Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin in relation Ischaemic heart disease and hypertension to
Order Instructions:
The essay is to look at the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the drug Atorvastatin in relationa to a patient (Simon) with a past medical history of Ischaemic heart disease and hypertension. The essay is also to explore/discuss the anatomy & physiology, pathophysiology associated with the drug’s action. Furthermore, what would this mean to you as a nurse in relation to the patient.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin
Ischemic heart disease is one of the common chronic ailments identified among a large percentage of individuals in different countries around the world. It refers to an illness characterized by minimal blood supply to the human heart. This heart complication is one of the key causes of demise among the citizens of such western nations as the United States. The coronary arteries are responsible for supplying blood to the muscles situated within the heart. For this reason, a blockage in these blood vessels will reduce blood supply to the heart and the subsequent attainment of the ischemic heart disease (Parker & Parker 2003, p 39). A large number of such health-related cases occur due to atherosclerosis, which is observable despite the normal appearance of the artery lumens. The narrowing of these blood vessels results in rupturing and a subsequent heart attack.
Another common health complication related to the crucial functioning of the human heart is high blood pressure. This ailment, which is also referred to as hypertension, is a chronic disease caused by the elevation of the blood pressure within the arteries. The blood pressure of a normally functioning heart ranges between 100 and 140 mmHg and 60-90 mmHg systolic and diastolic respectively. Hypertension occurs when the readings surpass 140/90 mmHg (Grundy 2007, p 114). Owing to the severity of this health condition, patients suffering from high blood pressure often exhibit other complications including the coronary artery disease or the hypertensive heart ailment. High blood pressure is also one of the key factors that put patients at the risk of suffering from stroke, chronic kidney illness, or the peripheral arterial ailment. Nonetheless, there exists certain treatment approaches used to improve the health condition of patients suffering from high blood pressure or the ischemic heart disease.
One of these effective treatments that may be applicable in Simon’s case entails Atorvastatin as part of the prescription. This drug is a calcium salt branded as Lipitor. It belongs to the class of statins and is used to reduce blood cholesterol in addition to the prevention of such heart complications as the cardiovascular disease. Similar to other drugs under this classification, Atorvastatin functions by interfering with the capability of the HMG-CoA reductase (Atorvastatin Global Investigators Meeting, Larosa & Pedersen 2004, p 27). This is an enzyme situated with the liver tissue, which is crucial in the production of cholesterol within the human body. In line with its efficacy in handling such health complications as those exhibited by Simon in this case study, Atorvastatin is used as a primary medical approach of preventing stroke, heart disease, and the requirement for certain revascularization proceedings on patients with such risk factors as high blood pressure, a family history of heart complications, or a developed coronary heart ailment (Mohammad 2012, p 55). In line with the health condition of Simon, such a drug will aid in preventing further bodily complications associated with hypertension and the ischemic heart disease.
With reference to Simon’s health condition and the pharmacodynamics of Atorvastatin, the key site of action of this drug is the liver. This is because the liver is the main site for the production of cholesterol and clearance of LDL. However, medical practitioners focus on the dosage of Atorvastatin as opposed to the systemic drug concentration in order to attain a significant reduction of LDL-C (Purcell & Schachter 2007, p 61). The absorption aspect of the drug’s pharmacokinetics is also a crucial element that highlights the effectiveness of Atorvastatin with reference to improving Simon’s health condition. This drug undergoes hasty absorption when administered orally with the period of maximum plasma concentration being between 1 and 2 hours. Atorvastatin’s absolute bioavailability and the systematic accessibility for the activity of HMG-CoA reductase is 14 % and 30 % correspondingly (Wong 2005, p 15). The main trigger for the reduced systemic availability entails the drug’s high intestinal clearance as well as its fast-pass metabolism. Although food stuffs do not have a noteworthy effect on the drug’s efficacy of lowering LDL-C, administering this prescription with food results in 25 % and 9 % of its rate and extent of absorption respectively. In addition, administering the drug in the evening lowers by AUC and Cmax by 30 % correspondingly (Wong 2005, p 20). With reference to the drug’s distribution, the mean distribution volume of this medication is 381 liters. Since it is substantially protein-bound, it is often released through human breast milk. Furthermore, its metabolism is often through cytochrome P450 3A4 hydroxylation in order to produce ortho, parahydroxylated, and beta-oxidation metabolites. It is mainly excreted through hepatic biliary with approximately 2 5 being identifiable in urine (Wong 2005, p 23).
Owing to the key elements regarding the action of Atorvastatin and my skills as a nurse, I would recommend Lipitor to Simon in order to improve his health condition. This is addition to the consideration of other key factors such as exercise, healthy diets, and the avoidance of obesity (Ebdrup 2008, p 44). This will not only be useful in lowering the patient’s blood pressure and managing the ischemic heart disease but it will also be a valuable approach of preventing other heart complications and stroke. For this reason, it is rational for most medical practitioners to recommend this form of medication to such patients as Simon.
References
Atorvastatin Global Investigators Meeting, Larosa, J. C, & Pedersen, T. R, 2004, Second Atorvastatin Global Investigators Meeting, Paris, France, April 28-30, 2002, New York, EscardioContent.org.
Ebdrup, L, 2008, LPS-induced acute inflammation in a large animal model and the impact of atorvastatin treatment: PhD thesis, [Aarhus], Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus.
Grundy, S, 2007, Atorvastatin in the management of cardiovascular risk: from pharmacology to clinical evidence, Auckland [u.a.], Adis Internat.
Mohammad, M, 2012, Rosuvastatin versus a combination of Atorvastatin and Ezetimibe The Better Choice in Metabolic Syndrome, Saarbrücken, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
Purcell, H., & Schachter, M, 2007, Amlodipine and atorvastatin in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease, Edgbaston, Sherborne Gibbs Limited.
Wong, V. S. C, 2005, Mechanisms of insulin sensitization by omapatrilat, a vasopeptidase inhibitor, and atorvastatin, a 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, Thesis (M. Sc.)–University of Toronto, 2005.
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The purpose of this assignment is to encourage you to integrate lecture material on protein structure and enzyme function, with the biochemical and biological role of a key metabolic enzyme. The listed proteins have been chosen because they play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism.
You must research the following information about your protein:
Structure: is it a globular, membrane or structural protein; include a figure showing a molecular model of your protein; describe its structure including secondary structures, any domains, quaternary structure, any prosthetic groups; include the molecular weight and isoelectric point of your protein.
Function: Write an equation for the reaction catalysed by your enzyme; in what pathway does your enzyme participate. In what organisms, organs, tissues, cells, intracellular compartment is the enzyme and pathway found? What is the metabolic purpose of the pathway? What is the importance of your enzyme in that pathway (e.g. regulation, thermodynamics)? Relate the biochemical function of your enzyme to practical information such as clinical data.
Relationship between structure and function: describe any features which are particularly important for catalytic function such as specific amino acids with a key function, the 3 dimensional structure of the active site or binding site. Is your enzyme soluble or membrane protein and how does this relate to its function? What role is played by any co-factors? Is your enzyme regulated? Describe any changes to structure that occur during regulation explaining how the structure affects enzyme activity.
Pitfalls to avoid:
Choose ONE organism as your main focus; the enzymes in the list are found in many different organisms but there will often be major differences between enzymes in humans and E. coli.Sometimes information on one organism may be limited so it may be necessary to have a figure of e.g. a pig enzyme if you are mainly discussing the human version; mixing up info on human and yeast will result in loss of marks.
Be aware that some enzymes are present in several isoforms, do not get these confused.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Question 1
Phophoglycerate mutase (PGM) is a globular protein common in glycolytic activities. The secondary structure is an alpha/beta protein with three main layers as comprising of an alpha/beta/alpha. Additionally, it has a beta sheet comprising of six strands arranged in a specific order with strand 5 occurring as an antiparallel to the rest of the strands. The quaternary structure is made of two identical subunits hence can be categorized as a homodimer. The realative molecular mass of dimers is 55,000 -61,000 kDa. The quaternary is same as the primary, secondary and tertiary structure on the basis of active sites. However, the PGM is has isozymes, which is several variations existing. The type of an enzyme isozyme catalyzing a reaction depends on the tissue where the enzyme is active (Fraser, Kvaratskhelia & White, 1999).
There are two forms of the glycolytic phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) which are evolutionary unrelated. They occur as non-homologous isofunctional(NISE), each with an independent 3D structure. The first is the co-factor dependent PGM (dPGM) works in the presence of the co-factor 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate (2, 3-BPG). It has a molecular weight of 27 Kd, and are active as dimmers. The other type of the enzyme is the co-factor independent PGM (iPGM) has a molecular wight of 57 Kd. The enzyme is active in the monomer.
The distinction between the two forms of PGM can be determined by level of sensitivity to vanadate and metal ion requirement of iPGM. E.coli contains both iPGM and dPGM (Foster, 2010). Like the mammalian dPGMS, the E. coli dPGM forms a dimer which now enables researchers to analyze the sequence differences that are responsible for the variation in the quaternary structure.
The structure of the protein allows the function of the two enzyme domains to be assigned. One of the domains takes part in the phosphatase reaction, leading to the generation of the phosphoserine enzyme intermediate. The other domain participates in the phosphotransfterase reaction leading to reformation of the phosphoglycerate (Jedrzejas et al., (2000).
