The writer will respond to this question bellow accordingly in a 1 page word documents using APA 6th edition.
All researchers must watch out for bias in designing their project, writing the literature review, conducting the project, and writing up the results.
How can you help yourself to prevent bias in your project in those four phases?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Ways to Prevent Bias in Research
Incidents of partiality both deliberately or accidentally when conducting a research, usually lead to bias in the research and its outcomes are not only inaccurate but also unreliable (Higgins & Green, 2011). According to Pannucci & Wilkins (2011), bias in research concerns systemic distortion of research interventions arising from inadequacies in designing and conducting a project, as well as reporting of the project results. This has far reaching effect from a business perspective, since decision-making on basis of these faulty results and conclusions obtained from a biased research can lead loss of profits or inability to solve operational or organizational problems (Higgins & Green, 2011). Bias can affect the research process at any stage, which means it should be prevented at all costs (McDonagh et al., 2013). In this response prevention of bias will be considered at four phases of a project such as designing the project, writing the literature review, conducting the project, and writing up the results.
Research bias arising from designing the project can be prevented through careful planning of the research design by studying the study group’s limitations. All category groups should then be chosen in order to avoid biasness (Pannucci & Wilkins, 2011). In addition, a keen consideration must also be given to the nature and scope of the research to ensure that all variables envisaged to arise from the study are reviewed in order to avoid experimental errors and subsequently biased results (McDonagh et al., 2013). The research design should be objective and random to ensure that the selected sample is a representative of the target population. Bias in writing literature review can be prevented through compliance to a stipulated inclusion and exclusion criteria for the research articles to be reviewed including the research design, language, setting, sample size as well as research interventions employed (Higgins & Green, 2011). The researcher should also avoid relying on one source of information when reviewing the literature, and thus should utilize online databases in order to access a vast range of research articles (McDonagh et al., 2013).
Furthermore, when conducting the project, the researcher can prevent bias by ensuring that a sizeable and representative sample is selected. Procedural and measurement bias can also be prevented by ensuring that, the research instruments such as questionnaires are sufficient and the respondents are allowed to amicably respond to all the questions (Higgins & Green, 2011). The research participants should not be pressurized to answer questions and their privacy and confidentiality should be assured to avoid impartiality. Finally, bias in writing up the results can be prevented by accurately recording the obtained, and reporting them without alterations to suit the intended or expected outcome (McDonagh et al., 2013). In conclusion, when these precautions are adhered to, bias which threaten or negatively impact accuracy and reliability of research findings can be prevented. A researcher, must therefore, be objective-minded and neutral in carrying out a research to avoid bias (Pannucci & Wilkins, 2011).
McDonagh, M., Peterson, K., Raina, P., Chang, S., & Shekelle, P. (2013). Avoiding Bias in Selecting Studies. Methods Guide for Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. (Prepared by the Oregon Health & Science University, McMaster University, and Southern California Evidence-based Practice Centers under Contract No. 290-2007-10057-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 13-EHC045-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; February 2013. Retrieved on 8th September 2016 from: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/reports/final.cfm.
Pannucci, C. J. & Wilkins, E. G. (2011). Identifying and Avoiding Bias in Research. Plastic Reconstruction Surgery, 126(2), 619-625. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181de24bc
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
In your first submission to the Module Project requirements of this module, you produced a proposal that would identify a relevant change driver impacting upon an organisation with which you are familiar.
The proposal would:
•Suggest a suitable change process that would appropriately respond to that change driver
•Identify likely stakeholder reactions to the change process you advocate
•Describe how an existing organisational design might be amended to best accommodate the planned change.
In this week’s activity, you will design an expanded change management framework to support your intended change process. This will, in turn, function as a base for the final change management project plan, due in Week 7.
Scenario reminder
Your role in this project is to identify a specific change driver that you consider especially relevant to an organisation of your choice. You are challenged to apply the theoretical principles discussed in this module to the specification of an appropriate process that will successfully respond to the demands of that change driver. You are encouraged to use your own current employer, and its current operating environment, as a base for the preparation of this project. It is, however, permissible to use an alternative organisation with which you are sufficiently familiar.
To prepare for this Module Project:
• Review the material studied during the first 5 weeks of this module.
• Review the feedback received on your project proposal, and incorporate any feedback suggestions into the framework you present in response to this week’s requirement.
To complete this Module Project:
Prepare and submit a preliminary outline version (approximately 1100 words) of what will eventually be your final Module Project report due in Week 7. Your outline version this week should contain the following sections:
• Organisational Profile: what is the name of the organisation you propose to use, where is it located, what is its primary business and approximately how many staff does it employ? (If there are any concerns about any aspect of commercial sensitivity, it is permissible to use an assumed name for the organisation you select).
• Organisational Structure: how are human and other resources arranged within this organisation, what levels of seniority exist and how are those levels of seniority connected through formal reporting lines? (A structure diagram would be useful here.) To what extent is the decision process centralised in the senior management team, and to what extent is it devolved to lower levels in the organisation?
• Change Drivers: to what extent does this organisation currently align with the principle of punctuated equilibrium? What are the factors in either or both of the external or internal operating environments that suggest a significant element of change is needed to the way in which this organisation works? Each change driver you identify should be categorised according to the criteria presented in relation to the Week 2 Deseret News case.
• Key Stakeholders: who are the individuals, groups and organisations who will be most directly affected by the type of change that is indicated by change driver analysis? To what extent do you expect each stakeholder’s reaction to be positive or negative? What are the primary ‘unanswered questions’ that you expect to receive?
• Change Initiative Overview: what is the primary aim of the change initiative that you recommend be introduced, and how could this initiative be classified in terms of the parameters suggested by Nasim & Sushil? How will success or failure in this initiative be measured? What ethical considerations need to be taken into account as the initiative is designed?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Organizational profile
The organization I intend to use in identification of a relevant change driver affecting it is TLC Fashion Store. The real name of the company is not applicable to avoid misinterpretations. TLC Fashion Store is located in Oxford Street, London, and its core business is the sale of cloths and accessories. The company is strategic in offering high-end clothes, women shoes, jewelry, handbags, and also sunglasses for both men and women. As a small sized firm, the firm targets young adults between the ages of 18 to 35 with income averaging $30,000-40,000. Currently, TLC store has 11 employees with the number expected to increase over the years.
Organizational structure
TLC configures its resources, financial, human, and physical, in a way that it meets the demands of the industry and its stakeholders (Cavalcante 2014). Financial resources are handled by the accounting department, and continuous audit is carried out to ensure that the existing funds such as cash balances, working capital, and debt; and the potential of raising extra funds from investors and listing of the firm in Stock Exchange are consistent with the firm’s strategies. Human resources are managed by HRM manager who is mandated to recruit, select, and train employees to match to the needs of the various job categories. Finished products are bought from suppliers and stored in-house while the marketing and logistics department is given the role of warehousing, distribution, and advertising the products to potential customers.
