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Economics and finance
Economics and finance

Economics and finance

Economics and finance

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QUESTION 1

  • An explanation on a stock split is and the reason given by Apple for doing this

Stock split is a decision made by a corporate entity to divide its shares held by shareholders into multiple shares. In a stock split the total value of shares remains unchanged even though the number of shares held by investors’ increases by a multiple number. For example, a given company can decide to split its shares into 2:1 i.e. for every one share held by an investor he would get an additional one share and would hence have two for every one share after the split (Kumar & Halageri, 2011). If an investor held 10 shares worth USD$1000 before the split he would own 20 shares worth USD $ 1000 dollars after the split. The market price of a company’s shares is divided uniformly. This implies that if the price per share was $100 before the split the new price per share after the split would be $50 per share. This is in a case of a stock split of 2 shares for every one share held. Apple Inc. announced a stock split of 7 to 1. This implied that for every one share held by an investor he received six more shares (Zuschlag, 2014). The decision by Apple Inc to execute the stock split was to increase accessibility of its shares in the market. Before the split Apple Inc’s shares traded at $525 per share but after the split, the stock price fell to $75 per share. The intention of the company was to increase the number of shares so as to have more investors taking advantage of increased shares in the market to by the company’s shares. The decision led to increase of the market capitalization as the price increased from$ 75 after the split (Seitz, 2014).

(b) The market’s reaction to Apple’s decision to split its stock

Apple Inc’s share increased after the split as the shares become more affordable and more investors were able to bid for them in the market. It was also said that Apple Inc would commit more of its cash into paying dividends which saw the stock price in the market increase(Zuschlag, 2014). The share price increased to around $130 per share within a short period after the stock split. The stock split also enabled the company to be listed on Dow Jones indices after it replaced electronics giant AT&T. Dow Jones list 30 of the biggest stocks in the market. Apple Inc had previously been excluded from Dow Jones indices because its stock price was too high and it was felt that it would distort the market(Zuschlag, 2014).

(c) An explanation on whether Apple was able to meet its objectives for splitting the stock

After the stock split Apple Inc’s share increased to $92 then they rose to $109.62  and then to $130 per share in subsequent days. The company was therefore able to achieve its objectives of enhancing the availability of its stock to more shareholders as its shares become more affordable. The company also saw its capitalization increase in the market and was able to be listed on Dow Jones indices as it replaced electronics giant AT&T (Zuschlag, 2014). The company was also expected to release a new product, iPhone 6, which also contributed to the increase in its stock price in the market. Apple shares became more attractive and accessible to retail investors after the split which led to an increase in the company’s stock price in the market.  The chance to be added to the prestigious Dow Jones Industrial Average also boosted the company’s image and the reputation in the market which led to increase in stock price and a rise in market capitalization (Zuschlag, 2014).

Question 2

  1. See answer in the attached Ms Excel sheet.
  2. An assessment of the performance of JB Hi-Fi against the market as a whole for the past eleven years based on your results in Table 1

 JB Hi-Fi is a chain store operation that was founded in 1974 in Australia. The company is headquartered in Melbourne in Australia. The company’s primary business is retail of consumer electronics’ but it also supplies video games, Blu-rays, DVDs and Compact Discs(Stewart, 2011). The company later diversified its business and currently is a leading retailer of a wide variety of consumer electronics which includes gaming consoles and accessories, in-car entertainment, computer/video games, white goods ( fridges and freezers), DVD and Blu-ray movies, Plasma and LCD televisions, CB-Radios, IP and fixed surveillance camera systems, musical instruments such as guitars, electronic keyboards, Ukuleles, microphones, etc. JB Hi Fi is currently the leading retailer of Apple computer hardware in Australia (Pan, 2010). The company is also the sole distributor of Dell computer hardware in all retail stores in Australia. In October 2003, the company was floated on the Australian Stock Exchange and currently trades under the code name JBH. The company has over 174 stores located in Australia and New Zealand. The company operates in the retail industry (Stewart, 2011).