(EC 5.4.2.11 – Phosphoglycerate mutase, n.d)
Question 2
The enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase is involved in the glycolysis where it catalyzes the interconversion of 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycerate for zymomnas mobilis’ glyconeogenic and glycolytic pathways. The phospho group is transferred between the three phosphoglycerate carbon atoms. The co-factor dependent PGM (d PGM) catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group between the co-factor and the monophosphoglycerate via an intermediate, phosphohistine. It is important in the transfer of a phospho group between monophosphoglycerates via a phosphoserine intermediate. The respective function of both iPGM and dPGM has not been established. However, research has shown that dPGM accounted for more activities (Foster, 2010).
The relevance of PH sensitivity in physiological processes because plays a role in regulating the activity of iPGM at different stages of an organism’s developmental cycle. For instance, the PH of a developing spore drops to about 6.5 during sporulation which leads to the reduction in the iPGM’s activities. The low PH allows 3PGA to accumulate and is stored in the dormant spore. This 3PGA is used to synthesis ATP required in spore germination, again leading to a sharp rise in the PH to 7.5-8. In non-spore forming organisms that are closely related to those that reproduce by sporulation, iPGMs, Mn2+ is also required for catalysis.
The mechanism of iPGM catalysis of 2-phosphoglycerate occurs in two steps as this is a phosphatase reaction in which a phosphate group is transferred from 2 or 3-phosphoglycerate,forming an enzyme-bound phosphoserine intermediate, then a phosphotransferase reaction. Meanwhile, the phosphate is transferred from the enzyme-bound phospherine back to the glycerate moiety.
Reaction:
2-phospho-D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate.
2-phospho-D-glycerate
=
3-phospho-D-glycerate
(EC 5.4.2.11 – Phosphoglycerate mutase, n.d)
The co-factor dependent PGM is capable of catalyzing three various reactions, each with its own type of specificity. The reactions include the synthesis in which 1,3-DPGforms 2,3-DPG where 3-PGA is the primer, isomerisation reaction in which 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) is formed from 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PGA) where the primer is 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and degradation leading to formation of 3PGA from 2,3-DPG in a phosphatise activity. Also, the analysis of dPGM shows the enzyme ligand interaction which takes place to where the vanadates inhibit the mutase activity.
Phosphoglycerate mutases (PGMs) enzymes are important in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis reactions. In the glycolytic catalysis, 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) is formed from 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) through the intermediate 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate. The reaction said to be energetically neutral since the Gibbs energy involved being approximately 1.1KJ/mol. The neutral state of the energy is absolutely necessary for the generation of the proper molecule required to continue the glycolysis process.
Analyses of structure and sequence indicate that various families of the phosphatase enzymes contribute to different branches which are added to the parent enzyme. For example, histidine phosphatase superfamily is given this name because the catalytic reaction centres on the conserved on the His residue. This residue is transiently phosphorylated during the catalytic cycle. There are other conserved residues which interact with the phosphor group besides contributing to the “phosphate docket”. Different residues are added to the “phosphate pocket”. The families which contribute the residues differ in the three dimensions, position and sequence of a catalytically essential residue acidic residue Bond, White & Hunter, 2002.).
Question 3
coli’s structure of dPGM is complexed with vanadate, which is a potent inhibitor. The presence of the inhibitor in the active site although there is evidence indicating that there is additional vanadate moieties at both or either ends. The presence of the inhibitor also represents a different binding mode from the one observed on the structural homologue proctatic acid phosphatase. The analysis of dPGM reveals a water molecule in the native E.coli dPGM structure. Once this molecule is activated by vanadate, the active site protein is likely to be dephosphorylated. The binding of substrates as well as other specific interactions of both forms of dPGM’s active and inactive forms may be easily studied with a provision of the forms’ high-resolution structure in conjunction with computational substrate molecule modelling in the active site (Jedrzejas et al. 2000).
iPGM differs from thedPGM in that it only catalyses out interconversion of 2PGA and 3PGA (1, 3, 4). The other difference is that catalysis by co-factor dependent phosphoglycerate mutase does not require metal ion while the iPGM absolutely or specifically require Mn 2+ ions hence making the enzyme’s activity exquisitely sensitive to PH (1, 4, 6-8). In clinical practice, a number of diagnostic procedures rely on the PH values to determine the cause or level of infection (Jedrzejas et al. 2000).
Fig:. DS-PAGE analysis of purification and protein expression: Lane 1, size markers; lane 2, total soluble protein for cells expressing dPGM; lane 3, purified dPGM; lane 4, total soluble protein for cells expressing iPGM; lane 5, purified iPGM (Fraser, Kvaratskhelia & White, 1999).
The E. coli PGM is a protein hence is soluble in water although to different extents depending on the provided conditions. One of the conditions is the presence of Isopryl-1-thio-β-D- galactopyranoside. iPGM’s solubility impacts its ability to aggregate with other groups through chemical reactions. Solubility infers that the protein has negative charges. The solubility discriminates the reactions the enzyme can catalyze (Fraser, Kvaratskhelia & White, 1999). As mutase, PGM is an important step during glycolysis. The transfer of a functional group such as a phosphor group from one position of a substrate to another is catalyzed by the enzyme, hence the reaction becomes isomerisation. It will not function if it not subjected to the right conditions for solubility to occur.
The co-factor dependent phosphoglycerate mutase (dPGM) is found in a dimeric active conformation in Escherichia coli (E.coli). It is reactions are based on the structural changes which occur on the histidine phosphorylation exhibits a number of features which are fundamental in the catalytic mechanisms of the enzyme. During reactions, the C-terminal 10-residue tail which does not appear in other structures is ordered well so that to interact well with other residues involved in substrate binding. During the displacement of a loop positioned close to or adjacent to the active histidine leads to the readjustment of previously overlooked residues into positions which will make it easy for them to directly influence the catalysis (Bond, White & Hunter, 2002.).
References
Foster, J., Davis, P., Raverdy, S., Sibley, M., Raleigh, E., Kumar, S., … Ahmed, N. (2010). Evolution of Bacterial Phosphoglycerate Mutases: Non-Homologous Isofunctional Enzymes Undergoing Gene Losses, Gains and Lateral Transfers. PLoS ONE, E13576-E13576.
Jedrzejas et al., (2000). Mechanism of Catalysis of the Cofactor-independent Phosphoglycerate Mutase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX WITH 2-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 23146-23153.
Bond, C., White, M., & Hunter, W. (2002.). Mechanistic implications for Escherichia coli cofactor-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase based on the high-resolution crystal structure of a vanadate complex. Journal of Molecular Biology, 1071-1081.
Fraser, H., Kvaratskhelia, M., & White, M. (1999). The two analogous phosphoglycerate mutases of Escherichia coli. FEBS Letters, 455(3)344-348.
1. A major adult alcoholic-beverage marketer is considering introducing an “adult” soft drink that would be a socially acceptable substitute for alcohol.
What cultural factors could influence the introduction decision and subsequent marketing mix?
2. A person will tend to buy the brand in the product class whose image is most congruent with his or her self-image. Is a person’s self-image a highly reliable predictor of his or her brand choice? Why or why not?
3. Describe the consumer market for briefcases, using the “Seven Os”
framework described in chapter 4.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Marketing Management
Marketing is one of the critical strategies that business employ to position their products in the markets. The paper deliberates on the cultural factors that may influence the introduction decision and subsequent marketing mix when introducing this adult soft drink. It as well evaluates whether personal self-image is a predictor of his or her brand choice and consumer market briefcases.
Cultural factors require consideration when introducing any products. Culture explains the lifestyles of people and therefore determines the kinds of product choices they make. In this case, it is imperative that cultural factors are considered. Some of the cultural related factors the company will consider include the culture and subculture of the target audience. The company must consider the religious affiliation of the target group, their race, geographical locations and their nationality. Other factors will include the language of the target audience, the beliefs and values, the norms, the consumption habits of the target audience and the interest and preferences. For instance, the beliefs and values of the target audience will help the company to understand whether the target audience can change from consuming alchol or locally brewed beer to the soft drink. Language will also be essential, as it will help the company to use a language and messages that resonates with the target audience to woo them to purchasing the product. The language should as well enhance understanding between the company and the target audience. Interests and preferences, norms and consumption behaviors as well vary from one community to another and this will help the company to consider their prices, packages and the promotional strategies that will help to attract more customers in the market segment.
Person’s self-image is a highly reliable predictor of his or her brand choice. People associate and make decisions to purchase certain categories of products that they resonate with their personal self-image (Ivens & Valta, 2012). This explains why companies design certain class of products to specific category of consumers.
Consumer markets involve individuals that buy goods and services for personal consumption. Understanding these markets is essential to ensure achievement of marketing objectives. Marketers should understand the 7 O’s of marketplace which include; understanding the target audience in the market, the goods that the people purchase and the reasons or motives why these people purchase these products. Other aspects that require consideration in these market briefs is understanding of the entities that participate purchasing of the products, the processes in the market, the seasons or periods that the goods or people purchase these products and the sources of the markets. These aspects are essential in any consumer market briefs as they allow utilization of appropriate strategies to trigger increase sale.
“For the week 3 assignment please expand on the information for your post in a way that you would include it into your paper such as: submit your hypothesis and discuss the relevant theories (literature review) that would support your hypothesis. Be sure to write at least 2-3 pages. Be sure to review the resources I have shared with you in another announcement on how to set up a research proposal that includes a hypothesis and literature review.”
And the week 3 assignment is
Question:
Define the scope of your choice for this course. By this I mean, what is the core question and sub-questions that have focused your mind in developing an outline? What are the anticipated activities of your project or internship? What is your hypothesis or theory?
