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Effective assessment practice Assignment

Effective assessment practice

Order Instructions:

Gather various assessment instructions that you or a colleague have used in the classroom or assessment and evaluation tools used in prior courses. Examples include commercially produced unit tests, teacher-created tests, rubrics, and portfolios.

Select three examples that you think represent both effective and ineffective assessment practices.

This is nursing education, you can use whatever examples you want as long as you have at least one example of an ineffective assessment practice and the other two can be effective assessment practices

Justify your analysis and offer suggestions in a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper.

Include a variety of materials including three or more journal articles to substantiate your analysis.

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Effective assessment practice

Assessment is an integral way that can be utilized by teachers in evaluating growth and the level of knowledge of a student. Assessments are a crucial element of the learning process. In nursing, classroom assessment enables the students to improve their knowledge. Assessment allows the teacher to analyze and gauge how the students are learning and to identify any students who are weak and require remediation. This paper explores different evaluation and assessment tools utilized in prior courses. Moreover, two effective assessment practices and one ineffective assessment practice are selected.

Assessment instructions or assessment/evaluation tools

Portfolios

Portfolios are understood as a collection of evidence for demonstrating attitudes, skills, knowledge, as well as achievements. A portfolio relies on a level of self-regulation, critical reflection, and writing skills on the part of the student; that is, the person who is being assessed. If a portfolio is employed as a tool for assessment, it has to be specific and clear (Green, Wyllie & Jackson, 2013). Nursing is a comparatively late adopter of portfolios considering that portfolios have been utilized in various professional disciplines in universities for several years for the purpose of encouraging reflective practice in students. In nursing, the portfolio could be utilized to assess student growth as well as professional and personal development, which could be assessed over time (Green, Wyllie & Jackson, 2013).

Rubrics

Graduate-level nursing students should have the ability to express concepts in writing as well as verbally. For a lot of learners, this would actually be an accumulative continuing process guided by the educators in every successive class. The instructors need to employ a tool that is capable of consistently evaluating and assessing the work of nursing students, whilst offering feedback. Scoring rubrics, as Truemper (2009) pointed out, do this by way of directing a nursing student towards areas requiring improvement, whilst also giving credit for the items which the nursing student has done correctly. Even though scoring rubrics have mostly be used by undergraduate students, they can greatly improve graduate nursing students’ ability in the areas of verbal and written communication (Truemper, 2009).

Teacher-created tests

These tests can be used by teachers in improving their instruction. Pannoni (2014) reported that educators can create and utilize meaningful assessments to improve their teaching of nursing students. Teachers should first create a blueprint of what they want to test prior to creating the examination. This is important as it would help educators understand the vital information that they have to test which would assist them in making instructional decisions. In addition, the educators should look at test results that would help them identify what the learners have learned and the areas where the students actually need improvements (Pannoni, 2014). Teachers in general never desire to wait until the year’s end when learners are required to do high-stakes tests like graduation examinations in order to find out that the learners did not understood the material. In the long run, this could also save time since the educator will not teach content which learners have mastered already (Pannoni, 2014). Educators need to bear in mind that assessments need to be utilized in measuring student growth and not simply to award another grade. For the educator, the goal must be to move all students forward from where they begin in the class (Pannoni, 2014).

Commercially-produced unit tests

The necessity to pass a commercially-produced standardized test as a requirement for the student to progress in nursing programs is an intensifying and growing trend. Given that the results of the tests could block the student from graduating or could make the student ineligible to take licensing examination for instance NCLEX, commercially-produced unit tests are actually high stakes. It is notable that issues surrounding high-stakes testing have in fact crystallized around licensure examinations predictive testing and the serious results or effects they have on decisions pertaining to student progression (Spurlock, 2009). Test results from commercially-produced unit tests could be helpful in different ways. For instance, they provide nursing students with information with regard to their knowledge relative to other nursing students countrywide using national forms. They also help faculty members to identify the weaknesses and strengths of the curricular (Spurlock, 2009).

Effective and ineffective assessment practices

Effective practices

Portfolio – In nursing education, the portfolio is emerging as an effective and efficient way that is used to evaluate professional development and program outcomes (Ryan, 2011). Electronic or e-portfolios can also be used – this refers to an electronic version of the portfolio. Electronic portfolios are suitable and useful for working with learners, especially when bearing in mind that most students nowadays are technology networked, techno-savvy, and wanting to complete their work exclusively by using computers (Green, Wyllie & Jackson, 2013). Advantages of creating electronic portfolios include personal benefits for instance easier storage, developing technology skills that are suitable for e-learning, increased capability of circulating copies, and encouraging portfolios that are more longitudinal and therefore career growth (Green, Wyllie & Jackson, 2013).

In addition, portfolios are of benefits since they allow a student to be accountable for and take control of their learning. Moreover, they also encourage self-reflection. Even so, issues have been reported such as the time period needed by both the assessor and the student, concerns with regard to confidentiality, the fact that portfolios might favour students who have better reflection and written skills, and confusion regarding the sorts of evidence to be incorporated in the portfolio. On the whole, researchers who have explored the acceptability of portfolios in nursing education have reported positive results (Green, Wyllie & Jackson, 2013). Rubrics: this tool plays a vital part in the broader nursing education teaching-learning process. Rigorous, modifiable rubrics are very important as they truly assess student learning objectives. In essence, they take into consideration learning objectives as well as the learning-teaching process, and support objective grading (Truemper, 2009).

Ineffective practice

Commercially-produced unit tests

Although tests results from commercially-produced unit tests could be of use in different ways, they should not be utilized in predicting NCLEX performance. Spurlock (2006) reported that demanding a fixed score for nursing students in order for them to graduate or to undertake the NCLEX exam in order to make sure that program pass rates remain at the levels set by the state board could really be detrimental to the nursing students who have passed every component of the nursing program successfully. Such learners might have no option except to undertake the exit exam over and over again until they attain the programs designated passing score. Lots of commercially-produced unit tests give individual student scores which are associated with a likelihood of passing the licensure examination NCLEX. Researchers have reported that whilst commercially-produced unit tests in most cases work well in recognizing high-performing learners who may actually pass the licensure examination NCLEX, they are significantly less accurate in recognizing individual learners who would not pass the licensure examination. This distinction in explaining the accurateness of a test is particularly vital when there are policies in place which serve to prevent nursing students’ progression or graduation (Spurlock, 2009). Nursing students who have suffered adverse consequences for failing on their commercially-available unit tests have initiated court proceedings against their nursing programs with the use of various legal bases. Common grounds might be as follows: educational malpractice, lack of due process, and violation of contract. For instance, nursing students have utilized the program handbook or college catalog, which could be seen as a contract between the learner and his or her school, as a crucial part of their legal defense. If the handbook or catalog never included policies regarding commercially-produced unit tests, plus the possible consequences for progressing, Spurlock (2009) stated that the nursing student can claim that the school violated the contract.