There are various reasons as to why JB HI FI’s historical returns were different to the market returns. One of the main reasons could be performance announcements prior to end of a financial year. For example, in 2011 the company cut its profit guidance due to costs that were associated with its discount electrical retailing brand restructuring. The company forecasted that its profits would fall from budgeted figures of between $134 to 139 million to between $ 108.5 million to $112.45 million (Stewart, 2011). This kind of an announcement could have affected the company’s stock prices. It might have led to a rise in stock prices as investors prepared for better returns from the restructuring in future. Market returns could nevertheless not be affected by the performance of a single entity but if the economy in general is in a recession as it happened in the late 2000s, market returns would have been affected. The company returns could therefore be affected by a positive pronouncement on the company’s fundamentals whereas the market could not (Stewart, 2010). Market returns could not be affected by the good performance of a single company listed on the Australian Stock Exchange.  The next reason that could have caused the difference was profit slips due to price wars. The company announced that its profit had slipped due to price wars from   its rivals.  That announcement could  have impacted on its stock prices and hence its returns.  The next reason could be the general discontent among employees (Stewart, 2011). For example, the New Zealand workers distributed leaflets to customers complaining about unfair treatment by the company. This action affected the returns of the company, while the market returns were largely unaffected by such an action. Staff changes especially top management personnel might have impacted on the company’s returns as compared to market returns (Stewart, 2011).  The company’s stock prices could easily be influenced by positive pronouncements in mainstream media or favorable changes in the external environment. The performance of capital market is influenced by various factors. One of the factors could be the general performance of the economy. During the period, the Australian economy faced a slow down due to the sluggish world economy in recent years. This explains why market returns were not as impressive as those of JB Hi Fi’s returns.   Stock market performance is based on the general performance of all listed companies and not on the performance of a single company. Therefore, if a large majority of companies listed on the stock exchange are performing poorly the good performance of one company will not affect the overall performance of the market (Lower, 2012).

(c)  The decision to invest or not to invest in JB Hi-Fi Ltd

The best decision to make given an investment horizon of five years would be to invest in JB HI-FI stocks. One of the reasons is that the company’s returns are higher than the risk free rate of $2.71. An investor would earn more by investing in the company’s stocks than investing in treasury bills.  The investor would make an additional 18.6% higher than investing in government bonds (Fitzsimmons, 2010). The other reason is that the company is growing and has been making profits over the years. There is a big chance that the company will be profitable in the next five years. The company is growing and has over 174 chain stores in its portfolio. This strategy will continue to generate revenues for the company. It would therefore be prudent to invest in the company’s stock (Fullerton, 2011). The next reason is that the company is the leading distributor for some of the largest companies in the world such as Apple Inc and Dell Computers. It is better to invest in stocks with lower returns than the market as that means that the company is operating in a growing economy and there is therefore an opportunity to grow in the future. JB Hi Fi is therefore operating in a growing economy which offers an opportunity for the company’s assets to grow during the duration of the new investment horizon of five years (Stewart, 2011).

Question 3

  1. Refer to the Excel work book which is attached to this report.
  2. (i) Valuation of stocks and the understanding of the tradeoff between risk and return form the basis for maximization of shareholder wealth. Every financial decision presents certain risk and return characteristics. The unique combination of risk and return determines the value of a management fund’s asset portfolio. There is a certain degree of uncertainty between actual returns and expected returns. This uncertainty is what is referred to as risk. Every financial decision could result in a financial loss. The greater the variability of expected return and actual return the greater the risk.  The relationship does hold for given asset classes. The return of an asset is the gain or loss experienced over a given period on a class of assets (Isa & Yakob, 2013). Risk in investment denotes the chance that actual returns from an investment portfolio will be different from expected returns. There is a possibility that an investor can lose all of his investment or a large part of it. Asset portfolios associated with high returns have high risk while those with low returns are associated with low risk.  The relationship does hold for asset classes in Table 2 in the Excel sheet. Asset classes with high degrees of standard deviation show that they are quite risky (Isa & Yakob, 2013). Risk and return is a useful tool in determining the composition of assets in a given portfolio.  An investor using this strategy could choose to hold more of one asset and less of another based on risk and return analysis.  The risk of any single asset investment is not viewed independently of the other assets in the portfolio but must be considered in light of risk and return of the portfolio of assets managed by the fund management company.  A good fund manager would create an efficient portfolio that minimizes risk to achieve an expected return on a portfolio of assets (Isa & Yakob, 2013).