Answer:
The core question that I have regarding my project is in the topic itself “Why changes are in important in organizations?” Being my degree in Business Administration minor in management, it would definitely help when it comes to operate a business and make solid decisions regarding changes into that organization. My plan is fully discussed all the possible reasons on why changes are important in organizations and also provide all the benefits that the employer and employees can actually get from that. It is very challenging when it comes to changes in organizations because employees always happen to make it harder than they are, due to the fact that they are used to their ways and afraid the new changes will create problem and effect their job assignment, therefore they are hoping not to ever have to deal with any type of changes. My theory will be an example of how some employees was resistant of changes, but the organization was able to reassure them about the benefits and how the outcome will be in their favor. Also how the organizations will address these changes to make employee feel at ease.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Topic: Why changes are in important in organizations
Thesis: This paper is a discussion that attempts to understand the importance and causes of organizational change and its elements, approaches, process, resistance and management, and finally the possible factors leading to its breakdown
Scope of the choice for this course
The core question seeks to address the importance of change in organizations. Given that I am taking a degree in Business Administration with a minor in management, the exploration of this topic will be significant in situations where I will be operating a business enterprise, especially in the context where solid business decisions will need to be made regarding changes in the business organizations. The sub-questions that arise from this particular scenario include: what adjustments are needed to manage organizational change? What the challenges are in implementing organizational change? What are the reasons why organizations need to initiate change? What is the importance and influence of organizational changes on both employees and employers? And how is organizational change developed? (George & Jones 2007).
Literature review:
Throughout the outline of my literature review, I will focus on the importance of change and why businesses need to embrace change. Change is significant to organizations because in the absence of change, businesses will not be able to achieve a competitive edge over and will therefore won’t be able to meet the need of what is mostly regarded as customer loyalty. Further, the importance of organizational change will be addressed in the realms of technology, customer needs, growth opportunities, and changing the organizational status quo. The paper will mainly focus on these reasons among others for initiating organizational change: crisis, performance gaps, new technology, identification of opportunities, reaction to internal and external pressure, mergers and acquisitions, change for the sake of change, just because it sounds good to change, and plan for abandonment (Hammer & Champy 2003).
In addressing the challenges, I will focus on the organizational challenges that are a result of employees always happening to make it harder than they are, due to the fact that they are used to their ways and afraid the new changes will create problem and effect their job assignment, therefore they are hoping not to ever have to deal with any type of changes. However, I will counter such issues by arguing that organizational change is a reaction to the ever-changing environment, a response to a crisis situation that currently exists, or something that is triggered by the leader (Haveman, Russo & Meyer 2011).
The adjustments needed in an organization in the period of change require successful organization because they are not merely adjustment processes, and hence they require sufficient capabilities of management. Further, in the body of this paper I will address the organizational change causes, the various elements of the organizational change, the resistance, processes, management, and finally the possible factors that may result to its breakdown (Armenakis, Harris & Mossholder, 2013).
Theory of the discussion in the paper
My theory will be a case example of how some employees were resistant of changes, but the organization was able to reassure them about the benefits and how the outcome will be in their favor. Also how the organizations will address these changes to make employee feel at ease. The process of change will ensure that their work performance will increase progressively. As well there are long term health goals including increasing ability, better customer relations, supplier relations, and positive work culture. Ultimately, the firm will be better and competition would be overcome (Cummings & Worley 2011).
References
Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (2013). Creating readiness for change. Human Relations, 46, 681-703.
Cummings, T. G.., & Worley, C. G.. (2011). Organization Development andChange. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing.
George, J. M., & Jones, G.. R. (2007). Understanding and ManagingOrganizational Behavior (5rd). New York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Haveman, H. A., Russo, M. V., & Meyer, A. D. (2011). Organizational environments in Flux: the impact for regulatory punctuations on organizational domains, CEO succession, and performance. OrganizationScience, 12, 253-273.
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Real Estate Multiple Listing,Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters,Downtown Video Rental System & State Patrol Ticket Processing System
Order Instructions:
Read chapters 9 and 11 of the text and the case studies at the end of these chapters.
Answer the questions about the following case studies at the end of chapter 9:
1.)Real Estate Multiple Listing
2.)Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters
Answer the questions about the following case studies at the end of chapter 11:
1.)State Patrol Ticket Processing System
2.)Downtown Video Rental System
Suggestions and Guidelines:
• Use your own words and Thoughts. Plagiarism and/or cheating will result in a grade of Zero.
• Give short answers to each question (not more than 3-4 lines)
• Total page length (not more than 3 pages, 300 words per page)
• 1-inch margins, Double spaced, 12-point, Times New Roman font
SAMPLE ANSWER
Real Estate Multiple Listing
Answers to Chapter 9 Case Studies
Real Estate Multiple Listing
As the application deployment environment a “anywhere, anytime” requirements has a variety of implications since it requires the network to be available in a wide range of regions most of which often distributed across long distances. This is attributable to the fact that different network, hardware and software architecture requirements are numerous. The major implication involves infiltration of the network which may pose a risk.
This may be attributed by a three-layer architecture using basic PCs and web browsers whereby the network can consist of both wired and wireless connections through an alternative network shown below.
The inclusion of graphical data on the network would have significant impact in terms of sales considering the considerable number of listings to be done constantly. This is mainly because including graphical data would increase the coverage extent of the sellers and buyers which is a desired result for a network.
2.) Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters
Alternative deployment for RMO based on Apache web server for the Rocky Mountain Outfitters has been of crucial significant and in order to considerably improve its efficiency, an alternative deployment for the RMO would be carried out as shown below.
The alternative deployment network with the ability for the RMO customer support system would be essentially carried out make sure that there is improved efficiency and effectiveness in the execution of the company duties. This is attributable to the fact that there will improvements across the entire chain in to make sure that every party to be involved in the network would not only get value for money but also the necessary support whenever need. All aspects of the entire network have to be wholly considered to make sure that all loopholes that are often overlooked by many network developers in terms of the selected hardware, software as well as configuration architecture are tightly sealed.
Therefore, in order to make sure that the network works effectively without failures, several changes must be done in terms of client work stations as well as customer personal computers (PCs). For instance, network settings and configurations will be carried out in order to make sure that there are significant improvements in terms of security by making sure the not only the network intruders will be completely blocked from unauthorized access to the network as well as making sure that all sorts of malwares are also completely blocked from the client workstations and clients’ PCs. This is highly critical for ensuring that the network has achieved the highest possible levels of security for maximum protection of the client workstations and clients’ PCs meaning that they shall use the network without any fear of a network attack or intrusion.
There will be also some changes that will be required for the middleware as well as communication protocols. This includes changing of the security setting to make that they are in alignment with the alternative network. Moreover, a clearly laid out communication protocol shall be implemented to ensure any changes to the network can only be done by the chief administrator.
Answers to Chapter 11 Case Studies
State Patrol Ticket Processing System
Implementation of any project in a successful manner requires utilization of CRC Cards as well as DCD in order to make sure that each activity flows from the other one in a clearly outlined manner, however, the first-cut DCD is usually developed from the CRC cards. This is mainly because the CRC cards outline the role to be played be each party in the project implementation. Therefore, the CRC cards shown below are for the state control ticket processing system.
CRC cards State Patrol Ticket Processing System
In addition, the names to the identified classes in the DCD are added with regards to identified responsibilities on the basis of the CRC cards. Therefore, the eventual DCD for the State Patrol Ticket Processing System is shown below.
2.) Downtown Video Rental System
In order to design and implement the Downtown Video Rental System in a successful manner CRC Cards as well as DCD are usually required for the purpose of making sure that each of the activity within the project is clearly outlined together with an highlight of the responsibilities of each participant within the project as well as the classes and subclasses whereby both are used together, but the first-cut DCD is usually developed from the CRC cards. This is attributable to the fact that CRC cards clearly outline the roles played by all project participants. Therefore, the CRC cards shown below are for the Downtown Video Rental System project implementations are shown below.
On the other hand, the first-cut DCD developed for successful implementation of this project are shown supposed to make sure that the clear link or relationship between all the activities and classes is clearly highlighted. This plays an important role in making sure that each of the projective is carried out as envisaged since there would be differentiation of activities and classes throughout the entire project. Therefore, the first-cut DCD developed for effective design and implementation of the Downtown Video Rental System is shown below.
Reference
Satzinger, J.W., Jackson, R.B. & Burd,
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Identify what would be some of the requirements for this type of system.
The administrative system would require several things to be in place: the components of the system to support the system, the number of the users and the type of users who would use the system, what the organization requires the purpose and nature of the system, the purpose and the nature of the organization, and the size of the system. In addition, the size of the system, the skills of the existing staff, their training and the work practices are also very important.
Who should you consult with (speak with) to ensure their needs were met?
In order to ensure that the needs of each stakeholder are met, several people need to be consulted: the organizational personnel, the clients from outside and the casual l personnel have to be consulted for any success to be realized.
3. Who would you need to obtain approval from to spend the money to investigate and develop your system?
Before spending any money on the development and investigation of this system, several people need to be consulted for approval. Some of the people that have to be consulted include: Administration system consultants, software suppliers, people who determine efficiency of the system, those who supply equipments, technicians who deal with information technology, those who offer training in information technology, people who work within the organization and also those who supply equipments to the office.
4. Develop a flow chart of how the system would work, based on the needs of the users and stakeholders.
IF NO IF YES
Develop materials of what your system would look like. Add extra pages if necessary.
The materials to be used to offer for assistance include: invoices, checklist and quotation sheets.