Conclusion

In conclusion, assessments are a vital constituent of the learning process in nursing education. The different assessment/evaluation tools that I have used include portfolios, rubrics, commercially-produced unit tests, and teacher-created tests. Out of this, the most effective ones are portfolios and rubrics. Scoring rubrics can really improve graduate nursing students’ ability in the areas of verbal and written communication. Portfolios are vital given that they allow a student to be accountable for and take control of his or her learning. Furthermore, they also encourage self-reflection. Commercially-produced unit tests are ineffective in assessment practice.

Reference

Green, J., Wyllie, A., & Jackson, D. (2013). Electronic portfolios in nursing education: A review of the literature. Nurse Education in Practice, 30(2013): 1-5

Ryan, M. (2011). Evaluating portfolio use as a tool for assessment and professional development in graduate nursing education. Journal of Professional Nursing, 27(2): 84-91

Pannoni, A. (2014). Three ways high school teachers can improve assessments. USNews.

Spurlock, D. R. (2006). Do no harm: Progression policies and high-stakes testing in nursing education. Journal of Nursing Education, 45(8), 297-302.

Truemper, C. M. (2009). Using scoring rubrics to facilitate assessment and evaluation of graduate-level nursing students. J Nurs Educ, 43(12): 562-4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15620071

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New Directions; Creative Writing Services

New Directions- Using your imagination, explain how you would direct a production of Faust or The Seagull in order to communicate a specific theme of the piece. Like Prompt A, you will want to discuss style as well as the play’s elements, such as the type of actors you would look for, design elements, etc.
Again, this is conceptual argument for your vision. You may elect to use a different play, but you must get approval from one of the instructors IN PERSON.

General Instructions:
1. The paper should be one to one-and-a-half single-spaced pages, written in 12-point Times New Roman with 1” margins on all sides. Please print the page
front and back, and, if that is not possible, the pages must be stapled together.
2. At the top of the first page should be your full name, Student ID number, and choice of prompt.
3. Give your essay an interesting title. Additionally, a play’s title should always be italicized.
4. As stated above, the essay should be presenting an analytical argument supported by specific examples that are completely explained. The best papers have
about two to three very well-explained specific examples. Use a clear organizational structure to convey your point.
5. This paper should be well-edited. Grammar and spelling will be considered in your grading.
6. FAILURE TO FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS WILL RESULT IN A FAILING GRADE.

General Writing Guidelines

Structure

If you are writing an argumentative essay, develop a clear thesis statement (main point) and make sure that each body paragraph supports that main point.
Write an introductory paragraph to establish your topic and pique your reader’s interest.
Unite each body paragraph with a claim that supports your thesis, providing a topic sentence that clearly directs the reader.
Provide detailed examples in the form of a quotations or summaries from appropriate performances or texts as evidence to support your claims. Specific
examples are more effective than general examples.
Organize paragraphs logically, typically from weakest support to strongest.
Utilize transitions between paragraphs to lend coherence to your argument.
Develop a concluding paragraph that clearly indicates the end of the essay, clarifying what the reader should have learned by reading this paper.
Provide detailed examples in the form of a quote or summary from appropriate performances or texts as evidence to support your claims. Specific examples are always more effective than general examples.

Language

To convey your meaning effectively and to keep the reader awake and interested, choose and organize your words carefully.
Use action verbs (avoid is, was, were, am) and specific nouns (avoid this, it, that, them).
Avoid using contractions. They make you sound like a high school student who does not realize they were ever accepted into college.
Vary sentence structure and length.B
Be as concise as possible, avoiding first person as much as possible.
Proofread to make sure your spelling and grammar are correct. Do not trust the spell check or grammar programs to catch everything.

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Understanding Financial Decision Making

Understanding Financial Decision Making: Tools for Evaluation

Order Instructions:

Investment Analysis and Recommendation Paper

Understanding Financial Decision Making: Tools for Evaluation

Overview: During the next 7 weeks, you will examine theoretical and empirical points of view and apply the knowledge you have gained from your study and research in order to understand how financial decisions are made within a large publicly traded company that you choose as an exemplar. You will utilize financial tools to evaluate current financial data and use your calculations to justify those decisions. Approach this exercise as though you were a financial consultant who has been asked to analyze the value of the company as a potential investment. This assignment will require access to in-depth financial information, so selecting a company for which this information is easily obtainable will be most beneficial.

You will conduct a detailed analysis of the financial dealings of your selected organization. Each week you will focus on a different aspect of the company’s financial information. You will explore the monitoring capabilities of the Board of Directors and use financial tools to compare ratios with one of the firm’s competitors. You will establish an estimated growth rate and predict future dividends. In addition, you will use annual reports as a tool in capital budgeting to determine potential real options, establish a market risk premium, calculate the weighted average cost of capital, and compare the mix of debt and equity that the firm uses to an industry average. Finally, you will prepare an executive summary of the company, complete with current stock prices and a recommendation on investing in the business you select. Your paper will contain topics unique to the company chosen, but will incorporate the themes covered each week. You will strictly use the sample paper and maintain the format of the sample paper. APA is critical and the writer will continue to build the paper as the weeks go by adding each section. Each week you are required to submit sections of the paper to your Instructor. Each section will then be used as a part of your final analysis and will be included in the complete paper.

• This week, select a publicly traded company that you wish to analyze for this paper. Submit the name to your Instructor for approval. Obtain the company’s financial statements (annual report) and the most recent proxy statement.

Using the information on the proxy statement:
• Evaluate the monitoring potential of the firm’s Board of Directors.
• Identify the strengths and weaknesses of how the board is structured, as well as any ethical concerns.
Write a 1-page summary of your findings.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Understanding Financial Decision Making

Investment Analysis Paper on Chesapeake Energy Corporation

Chesapeake Energy Corporation is U.S based utility company dealing in natural gas exploration and production. The company is headquartered in Oklahoma City, OK and employs approximately 10,800 people (as of December 31, 2013). The company was incorporated in 1947 and has evolved to be a leader in the energy sector worldwide with over $7.4 billion in total assets (as of December 31, 2014).

Board of Directors

The board of directors is very important to the organization since they determine the direction to be taken by the business. The board of directors is composed of a ten member team; nine of the ten are independent members. Each of the nine sits in a charter committee namely; audit committee, compensation committee, nominating committee and finance committee. The Chair to the Board is a member of nominating committee and finance committee.