(ii)  Diversification is a risk mitigation strategy that enables a fund manager to organize and combine assets in a manner that reduces risk and maximizes returns. Diversification enables a fund manager to minimize risk. This is because if an individual asset’s returns variability moves in one direction it is offset by variability in the opposite direction of other assets in the same portfolio. Diversification therefore reduces the impact of negative returns on a class of assets as that negative return is offset by positive returns on another class of assets (Hedegaard & Hodrick, 2014). If the securities in a portfolio are not positively correlated, then benefits of diversification in the form of risk reduction can be realized. The only way to reduce risk to a minimum is y combining assets with a negative correlation in returns. The correlation measures the degree to which expected returns move together (Fathi, Zarei & Esfahani, 2012). Assets that have a positive correlation imply that their returns move in the same direction. On the other hand assets that have negative correlation do not have returns that move in the same direction.  There are normally two types of risks, namely un-diversifiable risk or systematic risk and diversifiable risk or unsystematic risk. Un-diversifiable risk is an uncertainty that affects the entire stock market segment. This type of risk is denoted by volatility in the market price of company’s stocks listed on a stock exchange. Factors such as interest rate fluctuations, recession or wars are classic sources of systematic risk. Unsystematic risk is a specific risk with a company or industry and can be reduced through diversification (Davidsson, 2011).

References

Davidsson, M. (2011). Expected return and portfolio rebalancing. International Journal of

Economics and Finance, 3(3), 15-25. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/880882438?accountid=45049

Fathi, S., Zarei, F., & Esfahani, S. S. (2012). Studying the role of financial risk management on

return on equity. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(9), 215-221. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1017874947?accountid=45049

Fitzsimmons, W. (2010). JB hi-fi posts 29pc profit rise. Ultimo: Australian Broadcasting

Corporation. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/189766642?accountid=45049

Fullerton, T. (2011). JB hi-fi records half-year profit. Ultimo: Australian Broadcasting

Corporation. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/849503807?accountid=45049

Hedegaard, E., & Hodrick, R. J. (2014). Measuring the risk-return tradeoff with time-varying

conditional covariances. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20245

Isa, Z. b., & Yakob, R. b. (2013). Stock return and market risk: A comparison between

conventional insurance and takaful.African Journal of Business Management, 7(8), 591-597. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJBM11.416

Kumar, S. S. H., & Halageri, S. (2011). Impact of stock split announcement on stock price. Review of Management, 1(1), 15-32. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1326435547?accountid=45049

Lower, G. (2012, Aug 13). JB hi-fi profit slips amid price war. Wall Street Journal

(Online) Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1033232985?accountid=45049

Pan, A. (2010). HSBC sees H-shares as a buying opportunity. Asiamoney, Retrieved from

http://search.proquest.com/docview/206620236?accountid=45049

Seitz, P. (2014, Jun 06). Will apple stock split give its shares a boost? Investor’s Business

            Daily Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1533432262?accountid=45049

Stewart, E. (2011). JB hi-fi bullish on profit forecast. Ultimo: Australian Broadcasting

Corporation. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/883235899?accountid=45049

Stewart, E. (2010). JB hi-fi welcomes new chief executive. Ultimo: Australian Broadcasting

Corporation. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/757873326?accountid=45049

Zuschlag, K. (2014, Apr 23). Apple soars following Q2 top & bottom line beat, stock split,

dividend raise, increased buyback.Benzinga Newswires Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1544205288?accountid=45049

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Research Critique Assignment Paper Available

Research Critique
Research Critique

Research Critique

Research Critique

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Research Critique

Among the commonest devices that hospitalized patients need are the peripheral intravenous catheters (The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, 2015). The devices mainly find use in the administration of medications and fluids. It is also common for clinicians to use the catheters to collect blood samples. As such, the instruments are indispensable in in-patient environments, and there would be a need to maintain the best possible practice with them (Food and Drug Administration, 2010) Ricard, Webster, Wallis, Marsh, McGrail, French, and Whitby (2012) are some of researchers who have explored the use of the devices in clinical care. The researchers conducted a randomized trial with the aim of establishing that clinically indicated catheter devices served the same purpose and effectiveness as the routine replacement ones. This paper aims at appraising their work. The paper puts emphasis on the methodology, findings, implication to practice, as well as the prospective that the research makes for future studies.