Each department is managed by a manager who reports to the executive director. The executive manager is responsible for the design of strategic vision of firm including change processes. He then decentralizes operational decisions to the departmental managers. Since it’s a small firm, the CEO handles the corporate vision of the firm and the departmental are mandated with decisions specific to their functional units, which have to be in line with the overall firm’s strategic vision as illustrated in the diagram.
Source: Cavalcante, 2014.
Change drivers
TLC Fashion Store uses the traditional brick-and-mortar model of carrying out business. Customers have to come to the store to order and purchase products. With the evolution of technology and the rise in consumer bargaining power, it is impeccable for the firm to adopt the online business model. Apart from quality, affordability, and differentiation, modern consumers prefer time and place convenience (Reeves and Deimler 2011). Thus, the need to increase consumer’s value through the offered products is a significant change driver to TLC Company. To align the firm with the vision of becoming multinational, it is necessary to change the current organizational structure, which, according to the principle of punctuated equilibrium, will give the company a solid foundation in case of random market changes. The firm’s vision is clear and demonstrates the ability to perform tasks in different ways to achieve different results or the same results sustainably. Therefore the firm is in need of change due to the realization that customers are the most paramount stakeholders, and their changing needs have to be sustained. Moreover, the transformation is a long-term event that should be carried at the onset to avoid incurring heavy expenses, and if done at the right time, it is possible to align other stakeholders without much resistance. A firm aligned with the principle of punctuated equilibrium has sustained growth amidst periods of changes, and since TLC’s financial, human, and physical resources are strategically aligned and equipped to its vision, it is possible to initiate a change without disrupting its core structures.
TLC is supposed to combine the conventional model with the online business model so as to operate a multi-channel framework so that consumers can use either of the models or combine both of them at their convenience. An online platform allows consumers to order, purchase, and make payments online using their phones and other computerized gadgets (Mayfield 2014). It is, therefore, recommendable for TLC to institute an online model so that customer’s value is increased.
Key stakeholders
Customers, employees, shareholders, creditors, suppliers, employees, and the government constitute TLC’s stakeholders. All of these stakeholders are likely to be affected when TLC uses a multi-channel model to run its operations. Customers value is going to be increased since they will be able to purchase and pay for products online using their phones. Employees especially in the logistics, accounting, and sales department would have to be trained on the model to maximize its profitability and use. New employees may be added in the IT department or tasks added to some of the employees which would involve additional incentives to motivate them. Thus, human resource and operational management would have to assimilate the new model in the day to day activities of the firm which would require a change management program for the employees to understand its importance. Executive manager is endowed with the mandate of facilitating the implementation and maintenance of change process thus his he would also be impacted. Shareholders would likely get an increase in dividends and the firm’s share price, and public confidence would increase leading to sustainable growth.
Most of the stakeholders are likely to react positively to the change initiative with the exception of competitors who are already using the online model. Also, some employees may not perceive the change positively if extra tasks are added thus requiring the management to carry out extensive change management education to ensure that all employees are in line with the change (Muchanan 2011). Some questions that would be asked by employees is how the change would impact their roles in the firm, and customers might seek to know whether the price of goods will vary depending on the channel used to purchase them. For such, it is important to note to the employees that their roles may change depending on their functional unit; for instance, sales team would have to include online marketing and selling of the goods in their assignments. Price for goods may have to include distribution costs depending on the location of the customer.
The change initiative involves the formation of a multi-channel business model that combines the mortar-and-brick concept with the online platform. The change is aimed at increasing customer’s value and aligning the firm with the principle of punctuated equilibrium which will make it grow amidst market changes at a sustainable level. The initiative is categorized as an e-governance approach that encompasses all the functions of a firm to produce positive results. The success of the initiative will be measured by the changes in sales level, employee productivity, and the overall growth of the firm. To ensure the initiative is successful and aligned with the goals of the firm, ethical considerations that need to be considered include the provision of correct information about a product to customers, safeguarding customer’s confidential information while doing transactions, and maintenance of high levels of integrity.
References
Banks, S 2014, Drivers of change: Retail industry in Australia. SIES Journal of Management, 14, 1, pp. 3-8, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 29 August 2016.
Buchanan, DA 2011 Reflections: Good practice, not rocket science – understanding failures to change after extreme events. Journal of Change Management, 11(3): 273-288
Cavalcante, SA 2014, Designing business model change. International Journal of Innovation Management, 18(2): 1-20
Mawby, E 2011, How to succeed in the retail industry. Journal Of Business & Retail Management Research, 6, 2, pp. 1-12, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 27 August 2016.
Mayfield, P 2014, Engaging with stakeholders is critical when leading change. Industrial and Commercial Training, 46(2): 68 – 72
Overstreet, J 2013, What’s driving change in retail? Retail insiders on the evolution of the industry. Ekonomski Anali / Economic Annals, 54, 209, pp. 105-127, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 28 August 2016
Reeves and Deimler, 2011. Adaptability: The new competitive advantage. Harvard Business Review, 89 (7).
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
The pattern of change most frequently encountered in an organisational setting is one in which change is organic, progressive and largely imperceptible; although this default position is infrequently interrupted by single-event instances of extreme and disruptive change. This pattern of change generates a complex framework of demands to be made on those entrusted with guiding the organisation towards its desired future, and those demands are most effectively met by the application of strategic leadership principles.
This week’s Key Concept Exercise requires you to apply the theoretical concepts studied to date to the case study situation contained in the article by Abdullah and Siti-Nabiha (2012). In this context, you will review the situation at Pemancar as it would have appeared to Danial Tareq when he took over his new role, and then present a range of ideas on the best process to use in implementing the required change.
To prepare for this Key Concept Exercise:
• Read the Required Learning Resources sent by mail.
• Reflect on the ideas presented in the Week 5 Key Concept Overview and the assigned journal articles, in the light of your own practical experiences in the workplace.
• Read the Pemancar case study, as presented in the article by Abdullah & Siti-Nabiha, and prepare a report that addresses the following requirements:
• Examine the application of the theory of punctuated equilibrium to an assessment of the current situation at Pemancar.
• Analyse the change environment existing at Pemancar in terms of the parameters suggested by Nasim and Sushil.
• Identify the most likely problems or conflicts that Danial Tareq may face in implementing his change initiative. Each of those problems or conflicts should be classified as pluralities, contradictions or paradoxes, and their potential impact on the change management process should be assessed.
•Evaluate the degree to which Danial’s leadership will influence the effectiveness of the change management process.