Monitoring Potential of the Firm’s Board of Director

The strategic monitoring potential of the board is derived from the fact that 90% of the members have complete autonomy and sits on committees (MarketLine, 2014). The charter is also governed by constituency statutes that permit them to make decisions in favor of the company rather than the shareholders’ interests (Brian et al, 2013).

Strengths and Weaknesses of Board Structure

Intense market competition and structuring of the board might either erode or increase the company’s market share. This board strength and weaknesses include:

Strengths	Weaknesses
Mainstream on vertical integration Strong market position based on personnel	High debt resulting from heavy borrowing
Opportunities	Threats
Increasing demand for natural gas in the world and key employees	Increasing competition Legal compliance and changing gas prices

Ethical Concerns

The company lacks appropriate responsiveness to the shareholders concerns. This is because the directors have full autonomy over decision making. Despite the fact that their position is backed up by the constituency statutes, it amounts to lack of transparency in the overall organization (Bundy & Ann, 2013).

References

Brian, J. H, Sandra, M. T. & Jennifer, C. H. (2013). Benefit Corporation Concerns for Financial Service Professionals. Journal of Financial Service Professionals. 74-82.

Bundy, J & Ann, K. B. (2013). Strategic Cognition and Issue Salience: Toward an Explanation of Firm Responsiveness to Stakeholder Concerns. Academy of Management Review. 38 (3) 352-376.

Chesapeake Corp. (2015). Company Profile: Chesapeake Energy Corporation. MarketLine

DuPont Analysis for the companies for the past three years

Return on Investment (ROE) is the is one of the most important company analysis tools that is used to measure how well a company manages and creates value to their shareholders. However, the values on the ROE can sometimes be misleading in terms of real value and risks associated with a particular investment. The numbers in the ROE can easily be misleading to financial analysis if the individual components of the ROE have not been broken down to their individual components. In this regard, DuPont can bridge the gap created by the ROE and provide a reliable measure of how the company creates value for its shareholders (Mitchell, Mitchell, & Cai, 2013). DuPont is the financial analysis tool that enables the breakdown of the ROE into its various individual components such as financial leverage, asset turnover, and profit margin (Haskins, 2013). The following is the financial calculation of DuPont of Chesapeake Energy Corporation, together with their competitor, Anadarko Petroleum Corporation (APC) (Cheasapeake Corp, 2015).

DuPont takes utilizes the basis of the individual component of ROE which is given by;

Profit Margin X Asset Turnover X Leverage Factor

Chesapeake Energy Corporation (CEC) Financials for the past three years

	2014	2013	2012
Total Assets	$40,751,000	41,782,000	41,611,000
Shareholders’ Equity	$16,903,000	15,995,000	15,569,000
Revenue	$20,951,000	17,506,000	12,316,000
Net Income	$1,917,000	724,000	769,000

Anadarko Petroleum Corporation (APC) Financials for the past three years

	2014	2013	2012
Total Assets	61,689,000	55,781,000	52,589,000
Shareholders’ Equity	19,725,000	21,857,000	20,629,000
Revenue	18,470,000	14,581,000	13,411,000
Net Income	(1,750,000)	801,000	2,391,000

In the year 2012;

The DuPont for Chesapeake Energy Corporation is given by

Net Profit x Asset Turnover x Leverage Factor

(769,000/12,316,000) x (12,316,000/41,611,000) x (41,611,000/12,316,000)

= 0.0624 x 0.256 x 3.379 = 0.054

The DuPont for Anadarko Petroleum Corporation (APC) is given by

(2,391,000/13,411,000) x (13,411,000/52,589,000) x (52,589,000/20,629,000) =

=0.1783 x 0.255 x 2.541 = 0.116

In the year 2013;

The DuPont for Chesapeake Energy Corporation is given by

(724,000/17,506,000) x (17,506,000 / 41,782,000) x (41,782,000/15,995,000) =

0.041 x 0.419 x 2.612 = 0.045

The DuPont for Anadarko Petroleum Corporation (APC) is given by

(801,000/14,581,000) x (14,581,000/55,781,000) x (55,781,000/21,857,000) =

0.055 x 0.21 x 2.55 = 0.029

In the year 2014;

The DuPont for Chesapeake Energy Corporation is given by

(1,917,000/20,951,000) x (20,951,000/40,751,000) x (40,751,000/16,903,000) =

0.091 x 0.514 x 2.411 = 0.113

The DuPont for Anadarko Petroleum Corporation (APC) is given by

(1,750,000/18,470,000) x (18,470,000/61,689,000) x (61,689,000/19,725,000) =

0.095 x 0.299 x 3.127 = 0.089

Differences and trend that emerge

In the year 2012, the operating efficiency of APC (0.18) was higher than that of CEC (0.06) as can be seen in their profit margins. In the same year, it can be deduced that the asset use efficiency of between the two companies are almost the same since they stood at 0.255 for APC and 0.256 for CEC. On the other hand, the financial leverage for CEC was higher (3.4) than the financial leverage for APC (2.5).

In the year 2013, the operating efficiency of APC (0.05) was still higher than that of CEC (0.04). In the same year, the asset use efficiency of CEC was higher than the asset use efficiency of APC. Similarly, CEC had a higher financial leverage in the year 2013 than APC. Overall, it can be deduced that CEC performed better than APC in the year 2013.

In the year 2014, the operating efficiency of APC (0.095) was higher than that of CEC (0.091). However, the asset use efficiency of CEC stood higher (0.5) than that of APC (0.3). On the other hand, APC had a higher financial leverage (3.1) than CEC (2.4) as can be deduced from the financial calculations. The higher the financial leverage, the better a company is placed to provide good value for its shareholders (Brian, Sandra, & Jennifer, 2013).

References

Brian, J. H, Sandra, M. T. & Jennifer, C. H. (2013). Benefit Corporation Concerns for Cheasapeake Corp. (2015). Company Profile: Chesapeake Energy Corporation. MarketLine

Financial Service Professionals. Journal of Financial Service Professionals. 74-82.

Haskins, M. E.(2013). A decade of DuPont ratio performance. Management Accounting Quarterly, 14(2), 24-33.

Mitchell, T., Mitchell, S., & Cai, C. (2013). Using the DuPont decomposing process to create A marketing model. Journal of Business & Economics Research (Online), 11(11), 485.

