept allows economists to assess the progress of a country in terms of productivity. This is done by calculating the value of productivity within certain time limits. Comparison of production between years for example, would produce a picture of a country’s general progress. It is most encouraging if average production is maintained at a high value. In addition, average labor production allows economist to evaluate the impact of different social and environmental variables in a given population. Losses incurred by a country as a result of such factors as political uprising among other likely situations can be assessed through determination of average labor production. Likewise, economic gains for a country as a result of favorable conditions can be determined from average labor productivity. In whichever case, the variable helps in monitoring production in countries.
In April 1994, Jean Kelly, manager of the South-Western Ontario region of Medictest Laboratories, faced a tough situation in Sarnia, Ontario. The Ontario government had imposed funding cutbacks to the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) for all testing centres in the province, creating a severe need for cost cutting. Over the past two years, Medictest Laboratories had reduced costs by improving work-flow efficiency. However, further cost reduction was necessary and required a review of the supervisory structure. Jean had designed a new organizational structure that streamlined management and furthered the company’s objectives for augmenting employee decision-making power, but this structure would require the dismissal of five long-term supervisors. Jean wondered how to implement these changes without a negative impact on morale, productivity, and motivation.
THE INDUSTRY
The technology-based health care industry was rapidly changing. In particular, the testing laboratories industry was experiencing significant streamlining due to funding cutbacks and the impacts of new technology and automation.
Labs received testing orders from doctors, hospitals, and medical centres. Upon filling each order, the labs would bill OHIP,1 which paid a specified amount for each type of test. Labs were responsible for controlling their costs in order to achieve a profit. As the Ontario Government attempted to decrease its expenses, funding for health care came under severe pressure. The compensation provided by OHIP for testing was significantly reduced. The laboratories were faced with a 17 per cent decrease in funding for completion of the same work; this placed tremendous pressure on the profit margins. Many testing laboratories attempted to adapt by restructuring, down-sizing and streamlining. Further funding reduction was expected over the next two years. The Ontario Ministry of Health offered a restructuring credit, based on market share, for those testing centres that reduced their costs beyond industry standards and invested significantly in new technology.
1OHIP is a program, run by the Ontario government, which provides free basic health services to Canadian citizens and landed immigrants living in Ontario.
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Each medical laboratory was required by law to have a medical doctor on the Board of Directors to be accountable for medical care. Although usually not directly involved in the operation of the lab, this person approved all major decisions before they were implemented and facilitated the relationship between the for-profit labs and the public hospitals.
MEDICTEST LABORATORIES
Medictest Laboratories head office was based in London, Ontario, and operated a chain of private medical laboratories in Canada. Medictest Laboratories was comprised of labs and specimen collection centres throughout Canada. These centres determined the most appropriate tests to be performed and then executed the tests.
As stated in the 1993 annual report, the company’s commitment was:
to seize the opportunity to serve the needs of the health care marketplace, to persevere in innovation, to achieve the defined objectives and to realize the shared vision of leadership in health care.
Medictest’s future objective was to become more automated through the integration of state-of-the-art technology. In general, Medictest had a reputation for its ability to make excellent decisions. It was also known as a non-unionized, people-oriented company that truly cared for its employees and truly believed in its values (see Exhibit 1). Upon hiring dedicated and hard-working employees, Medictest was considerate and thoughtful toward them, recognizing them as a valuable resource. The company placed high priority on enabling employees to develop to their full potential and to advance within the organization. The employees were very close and tight-knit among the Ontario labs, often remaining with the company for long employment periods.
Medictest had begun to establish goals to augment empowerment, teamwork, and shared responsibility. These concepts were gradually being implemented by restructuring leadership teams and by choosing leaders who fit with these objectives. Former pyramid-style systems of authority were being replaced with new structures for decision-making. A self-directed team approach was designed to empower employees to make decisions. The intent of the restructuring program was to re-align resources in order to operate more effectively and efficiently.
Because of funding changes and the company’s goals for empowerment, head office began to review the leadership and support staff structure across Ontario. Recent changes had been made to the upper management structure, including consolidating four regional management positions into one. Medictest Sarnia was a target of consideration for restructuring because of the large size of its management team. Discussion about these changes had begun two years ago.
MEDICTEST SARNIA
The Sarnia location was a large laboratory, processing thousands of specimens daily, operating on a 24- hour basis. This testing facility served physicians, patient centres, hospitals, and other Medictest locations, handling one-third of Medictest’s testing in Ontario. Most of this testing was for South-Western Ontario, although some tests were also completed for clients in other regions. Because of the high volume of work
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?done at this location, the Sarnia lab had a great impact on the perceived quality of service provided by Medictest in general; therefore, there was significant pressure on the management at Medictest Sarnia.
Medictest Sarnia currently operated with 12 supervisors and 234 employees, many of whom had been with the subsidiary since its origin 20 years ago (see Exhibit 2). Most of the testing was completed at one main location, but there were also several smaller nearby sites that were part of the same operation.
Within the past two years, measures had been taken to improve work-flow efficiency. Six months ago, it had become evident that, although costs needed further reduction, no additional improvements were possible within the current structure.
Jean Kelly had worked for Medictest for two years. In her former position as Operations Manager, she had been responsible for all operations done by this laboratory. Recently, her position had expanded to Manager of South-Western Ontario, which also gave her the responsibility of market share and revenue generation within this region. Upon graduating from Leeds University in England with a post-graduate degree in medical micro-biology, Jean had worked for six years as a laboratory manager at Toronto East General Hospital. Over the past few years, she had taken business courses through continuing education. Jean was asked by head office to review the current supervisory structure and develop a revised one that would cut down on costs and facilitate the goals of empowerment. Jean found the ensuing changes exciting and challenging. She had been given a few months to report the structural changes to the Regional Manager.
Jean’s objectives for redesigning the current structure were to reduce costs to ensure profitability and to build a new organizational team that would support empowerment through responsibility and leadership. Although there was some teamwork already in place, the supervisory structure was so large that there was no need to be interdependent or even to meet regularly. Jean thought that a leaner management team, with different responsibilities than the existing team, would be better equipped to carry out these new interdependent roles. The revised structure had to “make sense,” by providing a logical connection among the departments. Jean also hoped to better integrate the testing facilities with client services and improve relationships with other Medictest locations. In developing a different supervisory team, Jean had to choose leaders who possessed the core technical competency and, more importantly, displayed the appropriate leadership skills to fit the new objectives.
Effects on Management
Before Jean made any changes, she gave the supervisors the option to take part in designing a new structure, either directly or indirectly. They were given three options: to be directly involved in the design; to fine-tune the structure after it had been designed; or to be told after the decisions were made. They chose to have no active involvement, reasoning that they were too close as a group, and preferred to be told about the changes once they were decided upon by upper management. Jean had expected this because the individuals would have felt that they were negotiating for each others’ jobs. Although this eliminated some valuable input, Jean believed it would be less painful for the supervisors.