When writing your responses, you should synthesise the theory with real world experience and use examples of the theories in action in a real organisation about which you have read, or one in which you have worked.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Odc Kce W5
Implementing the change management plan must require several significant processes that will promote to accept and adopt any attitudinal and behavioural adjustments. And the primary key to realising organisational success is determined by the strategic decisions of leaders. The number one priority of most managers should be to check the external and internal environments, understand and provide company resources, enhance capabilities, identify business threats and develop a vision that would create a positive future for the company. And according to Riwo-Abudho et al. (2012), in strategic leadership, managers must adapt “the art of strategic leadership since modern organisations work on in a dynamic setting which keeps on transforming.”
Addressing the case study of Pemancar (Abdullah and Siti-Nabiha 2012), the organisation had undergone a process of change implementation which is facing a sudden, drastic change. As an evident result, people who are most directly involved in the modification are starting to feel pressure; hence, these people are thinking of leaving the organisation. Looking into the way the organisation thinks and acts; the top management who is on a quest to improve the quality of performance had decided to establish organisation transformation. However, these implementations are often troubled with contradictions and paradox. Following the reviews of Nasim and Sushil (2011), the emergent of new approach had intensely shaken the structure. In their review, it is evident that the Revolutionary change had pushed the organisation into the struggle. The organisation was shaken and disrupted by intense and significant change after a long, punctuated state of continuous and large-scale strategic change.
Strategic Management Process
The role of the manager is to achieve competitiveness and to earn above average returns to the company with highly determined strategic decision concerning the wants and needs of the organisation within the given nature of the environment where it exists. Moreover, an effective change management process must require a combination of logical-rational approach to organisational strategy. Understanding Mr Adam’s standpoint in the case study; a faster and immediate approach towards change will put the members of the organisation in a state of pressure and stress. If Mr Tareq, on the other hand, will facilitate an incremental approach, it will contradict and negates the needs of the upper management. This contributing dilemma will result in entrapping the legitimate interest of the company. However, if there is an in-depth understanding of dualities, contradiction and paradox, it will help draw out a strategic management towards the case (Stoltzfus et al. 2011). Initiating the paradox of duality, interlinking the conflicting strategies of Incremental and Revolutionary change may respond into a seamless transition. For example, in the real world, every stable company must have change. The presence of bureaucratic features in a company has a positive effect on most large organisations in which it tries to maintain and control the benefits of bureaucracy and prevents the problem of slow response to rapid change.
In the case of Pemancar, the bureaucratic standpoint of upper management is envisioning a fast and significant impact on the company. Therefore, however contradicting it may show to those people who are directly involved in the organisation, in strategic leadership, the necessary attributes that a manager must follow within the existing environment – provide a visionary outlook to the employees that will encourage them to work hard. The setting of consistently high standards, provide a clear and concise communication on the vision of structural change. Building confidence with the employee’s works will establish a feeling of self-reward. Lastly, talk with other personnel about their struggles and difficulties and provide feedback to the upper management (2015 Laureate Education, Inc. 2015).
Conclusion
In addressing the case of Pemancar, it is evident that there is a need for revolutionary change. It may conflict with the interest of the members of the organisation but the change should be implemented because of the rapid increase of competitors within the industry. It is understandable that there are efforts in adapting rapid change as a strategic process for the benefit of the company. However, for the company to survive, adapting to change is a positive outlook for its future.
References
2015 Laureate Education, Inc. 2015, Implementing the Change Management Plan: KMGT 673 Organisational Design and Change. pp.2-3.
Abdullah, Z & Siti-Nabiha, A 2012, Leadership and Change Management: A Case Study of Pemancar. Asian Case Research Journal, 16(01), pp.115-132.
Nasim, S & Sushil 2011, Revisiting Organizational Change: Exploring the Paradox of Managing Continuity and Change. Journal of Change Management, 11(2), pp.185-206.
Riwo-Abudho, M Njanja, L & Ochieng, I 2012, The Role of Strategic Leadership during Change. 4(1), pp.49-53.
Stoltzfus, K Stohl, C & Seibold, D 2011, Managing organisational change: paradoxical problems, solutions, and consequences. Journal of OrgChange Mgmt, 24(3), pp.349-367.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
APA REFERENCES NOT OLDER THEN 5 YEARS OLD. ONLY AND ONLY JOURNALS AND ARTICLES, NO WEBSITES ACCEPTED.
NMBA STANDARDS MUST BE FOLLOWED, FILE WILL WE ATTACHED IN THE ORDER. PLEASE READ THROUGH AND KINDLY FOLLOW IT.
Evidence based practice (EBP) is the clinical decision making process which is based upon the best available evidence, new research findings, clinical experience and patient preferences. Nurses are expected to implement research findings into their practice, but many are not trained on how to do this. Therefore, it should not be expected that nurses are at the forefront of EBP implementation in the clinical setting.
Hint:?
How does evidence based practice improve patient outcomes? ?How is evidence based practice applied theoretically and clinically? ?Is it feasible to expect RNs to implement EBP in the clinical setting without training / support?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Evidenced Based Nursing Practice
Introduction
Over the years, evidence based practice has become commonplace in as far as nursing profession is concerned. In Australia, Nursing and Midwifery board of Australia provides standards which advocate for utilisation of evidence based practice by nurses in provision of care (NMBA, 2013). Researchers believe that utilisation of evidenced based nursing goes a long way in improving patient’s outcomes. Moreover, nurses have come to a realisation that collaboration of research findings in clinical practice has led to major improvement in the field of nursing. Nurses have been able to identify the significance of evidence based practice in growth of the nursing profession as well as increased credibility of nursing practice (Pooler, 2014).
Implementation of the best evidence requires that nurses should have relevant skills and resources to enable them carry out proper appraisal and evidence synthesis. It is important to note that implementation of evidence based research has proven to be a challenge since most often than not, the evidence based practice are either partially successful or not successful at all (Polit & Beck, 2013). However, it has become a challenge for the healthcare sector to implement new findings in day to day practice due to limited funds. Therefore, it calls for the healthcare sectors to have funds which will help in endorsement of these research findings.
Impact of Evidence based practice on patient outcomes
Nurses who play part in research, utilise the NMBA standard 7 which calls for utilisation of research findings in evidence based practice (NMBA 2013). Evidence based practice has contributed to achieving significant changes in healthcare profession. Through utilisation of this practice which calls for respect of patient’s culture, patients tend to recover quickly when their culture and beliefs are recognised. Research has it that, recognition of a patient’s cultural beliefs in provision of care has a great impact on the treatment outcome (Godshall, 2016). In addition, research indicates that proper documentation of the assessments, diagnosis and interventions on patient help in continuity of care provided to patients (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt , 2011). Nurses ensures proper documentation of any activity carried out on a patient and this ensures positive outcomes from the patient through continued care.