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Expanded comparison matrix Essay Paper

Expanded comparison matrix

Order Instructions:

1) Introduction
a) Capture the reader’s interest, provide context for the paper, and include a clear thesis statement
2) Purposes of the Articles
a) Article 1 purpose
b) Article 2 purpose
c) Article 3 purpose
d) Commonalities/shared themes between articles
e) Why is that interesting or important?
3) Research Questions
a) Article 1 research questions/hypotheses
b) Article 2 research questions/hypotheses
c) Article 3 research questions/hypotheses
d) Commonalities/shared themes between articles
e) Things to address in this section of the paper: What are the research questions and hypotheses asked by the authors? How do they compare to one another? Why might the differences and similarities be important?
4) Literature Reviews
a) Article 1 themes
b) Article 2 themes
c) Article 3 themes
d) Commonalities/shared themes between articles
e) Conclusions I can draw from the shared themes
f) Things to address in this section of the paper: What are the main themes of each article’s lit review? What do they share in common? What conclusions can you draw from that?
5) Research Participants
a) Article 1 sample
b) Article 2 sample
c) Article 3 sample
d) Commonalities/shared themes between articles
e) Things to address in this section of the paper: Who participated in this study? What is important about the participants? What do the articles have in common?
6) Limitations
a) Article 1 limitations
b) Article 2 limitations
c) Article 3 limitations
d) Commonalities/shared themes between articles
e) Things to address in this section of the paper: What limitations exist in this article? Consider issues with sample, generalizability of results, biases of researchers, etc.
7) Results/Conclusions
a) Article 1 results/conclusions
b) Article 2 results/conclusions
c) Article 3 results/conclusions
d) Commonalities/shared themes between articles
e) Things to address in this section of the paper: What are the results of the studies? What conclusions did the authors draw? What commonalities do you see between articles? Why might that be important? What might that mean?
8) Conclusion
a) What is your conclusion? If you consider all three articles to be a single entity, what conclusions can you draw from their combined research? What is the overall message of the articles? Why is this important? What suggestions might you have for future research, or practical application of this information

SAMPLE ANSWER

1) Introduction

Expanded comparison matrix is undoubtedly the widely used and the most important tool that is used to compare contents of different articles, especially the peer reviewed journal articles on a particular subject. The context of this paper is comparing socialization or networking in higher education. As a result, this paper compares all sections of the three considered articles in order to establish an appropriate comparison matrix.

The three articles considered in this comparison matrix are: Baker & Lattuca (2010); Visser, Visser & Schlosser (2003); and Weidman & Stein (2003) as article 1, 2 and 3 respectively.

2) Purposes of the Articles

a) Article 1: The purpose of this article is to examine how doctorate graduate students are prepared for academic careers, particularly focusing on their academic professional identity development.
b) Article 2: The purpose of this article is to assess current teaching practices and investigate the critical thinking knowledge among faculty, whilst undertaking the identification of exemplary practices in critical thinking teaching.
c) Article 3: The purpose of this article is to study how doctoral students socialize to the academic norms of scholarship and research.
d) The commonalities between the purposes of the considered articles is that they all target students at doctoral level in education, particularly with regards to socialization and networking.
e) The importance of the commonalities is that they allow easy comparison of the obtained results.

3) Research Questions/Hypotheses

a) Article 1: This article hypothesize that there is connection between developmental networks of doctoral students, their graduate experience learning and professional identity development.
b) Article 2: The research question in this article is that, are instructors and students (as lifelong learners and as reflective practitioners) helping our students to become critical thinkers?
c) Article 3: The research question of this article is that, how do doctoral students’ socialize to academic norms of scholarship and research?
d) The commonalities between the purposes of the considered articles is that, they all seek to establish a particular aspect of doctoral students’ socialization.
e) The similarities enable the researcher to compare and contrast the study results.

4) Literature Reviews

a) Article 1: In this article, sociocultural perspectives on higher education learning and network theories are examined with an emphasis on mentoring and social networking theories in addition to evaluating the intersection of sociocultural learning and developmental network theories.
b) Article 2: In this article, the literature is reviewed from the perspective of the factors that affecting integration of critical thinking to higher learning in distance and traditional higher education such as faculty factors, learner factors as well as learner environment factors.
c) Article 3: in this article, various aspects of how socialization theories are discussed in details in order to build up on the proposed theoretical framework.
d) The commonalities between the purposes of the considered articles is that, the three articles adopt the same theoretical or conceptual framework to build on the literature review.
e) The commonalities of the literature reviews is important in providing an overview of how the adopted theoretical or conceptual frameworks are developed.

5) Research Participants

a) Article 1: In this article, the research participants or sample size was 50 doctoral students who were interviewed and most of them have been engaged in various activities of their creativity to either partially or fully evade the need of analyzing, documenting or theorizing their work.
b) Article 2: In this article, the research participants included 66 universities in California (both private and public) from where the research study was carried out.
c) Article 3: In this article, all the 83 doctoral students were included in the study as part of research participants.
d) The commonalities between the purposes of the considered articles is that, the number of participants is almost the same among all the considered articles.
e) Since the number of research participants in all the three articles is relatively the same, it would be easy to compare the results.

6) Limitations

a) Article 1: The limitation in this article is that, the outcomes equation complexity is suggestive of a study that evaluate the influence of conflicting network values, goals and norms with regards to doctoral students without consideration of students at lower education levels or network partners and local contexts.
b) Article 2: In this article, the main limitation is inherent in the research design since the two groups considered in this study are not universally treated because the distance learning group can access all books, whilst the classroom group does not enjoy this privilege.
c) Article 3: In this article, the main limitation is concerned with how the sample size was collected since all the doctoral had to be included with an appropriate method of sampling.
d) The commonalities between the purposes of the considered articles is that, there are delimitations to most of the identified limitations.
e) Identification of the limitations is essential since it enables the appropriate delimitations to be devised.

7) Results/Conclusions

a) Article 1: in this article, the results indicate that oftentimes most of the doctoral students usually achieved a workable equilibrium between their aesthetic and analytic activities, which is envisaged to redefine conceptual and theoretical ideas previously considered as challenges towards inspiration resources.
b) Article 2: The results of this article found that while about 90% of the interviewed instructors claimed that in their instruction critical thinking constitutes the core objective, only 19% of them could succinctly explain the meaning of critical thinking.
c) Article 3: The results of multivariate analysis confirm that, social interaction is important among doctoral students and their departments.
d) The commonalities between the purposes of the considered articles is that, the results of the three articles affirms the need for students in higher education levels to socialize and network.
e) The results obtained in the three articles can be applied in other areas where social interaction or networking among higher education students is considered.