Invoice
From: Cypress Technologies
Invoice Number:
_________
Suite 7, 77 Marwood Place
Invoice Date:
dd/mm/yyyy
Crestwood, B.C., V6T 7Q7
GST Registration No:
_________
1-888-888-888
To: Sarah’s Computer Bin
8424 Business Plaza
Vancouver, B.C.
Attn: Sarah Norgaard
Item
Unit Cost
Quantity
Price
GST
PST
Subtotal
HP OfficeJet Inkjet Color Printer
$583.97
1
$583.97
$29.20
$40.88
$654.05
Grand Total
$654.05
Payment Terms: To be paid within 30 days of Invoice Date
Checklist
Personal Affairs of Business Owner
ü
Activity
Person
Responsible
Due Date/
Regularity
Some Actions to Consider
Ensure trust distributions
are properly made
At least annually
There have been considerable changes to the tax treatment of trusts.
These changes could expose you to
large unforeseen tax bills. Speak to
your adviser about your trust.
Undertake tax and
personal financial
planning
.
Annually
(before year
–
end)
Year-end presents a number of tax planning opportunities and
risks. Speak to your accountant
about tax and personal financial
planning.
·Don’t invest in any year-end tax planning schemes until you
speak to your accountant.
Obtain costs for your system. Where electronic systems are required use $1000K for a computer with a monitor and point of sale equipment at $5000K per register. Access for EFTPOS is included. For any programs necessary estimate at $7000. Where you are missing costs contact your trainer for a figure you can use.
ITEM
COST($)
Internet services
2000
Software
7000
Printer
1000
Computer system
1000
Point of sale equipment
5000
Scanner
100
Server
4000
Total
21000
Identify methods you could use to implement your ideas.
The method that will be used to implement these ideas would involve: the staff confidence will be boosted to ensure that they adopt this system; the management strategies will be changed to ensure that the people responsible are able to implement this system, will ensure that the culture of the organization is completely changed ,the systems have to function very correctly, people from outside sources will be consulted in order to get more input on the system, the staff members will be trained and the roles of all the staff members will be redefined.
Write a procedure for how this system is to work. Include a step by step process using the following as a template.
The purpose of this procedure is to describe an electronic administrative system that would help in ordering of goods from clients.
The procedure applies to an owner of a shop. However the owner of this shop is computer illiterate.
Step 1: the user has to start the program in order to access into the subsequent processes that are relevant to the needs of the company
Step 2: The owner has to input the order. The system displays several orders that the owner requires. From this menu, the owner will be able to select the specific orders which are required.
Step 3: The owner will then specify the amount of items that are required.
Step 4: In order to ensure that there is no any delay, the owner will have to specify the exact date when the goods have to be delivered by the suppliers.
Step 5: as soon as the owner is satisfied with the order, the order is submitted to the supplier for consideration and delivery.
Step 6: the owner will then wait for the response from the supplier. As soon as the owner receives a response from the supplier, the program can then be terminated.
Identify the training requirements for the other staff, the owner and the suppliers.
Staff
Owner
Suppliers
On the job trainers
Professional development
Skills assessment
Coach, mentor and/or buddy systems
Training handbooks
Videos
Online tutorials
Define what possibly could go wrong if your process was put into place and what could be done to stop that from happening.
Problem
Solution
Loss of staff confidence
Ongoing assessment of staff skills
Need for additional training
Ongoing feedback opportunities
Need to modify system
providing professional development opportunities
Temporary reduction of work output
Boosting staff confidence
One of the suppliers has stated they found the system confusing as some were identifying materials to order based on name only rather than product code and there was often a mistake on the unit price. What would you need to change in your process to ensure these issues were improved?
In order to ensure that there was no confusion on how to use the system by the client, I would ensure that the system offers comprehensive audio direction to the client in order that there was minimal or no confusion at all. In addition, would use codes that closely represent each type of commodity. Through this approach, the user of the system will easily navigate through the whole process.
What processes could be used for monitoring the new system for accuracy, assisting staff in its use, useability from staff and suppliers.
In order to monitor the new system for accuracy, assisting staff in its use and usability from staff suppliers, several processes have to be considered. The feedback from both the internal and external users is very key. This are the people who use the system on day to day basis hence are the right people to provide reliable feedback. In addition, the trained technicians can assist in observing the performance in order to ensure that the system is in a perfect condition. Furthermore, monitoring tools and processes help keep records of how the system performs on a day to day basis.
What modifications would need to be made to your system if the boss wanted to make sure the ordering system would link with the creditors accounting system?
If the boss wants to make sure that the system links with creditors accounting system, several modifications would have to be done. This would include provision of additional equipments that would aid in the linking of the current system. In addition, there should be some form of training on the negotiation of the time limit within which the changes have to done. Furthermore, the roles of the administration and their duties have to be redefined in order to ensure that all the changes are effectively implemented. Also, the company would have to develop specialized software to handle these changes.
How would you communicate that to the current users of the system?
Current users of the system would be communicates to through the email messages and facsimile messages. This would pass any important information to the users about the changes being implemented to the system. In addition, through meetings and training days, the users would be trained on the use of the new system and informed on the advantages of using this system in comparison to the older system. Furthermore, office memorandums, professional development time and photocopied instructions would be provided to aid in ensuring that every member is informed on the changes.
Assessment Two
Write a report to the director outlining the requirements for an administrative system the costs as found in your investigation and which cloud system you would select based on the needs of the organization. Within this report
Include an implementation strategy with an action plan identifying the responsibilities for and a timeline for completion (use the attached action plan template).
The method that will be used to implement these ideas would involve: the staff confidence will be boosted to ensure that they adopt this system; the management strategies will be changed to ensure that the people responsible are able to implement this system, will ensure that the culture of the organization is completely changed ,the systems have to function very correctly, people from outside sources will be consulted in order to get more input on the system, the staff members will be trained and the roles of all the staff members will be redefined.
The cloud technology would therefore require a very elaborate action plan for its implementation. The action plan would therefore entail: the components of the system to support the system, the number of the users and the type of users who would use the system, what the organization requires the purpose and nature of the system, the purpose and the nature of the organization, and the size of the system. In addition, the size of the system, the skills of the existing staff, their training and the work practices are also very important
Define a procedure staff can use to work with this new technology.
The purpose of this procedure is to describe the implementation procedure for cloud technology for an organization on behalf of its director.
The procedure applies to a director who wants to improve the performance of the organization which is having challenges dealing with accounting processes and serving its clients.
Step 1: the program has to be started to allow for the normal processes to take place. Step 2: the end user has to specify the activity that wants to be performed
Step 3: input the information about that particular activity
Step 4: specify the form of output required
Step 5: Make any changes
Step 6: Generate the output.
Discuss contingencies (problems) which may occur and how you could address them.
Problem
Solution
Loss of staff confidence by both the staff members and the customers in the system
ongoing assessment of staff skills
Need for additional training due to the introduction of a new system
ongoing feedback opportunities
Need to modify system due to huge challenges as a result of several tasks within the organization
Providing professional development opportunities
Temporary reduction of work output due to the staff members still getting used to the system.
Boosting staff confidence
Define a monitoring system which could be used to ensure the system is secure and usage needs are maintained
The system has to be monitored in order to ensure that the system is secure and the usage needs are well maintained. The feedback from both the internal and external users is very key. This are the people who use the system on day to day basis hence are the right people to provide reliable feedback. In addition, the trained technicians can assist in observing the performance in order to ensure that the system is in a perfect condition. Furthermore, monitoring tools and processes help keep records of how the system performs on a day to day basis.
Identify the training needs for staff
The staff ought to be trained on how to use the cloud technology. This is simply because the technology has new procedures that are different from the current system being used. In addition, the staff members ought to be trained on how to upgrade the system and handle any challenges in case they arise.
What legislation should be considered
Several legislations have to be considered during and before the start of the implementation of this technology. The intellectual property right has to be effected. This would ensure that no one claims ownership of this technology apart from the real developers.
Create a training presentation (you will not present this, you will just prepare a presentation) for staff to understand and use this new technology.
The technology is aimed at offering rapid solution to the several challenges experienced in this organization. As a result of the adoption of this technology, the organization will be able to store its data safely, the procedures will be performed efficiently, the customer data bases will be accessed very fact and the accounting information would be processed within a very short time
The technology therefore would entail several stages which are very simple to navigate and use. To begin with, one will be required to specify the activity that is to be processed. This would be displayed on the desktop. The software platform is user friendly hence easy to use. The next step is to input the instruction which then be processed and the output displayed inform of an output. Every kind of data can be processed as so long as correct information is provided.
As a result of the use of cloud technology, orders have increased dramatically requiring more data to be kept in the cloud. What modifications would need to be made to ensure these changes could be handled successfully?
In order to ensure that cloud technology is handled successfully due to its excellent performance, several modifications have to be done. This would include provision of additional equipments that would aid in the linking of the current system. In addition, there should be some form of training on the negotiation of the time limit within which the changes have to done. Furthermore, the roles of the administration and their duties have to be redefined in order to ensure that all the changes are effectively implemented. Also, the company would have to develop specialized software to handle these changes (Wollmann & Kuhlmann, 2014).
SOP – Assignment – Part 2
You have managed to acquire the last two years accounts for your fierce rival LMM Ltd. Your CEO has heard that you are studying Finance at Napier University and has asked for a report on how the opposition has been performing in that time span. Total words should not exceed 2,000, excluding any calculations.