The motivating factor for the researchers was the observation that the routine replacement type of catheters failed constantly during treatment provision to patients. The scientists felt that the replacement procedures involved with catheters had little effect in minimizing chances of the contraction of infections and phlebitis (Ricard, 2012, Pg. 1066). The long title they had for their research is one of the basic structural shortcomings. Usually, long titles do not attract readers as the short ones do (Paiva, Lima, & Paiva, 2012, Pg. 509). People tend to refer more to articles with short titles (Habibzadeh, & Yadollahie, 2010, Pg. 165)

An Appraisal of the Method

The researchers’ description of their theoretical framework was inadequate. They only mentioned that clinically indicated catheters were better than the cultural replacement ones. The researchers ought to have made their framework comprehensive by indicating the benefits and shortcomings of each method. Failure to establish a strong framework compromises the necessity of the study (Statistics Solutions, 2015). Also, the absence of sufficient scientific background makes research works to have a weak rationale. Again, their framework was weak as they only mentioned that their proposed method was cheap, but they did not give financial estimations of the savings that the advocated technique would earn institutions. The researchers identified their design as multicenter and randomized. The researchers also used a non-blinded method, which is justifiable owing to the nature of the variables. They further used manual selection of participants, and they were able to determine patients who would fit for the study. The exclusion of patients from emergency room was necessary, but the move created a bias. Patients from emergency rooms are likely to have unpredictable use of the catheters unlike their counterparts in other areas. The predictable nature of the use of the catheters in a particular group is a source of bias.

The researchers followed the necessary guidelines when they sought validation from the regulatory institutions. Also, the researchers indicated that participants’ consent was in writing.  Such a move is encouraging in terms of ethics of practice and participants had the right of having all the necessary information. So as to avoid inconveniences in the hospitals, the researchers also needed consent from the hospital administration. The scientist needed to guarantee that their activities would not interfere with the appropriate clinical service to the participants. The team needed expressing its willingness to minimize interference with the care of the patients who participated in the study. The research missed out important details in patients’ participation such as methodologies that ensured minimal bias (Sackett, 2011, Pg. 351).

The researchers did not give a detailed description of philosophical underpinnings necessary for research, and neither did they pose research questions. Usually, philosophical underpinnings and research questions facilitate subsequent processes of research including data collection and analysis (Jeanfreau, & Jack, 2010, Pg. 615). In addition, the methods increase the rationale for research. The strategies direct procedures to a particular direction hence expressing their necessity clearly and enabling researchers to evaluate the outcomes of research. Research works should develop in a way that they answer research questions in a stepwise manner. The extent to which studies offer solutions to issues appropriately measures their success. Also, study questions must come in the early parts the study especially in the description of methodology. In addition, research questions should exhibit consistency and the solution of earlier issues should facilitate the answering of subsequent concerns (Riva, Malik, Burnie, Endicott, & Busse, 2012, Pg. 169)

Notable strengths in methodology that the research include the inclusion and involvement of a large sample size. Response from participants was high and it rendered credibility and reliability to the findings. The high response depicts the researchers’ ability to manage their sample for optimal evaluation and assessment. Again, there was minimal bias in selection of the sample, an occurrence that further demonstrates the competence of the investigators in handling their study. Also, the research used a broad variety of patients from different hospital settings. The insertion of catheters to patients by medical and nursing staff only also enhanced the accuracy of findings. The practice decreased the occurrence of errors and enhanced the standardization of services and so the reliability of findings (Study Data Tabulation Model, 2011).

Remarkable drawbacks in the design of the research included the non-blinded nature. However, the limitation is understandable as catheters were devices that everybody could witness their application. As such, the non-blind nature was a source of bias that could have been challenging to overcome. Also, the design involved a total of five items in a list to rate the occurrence of phlebitis. However, only one of the five involved patient ratings making it impossible to establish a diagnostic rating. Again, the methodology of the research was limited in not all catheter tips were cultured following budgetary constraints in the laboratory department and the hospital.

An Appraisal of the Results

The results of the study were from a well-conducted investigation. They were therefore reliable and valid for application (Castro, Bevans, Miller-Davis, Cusack, Loscalzo, Matlock, & Hastings, 2011, Pg. 76). Expert stastisticians analyzed the collected data and generated comprehensive figures and other forms of data expression. Accessibility of data to all authors was an essential fulfillment of the requirements of scientific studies (Archives of Internal Medicine, 2011). It was after the interpretation of the analysis that the researchers offered their results and conclusions. The results were also free form the influence of the agency funding the research (Rickard et al., 2012, Pg. 1072). Had there been influence from the funding body, the results of the research would have been biased. It is most likely that the research would have arrived to conclusions that favor the financing agency. Therefore, it was necessary to reassure the public and users of the data that the outcomes did not bear external influence (Jack, Hayes, Scharalda, Stetson, Jones-Jack, Valliere, LeBlanc, 2010, Pg. 163).