8) Conclusion

It can be concluded that a comparison of the three articles that are considered in this comparison matrix reveals a number of commonalities in almost all sections, particularly with regards to conceptual and theoretical frameworks as well as research designs. A consideration of the three articles combined, it is evident that socialization and networking among students is important for both distant and classroom students. Future research is recommended to determine the envisaged trends in student socialization and networking in future both for classroom and distance students.

References

Baker, V., & Lattuca, L. R. (2010). Developmental networks and learning: toward an interdisciplinary perspective on identity development during doctoral study. Studies in Higher Education, 35(7), 807-827. http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=54329722&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Visser, L., Visser, Y. L., & Schlosser, C. (2003). Critical thinking distance education and traditional education. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 4(4), 401-407. http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=12620957&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Weidman, J. C., & Stein, E. L. (2003). Socialization of doctoral students to academic norms. Research in Higher Education, 44(6), 641. Available at http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=11092904&site=ehost-live&scope=site

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Economics Essay Paper Writing Services

Economics

Why was/were the firm(s) investigated for antitrust behavior?
Identify some of the costs (pecuniary and non-pecuniary) associated with the antitrust behavior (firms having power in the market). Additionally, note the specific antitrust act (Sherman Act, Clayton Act, etc.) under which the violation was investigated.
Given your research and findings, are monopolies and oligopolies (firms demonstrating power) always bad for society? Be sure to provide real world examples of where this may be the case to strengthen your position.
Provide at least one example of a case where having a monopoly or oligopoly may actually benefit the society.

Based on your findings to the questions listed above, write a report with a minimum of 300 words in essay format in APA style (use the APA template in Doc
Sharing), using correct economic terms covered in the discussions. If you ONLY write 300 words, you probably won’t be able to fully answer the questions.
Key concepts to include in your paper include the following.

Monopoly Market Structure
Oligopoly Market Structure
Barriers to Entry Into the Market
Natural Monopoly
Government Monopoly
Downward Sloping Demand Curve
Economies of Scale
Price Fixing
Collusion
Monopoly Pricing
Price Maker
Market Power
Economic Profits
Imperfect Competition
Rent-Seeking Behavior
X-Inefficiency
Deadweight Loss to Society
Marginal Cost
Marginal Revenue

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Antitrust Practices and Market Power

Research authoritative articles using the news and the DeVry Online Library (http://library.devry.edu) for a recent case of antitrust investigation. You are
free to choose a case from any industry and any part of the world. Based on the case you have selected, answer the following questions.
1. Why was/were the firm(s) investigated for antitrust behavior?
2. Identify some of the costs (pecuniary and nonpecuniary) associated with the antitrust behavior (firms having power in the market). Additionally, note the specific antitrust act (Sherman Act, Clayton Act, etc.) under which the violation was investigated.
3. Given your research and findings, are monopolies and oligopolies (firms demonstrating power) always bad for society? Be sure to provide real world
examples of where this may be the case to strengthen your position.
4. Provide at least one example of a case where having a monopoly or oligopoly may actually benefit the society.
Based on your findings to the questions listed above, write a report with a minimum of 300 words in essay format in APA style (use the APA template in Doc
Sharing), using correct economic terms covered in the discussions. If you ONLY write 300 words, you probably won?t be able to fully answer the questions.
Key concepts to include in your paper include the following.

Monopoly Market Structure’
Oligopoly Market Structure
Barriers to Entry Into the Market
Natural Monopoly
Government Monopoly
Downward Sloping Demand Curve
Economies of Scale
Price Fixing
Collusion
Monopoly Pricing
Price Maker
Market Power
Economic Profits
Imperfect Competition
Rent-Seeking Behavior
X-Inefficiency
Deadweight Loss to Society
Marginal Cost
Marginal Revenue
Antitrust

You must use at minimum at least one article from the DeVry Online Library. Note: Although your textbook is a good source of knowledge, it is NOT an article and cannot be the only source for the assignment. Cite all your references in APA format. You can use the Citations & Bibliography function of Microsoft Word, which is found under the References tab.
1. Write your individual answers to the questions listed above together not each minimum 300 words in essay format in APA style [use APA template in Doc
Sharing], using correct economic terms covered in the discussions. If you ONLY write 300 words, you probably won?t be able to fully answer the questions.
2. Some key concepts to include in your paper – Monopoly Market Structure, Characteristics of Pure Monopoly, Barriers to Entry into the market, Natural
Monopoly, Government Monopoly, Downward Sloping Demand Curve, Economies of Scale, Monopoly Pricing, Price Maker, Market Power, Economic Profits, Imperfect Competition, Rent Seeking Behavior, X-inefficiency, Deadweight Loss to Society, Marginal Cost, Marginal Revenue, Antitrust, Bundling.
You must use at least one article. Note: The textbook is not an article and cannot be the ONLY source for the assignments. Use the DeVry Library as a
resource for finding your references.

Title page or name on paper
Introduction paragraph
Body of paper paragraph(s) with in-text citations provided for sources used
Conclusion paragraph
Reference(s)

SAMPLE OF APA template to be use is below:

Title page
Title of the paper
Name of the author
Email Address
Content

Price Controls

I do not support gas price controls, or more specifically, price ceilings on gasoline because they do not help the economy in the long run. The laws of
supply and demand dictate that the market itself should be the determining factor of prices, which change with the supply and demand of specific goods in the market. A couple factors such as the negative effects on the Law of Supply, and the hidden costs to customers make price ceilings an unpopular choice for most economies.

Within the Law of Supply, certain determinants are affected when price controls are imposed. Although it may not be apparent in the short-run, price ceilings
will limit the number of producers entering the market due to the increased difficulty of making a profit because of the prices imposed on their goods. In addition to limiting the number of producers, price ceilings reduce the need to be competitive, which leaves companies little incentive to increase
efficiency and innovative initiatives in the way they produce and procure their products to lower the prices themselves.

Price Ceiling on Oil
In the past, such as the price ceiling on oil during the 1970?s in the United States, price controls created disequilibrium between supply and demand which
resulted in a shortage of gasoline during that time. This meant that those that were willing and able to purchase gas could not do so. With the intent on
keeping prices down, customers often pay hidden costs that are not related to prices (Ellig, 2003). Long waits in line, increased stress through competitive
acquisition of the limited goods, and the inability to purchase those goods regardless of financial standing takes its own toll on the economy.

Conclusion
History has already showed us the results of price controls in the market. Although the long-term effects may not be apparent, such as companies shutting down because of its inability to maintain the controlled prices and the unemployment that follow it is real. Artificially changing the laws of supply and
demand and the additional non-monetary costs to the customers can lead to a bigger problem than just higher gas prices. The market should be allowed to
pursue it?s equilibrium without any interference.