Through this practice, relevant strategies including effective health programs, quality services and efficient interventions have been put in place (Burns & Grove, 2011). All these result into positive patient outcome and cuts on cost. Nursing practice based on research evidence goes a long way in optimizing patient outcome and providing safe and cost effective healthcare (Burns & Grove, 2011).
EBP has led to improved information in the health sector. This is so because, in its utilization, health organisations are forced to source out new information and synthesise it properly. Health providers are there able to keep abreast with current trends by utilizing new research information and embracing new changes with efficiency (Burns & Grove, 2011). Health organisations therefore continue to evolve without stagnation. Moreover there has been increased funding in the health sector. Governmental agencies have been funding to heath organisations based on how these organisations have implemented evidence based practice (Stevens, 2013). When the health sector is funded, more resources including the human resources, pharmaceuticals and non-pharmaceuticals are made available for the utilization by the patient, hence better outcomes.
Evidence based approach has also promoted technological development in the health sector. Through technological advancements, patients are in a position to acquire better services (Godshall, 2016). For instance, through technological advancements, there has been invention of a 3D CT scan machine which helps in better diagnosis of some conditions. Furthermore, new radio therapy machines have been brought in to enhance management of cancer, therefore producing better patient outcomes. Organisations have made significant upgrades as well as substantial improvements (Godshall, 2016). Health providers should seek to apply the modern technologies in the broadest way possible in order to improve the quality of their services. Re-evaluation which is basically essential for EBP makes organisations retain relevance in a time when changes are encountered every other day.
Theoretical and clinical application of Evidence based practice
Evidence based practice is based on the premise that healthcare professionals should not base their practices on traditions, belief or myths but on information based on research. The practice involves three entities, identification of a clinical problem, literature, evaluation of research evidence and determination of appropriate interventions (Sandström, Borglin, Nilsson & Willman, 2011). Thus, EBP integrates research findings, theory and practice. Through creation of awareness on EBP, it has renewed appreciation of linkages among research, theory and practice. Research findings and clinical data provide evidence for EBP hence generation of practice guidelines and situation specific theories (Sandström et al., 2011). Many evidenced based practice models have been put in place with the major goal being establishment of EBP protocols, procedures or guidelines with other models focusing on implementation in the healthcare setting or institution.
According to Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt 2011, Implementation of evidence based practice has contributed too many benefits in the clinical setting. The practice has provided interventions for diagnosis and management of diseases through implementation of scientific evidence. For instance, there has been an improvement in the management of conditions such as, tuberculosis, HIV/Aids as well as cancer. Drug regimen for treatment of tuberculosis has been changing from time to time based on clinical trials conducted (Burns & Grove, 2011). In addition, new methods of cancer treatment are innovated leading to better outcomes in management of cancer patients, therefore, the lager part of the world tend to adjust to management of cancer as well as change of medications for HIV and patients with tuberculosis.
It is also important to note that, through implementation of evidenced based nursing, nurses have in a position to use the most current research evidence to provide rationales for the quality of nursing interventions (Godshall, 2016). In addition, nurses are able to pass this to the students in the clinical area when guiding them. As a result, these students are able to develop knowledge and skills required to enhance quality of care provided for improved patient outcome through provision of rationales or reason why a care is provided in a certain way. This is in accordance with the NMBA standard 7.1 which calls for the evaluation, monitoring of patient care to help in achievement of expected goals and outcomes.
How Registered Nurses implement Evidence Based practice
In the nursing profession, nurses have a responsibility in making sure as well as providing evidenced based practice (Pooler, 2014). Furthermore, nurses should question practices currently being implemented and utilize care which is evidenced so as to make the care more effective. In order to provide quality care, nurses should base their care on research and knowledge rather than care that is out-dated or care based on traditions or myths ( Mackey & Bassendowski, 2016). Research has shown that through implementation of evidenced based nursing practice, there has been an improvement in the quality of care provided leading to improved life of the recipients of this care. In modern nursing, there are some models which have proven to be effective in nursing practice. For instance, there is the utilization of nursing care plans ensures provision of quality care through evaluation and documentation. In addition, nurses are educating students on research based practice as form of preparing the in the nursing profession in future. This is in accordance with NMBA 2013 standard 3.3 which calls for use of long life learning process for continuing professional development of self and others.
Many a time, nurses are faced with ethical issues during their practice. Utilisation of NMBA 1.5 which requires nurses to utilise the ethical framework in making decisions will go a long way in solving various ethical issues encountered during practice. For instance, there may be a conflict between two ethical principles when dealing with a patient who has given a do not resuscitate order. Through utilisation of the ethical framework which entails ethical decision making, theories and principles, the nurse is in a position to make a decision which is not based on emotions or intuitions (Polit & Beck, 2013). This therefore shows how evidence based practice is crucial in nursing practice. Furthermore, nurses contribute to evidence based practice through participation in carrying out research. During nursing practice, nurses encounter gaps existing between the reality and already existing theories. Thus, they are prompted to do research so as to bridge the gap that exists as well as provide solutions to existing health problems.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is clear that nurses are significant in implementation of evidence based practice. It therefore calls for training of these nurses to add on their knowledge and skills. Furthermore, there should be adequate provision of resources in the health care setting to help successful implementation of these research findings in research. In addition, implementation of evidence based practice requires relevant changes to be made in the healthcare systems rather than changing the healthcare workers working in these settings. The world is evolving day in day out and therefore, the healthcare sector should as well embrace change through Implementation of evidenced based practice which will be significant in provision of high quality care. Therefore, all health care workers should embrace the evidence based practice to ensure an improvement in the health care sector more so, in improving patient outcomes.
References
Boltz, M., Capezuti, L., Fulmer, T. T., & Zwicker, D. (2016). Evidence-Based Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice, Fifth Edition. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2011). The practice of nursing research. Conduct, critique & utilization, 4.
DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G., & Ciliska, D. (2014). Evidence-based nursing: A guide to clinical practice. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Godshall, M. (2016). Fast Facts for Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing, Second Edition: Implementing EBP in a Nutshell. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Grove, S. K., Burns, N., & Gray, J. R. (2014). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Hoffmann, T., Bennett, S., & Del Mar, C. (2013). Evidence-based practice across the health professions. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Levin, R. F., & Feldman, H. R. (2012). Teaching evidence-based practice in nursing. Springer Publishing Company.
Lipscomb, M. (2016). Exploring Evidence-based Practice : Debates and Challenges in Nursing. London: Routledge.