While Jean analyzed the current structure, some interesting dynamics began to take place among the supervisors. Each supervisor was competent and hard working, having worked for Medictest for an average of 18 years, with minimal movement or change in responsibility or position. They knew each other well and were comfortable with their roles and work environment. They had known for the past two years that changes were going to be made. Six months ago, they became aware that these changes would be
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?structural and would affect their positions. Anxiety levels escalated. They wanted to hear about the changes as soon as possible and were uncomfortable with the delay. Although productivity was unaffected by the anxiety, some supervisors began to protect their turf, by emphasizing the size and importance of their particular unit at every opportunity.
The supervisors realized that there would be a smaller leadership team and thus began inwardly to assess their own strengths and weaknesses, reasoning whether their style of leadership would be one of those desired for the new roles. Each supervisor’s individual level of anxiety depended on his or her personal situation; most of them could determine from their own intuitive comfort level whether they would be chosen to stay.
Jean held one-on-one discussions with the supervisors. The two Supervisors of Specimen Collection began increasingly to inquire about the severance package, alternative careers, and retirement options. It appeared to Jean that they were prepared to leave Medictest.
Even those supervisors who felt strong in their role experienced high anxiety. Resumes were prepared and other job opportunities were considered. While work performance continued normally, the supervisors behaved differently. They were quieter than before and vigilant for signals of what changes would be made. Jean had to be extremely careful of her actions. For example, Jean had to occasionally delegate meetings to supervisors if she could not attend; her choice of supervisor now took on new meaning for the supervisors. Another time, when Jean discussed the severance packages with the group of supervisors, she had to be careful with whom she made eye-contact.
Effects on the Staff
Great lengths had been taken by management to prevent the staff members in Sarnia from knowing about the pending structural changes, in order to keep the situation manageable for the supervisors. Within the past few weeks, the staff members had found out that a review of the supervisory structure was taking place. They were anxious about the effect these changes would have on them and were concerned that the “right” supervisors be chosen to stay. Several employees, who were fond of their supervisors, discreetly approached Jean, encouraging her to “bear in mind the right person for the job.”
Additionally, the staff were aware that the largest laboratory, located in London, was expanding due to automation. This knowledge created the fear that the lab in Sarnia would be closed, because of its proximity to London.
DEVELOPING A REVISED STRUCTURE
Jean saw several opportunities for effective change to the current structure at Medictest Sarnia.
The Lab Service Representative was basically responsible for new business, while the Client Service Representative was in charge of keeping current business. Jean decided that these positions could be consolidated due to market place changes.
The Courier Supervisor had taken early retirement in January 1994 with a separation package. His position had not been filled since his departure, and this had not created any problems. There was some apparent overlap and excess supervision of the Specimen Collection Centres and Courier operations. Jean concluded that the courier and collection centres staff could be streamlined under one supervisor, instead of the
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?previous four. However, this would require a strong, energetic supervisor who was capable of handling the increased responsibility.
The supervisors of Testing Centres 1 and 2 currently shared the same staff; Jean decided their positions could be merged into one with few problems.
Testing Centre 3 was highly complex and completed 80 per cent of the tests. It currently had a strong supervisor with potential for inter-regional liaison with other Medictest locations.
Testing Centre 5 was of low complexity but of high importance and was highly interdependent with Testing Centre 4. These centres could logically be merged.
The Customer Service Department dealt with customer requests and communicated testing solutions to customers. This department operated within a vacuum, separate from testing. The lack of communication regarding customer requests negatively affected the level of service provided to the customers. Jean saw the opportunity to address this concern by linking it with Testing Centres 1 and 2, under one supervisor.
Billing was closely audited by OHIP every two years. OHIP subtracted a percentage from revenue for each minor error found. Each billing form had to contain specific and correct information (e.g., the ordering doctor’s name) in order to prevent this direct loss of revenue. Because of the high cost of error, it was important that this department be well managed. The current supervisor had high expertise in this function. This expertise could be utilized throughout the region. By separating billing from customer service, this supervisor could focus externally on the reduction of error rates throughout the specimen collection centres in various locations.
Based on the above observations, Jean developed a new structure that reduced the number of supervisory positions by five (see Exhibit 3). Working closely with Helen Hoi, the head office Director of Human Resources, Jean now had to evaluate the current supervisors. Helen had previously been a manager at Medictest Sarnia and had worked with these supervisors several years ago.
The best candidates had to be chosen for these new positions. Jean would need leaders who would be willing and able to move forward with twice as many staff members as before. Because of the closeness of the group and the desire for any rumour possible, it was difficult to evaluate the supervisors without disclosing any information. After a thorough evaluation of the current supervisors, their skills, assurance, and ability to take on increased responsibility, Jean and Helen developed a list of six supervisors to form the revised leadership team.
THE NEXT CHALLENGE
Head office and the Medical Director agreed to the structural changes. The next challenge Jean faced was the communication of the decisions and the logistics involved in that process. How should the changes be conveyed to the supervisors leaving, to those supervisors staying, and to the staff? Where should the discussions be held? Who should communicate the decisions? In what sequence? What should the physical set-up be? How should head office be involved? There were many questions that would have to be thoroughly addressed before the plan was implemented. Jean wanted to develop a clear, specific plan that would maintain employee morale, enable the operations to continue, maintain self-confidence in those chosen to stay, and redirect those not chosen in such a way that their dignity would be preserved. Jean wondered what reactions to expect from the supervisors and the staff. She wanted to effect the changes within the next month. It was important for this process to be recognized in the future as a natural change effect, instead of a “Black Day.”
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?Quality
Exhibit 1
THE VALUES OF MEDICTEST
Doing the right things the right way;
Competence
Having the appropriate attitudes and abilities;
Caring
Showing genuine concern for others;
Respect for the Individual
Treating people as individuals, with the same understanding and appreciation we seek for ourselves;
Mutual Trust and Openness
Having confidence enough to rely on others and to be open to new and different people and ideas;
Integrity
Being reliable and accountable in word and behaviour;
Teamwork
Accepting a “hierarchy of roles with equality of persons” willing to work together as “we;”
Communication
Listening is the key;
Balance
Keeping home and work in perspective, recognizing that one helps the other;
Simplicity
Maintaining humility, humour, and a common-sense approach to work and life;
What is expected of all individuals can be summarized as Competence and Mutual Trust.
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Exhibit 2
CURRENT STRUCTURE — SARNIA
Regional Manager
Manager
South Western Ontario
Technical Supervisor
Lab Service Representative
Client Service Representative
Lab Service Rep
Supervisor of Specimen Collection Centres & Couriers
Supervisor of Testing 1 & 2 and Customer Service
Supervisor of Testing 3
Supervisor of Testing 4 & 5
Supervisor of Billing
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SAMPLE ANSWER
Management in Organizations
It is common for managers to face tough decisions as they exercise their roles. It is a good characteristic of managers to be able to make the most appropriate decisions from such situation. Implementation of changes could lead to adversities in business organizations and the process should be carried out carefully. In the case of Medictest Laboratories, Jean is forced by shortage of funds to cut off some of the staff. Among them are five supervisors, all noted to have helped the company prosper in their respective departments. Definitely, the situation is not favorable for the supervisors. Jean has to implement changes in such a way that the company retains a good reputation of being considerate on the matters relating to its employees. In addition, it is hard to ensure that the changes would not be accompanied with decline in Mediclabs’ economic achievements. The supervisors had been competent in their work and their departure is likely to severely affect productivity.