Bibliography/References
[Type references alphabetically; format APA]
Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (year). Name of article in sentence case: If there is a subtitle, it should also be in sentence case. Name of
Journal in Title Case, volume(issue), first page-last page. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from name of database (if applicable) and specific URL.
Ellig, Jerry (2003, January 28). Competition and Effects of Price Control. Retrieved May 2,
2016, from Federal Trade Commission Web site: http://www.ftc.

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Remedies for breach of contract Essay

Remedies for breach of contract

Order Instructions:

The subject is remedies
Questioning the relevance of the rule in Hadley v Baxendale, Tettenborn concludes that “in practice liability as often as not depends on something other than foreseeability, and … this is demonstrated by the contortions the courts have had to introduce to the Hadley principle in order to deal with the difficulties arising under it. I have suggested that an alternative analysis, based on the parties’ agreement and the object of the broken promise, is a more promising way forward” Andrew Tettenborn, “Hadley v Baxendale Foreseeability: a Principle Beyond Its Sell-by Date?” (2007) 23 Journal of Contract Law 120 at 147.
Has the rule in Hadley v Baxendale outlived its usefulness? Do the decisions in Tabcorp Holdings Ltd v Bowen Investments Pty Ltd (2009) 236 CLR 272; [2009] HCA 8 and Clark v Macourt (2013) 304 ALR 220; [2013] HCA 56 support Tettenborn’s argument?

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

Hadley v Baxendale (1854) EWHC J70 is one of the leading cases in the English law of contract. Its applied to set the basic principles for determining the consequential damages that may arise as a result of a breach of a contract by one of the parties involved. The breaching party is practically liable for all the losses that may occur and which the parties should have at the time of signing the contract foreseen. The other cases that may also be relevant to these case are 9 ExCh 341 (1854) 23LJ Ex 179 and 18 Jur 358 (1843-60) All ER Rep 461.

In the case of Hadley v Baxendale the claimants, who were Mr. Hadley together with another claimant were actually millers who were working in partnership with the owners of a Gloucester City Steam Mills and their core business involved cleaning grain, grounding it and packaging them in different brands. One of the Crankshafts of the machines malfunctioned and broke down and a new order for a new one was made to W. Joyce and Company who were operating in Greenwich. To manufacture a new Crankshaft, the broken sample had to be transported and delivered to the manufacturers factory premises. Baxendale were contracted by Hadley to transport the broken Crankshaft to the factory premises of W. Joyce & Co. in Greenwich for about £240 current value and they were to deliver it within a particular period of time. However, Baxendale delayed and failed to deliver as agreed causing Hadley huge losses in his business estimated at around £2500 at the current value which were awarded to Hadley after suing Baxendale for damages. Baxendale appealed claiming that he was not wasn’t aware that Hadley would suffer any loses as a result of any delay or late delivery. The question was whether a defender would actually be liable for any damages that he was not aware of and if they would amount to a breach f a contract. The court held that Hadley could not be compensated as the defendant was not aware of any special loses that may have resulted from the contract and Hadley failed to mention any foreseeable loses to the defendant that may result in a breach of contract. The court contended that the claimants demands for the spare part to be repaired did not on its own constitute any agency on the part of the defendant and that any loses that may have occurred as a result of the spare part being delivered late were actually unforeseeable at the time of making the contract.

The facts of the case of Hadley v Baxendale are similar to the ones of Transfield Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping Inc (2008) UKHL 48 that relates to the remoteness of damage. The Mercator’s ship which was known as the Achilleas was hired by Transfield shipping company, a charterer for a period ranging from Five to seven months and it was to be returned before midnight of May 2 the year 2004. On that particular day the ship was booked for Cargill international another charterer from South Africa at cost of $39,500 per day for a maximum period ranging from four to six months but the Ship was returned on May 11 by Transfield charterers. Cargill agreed to take the ship late and but a lower rate of $31500 per day as the freight market rates had fluctuated negatively. The contentious issue was how much Transfield should compensate Mercator Shipping Company for the loss of profits. Transfield agreed to compensate the Mercator for the differences in rates i.e. $158,301 but Mercator insisted on the breach of contract and wanted the whole cost of the new contract to be charged to Transfield i.e. $1,364,584. The rule in Hadley v Baxendale was followed and Transfield was allowed to pay the amounts resulting in the differences in rates. The court held that liability was in the case of Transfield Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping Inc was restricted and the actual differences in market rates would adequately compensate Mercator for the period that the ship was delayed.

The court of Appeal, under Judge Rix stated that

“…damages for late redelivery should be limited to the overrun period measure unless the owners can show that, at the time of the contract, they had given their charterers special information of their follow-up fixture, are both undesirable and uncommercial. It is undesirable because it puts owners too much at the mercy of their charterers, who can happily drain the last drop and more of profit at a time of raised market rates, taking the risk of late redelivery, knowing that they will never have to pay their owners more than the current market rate for the overrun period, a rate which will never in truth properly reflect the value to the charterers of being able to fit in another spot voyage at the last moment. It is uncommercial because, if it is demanded that the charterers need to know more than they already do in the ordinary course of events, when they already know that a new fixture, in all probability fixed at or around the time of redelivery, will follow on their own charter, then the demand if for something that cannot be provided. All that an owner will be able to tell his charterer in most cases is that he plans to fix his vessel anew at the time of redelivery. To which the charterer might reply: ‘well I know that already! But don’t expect that your telling me that is enough to put me on notice for the purpose of claiming loss of fixture damages, if I deliver the vessel late and you turn out to lose your fixture!’ Such an answer, however, reflects the uncommerciality and error of the charterers’ submission”

But the House of Lords totally disagreed with the Court of Appeal decision. While reversing the court of Appeal decision, Lord Hoffmann stated in the case of Hadley v Baxendale that;

“The case therefore raises a fundamental point of principle in the law of contractual damages: is the rule that a party may recover losses which were foreseeable (“not unlikely”) an external rule of law, imposed upon the parties to every contract in default of express provision to the contrary, or is it a prima facie assumption about what the parties may be taken to have intended, no doubt applicable in the great majority of cases but capable of rebuttal in cases in which the context, surrounding circumstances or general understanding in the relevant market shows that a party would not reasonably have been regarded as assuming responsibility for such losses?”

The test for rate of damage compensation in this case appears to be determined by the action that a reasonable person would have taken given the same circumstances that the defendant was in and the issues that were under consideration at the time of contracting (Llod’s Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly, n, d). The defendant did not contemplate that in the event of a breach such facts would be considered and that he would be responsible for any losses that the plaintiff may suffer as a of the breach.