LMM Ltd
Income Statements for the year ended 31 July
2014
2013
£000
£000
Continuing operations
Revenue
22,600
19,800
Cost of sales
(10,735)
(10,890)
Gross profit
11,865
8,910
Distribution costs
(5,424)
(3,960)
Administrative expenses
(4,068)
(2,574)
Profit from operations
2,373
2,376
Finance costs
(770)
(280)
Profit before tax
1,603
2,096
Tax
(294)
(133)
Profit for the period from continuing
operations attributable to equity holders
1,309
1,963
LMM Ltd
£000
£000
Statements of financial position as at 31 July
2014
2013
£000
£000
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment
22,916
16,200
Current assets
Inventories
1,932
1,525
Trade and other receivables
1,808
1,386
Cash and cash equivalents
582
0
4,322
2,911
Total assets
27,238
19,111
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Equity
Share capital
8,000
8,000
Retained earnings
6,334
5,025
Total equity
14,334
13,025
Non-current liabilities
Bank loans
11,000
4,000
11,000
4,000
Current liabilities
Trade payables
1,610
1,307
Tax liabilities
294
133
Bank overdraft
0
646
1,904
2,086
Total liabilities
12,904
6,086
Total equity and liabilities
27,238
19,111
REQUIRED:
a) Write a report (no more than 2 sides of A4) with your view on how LMM has performed in the two year period. You should show supporting calculations of at least SIX ratios (for each year) to back up your findings. (60%)
b) It has been rumoured that LMM is planning an expansion of their production facilities which will cost £5.5million. Discuss how this might be financed and any problems associated with the methods you have chosen. (40%)
Academic literature should be referred to in your answers.
Donald MacAskill Sept 2014
SAMPLE ANSWER
Finance
Write a report (no more than 2 sides of A4) with your view on how LMM has performed in the two year period. You should show supporting calculations of at least SIX ratios (for each year) to back up your findings. (60%)
In 2013, the Working Capital Ratio which is ascertained by Current Assets / Current Liabilities, in was 1.4. This increased to 2.3 in 2014. The working capital ratio is an important ratio in determining the health of the company under scrutiny (Paradi, Rouatt & Zhi, 2011, 102). It helps one determine the liquidity of a company. The liquidity represents the ability of a company to rapidly turn assets into cash in order to meet its short-term obligations as they fall due. Between 2013 and 2014, the company increased the component of liquid cash it held from 0 in 2013 to 582,000. This arrangement is beneficial to the company as it places it in a stronger position with regards to competitors, in being able to pay off its debts quicker (Paradi, Rouatt & Zhi, 2011, 100).
The Quick ratio also called the acid test ratio is an important ratio. When inventories are removed from the current assets figure, the true position of the company is cleared (Lazaridis & Tryfonidis, 2006, 28). It should not be lost that inventory is held by the organization for trading or facilitating the operations of the company. It is thus very important to determine how the cash and other items that can be easily and rapidly converted into a ready cash value. In 2013 the ratio is 0.7 and improves significantly in 2014 to 1.3. Two issues emerge in the analysis of this ratio. In 2013, when the ratio stood at 0.7 the company could have been said to have a ratio lower that the ideal position by all companies. All companies will seek to have at least a ratio of 1:1. The position of 0.7 could not be so dire if the inventory is rapidly turned-over. A high inventory turn-over makes available ready cash to the company within a short period of time (Paradi, & Zhu, 2013, 62). In 2014 the ratio improved very significantly to 1.3. This position places the company at a pedestal when it comes to taking advantage of emerging opportunities in the industry. Taking the argument that the inventory has a high turn-over, it makes the company highly liquid (Lazaridis & Tryfonidis, 2006, 30). This highly liquid position may however make the company a prime target for a takeover by a company that is looking to improve its liquidity position (Paradi, & Zhu, 2013, 62).
Quick Ratio = (Current assets – Inventory) / Current liability
The debt-to-equity ratio determines the level a company’s financial leverage (Paradi, Rouatt & Zhi, 2011, 102). This is what is arrived at when the total liabilities and divided by the shareholders equity. This is an important indicator of what proportion of a company’s assets is financed by equity and which part is by debt. When a company has a huge debt, it reduces the margins which it operates under and which allow it to respond to market stimuli by adjusting fixed charges and manipulating the earnings available for dividends (Uyar, 2009). This latitude is important as it could allow a company facing challenging stimuli adjust accordingly to ensure sustainability. The risk of using this data to orchestrate a financial crisis is not remote. In 2013 the ratio was 0.5 improving significantly to 0.9 in 2014. In both years, the company reports very robust ratios. The improvement from 0.5 to 0.9 further shows the strong position the company holds. The improvement is on the basis of the loan that grew from 4,000,000 to 11,000,000
Debt-to-equity ratio = Total Liabilities / Shareholders Equity
The return on equity ratio is important as it allows ordinary shareholders determine individually how profitable their capital is in the business venture they have invested in (Uyar, 2009). The profitability of a company is important as it has a direct effect of its shareholders. When the return on equity is calculated, it reveals the estimated profitability of the company. This return on equity reveals the amount of profit generated by the company with the money invested by the shareholders. In 2013, the return on equity was 15.07%. This fell to 9.13% in 2014. The decline in return could be attributed to the additional costs that were incurred by the company in 2014. Distribution costs and administrative costs grew significantly. Despite the increased operational costs that the company incurred, it was able to smooth this by making additional income from its operations. However, the finance costs increase with such that the profitability of the year could not cover it (Scott, & Jacka, 2011). As a result the profits fell by almost 600,000. This had the overall effect of reducing the shareholders return of equity.
Return on Equity = Net Income / Shareholder’s Equity
The net profit margin is an indication of how efficient the company is in controlling the cost surrounding its operations. When the net profit margin is high, it exhibits a company that is efficiently converting its revenues into actual profits (Reiner, Turley & Willekens, 2008). It shows that the company is able to turn its sales into income. For 2013 the profit margin was 5.8% improving to 9.9% in 2014. The increase in profit margin could be as a result of two factors. To begin with, the company increased it’s from 19,800,000 to 22,600,000. This growth is sales ensured the company had a strategy that was able to convert revenue into actual profits. The second factor could be a reduction in the operational expenses (Scott, & Jacka, 2011). The company was able to employ the same resources but milk greater profits from the same investment.
Profit margin = Net income / Net sales
Another set of ratios that examine how a company is performing are the solvency ratios. This ratios are important as they determination point the long-term risk (Reiner, Turley & Willekens, 2008). Shareholders and long-term creditors find these ratios important in assisting them make investment decision regarding the company. Given that in business, there are only two ways to finance the acquisition on an asset; debt (using borrowed funds) and equity (using funds raised by shareholders or funds retained from the company’s internal operations – retained earnings). The ratio determined for a company shows the percentage that each asset it financed by (Eljelly, 2004, 51). Ideally, the level of debt that a company takes on is a subjective issue. For a company that is has a high debt could be viewed as one that is able to leverage greatly. In the same face, for a company that relies on heavy investment in fixed plants and equipments, the level of debt financing will similarly be bigger with aspects such as insurance and advertising agencies being some of the components that will see this figure grow. Given that total debt of a company is made up of both long and short term debt. For creditors, emphasis and special interest will be on the long-term debt, specifically seeking to determine how the company used this facility (Eljelly, 2004, 51). In 2013, the 46.7% while in 2014, it was 90.0%. By taking on additional debt, the ratio grew from 46.7 to 90.0.
Debt to total assets ratio = total debt / total assets
b) It has been rumoured that LMM is planning an expansion of their production facilities which will cost £5.5million. Discuss how this might be financed and any problems associated with the methods you have chosen. (40%)
Currently, LMM has on its books a debt of 11 million. In 2013 the debt ratio stood at 32 cents. When it raised its loan from 4,000,000 to 11,000,000 the debt ratio rose to 47 cents to the dollar. By adding an additional 5,500,000 to finance the expansion LMM will further raise its debt ratio to 68 cents to the dollar. This sudden growth of the debt ratio would be alarming to someone looking at the figures without knowledge of the industry LMM operates in. Before changing its debt strategy and adopting one that intentionally set out to manage debt over the long term as opposed to the short term, was based on a number of reasons. LMM could have been looking at managing its debt better in the long term resulting in lower costs. Though the short term would experience a growth in the overall debt, this is only an accounting growth (Paradi, & Zhu, 2013, 62).
Overall LMM will have gained by lowering its debt cost in the long term. By getting the additional loan to expand its operations, the anticipated additional capacity will mean higher economies. The expanded economies of scale will allow LMM to manage the additional debt with only raises the debt ratio marginally despite raising the debt level by almost 50 percent. This could thus be interpreted to mean the LMM operations are very efficient. This is an important factor when considering taking on additional debt to finance growth (Abdul & Mohamed, 2007, 280). Overall LMM is in a strong position in its industry. For the shareholders, the additional debt would mean better returns to them since the taxation system is kinder to debt financing for companies as opposed to refinancing or shareholders having exclusive rights to purchasing additional shares in the company.
LMM’s debt to equity ratio for 2013 was 47 cents to the dollar. When LMM almost tripled its loan from 4,000,000 to 11,000,000 the debt to equity ratio rose almost doubled to 90 cents to the dollar. By saddling LMM with the additional debt of 5,500,000 to finance its expansion then the ratio will raise to 1 dollar to the dollar. This means that debt and equity equally finance the operation of LMM (Abdul & Mohamed, 2007, 280). For the industry LMM operates in, the ratios point to a very efficient operation. Despite the upward movement of the debt to equity ratio to the current 1.0 LMM is still below the industry ratio. From its operations, LMM is able to generate profits that cover the repayment of the loans interest and principle. As stated earlier, additional debt is beneficial to LMM shareholders. Given the tax plans, LMM gains by getting debt to finance its expansion as opposed to floating shares to current shareholders exclusively (Htay, Arif, Soualhi, Zaharin, & Shaugee, 2013).