Being at the top management position, Jean has the responsibility to chair a meeting where the communication would be made to all members of the staff. As Lipman wrote, a good manager should communicate to the juniors confidently (2014, Pg. 2). In the communication, Jean should first seek the understanding of all the members and therefore requires usingconvictive language. It is likely that after all members have understood the situation, Jean would not hurt their dignity in the implementation of the changes. Again, jean should recognize the great contributions made by the entire staff and purposely emphasize on those of the leaving supervisors. The retained staff should be encouraged to continue delivering and be advised to get prepared to take extra responsibilities. By making an intelligent communication, Jean would enabled Medictest retain its high-earned reputation of being people friendly and concerned with its employee’s welfare.
The manager should however, avoid any implication that the six selected supervisors were the best as it would receive a bad response especially from the leaving group. Managers are required to be intelligent when making critical communications.
Use supply and demand analysis to explain why hotel room rental rates near your campus during parents weekend and graduation weekend might differ from the rates charged during the rest of the year.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction to macroeconomics
Supply and demand is one of the economic models that help in determination of price in a given market. Supply curve is a curve that slopes upwards. According to the law of supply, as price increase, higher amount of products are supplied (Mankiw &Taylor, 2011). On the other hand, demand curve slopes downward. This law of demand asserts that as demand increases, prices of commodities increase. The law of supply and demand explains why hotel room rental rates increases during parent visitation and graduation.
The changes in prices in the campus during different period are best explained using demand and supply model. The reasons that push prices of hotel rooms during parents weekend and graduation weekend in the campus is because of high demand. Parents and visitors require many rooms and this raises the prices. Because of the increased demand and stable supply of rooms, the owners rent them at higher prices. Therefore, in this case, the demand of hotels rooms is usually higher and therefore, the owners increase the prices to benefits from this high demand. The reason for higher prices is because of low supply. The demand of the same hotel rooms is usually low during other period of the semester because the number of visitors is low. The low level of demand pushes the prices low as the hotel owners try to woo their customers during the period of low season.
Therefore, it is apparent that the law of demand and supply is applicable during various seasons. As demand of hotel rooms’ increases, prices increases while as the demand reduce during other days of the year, the prices decreases because of the high level of supply. Businesspersons are therefore required to understand these models as they do their business.
if the markets price is kept below the equilibrium price by a regulation what does the demand and supply model predicts about the gap between quality demanded and quantity supplied? if in the real world there is a gap between quality supplied does it necessarily imply that a regulation is keeping the market price below the equilibrium price.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Demand and Supply Models
Market price is among the factors that affect the demand and supply of goods in a business environment. Usually, low market price would mean that more consumers are able to purchase a product and therefore, the demand of the product would be relatively high. With time however, changes may be noted in the relationship as demand would eventually decrease as more consumers get the product. Supply of the product may be inadequate with the increased demand. Therefore, a situation would arise where the demands starts at a high figure but decreases, and supply on the other hand would start at a low figure and increase with time.
Lee noted that demand is increased with reduced prices (Lee, 2015, Pg. 5). The gap between quantity demanded and quantity supplied would progressively decrease so as to approach a state of equilibrium. The opposite would happen with high market price. With reduced market price, the market would abruptly increase but upon reaching a certain threshold, it would be maintained constant and with time it would start decreasing. Demand and supply would always tend toward equilibrium. When either of them is increased, the other would be decreased and vice versa. In this case, low market prices increase the demand but lower the supply of the commodity. Therefore the two would take opposite trends as they approach each other.
In most situations, the rate at which supply of a commodity is reduced is the inverse of the rate at which demand is increased. It should be noted that tendency to withhold the market price by a regulation would eventually hurt supply. Such a regulation is necessitated by a situation of too high demand while supply is still at normal levels. In such a case, consumers need a commodity and the commodity is available at the market but most likely, the price is too high and does not confer with supply and demand.
Utilizing the information you have gathered over the weeks regarding the specific illness group you identified, this week, you will create a holistic plan of care for your chronic illness group.
Create the plan in a 3- to 4-page Microsoft Word document written in APA style format. Include the following in your plan:
•Start the paper with a brief introduction describing the chronically ill group you selected and provide rationale for selecting this illness and the participants. Clearly identify the purpose of the paper.
•Divide the report in two parts. In Part I, include a compilation of the assignments from Week 1 to Week 4. Identify how each week’s assignments help you to create a well-managed care plan.
•In Part II, include the care plan for your chronic illness group organized under the following headings:
Nursing Diagnoses
Assessment Data (objective and subjective)
Interview Results
Desired Outcomes
Evaluation Criteria
Actions and Interventions
Evaluation of Patient Outcomes
Include a reference page to provide reference for all citations.
•Include strategies for the family or caregiver in the care plan and provide your rationale on how they will work.
Support your responses with examples.
Cite any sources in APA format.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The chronically ill group chosen for this project is the cancer patients. The reason why cancer was chosen is because it is one of the leading killers in the world at an estimated eight million deaths per year. Globally, estimated populations of fourteen million people are usually diagnosed with cancer every year. (IHartmann, Loprinzi & Mayo Clinic, 2012, pg 5). Below is a report whose main aim is to create a plan of care for the cancer patients.
The assignments from the previous weeks played a major role in helping in the development of the care plan. The first assignment which was on the identification of the illness helped in the grasping of what the illness is all about that is in terms of the signs and symptoms. The second assignment was on the impact of the disease. This helped in showing how the disease can affect an individual and this provides perfect grounds of planning how to deal with such individuals. The third assignment which was on support need analysis of cancer patients helped in the drafting of an efficient nursing action and intervention. The fourth assignment was on resources available for the people suffering from cancer. This was crucial and helpful in the drafting of assessment data to be used in diagnoses since for the assessment data to be collected, these resources must be available to aid in the process of collecting the data.
CARE PLAN
Nursing diagnoses
A common sign diagnosed among most of the patients is usually fatigue. (Weis & Horneber, 2014, pg 20)
Assessment Data
A number of tests are usually carried out and these tests are as follows.
Firstly, there is the endoscopy test is done to determine whether there are any abnormalities and this is done through the direct visualization of the internal body organs and cavities
Secondly, there is the carrying out of scans such as magnetic resonance imaging and this is done so as to identify metastasis and other diagnostic purposes
Thirdly, there is the biopsy test which may be taken from organs such as the bone marrow and the skin and the main function of this is to diagnose and delineate the treatment.