Mackey, A., & Bassendowski, S. (2016). Original article: The History of Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing Education and Practice.Journal Of Professional Nursing,.
Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (Eds.). (2011). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E., Gallagher-Ford, L., & Kaplan, L. (2012). The state of evidence-based practice in US nurses: Critical implications for nurse leaders and educators. Journal of Nursing Administration, 42(9), 410-417. .
Melnyk, B. M., Gallagher‐Ford, L., Long, L. E., & Fineout‐Overholt, E. (2014). The establishment of evidence‐based practice competencies for practicing registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in real‐world clinical settings: proficiencies to improve healthcare quality, reliability, patient outcomes, and costs. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 11(1), 5-15.
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2013). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Pooler, A. (2014). An Introduction to Evidence Based Practice in Nursing & Healthcare. London: Routledge.
Pravikoff, D. S., Tanner, A. B., & Pierce, S. T. (2015). Readiness of US Nurses for Evidence-Based Practice: Many don’t understand or value research and have had little or no training to help them find evidence on which to base their practice. AJN The American Journal of Nursing, 105(9), 40-51.
Sandström, B., Borglin, G., Nilsson, R., & Willman, A. (2011). Promoting the implementation of evidence‐based practice: A literature review focusing on the role of nursing leadership. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 8(4), 212-223.
Schneider, Z., & Whitehead, D. (2013). Nursing and midwifery research: methods and appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Australia.
select only one (1) of the case studies provided :
• Remember this is an essay and should be structured as such with an introduction body and conclusion. Do not simply answer the questions provided, these are given as a guide. You will be expected to use research or evidence-based journal articles, textbooks and appropriate authoritative web sites (not Better Health Channel, Virtual Hospital, etc.).
• All referencing is to be formatted using the APA referencing style. Please ensure carefully to follow the marking criteria
SAMPLE ANSWER
Liver disease
Introduction
Alcohol is a hepatotoxic compound that is commonly consumed across the globe. It is linked to a broad range of liver associated injury, ranging from simple steatosis, fibrosis to cirrhosis (Torruellas, French, & Medici, 2014). Alcohol liver disease refers to a spectrum of alcohol-related injuries that are potentially reversible especially when the progression of the disease is detected early enough. Therefore, regular screening and early diagnosis are essential. Excessive alcohol consumption adversely affects the health of an individual and is one of the primary causes of death in the world. Harmful or excessive use of alcohol results in a mortality rate of up to 2.5 million and an approximate disability of adjusted life years of up to o 69.4 million (Shield, Parry, & Rehm, 2013). As a result, it has been ranked as one of the leading risk factors for death and disability worldwide. The toxicity of alcohol components including ethanol largely contribute to increased chances of developing liver disease. The liver controls most of the body support systems, therefore, a disease of the liver is fatal as it will lead to malfunction of all the major body systems
Causes of confusion and other symptoms.
Various factors contribute to the occurrence of liver disease. Of these, duration and amount of alcohol consumed are most significant. Host factors such as IPNPLA3 gene polymorphisms and obesity and environmental factors also contribute to an increased risk of developing liver disease (Singal, Chaha, Rasheed, & Anand, 2013). Disease of the liver leads to reduced functionality of the liver which consequently cause accumulation of toxic substances in the bloodstream. These instances lead to alterations in the level of consciousness of an individual, confusion, and other cases coma. In Mr. McGrath’s case, hepatic encephalopathy may be the cause of disorientation.
Abdominal swelling by the patient indicates extensive complications. Life-threatening complications associated with portal hypertension including ascites may be present in the patient. Increased pressure on the portal vein leads to ascites characterized by fluid build-up in the abdominal cavity. Yellowish skin, delirium, and confusion are also observed in this condition (A.D.A.M, 2013). Varices are likely to develop in instances of portal hypertension, as a means of providing alternative pathways for diverted blood.
Oesophageal varices pathophysiology and management strategies.
Almost half of the patients suffering from cirrhosis during diagnosis have been found to have gastroesophageal varices (Pericleous et al., 2016). The varices arise due to portal hypertension resulting from an increase in portal blood flow resistance in cirrhosis and also due to the rise in blood inflow into the portal vein. An increase in resistance is said to be structural, due to a destruction of the vascular architecture of the liver by regenerative nodules and fibrosis as a result of an increase in the tone of the hepatic vasculature primarily due to the dysfunction of the endothelium and a decrease in the bioavailability of nitric oxide.
Three principal events cause portal hypertension. First, it can be due to a physical obstruction arising from a fibrosis or at other instances from regenerative nodules resulting in an increase in the resistance to blood flow. An imbalance between vasoconstrictors and vasodilators in the liver also develops. Such imbalance results in a reduction of the activity of eNOS in the liver. The event is, however, rectifiable using medications such as nitrates and beta-blockers. A combination of these events leads to the occurrence of porto-systemic collateral circulation of aiming to decompress the portal circulation (Frazier, Stocker, Kershner, Marasano, & McClain, 2014). Splanchnic vasodilation occurs due to a relative extra-hepatic and ischaemic liver increase in Nitrite Oxide, with the signalling of the sGC-PKG and smooth muscle cell relaxation. This leads to increased blood flow volume into the portal which maintains hypertension. This results in a hyper-dynamic circulation that is linked to these hemodynamic variations in portal hypertension and cirrhosis. This is manifested as high cardiac output with little arterial hypotension and systematic vascular resistance (Pericleous, et al., 2016).
Hepatic pressure can be applied to obtain hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) that ranges normally from 1 to 5mmHg. This procedure is performed by inserting a catheter into a hepatic vein to get the hepatic vein pressure. HVPG is equal to WHVP minus free (HVP) where HVPG is used to represent the gradient between caval pressure and the portal (Molina et al., 2016). FHVP acts as an internal zero by cancelling out variations in abdominal pressure. Sinusoidal hypertension differs from pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension which associated with an increase in HVPG as flow resistance builds up in the portal vein. Varices therefore develop in the event that HVPG is greater than ten mmHg.
Antibiotics have been introduced in variceal hemorrhage management, a factor which has significantly improved clinical outcomes. Bacterial infections, both primary and secondary, are common in cirrhotic patients as bacteria actively translocate from the impaired mucosal surface into the portal system and the patient’s impaired immune function (Molina, Gardner, Souza-Smith, & Whitaker, 2014). In these patients, antibiotics decrease the bacterial load, reducing infections, recurrent bleeding, and reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with gastroesophageal varices. Broad spectrum antibiotics prophylaxis is thus recommended in individuals with suspected and confirmed variceal hemorrhage (Shah, 2016).