There are a few options that LMM could choose from when seeking to finance its 5,500,000 expansion in operations. There are number of loan option and designs that LMM could adopt in order to strengthen its position in the industry. A bank loan; depending on how it is designed, how it is paid out and repaid and the terms of the loan will determine the value it adds to the company.
Line-of-credit loans: This finds great favor with small businesses because all they need to do is walk into their bank, have a good talk with the credit or bank manager and if they have operated their accounts well, have a line-of-credit (over draft facility) extended (Narware, 2004,123). This arrangement is best suited for securing a business’s operating costs for working capital, meeting inventory needs or business cycle needs. Since the business only pays interest on the advanced money only, the knowledge that a pool exists which the company can access should the need arise, allows the company more room for maneuver in its operations. A line-of-credit would not be ideal for financing LMM’s expansion (Narware, 2004,123).
Installment loans: This design of loan will allow LMM to repay equal installments over the loan period (Chowdhury & Amin, Md, 2007, 77). The equal monthly installments are designed to meet both the interest and principle equitably. The repayment will determined on loan uptake and clearly captured in the loan contracts. It also allow for early repayment of loans. In some cases, it actually rewards early repayment of loans.
Balloon loans: By their nature, the interest is paid over the lifetime of the loan in equal regular installments with the principle paid as a lump sum on maturity of the loan. The balloon loans are ideal for businesses that get payments on specific periodic dates (Cascarino, 2007, ). LMM would find this arrangement most suitable given the nature of its business is such that incomes are period.
Secured and unsecured loans: LMM has the choice of either a secured or unsecured loan to finance the planned expansion. For the unsecured loan, LMM will not be required to pledge any collateral in lieu of defaulting the loan (Abdul & Mohamed, 2007, 288). This is the option available to those considered by lenders as being low risk. The definition of low risk is relative and will vary from person to person and situation to another (Raheman, & Mohamed, 2007, 280). However the perception of low risk has the advantage of having to pay very low interest on loans. On the other hand, for the secured loan, LMM will have to provide some form of collateral to secure the loan. For the expansion that LMM plans, the collateral will the equipment to be purchased. This is based on the fact that the collateral is related to the purpose of the loan (Chowdhury & Amin, Md, 2007, 77). By LMM using the loan to purchase receivable, the bank will consider this as having being used to finance growth. This classification will allow LMM access the great pool of resources the financier avails to its customers. Most banks will lend up to 75 percent of the amount due (Padachi, 2006, 51). This particular loan will thus not be ideal for LMM. Not being able to access the whole amount will undermine the planned expansion.
Bankers are looking for interest income from a loan, along with a high likelihood that the loan will be repaid (Padachi, 2006, 55). They don’t want to control the business other than making sure it meets loan covenant standards, and they take collateral in lieu of repayment only as a last resort.
References
Paradi, J. C., Rouatt, S. & Zhi, H., 2011. ‘Two-stage evaluation of bank branch efficiency using data envelopment analysis, Omega, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp 99-109
Paradi, J. C. & Zhu, H., 2013. A survey on bank branch efficiency and performance research with data envelopment analysis, Omega, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp 61-79.
Abdul R & Mohamed N., 2007. Working capital management and profitability – case of Pakistani firms. International Review of Business Research Papers, Vol.3 (2), pp. 275 – 296.
Chowdhury, A & Amin, Md. M., 2007. Working capital management practiced in pharmaceutical companies listed in Dhaka stock exchange. BRAC University Journal, Vol. IV, No. 2, 2007, pp. 75-86
Eljelly, A., 2004. Liquidity-profitability tradeoff: an empirical investigation in an emerging market, International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol.14, No. 2, pp. 48- 61.
Lazaridis I & Tryfonidis, D., 2006. Relationship between working capital management and profitability of listed companies in the Athens stock exchange, Journal of Financial Management and Analysis, Vol.19, No. 1, pp 26 – 35.
Narware P. C., 2004. Working capital and profitability- an empirical analysis. The Management Accountant, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp 120-127.
Padachi, K., 2006. Trends in working capital management and its impact on firms’ performance: an analysis of Mauritian small manufacturing firms. International Review of Business Research Papers, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 45 – 58.
Raheman, Abdul & Mohamed Nasr., 2007. Working capital management and profitability- case of Pakistani firms. International Review of Business Research Paper, Vol. 3, No.1 ,pp.279-300.
Uyar, A., 2009. The relationship of cash conversion cycle with firm size and profitability: an empirical investigation in Turkey. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 24, EuroJournals Publishing, Inc.
Cascarino, R., 2007. ‘Intenal Auditing: An Integrated Approach,’ 2nd Ed, Lansdowne, South Africa.
Htay, S. N., Arif, M., Soualhi, Y., Zaharin, H. R & Shaugee, I., 2013. ‘Accounting, Auditing and Governance for Takaful Operations,’ John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
Reiner, Q., Turley, S & Willekens, M., 2008. ‘Auditing, Trust and Governance: Regulation in Europe,’ Routledge.
Hi Interviewer
Thank you so much for meeting with me today. It was such a pleasure to learn more about Physical Therapy.
When I had experienced side effect of surgery, first I took acupuncture treatment and then took physical therapy. As the results, my symptoms were complete improved by both Acupuncture and Physical Therapy. That is why I would like to admit to Physical Therapy school even though I am studying about Acupuncture and I would like to help to treat many people who still suffered from their illness and physical disability. My future goal is to participate community service and missionary work for helping many people who can’t afford to take a treatment or cannot get a proper treatment because I fully understand them.
With your great passion, it was a great time to share your thought about the future of Physical therapy and you inspire me what I prepare for future physical therapy and after a graduation.
Thank you so much for taking your valuable time today. And I hope to see you again. I am greatly honored to talk to you today and I have learned from you, such as how you care about people as student and how you care about physical therapy.
For the interview and conversation today, I truly believed that Jesus Christ grant a realization to us through serendipity with some definite reason.
Thank you for giving me a great opportunity and experience today.
Applicant to DPT
Jason.
Today i underwent an interview
SAMPLE ANSWER
LETTER OF APPRECIATION
Dear Interviewer,
I am sincerely grateful for granting me the opportunity to attend the interview. I must confess that I really enjoyed getting to learn more about physical therapy, which I have grown to like overtime.
My interest in this field was conjured up by an occurrence in which I had experienced the negative effects of surgery. I was forced to undergo an acupuncture treatment, which was augmented with physical therapy. The combined action of the two occasioned my complete recovery, and ever since, I have always dreamt and desired of being admitted to a Physical Therapy School. Looking back, I believe that my accident led me to be here today by the purpose of Jesus Christ. As Jesus treated all people with endless love I would like to dedicate myself in treating patients with love and dedication for their well-being, and in order to achieve that goal, I believe a Christian foundation is really necessary to be a good medical practitioner. It is my hope that I shall be able to participate in community and missionary works, where I will commit my efforts to helping people who cannot afford quality treatment on their own or those who cannot get a proper treatment.
In light of my undying interest in this field, I must admit that it was a privilege sharing about physical therapy. Your thoughts and ideas are a great inspiration to me. I have learnt how to take care of people, both as a student, and as a physical therapy specialist. Since this was my first school interview, I felt uneasy and ill-prepared and my inexperience led me to lose my confidence. From this experience, I realize that I need to express myself in order to better convey my thoughts. If we have had more time, I could have benefitted much from our interview.
Jason.
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Advanced Practice Nursing:Emphasizing Common Roles
Order Instructions:
For this paper, I have provided a template that will be use to complete the assignment. The writer have to use the resources provided below the questions to research and complete the assignment , and take note to read the instructions carefully before completing the assignment. The instructions indicate that the writer will respond in the right hand column of each box, so its important to pay attention to details and get it right. APA is critical and the writer must also provide a reference page at the end,
For this assignment, you will research state (Washington DC) specific and national licensing and credentialing mechanisms specific to nurse practitioners. All of the links you will need have been provided under resources below. Research each mechanism and provide a description of the process in the right hand column next to the appropriate mechanism.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid – National Provider
Identification Standard (NPI)
Nurses Service Organization (NSO)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Emphasizing Common Roles
Student Name
State of Residence
Licensure/Credentialing Mechanism
Description of Licensure/Credentialing Mechanism and Process
.
A nurse practitioner in order to get licensure must firstget education from a nationally education standard institution to show competencies for programs to help them in their role. NPs must also attend to the education process, of whichhas to graduate with master’s degree or postgraduate certificate that are accredited by the Washington Department of Education and/or The Council of Higher Education Accreditation. The third process is passing professional nursing certification program that is psychometrically sound, legally defensible, and which meets the overall nationally recognized accreditation standards for certification programs.
Washington DC’s State Board of Nursing requirements for NP Licensure are that all NPs are supposed to hold state licenses as RNs. In addition, NPs should have masters’ degrees. Moreover, NPs are required to get national certification. In Washington DC, a NP should have a completion of a formal advanced nursing education meeting the Washington Administrative CODE 246-839-305 (Institute of Medicine (U.S.) & Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2011).The other description is that, for licensure, there should a documentation of initial certification credential granted by the national certifying body recognized by the commission, approved ARNP specialty whose certification program is approved by the commission and subsequently maintain currency and competency as defined by a certifying body.