Fourthly, there is the using of screening chemistry tests such as electrolytes.
Fifthly, there is the counting of blood cells with the platelets and differential and this may be used to detect anemia, change in the blood cells or an increase in the number of platelets.
Sixthly, there is the conducting of chest x-rays to screen for possible diseases of the lung which can easily interfere with breathing.
Lastly, an interview is also conducted between the patient and the nurse.
Interview results
After the interview, some data is collected and this data is the result of the fatigue
The accumulation of cellular waste materials
Difficulty of sleeping and resting
Anemia, which causes tissue hypoxia.
Nausea and anxiety.
Disinterest in surroundings.
Desired outcome
The most desired outcome is to minimize the fatigue and enable the cancer patients to take part in desired activities at their maximum level of ability
Evaluation criteria
This is the criterion that was used in determining that the data collected is as a result of the fatigue and it is as follows;
The diagnosis of cancer and the chemotherapy treatments brings about overwhelming emotional demands which can easily bring about the fatigue.
The continuous and active growth of tumor combined with an increase in the amount of certain cytotoxins raises the metabolic rate which means that there is an increased use of energy in the body.
The medications used to control the pain have side effects which bring about the fatigue hence bringing about the nausea and anxiety.
The accumulation of cellular waste materials occurs as a result of the rapid breaking down of the normal and cancerous cells by cytotoxic drugs.
Difficulty of sleeping and resting occurs as a result of fear, anxiety and discomfort which come with the diagnosis of the disease.
The tissue hypoxia is as a result of anemia. The anemia is most likely caused by malnutrition and the suppression of bone marrow which is usually induced by the chemotherapy treatment. (Noogle, 2012, pg 420)
Actions and interventions
Once the fatigue has been diagnosed certain actions should be taken by the nurse and these are as follows;
Firstly, the symptoms and signs of fatigue should be assessed for and be determined whether or not they are present.
Secondly, the patients should be informed that the fatigue is as a result of the disease itself and the chemotherapy treatment
Thirdly, the patient should be aided to identify the pattern of fatigue and this is aimed at avoiding performing some activities during the greatest time of fatigue
Fourthly, there should be the Implementation of actions to minimize fatigue. Such actions include promoting a nutritional status that is adequate, administering anemia treatment as prescribed, facilitating the psychological adjustment of the patient to the diagnosis of the disease and the side effects of its treatment and also gradually increasing the patient’s activity as tolerated.
Lastly, if the signs and symptoms of fatigue continue to worsen, an appropriate health care provider should be consulted
Evaluation and intervention
Once the actions have been followed, the following will be used to assess whether the goals of the care plan have been reached
Firstly, the patients will be able to perform their usual activities of daily living as they used to perform before the illness.
Secondly, the patients will have an increase in the interest of their surroundings. Their level of concentration will also improve.
Thirdly, the patients will able to notice the feeling of their body experiencing an increase in the level of energy unlike before when they were experiencing the fatigue.
Strategies for the family/caregiver
The following actions from the caregiver or family of the patient are quite important since they aid in the quick recovery from the fatigue.
The family or care giver of such a cancer patient should give moral support to the cancer patient especially when the patient seems to be withdrawn from the surrounding environment.
It is also important for the family/caregiver of the patient ensures that the patient takes all the medication prescribed by the health professional.
At times a health professional might suggest for the patient to perform actions such exercises. The family/caregiver should ensure that the patient performs all this actions
The family/caregiver should have the contacts of the health professionals which is important in case of any emergency.
In conclusion, a care plan is effective in dealing with a diagnosis since it acts as an aid to a nurse in helping to determining and dealing with a certain diagnosis.
References
Hartmann, L. C., Loprinzi, C. L., & Mayo Clinic. (2012). The Mayo Clinic breast cancer book. Intercourse, PA: Good Books.
Weis, J,. & Horneber, M. (2014). Cancer related fatigue
Noogle, C. A. (2012). Neuropsychology of cancer and oncology. New York: Springer Pub.
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Successful completion of a doctoral dissertation requires significant amounts of independent reading on the research topic. This allows the doctoral learner/researcher to become familiar with the scope of the topic and to identify gaps or tensions within the existing literature on the topic. These gaps and tensions become the source of the dissertation research. In this assignment, you will read and annotate potential sources in your dissertation field of interest. Those demonstrating the most merit to the best of your understanding of the topic at this time should be added to your RefWorks list for potential inclusion in the literature review section of your dissertation.
General Requirements:
Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:
• It is recommended that you engage in this activity throughout the duration of this course.
• Instructors will be scoring your submission based on the number of unique sources identified in the list submitted.
• Download the resource Literature Review Resources Tool and use it to complete the assignment.
• Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center.
• Refer to the resource, “Preparing Annotated Bibliographies,” located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing this assignment in the appropriate style.
Directions:
Read at least 10 empirical articles in your general dissertation field Doctor of Education in Organizational Leadership with an Emphasis in Health Care Administration
In the “Literature Review Resources” document, provide the following for each source:
1 The APA formatted citation.
2 A brief annotation of the key points of the source.
3 An indication of whether the source has been added to (Y) or excluded from (N) your RefWorks list.
References
Frieden, T. R. (2010). A framework for public health action: The health impact pyramid. American Journal of Public Health, 100(4), 590–595.
Jones, C. P., Jones, C. Y., Perry, G. S., Barclay, G., & Jones, C. A. (2009). Addressing the social determinants of children’s health: A cliff analogy. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 20(Suppl. 4), 1–12.
Stuckler, D., King, L., & McKee, M. (2009). Mass privatization and the post-communist mortality crisis: A cross-national analysis. Lancet, 373(9661), 399–407.
Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press. o Chapter 13, “Dysfunctional Societies” (pp. 173–196).
Jones, C. P., Jones, C. Y., Perry, G. S., Barclay, G., & Jones, C. A. (2009). Addressing the social determinants of children’s health: A cliff analogy. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 20(Suppl. 4), 1–12.
Stuckler, D., King, L., & McKee, M. (2009). Mass privatization and the post-communist mortality crisis: A cross-national analysis. Lancet, 373(9661), 399–407.
Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press. o Chapter 13,“Dysfunctional Societies” (pp. 173–196).
Stuckler, D., King, L., & McKee, M. (2009). Mass privatization and the post-communist mortality crisis: A cross-national analysis. Lancet, 373(9661), 399–407.
The PLoS Medicine Editors. (2010). Social relationships are key to health, and to health policy. PLoS Medicine, 7(8), 1–2.
National Rural Health Mission. (2012). RSBY-Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojnab. Retrieved from http://www.rsby.gov.in/
The impact of varied types interventions in public health are described in this paper using a 5-tier pyramid, which provides a health improvement framework. The greatest potential impact interventions are presented at the base of the pyramid, including the efforts aimed at addressing health’s socio-economic determinants. Moving up the pyramid there is a progressive change in interventions from those which involve making healthy default decisions individually to clinical interventions requiring minimal contact but conferring sustained protection and direct clinical care that is ongoing as well as counseling and health education. The author reiterates that interventions that focus on the pyramid’s lower levels have higher efficiency since their reach is broader in the society and minimal individual effort is required. However, for optimal public health benefits that are sustained to be achieved, the need to implement the necessary interventions at each level is inevitable.