Nonselective beta blockers can be used in patients having a low-risk small varices, as they can delay variceal growth preventing variceal bleeding (Runyon, 2015, September 23). The treatment is applied in absence of severe liver disease, and where the varices are without red wale marks. In persons with varices containing red wale marks and others associated with a high risk of haemorrhage, non-selective beta-blockers are used.
For patients that have medium and large varices, endoscopic variceal ligation or beta-blockers can be used. Non-selective beta-blockers are advantageous as they are cheap and use requires no expertise. These medications also prevent against other medical conditions like spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bleeding from ascites and portal hypersensitive gastropathy (Garcia-Tsao & Bosch, 2011).
The role of abdominal paracentesis and possible complications.
The presence of excess fluid in a patient’s abdominal cavity cause significant discomfort to the patient and shortness of breath. Abdominal paracentesis is a simple procedure that involves insertion of a needle into the peritoneal cavity of the patient to remove the ascetic acid. Removal of a small amount of the fluid for testing is referred to as diagnostic paracentesis, while therapeutic paracentesis is considered the removal of up to five litres of the excess fluid so as to decrease the resultant intra-abdominal pressure helping in relieving related abdominal pain, dyspnea and early satiety (Runyon, 2015).
Paracentesis should be performed by a properly trained physician. Performing this procedure at the time the patient is admitted to a hospital, to patients suspected or suffering from cirrhosis and ascites decrease the mortality rates in a health care setting. In instances where paracentesis was conducted on admission, a lower in-hospital mortality rate was recorded compared to those who did not perform the procedure (Cavazzo, Bugiantella, Graziosi, Franceschini, & Donini, 2013).
Paracentesis also helps clarify the primary cause of ascites when testing for infection. Unexpected diagnoses including chylous, eosinophilic or hemorrhagic ascites can also be indicated by this procedure (Pericleous et al., 2016). Analysis of the fluid shed light on the cause of the ascites and if present, the bacterial infection. Upon culturing antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteria can be identified therefore easier treatment.
Despite the benefits of paracentesis, various complications occur. The ascitic fluid leak is the most common complication associated with the procedure. Failure to peform a Z-track properly can lead to a leakage of the ascetic fluid leak. In this case, a large-bore needle may be used, or when the skin incision created is overly large. If the leak on the surface is prolonged, cellulitis may develop (Wedro, 2015).
Bleeding from a blood vessel may arise if a vein or artery is torn by the needle. Bleeding can be extremely severe and potentially fatal especially if an artery is affected. A further disastrous situation may arise in the presence of renal failure. In patients with primary fibrinolysis, three-dimensional hematomas may develop requiring anti-fibrinolytic treatment (Molina et al., 2014). Bowel infection may occur in instances where the bowel has been injured by the paracentesis needle. Fortunately, this does not usually result to clinical peritoritis, and thus treatment is not necessitated, not unless patients indicate signs of infections. Death may also occur due to paracentesis.
Mr. McGrath educational requirements.
Mr. McGrath should be advice on the importance of total abstinence from alcohol to prevent further complications. He should also be educated to take a diet low on ammonia to reduce the amount of toxic products that will be produced by the body. High cholesterol containing foods should also be avoided to reduce the arterial pressure and therefore amount of fluid in the stomach. The prescribed medicine should be strictly adhered to prevent further complications. Garcia-Tsao & Bosch, (2011) enlighten that support groups and peer help especially from other patients and medical practitioners can be employed to provide additional moral support to patients. Sharing of past experiences by the patients will boost the recovery of Mr. McGrath. Mr.Grath should be advised on the importance of abstinence from cigarettes as they significantly increase the level of toxic compounds in his blood system.
Analysis of Mr. McGrath current prescription.
Propranolol or otherwise known as Inderal is prescribed to the patient for pharmacologic crophylaxis of variceal bleeding. Varices may probably have been identified in the patient. Propranolol reduces the portal pressure through reduction in the cardiac output, and reducing portal blood inflow via splanchnic vasoconstriction (Runyon, 2015, September 23). Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist which act on the distal tubules to conserve potassium and increase natriuresis. The drug is mainly used as a diuretic. Furosemide is prescribed to Mr. McGrath to treat the fluid build-up in the body. The drug is an anthranilic acid derivative and a diuretic. It inhibits absorption of sodium and chloride in the proximal, the loop of Henle and distal tubes.
Conclusion
Alcohol liver disease is one of the primary causes of liver-related mortality in the United States. Clinicians, therefore, should be well versed in diagnosis and treatment procedure for the condition. Education to the population may play a significant role in reducing severe forms of the conditions by advocating for early testing and treatment. In Mr McGrath case, follow-up after treatment should be conducted to facilitate a full recovery. In cases of total failure of the liver a transplant should be considered in order to maintain the acceptable toxicity levels of blood ammonia.
Cavazzo, E., Bugiantella, W., Graziosi, L. A., Franceschini, M. S., & Donini, A. (2013, February). Malignant ascites: pathophysiology and treatment. International Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18(1), 1-9. doi:10.1007/s10147-012-0396-6
Frazier, T. H., Stocker, A. M., Kershner, N. A., Marasano, L. S., & McClain, C. J. (2014, May 1). Critical pathophysiological process and contribution to disease burden. Physiology, 203-215. Retrieved September 04, 2016
Garcia-Tsao, G., & Bosch, J. (2011, March 4). Management of varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 362, 823-832. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0901512
Molina, P. E., Gardner, J. D., Souza-Smith, F. M., & Whitaker, A. M. (2014). Alcohol abuse: Critical pathophysiological processes and contribution to disease burden. Physiology, 29, 203-215. doi:10.1152/physiol.00055.2013
Pericleous, Marinos, Sarowski, Alexander, Moore, Alice, . . . Murtaza. (2016, March). The clinical management of abdominal ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome: a review of current guidelines and recommendations. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 28(3), e10-e19. Retrieved September 04, 2016, from http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/ejghe/2016/00000028/00000003/art00001?crawler=true
Shield, K. D., Parry, C., & Rehm, J. (2013). Focus on: Chronic diseases and conditions related to alcohol use. The Journal of National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 35(2). Retrieved September 4, 2016, from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arcr352/155-173.htm
Singal, A. K., Chaha, K. S., Rasheed, K., & Anand, B. S. (2013, September 28). Liver transplantation in alcoholic liver diseases current status and controversies. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 19(36), 5953-5963. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i36.5953
Torruellas, C., French, S. W., & Medici, V. (2014, September 7). Diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20(33), 11684-11699. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11684
Review the scenario below and answer the question below:
Scenario: The RN is engaging in the teaching learning process with two (2) patients who will be taught separately how to administer their own insulin injections.