Special state requirements for prescriptive authority
Prescriptive authority in Washington DC requires APRN to have an initial thirty hours of contact of education in pharma therapeutics within the applicant’s SOP obtained within the two years period immediately prior to the application. An advanced pharmacology course taken as a part of the graduation program meets the requirement if application is made within the two years of graduation (Lentz, 2013). The other requirement is that there should be renewal of Rx authority every two years that requires 15 hours of pharmaco-therapeutic education within the area of practice. ARPNs are legally authorized to request, receive, and dispense pharmaceuticals samples. Prescriptions are labeled within the ARPNs name.
State Board of Nursing variations between CNS and NP scope of practice (e.g. diagnosing, prescribing therapeutic treatments, etc.
NPs in Washington undergo the first process of completing a preceptorship that is at least one year long to be allowed to function as a NP.The process of becoming CNS in Washington DC is by first completing at least 3 credit hours or 30 m contacts of pharmacology and clinical management of drug therapy or pharmacotherapeutics within 5 years of applying for APRN certification. This course must relate accordingly with the scope of practice. CNS must also complete a preceptorship that is at least one year long. This is because, In Washington DC, NPs’ scope of practice includes family care, diagnosis, psychiatric care, pediatric care, pharmacology primary health care, and adult care. On the other hand, CNS in Washington have a scope of practice that comprises the management of health and psychiatric problems, therapeutic methods band techniques, and involvement in innovation in the specialty area(Houck & Siegel, (2010).
Process for obtaining DEA number for prescriptive authority
General authority in Washington DC is to prescribe evidence of prescriptive authority by inclusion on the prescription of the prescriber’s title and state-issued Rx#. For an APRN to obtain DEA number in Washington DC, he or she must first fill an online DEA form that allows payment using VISA and MasterCard. Thisis mainly registration of an APRN. The second process is that the applicant is asked information about schedules of drugs. The third process is that the applicant is asked to mark the drugs schedules (Schedule III narcotic, Schedule III Nin Narcotic, Schedule IV and Schedule V). Thefourth process is that the applicant to have the Washington DC’s licensenumber(In Stanhope & In Lancaster, 2014).
Process for obtaining an NPI number
The applicant APRN in Washington DC submit a paper to Health and Human Services, a National Provider Services with data on name, mailing address, one practice address, license number, and gender. The National provider Services will check the information for consistency as well as standardizing the addresses. It also validates social security numbers and validates dates of birth. Upon passing this process, the applicant will receive permanent identifiers(Maurer & Smith, 2013).
ANCC certification title and description of requirements and process for acquiring certification
One of the requirements to obtain ANCC certification is that APRNs should first hold an active RN in Washington DC. An APRN should hold a master’s degree, postgraduate or doctoral degree from a practitioner program accredited by the Commission Nursing Education (CCNE), or Accreditation Commission for education in Nursing (ACEN). The program must not limit 500 faculty-supervised clinical hours.
APRN may apply for this computer-based test year round and test during a 90-day window at a time and location convenient to him or her. The exam allows 4 hours to answer 200 questions (175 scored plus 25 pretest questions that are not scored(Rapini, 2012)
Professional Liability Insurance (Insurance provider, description of policy and annual cost to NP)
.
In order for an APRN to obtain professional liability insurance, he or she must first become an APRN by profession. He or she must have a license based on Washington DC. On top of that, APRN will have to present his or her NPI and DEA numbers. In emphasis, the insurance cover will depend on the scope of practice of the APRN. The mechanism can be that the NP can obtain professional liability insurance for the nurse practitioner through the employing clinic, personally. Costs for professional liability insurance policies differ depending on the NPs scope of practice, the type of coverage, and the policy limits. Annual premium costs range from $600 to over $5,000 depending on the location of the practitioner, policy limits, and the NPs scope of practice(In Cherry& In Jacob, 2014).
References
Houck, M. M., & Siegel, J. A. (2010). Fundamentals of Forensic Science.Burlington: Elsevier Science.
Institute of Medicine (U.S.).,& Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2011). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press.
In Cherry, B., & In Jacob, S. R. (2014). Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, & management.
In Stanhope, M., & In Lancaster, J. (2014). Public health nursing: Population-centered health care in the community.
Lentz, Sydney. (2013). Advanced Practice Nursing: Setting a New Paradigm for Care in the 21st Century. Authorhouse.
Maurer, F. A., & Smith, C. M. (2013). Community/public health nursing practice: Health for families and populations.St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier/Saunders.
Rapini, R. P. (2012). Practical dermatopathology.Edinburgh: Elsevier/Saunders.
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The Case Study for this week is Building a Coalition, which appears on page 629 of the course text.
Each student is required to analyze this week’s case study and submit a two- to three-page paper addressing the key questions identified below. Remember that all case studies present both too much and too little information. There may be information presented that is not really relevant, and there may be scant information about a key area. This analysis does require interpretation of the information and there is not one right answer. However, you must explain and defend any assumptions you made or conclusions resulting from your analysis with citations from the text or from the case itself. There is no need to research outside sources for this paper.
Your paper must include the following labeled sections.
Category Points Description
Part I: Group Development 15 Identify and summarize the stages of group development.
Reflecting on the case and textbook material, what stage is the group at now? How could an understanding of the stages of group development have assisted The Woodson Foundation in building a cohesive coalition?
Support your conclusion with evidence from the case and our text.
Part II: Problem Identification 30 Identify key problems.
Identify primary and secondary problems the Woodson Foundation is facing. Identify what the organization should have understood about individual membership in teams in order to have built group processes that were supportive of her groups’ goals.
Do not necessarily limit yourself to only team theory here. Plumb any concepts we have covered to date in class if you feel they are relevant.
Part III: Retrospective Evaluation 40 Given that there is no one perfect solution for this situation, identify, describe, and defend two possible solutions to the primary problem(s).
Clearly identify and defend both courses of action. Identify and discuss specific steps needed to implement your selections. Support your selections with evidence from the case, the text, or weekly discussion.
Remember that deciding on a course of action entails envisioning and planning the steps to success. Be sure to identify implementation steps for both possible solutions.
Almost every situation presented with relation to group dynamics and behavior can have multiple avenues for remedy. It is important to develop the ability to critically evaluate more than one alternative and rationally identify pros and cons of each.
Presenting pros and cons for the identified alternative solutions in a table format within the paper is acceptable.
Part IV: Reflection 15 What would you advise as a strategy for managing diversity issues for program leaders?
Grading Rubrics Back to Top Criteria Failed to Meet Minimum Standards Met Minimum Standards
60% = 60 points, D Satisfactory
70% = 70 points, C Good
80% = 80 points, B Superior
90% = 90 points, A
Part I: Group Development
(15 points) No problem summary included
0 Identifies the stages of group development with some summary; does not tie theory back to the case
9 Identifies the stages of group development with some summary, and ties theory to the case situation with minimal supporting evidence from the case and text
11 Identifies the stages of group development and ties theory to the case situation with supporting evidence from the case and text
13 Clearly and accurately identifies the primary issues presented by the case with clear supporting evidence from the case
15
Part II: Problem Identification
(30 points) No possible solutions discussed
0 Discusses case in general terms with no insight into the real issues presented
20 Discusses issues presented by the case generally, without supporting references; identifies secondary issues, not primary issues
23 Identifies the primary issues presented by the case with some supporting references to the case
26 Clearly and accurately identifies primary and secondary issues presented by the case with clear supporting evidence from the case
30
Part III: Retrospective Evaluation
(40 points) None provided
0 Does not clearly identify or explain selected recommendation for solutions
27 Identifies recommended solutions with no implementation steps
31 Clearly identifies recommended solutions with discussion of implementation steps at a summary level
35 Gives a clear and focused analysis with implementation recommendations; directly relates selection to course readings
40
Part IV: Reflection
(15 points) None provided
0 Perfunctory effort at answering question
10 Summary level reflection on leadership
11.5 Good faith effort in examining leadership issue with supporting material
13.0 Well-presented insights into leadership issue with supporting material
15
THE CASE STUDY IS BELOW
CASE 3 Building a Coalition
Learning Goals
Many of the most important organizational behavior challenges require coordinating plans and goals among groups. This case describes a multiorganizational effort, but the same principles of accommodation and compromise also apply when trying to work with multiple divisions within a single organization. You’ll create a blueprint for managing a complex development team’s progress, steering team members away from negative conflicts and toward productive discussion. You’ll also be asked to help create a new message for executives so they can lead effectively.
The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
The Scenario
The Woodson Foundation, a large nonprofit social service agency, is teaming up with the public school system in Washington, D.C., to improve student outcomes. There’s ample room for improvement. The schools have problems with truancy, low student performance, and crime. New staff quickly burn out as their initial enthusiasm for helping students is blunted by the harsh realities they encounter in the classroom. Turnover among new teachers is very high, and many of the best and brightest are the most likely to leave for schools that aren’t as troubled.
The plan is to create an experimental after-school program that will combine the Woodson Foundation’s skill in raising private money and coordinating community leaders with the educational expertise of school staff. Ideally, the system will be financially self-sufficient, which is important because less money is available for schools than in the past. After several months of negotiation, the leaders of the Woodson Foundation and the school system have agreed that the best course is to develop a new agency that will draw on resources from both organizations. The Woodson foundation will provide logistical support and program development and measurement staff; the school system will provide classrooms and teaching staff.