The number of patients involved in the study was large enough to validate the research. In addition, the total number of catheters and days that the research involved was satisfactory to validate the findings. Also, there was a high adherence of the participants to the protocol and procedures. However, though the mean figures obtained from the calculation of the number of days that the patients remained on catheters were reasonable, the range of hours was too large. As such, the researchers could have sought other methodologies of expressing the same information. Basing findings on the mean of data that had a broad range was inappropriate for the research. The large variation of data could have prompted the researchers to exclude extreme values in the calculation of the mean. However, such an action would have amounted to data manipulation and would have created a bias (Lu & Su, 2010, Pg. 96). Therefore, the researchers only had the option of applying other statistical techniques that would have reconciled the gap in the range of results.

The researchers also expressed their findings of participation in a flow chart to enhance the understanding of data. Such a tool made it easy for the users of the information to understand and apply it in their works (University of Washington, 2011). The chart indicated clearly the number of eligible participants and further categorized them into their specific tests. From the expression, users of the information could establish that the difference between analyzed participants for the different studies was barely a hundred, a figure that translates to a reasonable percentage. The researchers expressed patient characteristics and demographics in the form of a table, which was an appropriate tool (Rodriguez, 2013). The three column table allowed for quick comparison of outcomes so that users of the information could establish a clear picture of the outcomes. The table allowed concurrent expression of multiple parameters hence making the data readily exploitable. Among the parameters that users could compare form the table include the catheter dwell time, the type of admissions, and the occurrence of various comorbidities. The researchers also utilized tables to express data concerning the properties of the catheters they used, study outcomes from the various groups, and clinical microbiological information of the positive cultures. Such a methodology of expressing findings was excellent as it made information handy for users. The researchers later elaborated their data as they had presented it in table. From the information, it was possible to establish that the inter-rater reliability testing for phlebitis across hospitals had an agreement close to a 100%, and its Cohen constant value was 0.03. Also, it was possible to establish from comparison that 7% of patients from either group had phlebitis, and that the absolute risk difference was 0.41%, and that the value was within the margin of 3% that had been predefined (Rickard et al. 2012, Pg. 1070). The researchers also applied the per-protocol power method to measure the degree of equivalence. It was possible to establish from the findings that the study hypothesis was upheld. Treatment of data and the results led to the conclusion that both routine replacement and clinically indicated catheter techniques were of equal value.

Though the findings led to a conclusion that upheld the hypothesis, the investigators failed to indicate methods that they used to guarantee the validity of their data (Code of Federal Regulations, 2011). The scientists only gave the limitations of their study, but they did not explain how rigorous their findings were. It is also notable that the investigators did not describe the transferability and dependability of their outcomes as it would have been expected of the type of their study. As such, it would be difficult for users of the information to determine the appropriateness of the findings for reference in other works (Krishnankutty, Bellary, Kumar, & Moodahadu, 2012).

An Appraisal of the Implications of the Study to Clinical Practice

Though the researchers did not address the implications that their study would have on clinical practice per se, it is evident that the findings would influence the application of catheters in patient care. The findings suggested that clinically indicated catheters were not associated with any increased risk to blood stream infections. The researchers also suggested that blood stream infections that occur with the use of catheters are mostly as a result of unhygienic practices (Rickard et al., 2012, Pg. 1072). As such, clinicians would seek to maintain proper sanitation practices such as hand washing when using catheters for their patients. Maintaining hygiene would decrease the occurrence of such types of infections, and it would eventually improve patient outcomes. The researchers also indicated that routine replacement of catheters had a theoretical basis of reducing infections, but, in practice, the methodology only exposed patients to other infections (Rickard et al., 2012, Pg.1072). Such strong assertions could influence clinicians to consider clinically indicated catheters at the expense of the routine replacement types. The researchers argued that there were already cases where the catheters were used for longer hours than they were meant for, and so failure to replace them routinely would not be such a risky approach. Clinicians would consider the argument and adopt clinically indicated catheters.