Lord Hoffman in the case of Hadley v Baxendale added that in the case of contemplation rule,

”I agree that cases of departure from the ordinary foresee ability rule based on individual circumstances will be unusual, but limitations on the extent of liability in particular types of contract arising out of general expectations in certain markets, such as banking and shipping, are likely to be more common. There is, I think, an analogy with the distinction which Lord Cross of Chelsea drew in Liverpool City Council v Irwin [1977] AC 239, 257-258 between terms implied into all contracts of a certain type and the implication of a term into a particular contract… It seems to me logical to found liability for damages upon the intention of the parties (objectively ascertained) because all contractual liability is voluntarily undertaken. It must be in principle wrong to hold someone liable for risks for which the people entering into such a contract in their particular market, would not reasonably be considered to have undertaken”

The above argument classifies losses into two; those that occur naturally as a result of a breach in the usual way and those that arise due to special circumstances and which were communicated expressively to the parties in the contract and also those that were reasonably contemplated by both parties as a probability upon breach of the contract.

The Hadley v Baxendale case initial judgment by Alderson J. declined to compensate the claimants as the only particulars that were communicated to the defendants was that they were to transport the spare part for repair. The second rule however the judge notes that its whether consequential damages would be recoverable as they are limited to special circumstances that must have been contemplated by both parties. Alderson J. stated in the case of Hadley v Baxendale (1854) EWHC J70;

“If special circumstances under which the contract was actually made were communicated by the plaintiffs to the defendants, and thus known to both parties, the damages resulting from the breach of such a contract which they would reasonably contemplate would be the amount of injury which would ordinarily follow from a breach of contract under the special circumstances so known and communicated. But, on the other hand, if these special circumstances were wholly unknown to the party breaking the contract, he, at the most, could only be supposed to have had in his contemplation the amount of injury which would arise generally, and in the great multitude of cases not affected by any special circumstances, from such a breach of contract. For, had the special circumstances been known, the parties might have specially provided for the breach of contract by special terms as to the damages in that case; and of this advantage it would be very unjust to deprive them”.

The rules in Hadley v Baxendale have been modified by the case of Victoria Laundry (Winsor)

Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd where a reasonable foresee-ability test is required in all types of damages in the law of contract.

In the case of Tabcorp Holdings Ltd v Bowen Investments Pty Ltd (2009) 236 CLR 272; [2009] HCA 8, the court held that the damages for breach were the actual cost that the repair work would amount to and the attempts to compel the defendants to renovate was actually an equitable remedy compared to compensation for damages but performance of a contract is preferable than equitable remedies (Diamond & Foss, 1994). The reservation of the building in the same state that it was without any kind of alterations would have been preferable but loss is the actual cost of returning or restoring the building back to the position that it would have been if the contract was performed as agreed.

To conclude, the argument in Hadley V Baxendale as stated by Tottenborn (2007) is reasonable but not on its entirety. The precedent in the case of Hadley v Baxendale applies in some cases but not all special cases that may involve special circumstances that have not been mentioned. The case is still applicable and it’s not well past its sell date. It’s still relevant in certain specific instances (Kramer, 2004). The aggrieved party should be compensated or be allowed to recover the loss that was reasonably foreseeable by the other party that breached the contract hence liable for the breach. Hadley v Baxendale provides a reasonable test for remoteness and the two cases supplement the rule in Hadley v Baxendale.

References

Diamond, T.A. & Foss, H. (1994) Consequential Damages for Commercial Loss: An Alternative to Hadley v. Baxendale, 63 Fordham L. Rev. 665.

Kramer, A. (2004) An Agreement-Centred Approach to Remoteness and Contract Damages’ in Cohen and McKendrick (ed), Comparative Remedies for Breach of Contract, p. 249-286

Llod’s Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly (n, d) retrieved May 12 2015 from https://www.i-law.com/ilaw/doc/view.htm?id=280269

Liverpool City Council v Irwin [1977] AC 239, 257-258

Transfield Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping Inc (2008) UKHL 48

Tottenborn, A. (2007) Hadley v Baxendale Foreseeability: a Principle Beyond Its Sell-by Date?” (2007) 23 Journal of Contract Law 120 at 147.

Tabcorp Holdings Ltd v Bowen Investments Pty Ltd (2009) 236 CLR 272; [2009] HCA 8,

Victoria Laundry (Winsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd

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How to Write An Effective Sentence.

How to Write An Effective Sentence

Order Instructions:

Assignment “Poorly Written Sentences”

Business Communication
Poorly Written Sentences

Below, are 15 poorly written sentences. Rewrite them to improve the word choice, syntax, tone and mechanics of each. After each revised sentence, briefly describe why the original sentence was not effective.

1 The supervisor had everyone to mutually cooperate together or someone would file a lawsuit against the company.
2 Jennifer was able to take the promotion after it was offered to her based on her past experiences.
3 It is important that all men in our company feel a sense of pride.
4 Robert defiantly wanted to take advantage of the awesome responsibly assigned to him to prove he was ready for a promotion.
5 The president of the company asked employees to reconsider his plan to make the place better, but his request fell on deaf ears.
6His accommodating style today is just the calm before the storm.
7 Mr. Reed went by train to travel from Chicago to Indianapolis.
8 The car was parked not far away.
9 The men and women that are members of the communication department hope to settle the conflict with the legal department so that isn’t an amazingly long time before something gets done before the public notices the company is having internal problems that will impact them if the men and women of the committee to get this fixed soon.
10 Mr. Llbbins remains essentially unfathomable in regards his attitude about his being fired, even though his sophomoric ways contributed to the event.
11 My boss knows that I will not forget to get all of the files taken care of, dress inappropriately for the Christmas party, and ruin our reputation with the clients we invited.
12 All men in this office have weaknesses, including myself, more than I can count whether they be serious or minor.
13 He gave an OK to spending the $32,000 figure for the car.
14 The envelop was placed by her with final payment in the drop box.
15 Our company should fair well in this years negotiations

SAMPLE ANSWER

The paragraphs in the following essay start by providing the revised sentence then followed by a brief description why the original sentence was not effective.

The supervisor had everyone to mutually cooperate or else someone would file a lawsuit against the company. In the original sentence the word ‘mutually’ already indicates the togetherness required hence the use of the word ‘together’ in the same sentence is an an unnecessary repetition

Jennifer accepted the promotion after it was offered to her based on her experience. The choice of words ‘was able to take’ in the original sentence are not appropriate to use in reference to promotions but rather ‘accepted’ which is more appropriate.

It is important that everyone in our company feels a sense of pride. The use of the word ‘men’ in the original sentence is gender insensitive and should be replaced with a more gender sensitive word such as ‘everyone’.