One patient is a 10 year old boy and the other patient is a 28 year old woman. The 10 year old is a newly diagnosed Insulin Dependent Diabetic and the 28 year old progressed to being an Insulin Dependent Diabetic following her most recent pregnancy when she experienced Gestational Diabetes.
Question:
1- Compare and contrast different techniques to be used when establishing therapeutic relationships with children and adults
2-Choose one (1) of the patients and: Identify age appropriate assessments that would be made regarding learning readiness.
3-Write one (1) actual nursing diagnosis statement (3 parts) which focuses on the teaching learning process.
4-Write one (1) risk nursing diagnosis (2 parts) which focuses on adaptation to psychological stress.
Base your answer on your readings and research on this topic.
APA format
References
Required Textbooks for the paper:
Nursing Diagnosis Guidebook – A pocket-size nursing diagnosis guidebook of your choice that is no more than one edition old, that includes NANDA International-approved nursing diagnoses, definitions, defining characteristics, and possible nursing Interventions.
Pillitteri, Adele. (2013). Maternal and Child Health Nursing (7th ed.) Philadelphia; Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
Treas, L. & Wilkinson, J, (2014). Basic nursing: concepts, skills & reasoning. Philadelphia; F. A. Davis, Company.
chapters & text books to focus on for the paper.
Nursing Diagnosis
• Use your chosen Nursing Diagnosis Guidebook to review the nursing diagnoses specific to the content covered in this module.
Maternal and Child Health Nursing**
• Chapter 35: Communication and Teaching With Children and Families
Basic nursing: concepts, skills & reasoning**
• Chapter 12: Stress and Adaptation
• Chapter 13: Psychosocial Health and Illness (section on Common Psychological Problems: Anxiety)
• Chapter 18: Documenting & Reporting (section on Electronic Health Record (EHR) Systems)
• Chapter 20: Communication and Therapeutic Relationships
• Chapter 26: Teaching and Learning
• Chapter 44: Nursing Informatics (section on Electronic Mail & Text Messaging)
Web Based and Other Professional Resources:
• Take the patient education challenge (2013)**
• Social media guideline for nurses (2011)**
• Pre-licensure KSAs (2014)**
• Hospital: 2016 National Patient Safety Goals (2015)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Therapy and Nursing
Therapeutic connection with the patient has precautionary effects which are intricate in patient’s opinions and feelings about its efficiency and preservation of therapy services. Cognitive-behavioral therapeutic relationship is founded on patient-therapist cooperation (Arnold & Boggs, 2015). They both work to establish targets, how to achieve and maintain success, in contrast to family therapy. Here the therapist involves the family members of the patients so as they can contribute to recovery of the patient. They both work hand-in-hand to ensure the well-being of the patient (Arnold & Boggs, 2015). At the age of 10, the child has the ability to master some technical features of diabetes management but she cannot take full responsibility because she has not yet matured emotionally. As such, the right age assessment can be prescription of the insulin to test whether she can be able to induce it alone. Thus, it is necessary to involve the parents or guardian of the child so as to ensure that the child takes the right dosage (Arnold & Boggs, 2015).
Nursing analysis is a clinical evaluation concerning a person, family or communal feedback to real health complications. An actual nursing analysis offers a concern feedback available at the time of evaluation (Gordon, 2014). Health advancement diagnosis analyzes an individual’s, household’s or community’s inspiration and urge to enhance well-being and materialize human health latent as seen in the readiness to improve certain health habits, and can apply in every health condition. Risk nursing diagnosis concerns how prone a person, collection, or public is against unpleasant human feedback to health state. Hazard-focused analysis should be sustained by risk factors which give rise to the proneness of the victims (Gordon, 2014). An example of risk diagnosis; Risk for depression as indicated by anguish, isolation, insomnia, and weight loss.
References
Arnold, E. C., & Boggs, K. U. (2015). Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Gordon, M. (2014). Manual of nursing diagnosis. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
In the perioperative setting, the use of social media can impact patient safety and patient privacy.
Select patient safety OR patient privacy and answer the following questions as the RN member of the perioperative team.
Question: 1- Should personal cell phones and iPads® be allowed in the surgical suite? If, so under what circumstances can cell phones and iPads® be used and what are the ramifications if misuse occurs?
2- Should the informed consent include specific social media use? Why or why not?
Note: APA formatt
reference: at least 2 using article or textbook
Required Textbooks for the term paper and references:
Brunner and Suddarth’s textbook of medical-surgical nursing**
• Chapter 3: Critical Thinking, Ethical Decision Making, and the Nursing Process
• Chapter 17: Preoperative Nursing Management
• Chapter 18: Intraoperative Nursing Management
• Chapter 19: Postoperative Nursing Management
• Chapter 41: Musculoskeletal Care Modalities (section on “The Patient Undergoing Orthopedic Surgery”)
• Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Burn Injury
• Chapter 72: Emergency Nursing (sections on “Frostbite” and “Insect Stings” through “Tick Bites”)
Pharmacology: A patient-centered nursing process approach**
• Chapter 14: Medications and Calculations
• Chapter 50: Drugs for Dermatologic Disorders (section on “Burns and Burn Preparations”)
Maternal & Child Health Nursing**
• Chapter 37: Nursing Care of a Family When a Child Needs Diagnostic or Therapeutic Modalities
• Chapter 51: Nursing Care of the Family When the Child has a Musculoskeletal Disorder (section on “Disorders of Skeletal Structure”)
• Chapter 52: Nursing Care of a Family when a Child has an Unintentional Injury (section on “Caustic Poisoning, Bites, and Thermal Injuries”)
Nursing Diagnosis
• Use your chosen Nursing Diagnosis Guidebook to review the nursing diagnoses specific to the content covered in this module.
Web based and Other Professional Resources:
• Hand Hygiene in Healthcare Settings
• Hospital: 2016 National Patient Safety Goals**
• Pre-licensure KSAs (2014)**
• Social media: Proceed with caution (2015)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Social Media in Perioperative Care
In recent years, use of social media as a tool of communication has taken the world by a storm. This has been fueled by the emergence of new technologies in communication. Individuals in various settings can pass messages instantly to large audiences through phone camera, twitter, Skype, Facebook, you tube among other methods.
However, in the perioperative setting, it is important to consider a patients safety and privacy when applying social media as an avenue for communication among health personnel. It is important for nurses and other health workers to weigh how confidential any information regarding a patient is before making it public on social media platforms (Sarasohn-Kahn, 2012). In case of a breach of the patients confidentiality, it raises legal concerns whereby a health worker can end up losing his/or her job and their practice licenses withdrawn. Moreover use of cell phones and iPads during health operations may lead to distractions adding in to the complications of an operation environment. This puts a patient’s life at stake and may lead to death (Soto et al. 2012)
In view of the above statements, clear guidelines should be set regarding how and when perioperative professionals use their cell phones and iPads during working hours. This should be done considering a patient safety which is a priority (Brunner, 2014). Resultant impacts on workflow in a health organization should also be considered. Use of these devices should strictly happen within the precincts of the set standards to avoid conflicts. Some of the guidelines that can be used to control the use of these devices are; setting the phone in vibrate or silent mode during operation, interacting with the devices such that it doesn’t interfere with the sterile field among others (Sarasohn-Kahn, 2012). Organizations could also decide to burn the use of phones during critical stages of perioperative care.