Jones, C. P., Jones, C. Y., Perry, G. S., Barclay, G., & Jones, C. A. (2009). Addressing the social determinants of children’s health: A cliff analogy. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved,20(Suppl. 4A), 1–12. (Y)
The authors of this paper presents an illustration of health interventions in three dimensions using a ‘cliff analogy’ for the purpose of helping people who are falling off the good health cliff. The paper illustrates how this goal can be achieved through provision of health services, as well as making sure that the social determinants of equity and health are succinctly addressed. A review of the analogy shows that, health care services are represented by an ambulance at the cliff’s bottom, a trampoline or net located halfway down the cliff, and a fence at the cliff’s top. There population should be deliberately moved away from the cliff’s edge in order to ensure that social determinants of health are addressed. Furthermore, it should also be acknowledged that the cliff has three dimensions for the social determinants of equity to be addressed, which mean that it has to involve measures on practices, structures, norms, policies, and values that are aimed at enabling differential distribution of risks and resources along the cliff’s face. As a result, the authors affirm that health’s social determinants (i.e. poverty) and equity’s social determinants (i.e. racism) have to be addressed if health outcomes are to be improved and health disparities are to be eliminated.
Stuckler, D., King, L., & McKee, M. (2009). Mass privatization and the post-communist mortality crisis: A cross-national analysis. Lancet,373(9661), 399–407. (Y)
During the beginning of 1990s, in most European countries that were post-communist there was a significant increase in adult mortality and over time the substantial variations across nations is not yet fully explained. However, there are previous empirical studies that have suggested that economic transition pace between countries has been the main driver the rise in mortality rates. This paper delves into the investigation of whether these adult mortality rate differences could be accounted by mass privatization. The authors analyses mortality rates based on age standardization among men in the working-age (15-59 years) in eastern European countries that are post-communist as well as the former USSR between 1989 and 2002 using multivariate longitudinal regression. The findings show that there is a relationship between mass privatization programmes and short-term increase in the mortality rates of adult males. This implies that the strategy of economic transition through rapid mass privatization was a key driver of the differential mortality rate trends amongst the post-communist countries; and the reduction of this trend was achieved through increased social capital.
Carey, G., & Crammond, B. (2014). Help or hindrance? Social policy and the ‘social determinants of health’. Australian Social Issues (Australian Social Policy Association),49(4), 489-507. (Y)
Social disadvantage and social inequality issues have been the main focus of research in public health over the recent past. This is attributed to the fact that, social issues such as unemployment and poor housing have been found to significantly influence health care provision, hence they are currently known as ‘the health’s social determinants’. As a result, the authors of this paper note that nowadays public health majorly involves issues that in historically were regarded as issues of social policy. The confluence of social policy and public health is discussed in this paper by examining the risk posed and opportunities presented by this convergence for social policy practitioners seeking to reduce inequality and poverty. It is argued that, despite the potential gains that may accrue from close working of the two fields, fundamental differences in approaches and perspectives exist which need to be addressed in order to achieve maximum benefits.
Corr, L., Davis, E., Cook, K., Waters, E., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2014). Fair relationships and policies to support family day care educators’ mental health: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health,14(1), 1-28. (N)
From onset of the paper, the authors emphasize that the extent of child care quality is proportional to the extent of investment in population health, which depends on the providers’ capacity. This means that child care educators’ mental health and wellbeing is crucial to the quality of provided care and turnover, and the perspectives of key sector informants and child care educators on how the mental health and wellbeing of educators is influenced by family day care working conditions are examined in this paper. The authors use semi-structured interviews through telephone among family day care educators and key informants representing government, family day care schemes representatives as well as other relevant stakeholders in Australia. The findings show a strong relationship between the mental health of educators with the quality of family day care schemes because the created social relationships establishes working conditions for the educators that may either diminish or promote their mental health and wellbeing. The authors affirm that this necessitates formulation of policies to protect and promote mental health and wellbeing of the family day care educators in Australia.
Kondilis, E., Giannakopoulos, S., Gavan, M., Ierodiakonou, I., Waitzkin, H., & Benos, A. (2013). Economic Crisis, Restrictive Policies, and the Population’s Health Care: The Greek Case. American Journal of Public Health, 103(6), 973-979. (N)
The Greek economy has been significantly been affected by the global economy crisis, making the country an essential test of how wellbeing of a population is related to socioeconomic determinants. The paper shows that between 2007 and 2009 there was 22.7% increases in homicide and suicide mortality rates among men; whereas between 2010 and 2011 substance abuse, infectious disease morbidity, and mental disorders showed a devastating trend. The authors affirm that there was a rise in the use of primary care services and public inpatient services by 21.9% and 6.2% between 2009 and 2011. However, during the economic crisis and increasing public services’ demand coincide with privatization and austerity policies, which further expose the population of Greece to more risks.
Acevedo-Garcia, D., Rosenfeld, L. E., Hardy, E., McArdle, N., & Osypuk, T. L. (2013). Future Directions in Research on Institutional and Interpersonal Discrimination and Children’s Health. American Journal of Public Health, 103(10), 1754-1763. (N)
This paper reiterates that ethnic/racial residential segregation and perceived interpersonal discrimination are the main forms of racial discrimination that influence health disparities among the children. The authors emphasize that despite that these form s of discriminations and health disparities previously focused on adults without considering that they also affect mental health of children negatively. As a result, the authors propose there research directions in this topic such as incorporation of perspectives that are life-course, linking geography into the residential segregation measures and conceptual framework opportunity, as well as a consideration of residential segregation together with other forms of segregations that influence the health of children.
Mahapatro, M. (2014). Mainstreaming Gender: Shift from Advocacy to Policy. Vision (09722629), 18(4), 309-315. (Y)
The authors propose that gender mainstreaming can be taken as holistic strategy for the introduction of gender equality and sensitivity perspective to the policy formulation processes at all levels and stages through a change in practices and norms that reinforce gender inequality. This paper discusses the development process through which gender mainstreaming has led to a shift in policy, especially that concerns public health particularly in India. Considering that gender mainstreaming has been a concept that has for quite long remained underdeveloped, the article suggests the need for gender values to be placed firmly at all stages and levels as well as sectors, as an attempt towards philosophy change requiring gender conceptualization within the culturally defined roles, potentialities and constraints.