The first stage in bringing this new plan to fruition is the formation of an executive development team. This team will span multiple functional areas and establish the operating plan for improving school performance. Its cross-organizational nature means representatives from both the Woodson Foundation and the school district must participate. The National Coalition for Parental Involvement in Education (NCPIE) is also going to be a major partner in the program, acting as a representative for parents on behalf of the PTA.
Conflict and Agreement in the Development Team
While it would be perfect if all the groups could work together easily to improve student outcomes, there is little doubt some substantive conflicts will arise. Each group has its own interests, and in some cases these are directly opposed to one another.
School district representatives want to ensure the new jobs will be unionized and will operate in a way consistent with current school board policies. They are very concerned that if Woodson assumes too dominant a role, the school board won’t be able to control the operations of the new system. The complexity of the school system has led to the development of a highly complex bureaucratic structure over time, and administrators want to make sure their policies and procedures will still hold for teachers in these programs even outside the regular school day. They also worry that jobs going into the new system will take funding from other school district jobs.
Woodson, founded by entrepreneur Theodore Woodson around 1910, still bears the hallmarks of its founder’s way of doing business. Woodson emphasized efficiency and experimentation in everything he did. Many of the foundation’s charities have won awards for minimizing costs while still providing excellent services. Their focus on using hard data to measure performance for all their initiatives is not consistent with the school district culture.
Finally, the NCPIE is driven by a mission to increase parental control. The organization believes that when communities are able to drive their own educational methods, students and parents are better able to achieve success together. The organization is strongly committed to celebrating diversity along racial, gender, ethnic, and disability status categories. Its members are most interested in the process by which changes are made, ensuring everyone has the ability to weigh in.
Some demographic diversity issues complicate the team’s situation. Most of the students served by the Washington, D.C., school district are African American, along with large populations of Caucasians and Hispanics. The NCPIE makeup generally matches the demographic diversity of the areas served by the public schools. The Woodson foundation, based in northern Virginia, is predominantly staffed by Caucasian professionals. There is some concern with the idea that a new group that does not understand the demographic concerns of the community will be so involved in a major change in educational administration. The leadership of the new program will have to be able to present an effective message for generating enthusiasm for the program across diverse stakeholder groups.
Although the groups differ in important ways, it’s also worth considering what they have in common. All are interested in meeting the needs of students. All would like to increase student learning. The school system does benefit from anything that increases student test scores. And the Woodson Foundation and NCPIE are united in their desire to see more parents engaged in the system.
Candidates for the Development Team
The development team will consist of three individuals—HR representatives from the Woodson Foundation, the schools, and the NCPIE—who have prepared the following list of potential candidates for consideration.
Victoria Adams is the superintendent of schools for Washington, D.C. She spearheaded the initial communication with the Woodson Foundation and has been building support among teachers and principals. She thinks the schools and the foundation need to have larger roles than the parents and communities. “Of course we want their involvement and support, but as the professionals, we should have more say when it comes to making decisions and implementing programs. We don’t want to shut anyone out, but we have to be realistic about what the parents can do.”
Duane Hardy has been a principal in the Washington area for more than 15 years. He also thinks the schools should have the most power. “We’re the ones who work with these kids every day. I’ve watched class sizes get bigger, and scores and graduation rates go down. Yes, we need to fix this, but these outside groups can’t understand the limitations we’re dealing with. We have the community, the politicians, the taxpayers—everyone watching what we’re doing, everyone thinking they know what’s best. The parents, at least, have more of a stake in this.”
“The most important thing is the kids,” says second-year teacher Ari Kaufman. He is well liked by his students but doesn’t get along well with other faculty members. He’s seen as a “squeaky wheel.” “The schools need change so badly. And how did they get this way? From too little outside involvement.”
Community organizer Mason Dupree doesn’t like the level of bureaucracy either. He worries that the school’s answer to its problems is to throw more money at them. “I know these kids. I grew up in these neighborhoods. My parents knew every single teacher I had. The schools wanted our involvement then. Now all they want is our money. And I wouldn’t mind giving it to them if I thought it would be used responsibly, not spent on raises for people who haven’t shown they can get the job done.”
Meredith Watson, with the Woodson Foundation, agrees the schools have become less focused on the families. A former teacher, she left the field of education after being in the classroom for 6 years. “There is so much waste in the system,” she complains. “Jobs are unnecessarily duplicated, change processes are needlessly convoluted. Unless you’re an insider already, you can’t get anything done. These parents want to be involved. They know their kids best.”
Unlike her NCPIE colleagues, Candace Sharpe thinks the schools are doing the best they can. She is a county social worker, relatively new to the D.C. area. “Parents say they want to be involved but then don’t follow through. We need to step it up, we need to lead the way. Lasting change doesn’t come from the outside, it comes from the home.”
Victor Martinez has been at the Woodson Foundation for 10 years, starting as an intern straight out of college. “It’s sometimes hard to see a situation when you’re in the thick of it,” he explains. “Nobody likes to be told they’re doing something wrong, but sometimes it has to be said. We all know there are flaws in the system. We can’t keep the status quo. It just isn’t cutting it.”
Strategies for the Program Team
Once the basic membership and principles for the development team have been established, the program team would also like to develop a handbook for those who will be running the new program. Ideally, this set of principles can help train new leaders to create an inspirational message that will facilitate success. The actual content of the program and the nature of the message will be hammered out by the development team, but it is still possible to generate some overriding principles for the program team in advance of these decisions.
Your Assignment
The Woodson Foundation, the NCPIE, and the schools have asked you to provide some information about how to form teams effectively. They would like your response to explain what should be done at each step of the way, from the selection of appropriate team members to setting group priorities and goals, setting deadlines, and describing effective methods for resolving conflicts that arise. After this, they’d like you to prepare a brief set of principles for leaders of the newly established program. That means you will have two audiences: the development team, which will receive one report on how it can effectively design the program, and the program team, which will receive one report on how it can effectively lead the new program.
The following points should help you form a comprehensive message for the development team:
1. The development team will be more effective if members have some idea about how groups and teams typically operate. Review the dominant perspectives on team formation and performance from the chapters in the book for the committee so it can know what to expect.
2. Given the profiles of candidates for the development team, provide suggestions for who would likely be a good group member and who might be less effective in this situation. Be sure you are using the research on groups and teams in the textbook to defend your choices.
3. Using principles from the chapters on groups and teams, describe how you will advise the team to manage conflict effectively.
4. Describe how integrative negotiation strategies might achieve joint goals for the development team.
The following points should help you form a message for the program team:
1. Leaders of the new combined organization should have a good idea of the culture of the school district, the NCPIE, and the Woodson Foundation because they will need to manage relationships with all three groups on an ongoing basis. How would you describe the culture of these various stake-holder organizations? Use concepts from the chapter on organizational culture to describe how they differ and how they are similar.
2. Consider how leaders of the new program can generate a transformational message and encourage employee and parent trust. Using material from the chapter on leadership, describe how you would advise leaders to accomplish these ends.
3. Given the potential for demographic fault lines in negotiating these changes, what would you advise as a strategy for managing diversity issues for program leaders? (Robbins 629-631)
The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Team Formation
When developing a team from groups with diverse priorities and interests, various points should be put in mind. First, the group should be as representative as possible (Robbins & Judge, 2012). It should be able to serve the interests of as many of the stakeholders as possible. Second, each of the groups should be willing to give up some of their interests. The group cannot serve every individual want of the team. For this reason, each stakeholder group should be ready to meat halfway with their likes. Another way to look at a good team is to make sure that the team meets the common interests of the stakeholders. It is, therefore, very important to ensure that people who have the interests of the students at heart are selected.
Some of the candidates are likely to be good team members while others are not. A good team should be willing to negotiate. In this case, those who are in rigid positions are not likely to be good team members (Robbins & Judge, 2012). One such individual is Meredith Watson. She is seemingly in a position that shows unwillingness to negotiate. She wants to ensure that parents are involved. To her, this is nonnegotiable. Second, there is Mason Dupree, who feels that the schools are greedy for money. With this in mind, she is unlikely to negotiate in favor of the schools at any one point. On the other hand, there are those who are willing to meet halfway. One such individual is Ari Kaufman. Ari Kaufman believes that the most important thing is to help the kids. This is a belief that is held by all. For this reason, his position in the team will be a universally accepted position. Second, there is Candace Sharpe, who is reasonable in her arguments. She believes that the schools are doing their best despite her being with one of the other groups as well. She is, therefore, most possibly driven by principles.
Message to the program team
The program must learn the culture of each of the three groups. The Woodson foundation has a culture of being economic. They want to ensure that the project is cost effective. The school district representatives have a culture of ensuring that the employees are fairly treated to ensure that the team created is unionized. Thirdly, the NCPIE has a culture of parent inclusion. They will want to ensure that parents are included every step of the way and that the interest of the parents are satisfied.
Leaders of the new program need to create a transformational message. The transformational message should hold the message that is agreed upon by all parties (Lansford, 2008). In this case, the message should support ensuring that the interests of the students are met. This should be the foundational message of the project leaders. They should show how truancy will be reduced while increasing student performance.
To manage the conflict between the various leaders and the shareholders, both accommodation and compromise should be integrated into every negotiation process (Lansford, 2008). They should be willing to allow some of those things they do not believe in to go through or allow meeting halfway with their negotiators. By so doing, each team will ensure that they meet common objectives as well as their individual interests
References
Lansford, T. (2008). Conflict resolution. Detroit: Greenhaven Press.