References
Brunner, L. S. (2014). Brunner & Suddarth’s textbook of medical-surgical nursing (Vol. 1). S. C. C. Smeltzer, B. G. Bare, J. L. Hinkle, & K. H. Cheever (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Sarasohn-Kahn, J. (2012). The wisdom of patients: Health care meets online social media.
Soto, R. G., Chu, L. F., Goldman, J. M., Rampil, I. J., & Ruskin, K. J. (2012). Communication in critical care environments: mobile telephones improve patient care. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 102(2), 535-541.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
APA REFERENCES NOT OLDER THEN 5 YEARS OLD. PLEASE DON’T USE WEBSITES AS REFERENCES. MUST BE VALID IN AUSTRALIA.
Student Information Assessment Task 2 (Part A):
Position Statement Critique
This assessment requires students to demonstrate that they can critique and provide constructive feedback. Students are to provide a structured critique of the provided paper.
Framework (guide only)
1. Is the position statement structured? Does it have an introduction and a conclusion that clearly states the position?
2. Does the position statement relate to the topic?
3. Does the position statement demonstrate adequately the links to the National
Competency Standards for Registered Nurse?
4. Are the references used to support the position statement current and credible (i.e.
evidence), why or why not? (EG. – REF. OLDER THEN 5 YEAR OLD IS NOT RELIABLE )
5. Do you think the author eliminated any important information (i.e. evidence) in
stating their position? If so, please refer to these evidence sources in your critique.
6. Remember when giving feedback it must be constructive regardless of whether it is
positive or negative feedback.
Remember that your critique will be assessed against the criterion referenced rubric in your unit outline. The above is merely a guide to help you with this assessment task.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The position statement on A dedicated pool of funding from new or existing sources should be made available over “the next 5 years to provide research grant money and for cooperative research centres for nursing” is well structured. This is because it has a number of not just paragraphs but also an introduction and conclusion. Various experts suggest that a well-structured essay consist of both the introduction and conclusion (Third, 2014). While the introduction must present an overview and connection to the topic, the body should support the position statement. Ultimately, the conclusion must provide a summary of the article (Rolls & Wignell, 2013).
The author has adequately integrated these aspects in the position statement. In other words, the position statement flows from the introduction to the conclusion. The introductory paragraph, clearly states the author’s standpoint that demonstrates the importance of funding nursing research since it is the basis of providing current and safe evidence to meet the needs of patients. On the other hand, the author presents a detailed background of the topic and things to be discussed such as the significance of research in increasing patient health care needs with a keen consideration of the NMBA standards for nurses and those in charge of funding research centers for nurse staff. The conclusion reiterates the author’s standpoint while presenting a summary of the article and the relevance of adhering to the NMBA competency standards 3 and 7 to ensure effective service delivery. This is considered critical when it comes to enhancing their skills as well as promote safety in service provision.
The paragraphs are appropriately structured and the author goes ahead to present NMBA standards relevant to the issue and strengthens them with references to support his/her standpoint. Case in point, the author uses the NMBA standard 3.1 that argues nurses to show an understanding of current research in their practice. The author also cites standard 3.2, which encourage nurses to use available practice in service delivery. Again, these supported by references to strengthen the author’s stand. With respect to references, the author uses a variety of sources such as websites, journals, and a book to support the position statement. Much as the author has used different credible sources, 3 references are older than five years an aspect that can affect the reliability of the position statement. The credibility of sources used involves assessing information utilised, author’s affiliation or previously published articles (Connolly & Golderman, 2015). Moreover, journal articles must be peer-reviewed, since, they are credible and important (Guggenmoos, 2015). According to Pinfield (2015), peer-reviewed journals are reviewed by scholars in a given field to ensure it complies with editorial regulations before it’s published. Therefore, the author has such articles in this position statement they have just relevant content related to the topic. While the author has used one journal that is not peer-reviewed, it does not imply that it is not correct. By and large, the references used in this position statement are useful to the topic and thus, support the author’s standpoint. Furthermore, these references are relevant to the standards of NMBA and show the importance of funding nursing research.
The person that I have chosen to analyze was Bob Marley and the class is personality and individual differences.
the questions for the first paper are:
Q1 Go back to Erikson’s developmental stages. What evidence can you find of the person passing through the stages – especially the later stages for
adulthood. Is there evidence from their behavior, personality, attitudes, etc that they might be ‘stuck’ at any particular stage?
Q2 Try answering Cattell’s 16PF questionnaire again as if you were the person. What results do you get? Do the results relate to anything you know about
their personality, attitudes, behavior?
questionnaire #4 on google drive … http://personality-testing.info/tests/16PF.php
Were there many questions that you had no idea about the possible answer? Does that suggest areas about the person that you need to research for the project?
Q3 Try answering Eysenck’s ENP questionnaire again as if you were the person. What results do you get? Do the results relate to anything you know about their
personality, attitudes, behavior?
questionnaire #5 on google drive … http://similarminds.com/eysenck.html
Were there many questions that you had no idea about the possible answer? Does that suggest areas about the person that you need to research for the project?
Q4 Catell, in particular, looked at how his PF16 traits can change over time due to particular experiences, situations etc. (See p.214-215 in the book). To
what extent does your person seem to have stable personality traits or traits that change over time? Which ones?
Q5 Look back at Maslow’s hierarchy of needs pyramid. What evidence can you find to show if the person has successfully completed the different levels in the
hierarchy? Are there incidents, stories, evidence showing that this person experienced problems with any of the levels?
Q6 What evidence is there that your person has deliberately chosen – in the way that Kelly talks about (p.280 in the book) – to become the person they are, particularly their career choice and career progress? What deliberate changes have they made to their personality, behavior, attitudes to do this?
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Please write an essay either summarizing OR arguing about the topic “Edward Snowden,” latest on the computer analyst whistleblower who provided the Guardian with top-secret NSA documents leading to revelations about US surveillance on phone and internet communications.
DO NOT include any “personal” opinions in the paper.
The paper must be 5 pages, utilize a minimum of three academic sources, be cited in proper APA format, typed and double spaced.
A marking scheme will be provided for guidelines on how to write and presen t your work.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