Shanahan, D. F., Lin, B. B., Bush, R., Gaston, K. J., Dean, J. H., Barber, E., & Fuller, R. A. (2015). Toward Improved Public Health Outcomes from Urban Nature. American Journal of Public Health, 105(3), 470-477. (Y)
Urban populations’ health has been mounting substantial concern as expansion of cities continues at unprecedented rate. However, green spaces in urban have been considered to provide opportunities for diverse mental and physical health benefits, and pioneering health policy can recognize the need for implementation of a cost effective tool aimed at planning cities that are healthy. As a result, the authors strive at articulating a framework for the identification of both direct and indirect pathways that are casual and that can exploit nature to deliver health benefits.
Auerbach, J. (2015). Creating Incentives to Move Upstream: Developing a Diversified Portfolio of Population Health Measures Within Payment and Health Care Reform. American Journal of Public Health, 105(3), 427-431. (Y)
In this article, the author examines the population health measures’ balanced portfolio development that would be essential based on the prevailing deliberations concerning health care delivery as well as payment reforms. The author identifies five indicators’ categories that range from prevention interventions that concern traditional clinical care to the prevention interventions that measure community level investment for nonclinical services, which in varied combinations can lead to optimal or ideal results.
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With reference to Settlement Movement (Chenoweth & McAuliffe 2015, p.34) discuss the relevance of their underpinning ideas to the development of human services in Australia
Font size no smaller than 12 point
1.5 line spacing
Pages numbered
Name in header or footer
Left hand margin of 3.5 cm and all other margins of at least 2.5 cm
Learning Resources
Textbook(s)
You will need continual access to the following text(s) to complete this course. The library does not hold multiple copies of the nominated text books. It is strongly recommended that you purchase the book(s).
Chenoweth, L & McAuliffe, D 2012, The road to social work and human service practice, 3rd edn, Cengage Learning, South Melbourne.
Reference(s)
Essential readings:
Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW) 2010, Code of Ethics, Australian Association of Social Workers, Canberra.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2013, Australia’s welfare 2013: in brief Cat. no. AUS 175, AIHW, Canberra.
Baldry, E 2011, Studying for social work, Sage, London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif.
Cameron, A 2011, ‘Impermeable boundaries? Developments in professional and inter-professional practice’, Journal of Interprofessional Care, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 53-58.
Couch, J 2011, ”My life just went zig zag’ Refugee young people and homelessness’, Youth Sutides Australia, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 22-32.
Fejo-King, C & Briskman, L 2009, ‘Reversing colonial practices with Indigenous peoples’, in Allun, J, Briskman, L & Pease, B (eds), Xritical Social Work Theories adn Practices for a Socially Just world, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest NSW.
Green, S & Baldry, E 2008, ‘Building Indigenous Australian Social Work’, Australian Social Work, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 389-402.
Jamrozik, A 2009, Social Policy in the Post-Welfare State, Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest.
Kvarnström, S, Willumsen, E, Andersson-Gäre, B & Hedberg, B 2012, ‘How Service Users Perceive the Concept of Participation, Specifically in Interprofessional Practice’, British Journal of Social Work, vol. 42, no. 1, January 1, 2012, pp. 129-146.
Rose, VK & Thompson, LM 2012, ‘Space, place and people: a community development approach to mental health promotion in a disadvantaged community’, Community Development Journal., vol. 47, pp. 604-611.
SOCIAL work Core Subject: Human service provision
Course Aim
To introduce students to foundation knowledge about the political context and development of the human services, their relationship to dominant values and the nature of professional intervention.Course Objectives
On completion of this course, students should be able to:
CO1. explain primary historical influences in the development of human service provision in Australia and the duality of those developments for indigenous people and non indigenous people
CO2. describe government and non-government patterns of delivery including regional, rural and remote area developments
CO3. describe a range of perspectives on values, including social justice, human rights and the implications for services in a multicultural, non-racist and gender sensitive context
CO4. give an account of notions of disadvantage, inclusion, exclusion, marginalisation, normalisation and equity
CO5. identify the professions and describe the roles and functions of practitioners in the human services
CO6. articulate values supporting the practice of professional intervention and explain the application of ethical guidelines to particular social situations
Graduate Qualities
A graduate of UniSA:
GQ1. operates effectively with and upon a body of knowledge of sufficient depth to begin professional practice
GQ2. is prepared for life-long learning in pursuit of personal development and excellence in professional practice
GQ3. is an effective problem solver, capable of applying logical, critical, and creative thinking to a range of problems
GQ4. can work both autonomously and collaboratively as a professional
GQ5. is committed to ethical action and social responsibility as a professional and citizen
GQ6. communicates effectively in professional practice and as a member of the community
GQ7. demonstrates international perspectives as a professional and as a citizen
Social work core Course sUBJECT: Human service provsion
Course Content
The students will develop knowledge of the impact of European invasion on Indigenous Australians and will become familiar with historical themes in social policy and human service provision with an emphasis on human rights and social justice and the role of government and non-government organisations in delivering human services.
The students will develop the skills to analyse comparative approaches to human service provision and the values and ethical foundations of human service professions
SAMPLE ANSWER
Settlement Movement
Introduction
Human beings by their nature are mindful of their brothers and sisters welfare. The settlement movement was one of the reformist social movement aimed to help the less fortunate people in society. The disconnect between the rich and the poor was high and the movement intended to help bridge the gap and elevate the lives of the poor. The paper therefore deliberates on the settlement movement referencing to Chenoweth & McAuliffe (2015) in discussing the relevance of the underpinning ideas that led to the development of human services in Australia.
Historical context
The settlement Movement began in the 1880s and its activities peaked around 1920s in various countries such as US, England and in Australia (Baldry 2011). The major goal of this social movement was to ensure that the poor and the rich live together in an interdependent community. The major objectives of this movement were to come up with the settlement houses in urban areas that both middle class volunteers and poor people lived (Chenoweth & McAuliffe 2012). This would see these groups of people share their culture, and knowledge with one another in the quest to alleviate poverty among the low-income earners in these neighborhood. The settlement houses offered various services to the inhabitants such as healthcare, education, daycare, in quest to improve the lives of the people that lived in such areas. In Australia, the concept of social work a component of human services gained momentum in the 1920s as first professional social workers were hired to provide various human services. Commencement of training of social worker in Australia began in 1940s at University of Sydney. Many more schools adopted the American model in their training and theory. The concept of social worker has expanded across Australia in providing various social services to the people.
Discussion
The idea of formation of this movement was relevant and contributed to the development of human services currently experienced in Australia. By championing interdependent between the poor and the rich, it provided an opportunity for the less fortunate to interact with the middle class. Sharing of knowledge and cultures is one of the ways that helped to elevate the living standards of the poor (Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW) 2010). If people from low-income background intermingle with their counterpart from high-income level, they get exposed to the ideas and are able to learn on how to come out of their poverty status. The mindset of the poor is transformed and they begin to see things in different perspective. Being poor do not mean that one cannot be able to achieve their dreams. A range of human services provided in the Australia includes education, day care, rehabilitation services, accessibility to education among others. These services are designed to help alleviate problems people face and enhance quality of life of families, individuals and communities. These services are intended to help the less fortunate and those in need. The government and other nonprofit making organizations are the most active institutions that champion provision of these human services. People in need in the society are many and if government does not step in, then many of them will lead a miserable life. Interventions by providing services to these communities enable them to access to schools and health centers helping them transform the lives of these people.