Robert wanted to take the advantage of the awesome responsibility given to him to prove that he was ready for a promotion. In the original sentence, an adjective ‘responsibly’ has been used instead of using a noun. (Stanley, 2012, pg 15)

The president of the company requested his employees to reconsider his plan of making the place better but his request fell on deaf ears. In the original sentence ‘asked’ has been used but what the president of the company had brought forward to his employees was a request not a

He has calm before the storm accommodating style today. In the original sentence ‘calm before the storm’ is used as an adjective to describe his trait so the phrase should preside the words ‘accommodating style’. (Stanley, 2012, pg 11)

Mr. Reeds traveled from Chicago to Indianapolis by train. In the original sentence the syntax was incorrect.

The car was parked nearby. The word coming after parked should be an adjective of place, in the original sentence the words ’not far away’ do not qualify as being an adjective of place. (Stanley, 2012, pg 17)

The members of the communication department hope to settle the conflict with the legal department members before the public notices that the company is having internal problems which will have an impact on the members if the problem is not fixed soon. In the original sentence there is the use of words such as ‘men and women’ which can just be replaced with a single word such as ‘members’

Mr. Libbbins remains essentially unfathomable in regards to his attitude about him being fired even though his sophomoric actions contributed to the event. The original sentence was not grammatically constructed.

My boss knows that I will not forget to get all the files taken care of, dress inappropriately or ruin our relationship with the clients. In the original sentence, ‘reputation’ is used with the word ‘with’ which is grammatically incorrect.

All men in this office, including myself, have many weaknesses more than I can count, whether serious or minor. In the original sentence the syntax was incorrect.

He agreed on $32,000 being spent on the car. The choice of the word ‘gave an ok’ is not appropriate but rather should be ‘agreed’

She placed the envelop which contained the final payment in the drop box. In the original sentence ‘which contained the final payment’ act as an adjective to describe the envelope so they should come immediately after the envelop.

Our company should fare well in this year’s negotiations. An apostrophe should be there in the word ‘year’ so that it indicates that the word ‘year’ was an adjective specifying the negotiation which is being talked about.

REFERENCE

Stanley, F. (2012), How to Write An Effective Sentence. MCB UP Ltd

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Horror zombie genre film posters design and content

A practice led research about horror zombie genre film posters design and content. The result of the research is creating 2 film posters and why did you do
these posters ( these posters will be provided in the uploads). The methodology of the research is searching for the horror zombie genre posters and what are the difference between them and doing some content analysis.

The research must be in this structure:

Introduction
Literature review
Methodology
Results ( The film posters I will design and provide them in the uploads section)
Conclusion

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The State of the Nursing Profession

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assignment “Key Questions”
Capstone Project
Key Questions

Directions: Submit a minimum of 2-3 pages APA format with a minimum of 3 references

Answer the following questions about your profession:

Where are we?
Where do we need and want to be?
What is the best way to get there?
How do we evaluate our progress?

SAMPLE ANSWER

The State of the Nursing Profession

As it has always been, the nursing profession is highly competitive. There is a growing need for more nurse practitioners day-in-day-out. The growing global population requires more nursing personnel to provide service to them. Hospitals are also being established all over the world creating job opportunities for nurses. The issue of insufficiency of health care services has been a concern in most countries. As most of these countries advance economically, they are able to improve the sector by the construction of hospitals of different categories to ensure that the basic need is accessed by all citizens. The need to equip the hospitals with health care professionals especially nurse practitioners and doctors has been prioritized by most present governments. Generally, the profession is at a good condition and there are unlimited job opportunities for nurses. Unlike several other professions, nursing allows graduates to practice in different environments all over the world, offering them a wide range of market. However, as De Milt, Fitzpatrick and McNulty noted, some practitioners experience discomforts in their job, just as they do experience satisfactions. Particularly, a good population of the practitioners is dissatisfied with the lack of collegiality in the profession, insignificance of intra-practice partnerships as well as the questionable growth of the profession, (DE MILT, FITZPATRICK, & McNULTY, 2011, pg. 87).As a result of such occurrences; some nurses consider the working environment unfavorable.

Nurses need to gain confidence with their profession. Though nurses are still needed in abundance, securing employment has been a challenge to some of them. National Students Nurses Association (NSNA) noted that new graduates in nursing face unemployment due to flooding of the registered nurses field by old experienced nurses (NSNA, 2012, Pg. 38). It is the wish of every nurse to get employed. It would be a disappointment, if after undergoing the intensive training in nursing, one would still have to take a long while to secure a job.Usually, most firms require experienced nurses, which is probably right for them. The question now comes in: how and where should the new nurses earn experience if they are not employed in the first place?

NSNA advised on the ways that would enable fresh young nurses overcome unemployment. New nurses are advised to first enroll as Certified Nursing Assistants (CAN) as a means of introducing themselves into the field where they would concurrently gain experience (NSNA, 2012, Pg. 58). While new nurses are not discouraged, they are advised that experience is crucial considering the nature of the profession. It is therefore an important thing to seek for them to become competitive. Nursing graduates are also advised to advance their education while still working as CNAs. Those with diplomas and associate degrees are advised to pursue RN (Registered Nurse), while those with RN are advised to pursue masters programs (NSNA, 2012, Pg. 38).

To improve the working environment for nurses, American Nurses Association (ANA) offered a guideline that constituted of six mechanisms. The six were ability to communicate in a skilled manner, team work orientation in service provision, making of sound and effective decisions, adequacy of staff, mutual recognition among nurses and pursuit of an authentic leadership style (ANA , 2010, Pg. 14).

Progress Evaluation

Achievements in nursing would be translated in the satisfaction seen among members of the profession. The more the unaddressed challenges are, the high the likelihood of nurses to feel insecure. The ease with which nursing graduates get employed is also likely to relate directly with achievements of the entire profession. If proposed methods to improve the status of the profession are implemented, a spirit of collegiality would be felt in the interactions among nurses. Generally, progress would be evaluated by the extent to which confidence in the profession is maintained.

Bibliography

ANA. (2010). Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice. Maryland, MD: Silver Spring

DE MILT, D. G., FITZPATRICK, J. J., &McNULTY, R. (2011).Nurse Practitioners’ Job Satisfaction and Intent to Leave Current Positions, the Nursing Profession, and the Nurse Practitioner Role as a Direct Care Provider. NCBI, 23(1):42-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00570.x.

NSNA.(2012). Realities of the Current Job Market. Retrieved May 8, 2015 from http://www.nsna.org/Portals/0/Skins/NSNA/pdf/RealitiesOfTheCurrentJobMarket.pdf

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