An Appraisal of the Implication of the Study to Future Research

The researchers did not directly indicate the impact that their study would have on future research. However, there are several mentions of potential routes for research. For instance, the researchers suggested that the understanding of their findings would be better if there were more knowledge on the pathogenesis of blood stream infections associated with the use of catheters. There are suggestions that hygiene would be the best approach to avoiding the infections. However, there could be other potential interventions to avoiding the occurrence. For instance, research may reveal the best antiseptics to employ when using catheters in patients. Also, the researchers suggested a need to develop molecular-based diagnostic techniques to improve the understanding of the association between catheter use and blood stream infections. The indication would motivate future researchers to take the route. In addition, the scientists observed gaps in some policies governing catheter use. They argued that clinicians leave catheters in place for periods that exceed the recommended time. The practice amounts to policy violation, and there would be a need to adjust the policies. Stakeholders and researchers might take the approach and investigate the strategies of handling such situations. There are possibilities that research findings would propose a modification of the policies.

Conclusion

Catheter use remains a primary practice in hospitals, especially among in-patients. Clinicians should offer high quality services by employing the most appropriate techniques of catheter use (International Association of Clinical Research Nurses, 2010). The discussed research offers substantial insight regarding catheter use. The study had both strengths as well as shortcomings. As such, there could be considerations for the application of the findings it generated. However, such considerations would be limited in the view that the researchers failed to offer crucial basics of research such as data validation (Kuchinke, Ohmann, Yang, Salas, Lauritsen, Gueyffier, & Lejeune, 2010). Researchers might find it hard to rely on the findings without a guarantee that the methods used and the data obtained was valid and of high standard. Nevertheless, the research would propel both clinical practice and future studies.

References

Archives of Internal Medicine. (2011). Manuscript criteria and information. Retrieved from http://archinte.ama-assn

Castro, K., Bevans, M., Miller-Davis, C., Cusack, G., Loscalzo, F., Matlock, A. M., … Hastings, C. (2011). Validating the clinical research nursing domain of practice. Oncology Nursing Forum, 38(2), E72–E80. doi:10.1188/11.ONF.E72-E80

Code of Federal Regulations. (2010). Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=11.10 .

Food and Drug Administration. (2010). FDA regulations relating to good clinical practices and clinical trials. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch/SpecialTopics/RunningClinicalTrials/ucm155713.htm.

Habibzadeh, F., & Yadollahie, M. (2010). Are Shorter Article Titles More Attractive for Citations? Cross-sectional Study of 22 Scientific Journals. Croatian Medical Journal, 51(2), 165–170.

International Association of Clinical Research Nurses. (2010). International Association of Clinical Research Nurses. Retrieved from http://www.iacrn.memberlodge.org/Default.aspx?pageId=505167.

Jack, L., Hayes, S. C., Scharalda, J. G., Stetson, B., Jones-Jack, N. H., Valliere, M., … LeBlanc, C. (2010). Appraising Quantitative Research in Health Education: Guidelines for Public Health Educators. Health Promotion Practice, 11(2), 161–165.

Jeanfreau, S. G., & Jack, L. (2010). Appraising Qualitative Research in Health Education: Guidelines for Public Health Educators. Health Promotion Practice, 11(5), 612–617. doi:10.1177/1524839910363537

Krishnankutty, B., Bellary, S., Kumar, N. B. R., & Moodahadu, L. S. (2012). Data management in clinical research: An overview. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 44(2), 168–172. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.93842

Kuchinke, W., Ohmann, C., Yang, Q., Salas, N., Lauritsen, J., Gueyffier, F., … Lejeune, S. (2010). Heterogeneity prevails: the state of clinical trial data management in Europe – results of a survey of ECRIN centres. Trials, 11, 79. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-79

Lu, Z. & Su, J. (2010). Clinical data management: Current status, challenges, and future directions from industry perspectives. Open Access J Clin Trials, 2010(2), 93–105.

Paiva, C. E., Lima, J. P. da S. N., & Paiva, B. S. R. (2012). Articles with short titles describing the results are cited more often. Clinics, 67(5), 509–513.

Ricard, C. M., Webster, J., Wallis, M. C., Marsh, N., McGrail, M. R., French, V. . . Whitby, M. (2012). Routine versus clinically indicated replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters: a randomised controlled equivalence trial. Lancet, 380, 1066-1074

Riva, J. J., Malik, K. M. P., Burnie, S. J., Endicott, A. R., & Busse, J. W. (2012). What is your research question? An introduction to the PICOT format for clinicians. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 56(3), 167–171.