Human services are also intended to provide a platform to create harmony in the society. The services need to be provided at all levels of the society without any form of discrimination. Justice and equity are crucial when it come to provision of these services. The level of autonomy of individuals, groups should be high to ensure that these systems are more efficient and effective and therefore help in the advocating of positive social change within the society. Social change need to cut across all the systems of the government including political, economic and social strata (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2013). The movement and the champion of the idea that resulted in the development of human resources saw a window of opportunity to transform the society. Political differences and wrangles are sorted out if there is equity in the provision of these services. The aspect of racism between the indigenous and the non indigenous communities is lessened through these systems if people can find a platform to share and assist one another then, the level of coexistence and sense of belonging improves (Rose & Thompson 2012). People united mostly cannot be divided and this helps to build a strong society and political systems that is not torn apart across the lines of racism.
Development of social movement as well contributed to provision of human services that have gone extra mile in enhancing social justice, and human rights in the society. People in Australia have a right to access to fundamental basic needs and facilities. Social justice is achieved if the less fortunate ones and the poor are given an opportunity to compete with that from-privileged society(Rose & Thompson 2012). A child of a peasant has the right to go to school to have equal chances in society. Therefore, offering these human services such as health facilities, and education facilities to the people in one way help to achieve social justice (Green & Baldry 2008). Social justice is also achieved if people from different ethnic groups are given equal opportunities in the society. Provision of these human services therefore helped to ensure that there was no discrimination across the society. Marginalization of some of the community is also avoided and in this way, people have a feeling that they are all valued. The values of the people and their perception about the country also improved (Prosser & Olson 2013).
In conclusion, it is therefore apparent that the Settlement movement was an idea that has had positive impact on the society and the way people live in many parts of the world, Australia included. Bringing people from different class and status in society was a noble idea that created an opportunity for people to share their knowledge and their culture this as well helped people to have a sense of belonging and to learn new aspects on life. The movement has as well played a key role in provision of human services to people from various parts of the country. These services have provided a platform to unite people from different ethnic groups’ and race. It has also helped to champion equity, justice and a sense of belonging hence transforming the way people view and live with others. It is no doubt that the benefits accrued from the concept of settlement movement has played a vital role in the society and will continue to impact positively on the lives of the future generation.
Reference list
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2013, Australia’s welfare 2013: in brief Cat. no. AUS 175, AIHW, Canberra.
Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW) 2010, Code of Ethics, Australian Association of Social Workers, Canberra.
Baldry, E 2011, Studying for social work, London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif.
Chenoweth, L & McAuliffe, D 2012, The road to social work and human service practice, 3rd edn, Cengage Learning, South Melbourne.
Green, S & Baldry, E 2008, ‘Building Indigenous Australian Social Work’, Australian Social Work, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 389-402.
Rose, V & Thompson, L 2012, ‘ Space, place and people: a community development approach to mental health promotion in a disadvantaged community, Community Development Journal., vol. 47, pp. 604-611.
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Today during lecture we watched the first twenty minutes of the documentary, “In Debt We Trust” [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cltc4Og6HKo]. For decades, people all across the globe have relied upon credit cards to make their financial ends meet. Most people in our Soc 1 class have credit cards. These pieces of plastic allow consumers to buy goods and services now and pay for them later. The documentary we watched looked at the dark side of credit cards. What can happen when people don’t pay their credit card balances off each month?
This week we also talked about values. I asked the question, should values be taught in school? We debated this point. Some people argued that values should not be taught in the classroom, but a majority of you believed that values can and should be taught in school.
To connect this week’s lecture material on values with the documentary “In Debt We Trust,” I am going to create a hypothetical situation. Here it goes…
Pretend that you and I are having lunch at In-N-Out Burger. Because you are such a nice person, you buy me lunch. I order a 3×3 (with chopped chiles) with animal style fries and a diet coke (of course). You order a number two, protein style, with a chocolate milk shake. You whip out your MasterCard and charge the lunch. We wait for our food to cook and for our number to be called. Eventually, the nice lady behind the counter loudly calls out our ticket number. We pick up our food and sit down in a booth.
After the two of us sit down, I say to you, “Listen, [Insert Your Name], I appreciate you buying me lunch. But don’t you know credit cards are poison. If you can’t pay for something in cash, you don’t need it. Plain and simple.”
You take a moment to contemplate what I just said. Then you respond by saying, “Listen, Professor Avery, I appreciate your viewpoint. But like usual, you are oversimplifying things. You are not looking at the issue objectively. You are biased.”
“Biased, huh?”
“Yes, biased. You sound ridiculous when you talk. Credit cards are not poison. Some people need credit cards to survive.”
“No, they don’t.”
“Yes, they do.”
“Nope.”
“Yep.”
“Nope.”
“Yep.”
“Okay, fine, [Insert Your Name], explain to me why some people need credit cards, why credit cards are not poison, and why I am biased.”
“Gladly, let me educate you on those three points, Professor Avery.”
[Avery takes a bite of the 3×3 cheeseburger]
“Nice elbow patches.”
“Huh? What’d you say?”
“Oh, nothing. So some people need credit cards because…”
While responding to this hypothetical, write 800-1000 words
SAMPLE ANSWER
Credit Cards
Some people need credit cards because they offer numerous benefits not provided by other methods of payment. I don’t deny the fact that these cards are prone to overspending (Baker, 2007), and also that they attract undesirable interest charges, but the credit card users who use them wisely experience more benefits than harm. This applies to even credit cards which have no offers for frequent flier miles, cash back, or other rewards programs (Simon, nd).
The greatest advantage that I find in credit cards is their convenience. If a person has a MasterCard, American Express, Discover Card, or visa in the wallet, it implies that he/she will not waste time and resources to run to the bank for cash, count change or go through the tedious process of writing a check for purposes of making a purchase. In fact credit cards are more convenient that debit cards, since debit cards often have 24-hour charging limits, which could, for example, prevent me from buying the meal that I had set to buy (Simon, nd).
Credit cards help people in budgeting their monthly expenses, as long as the bills are paid in full every time. The bill serves as a master receipt by displaying the list of the items on which money was spent. Some credit cards like the one from American Express, which I use, categorizes all purchases and sends periodical statements summarizing the cardholder’s spending, with percentage breakdowns with regards to the amount spent on entertainment, fees, dining, retail and so on and so forth. In fact, if the cardholder opens an online account with his/her credit card company, a personal finance tracking software can import the data (Simon, nd).
Credit cards are also important tools for building one’s credit history. The borrowers’ report card contains all information with regards to the manner in which the client uses his/her card. The credit history records the responsible manner in which one handles his card, for purposes of reviewing by potential lenders. A cardholder with high scores in the credit history demonstrates creditworthiness. Other lenders thus may be interested to make transactions with such a creditworthy cardholder due to the fact that he has demonstrated his ability to pay debts on time and make conservative spending. Nevertheless, the converse holds true for an irresponsible credit card user. If a user is irresponsible, he should expect the card to produce low scores, which diminish his creditworthiness and may lead to either denial for future credit or payments with much higher rates of interest.
Although in some cases the cardholder can be charged for failure to pay the entire bill on a monthly basis (Munro & Hirt, 1998), the credit card company often offers a break in the form of the float. This refers to a grace period in which the cardholder can avoid interests on purchases if at the time of the purchase, the card does not have a balance. This implies that the cardholder enjoys a break of 20-30 days during which there are no interest charges levied on the purchase. Thus, a wise cardholder can avoid interest charges on unexpected expenditures by utilizing the float.
The card users can sometimes make the credit card companies to lessen the pain related with such provisions like annual fees and annual percentage rate. The good thing with credit card companies is that they provide room for negotiation on any issue, including the waiver of annual fee, lowering the annual percentage rate, or excusing a late payment. All the cardholder needs to do is to ask (Simon, nd).
It is also important to note that credit card purchases give a client a significant degree of protection from theft. Although everybody usually hopes that the theft of the card does not happen, it is wise for a cardholder who loses his card to inform the respective credit card company. Most credit card companies guarantee their clients their efforts to help in resolving theft issues, due to the fact that fraud is one of the greatest concerns in the industry. In general, the client is only expected to assume responsibility for $50 to pay back the total spending of the thief. This is very beneficial to the client as it saves him a lot of cash in circumstances where the thief had expensive tastes. Some companies also provide zero liability policies for cardholders who report the issue immediately. Meanwhile, those cardholders who have online accounts are in a position to take note of the fraudulent activity with the credit card before the arrival of the next statement in the mail.
Credit cards can also be used to get awards. For cardholders who do not maintain a credit card balance, it is possible to make use of other rewards cards. For example, when one uses a gas credit card, he stands a chance of receiving cash points, bonuses, or additional benefits just by doing the ordinary task of filling fuel on a weekly basis (Simon, nd).
Therefore, credit cards are very beneficial to people and we cannot live without them. They only require the cardholder to be wise and to maintain a positive relationship with their card companies in order to maximize on the benefits and do away with their “poisonous” effect.
Cash Flows at Warf Computers, Inc. Mini-Case Study
Cash Flows at Warf Computers, Inc. Mini-Case Study
Order Instructions:
This paper is the repetition of 111878 and because the paper was poorly written the student did not pass and now have to repeat the class so make sure you get a different writer to handle this paper. hear below are the instructions please he should carefully read the instructions before completing this paper.
• Cash Flows at Warf Computers, Inc. Mini-Case Study.
This case study, found on page 42 of your course text, deals with a small computing firm that has developed a new, unique product and has decided to seek outside funding. You have been asked to help prepare the necessary financial statements. After reading the case study:
• Complete the financial statement of cash flows and the accounting statement of cash flows on the excel template provided and the respond to the questions mentioned.
• Briefly answer the three additional questions referencing cash flows and expansion plans found on page 43 (5-6 sentences each minimum).
Remember to include proper APA citations in all Mini-Case Study assignments.
I have attached a documents containing information that will be use in completing this paper. It is critical that the writer pay attention to details for this paper and all calculations must be clearly shown where require. The writer must respond to the 3 questions asked in the mini case as indicated in the assignment requirement. The questions are in the document of the mini-case study. I have also included an excel template that will be use for the calculations, the writer will just complete all calculations in the template.
Remember to include proper APA citations in all Mini-Case Study assignments.
Resources
• Adams, S. (2008, February). Fundamentals of business economics. Financial Management (UK), 46–48. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
This article provides an analysis of the principal-agent problem and discusses some of the ways that many companies address the issue.
• Rappaport, A. (2006, September). Ten ways to create shareholder value. Harvard Business Review, 66–77. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
In this article, the author states his belief that there are certain principles that when followed will result in increased shareholder value for a company. He provides a review of the 10 steps he has found to be most important and provides a brief description of each.
• Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1997). A survey of corporate governance. Journal of Finance, 52(2), 737–783. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
The authors use a survey instrument to study how financial suppliers use corporate governance to assure that they receive a return on their investment.
• Almazan, A., Banerji, S., & DeMotta, A. (2008). Attracting attention: Cheap managerial talk and costly market monitoring. Journal of Finance, 63(3), 1399–1436. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
This article presents a new theory as to the best way to increase shareholder value by seeking market attention while the firm is undervalued
Readings
•Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R. W., & Jaffe, J. (2013). Corporate finance (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
-Chapter 1, “Introduction to Corporate Finance”
This chapter introduces some of the basic ideas in corporate finance; namely, capital budgeting, capital structure, and cash flows. In addition, there is a discussion on maximizing the value of stock, one of the most important concepts in finance.
-Chapter 2, “Financial Statements and Cash Flow”
This chapter introduces and discusses basic corporate accounting procedures, as well as devices used to calculate a corporation’s cash flow from operations, changes in fixed assets, and changes in working capital.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Cash Flows at Warf Computers, Inc. Mini-Case Study
Question 1
The Warf Computers’ cash flows are undoubtedly satisfactory considering that the company has not been in operation for long. This is attributable to the fact that the company debt and equity is not considerable compared to many small companies which oftentimes tend to be highly indebted. Moreover, the company assets both current and fixed seem significant to drive the company operations for long. Ross, Westerfield & Jaffe (2013) note that a company is considered stable when there is considerable positive difference income and expenses as the case with Warf Computers’ cash flows.
Question 2
Accounting cash flow is the cash flow statement which accurately describes Warf Computers cash flows because it represents a detailed statement of each aspect of the company’s cash flows. As a result, accounting cash flow statement provided information which accounts for each activity undertaken by the company irrespective of whether it involves generation of income or spending.
Question3
From the answers provided in the above questions, it is evidently clear that Nick’s expansion plans can be achieved irrespective of them being relatively aggressive. This is due to the fact that the company can outsource funding from debts as well as other sources of income (Almazan, Banerji & DeMotta, 2008).
Cash Flow From Operations
$ 2,011
$ 1,292
$ 719
Investing
Fixed purchased
$ 140,000
$ (140,000)
Fixed sold
$ 330,000
$ –
$ 330,000
Intangible
$ 610
$ (610)
Totals
$ 330,000
$ 140,610
$ 189,390
Financing
Retire debt
$ 151,000
$ (151,000)
Proceeds from debt
$ 175,000
$ 175,000
Notes
$ 85
$ 85
Dividends
$ 225
$ (225)
Treasury Stock
$ 145
$ (145)
Proceeds from stock
$ 12,000
$ 12,000
Total Financing
$ 187,085
$ 151,370
$ 35,715
Change in Cash
$ 519,096
$ 293,272
$ 225,824
References
Adams, S. (2008). Fundamentals of business economics. Financial Management, 46–48.