Rodriguez, V. (2013). Tips on effective use of tables and figures in research papers. Editage Insights. Retrieved from http://www.editage.com/insights/tips-on-effective-use-of-tables-and-figures-in-research-papers

Sackett D. L. (2011). Clinician-trialist rounds: 4. why not do an N-of-1 RCT? Clin Trials. 2011(8), 350–352

Statistics Solutions. (2015). Theoretical framework. Retrieved from http://www.statisticssolutions.com/theoretical-framework/

Study Data Tabulation Model. (2011). Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium. Retrieved from: http://www.cdisc.org/sdtm

The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. (2015). Peripheral intravenous device management. Retrieved from http://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Peripheral_Intravenous_IV_Device_Management/

University of Washington. (2011). Process mapping: flow charts. Retrieved from http://www.washington.edu/research/rapid/resources/toolsTemplates/process_mapping.pdf

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Output Gaps and Wage Flexibility Assignment

Output Gaps and Wage Flexibility
Output Gaps and Wage Flexibility

Output Gaps and Wage Flexibility

Output Gaps and Wage Flexibility Essay Paper

Unemployment is costly to employers, employees, and the economy as a whole. What are some explanations for the coordination failures that prevent workers and employers from reaching agreements.

There is no minimum requirements for the number of sources you use however as a general guideline an academic paper can have 1 source per hundred words. In regards to the currency of the references, it is generally expected that sources are within 5 years published age. However if you have sourced a reference that is older than this you must demonstrate how it is relevant in your writing.

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International Monetary Economics

International Monetary Economics
International Monetary Economics

I’m a student in an economic class called “International Monetary Economics” and I have an essay exam that requires answering 4 questions out of the given 5 ( please show which questions you are answering first). I will attach the exam paper which includes the 5 questions, and i will also attach the
class syllabus which will have some information about the class and the topics that we’ve studied so far in class which are;

1) Introduction; the history of
money under global commodity standers (e.g. gold, silver) early 20th century exchange-rate problems(ch 19).

2) Review of closed-economy macrotheory: the
basic Keynesian model and the “IS-LM” analytical framework.

3) Review of macroeconomics II: medium-and long-run macroeconomics: price flexibility and
expectations ( the “AS-AD” model).

4) balance of payment (BoP) and the foreign exchange market I: capital mobility and the short-run (“IS-LM-FE”) analysis and floating vs. “fixed”exchange rate regimes; policy effect in the “small country” case (ch 13, 14).

5) the Bop and forex market II: policy effects in the “large” country case; the long-run (“monetary”) approach: purchasing-power-parity (PPP) (ch 15).

6) “AA-DD” model: a new look at policy effects in the
short-run (“temporary”) vs. long run(“permanent”)context (ch 16, 17) . The IMF: nature, purpose and function; system collapse (ch 18). the European union and the euro: the history of fifty-heat movement toward close integration; problems and issues, introduction to international finance: derivatives: forward, option, swaps their roles in modern global economy (ch 20, 21). finally development issues: capital flows and debt crises of the last quarter-century; the changing tole if the IMF and the word bank; the role of MNE’s; future prospects (ch 22) Please be clear with your answers and use easy/simple words and vocabulary, because english is my second language. and the sources should be taken from both online sources no more than 6 please and from the book with citations (if from the book with the page number) and preference page at the end. you can find the book at this link in pdf
(http://www.economia.unam.mx/cedrus/descargas/InternacionalEconomics.pdf) My instructor uses plagiarism check engines so please don’t copy and paste. let me know if you have questions.

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Macroeconomics Policies Essay Assignment

Macroeconomics Policies
          Macroeconomics Policies

Macroeconomics Policies

Order Instructions:

What type of macroeconomics policy (monetary,fiscal, structural) might include each of the following actions:
a) Abroad government initiative to shift from a high energy-use economy to a low -energy use economy.
b) A Government spending program to improve roads and other infrastructure during a recession.
c) series of internet rate cuts by the central bank to stimulate spending in the economy.
d) an attempts to reduce the government budget deficit by raising taxes.
e) central bank provision of additional cash to the banking system during a financial crisis.
f) a decision by developing country to impose controls on international capitals flows.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Macroeconomics Policies

Macroeconomics involves two major short-term policies, fiscal and monetary policies. Each of the policies addresses different issues in macroeconomics but they are all projected toward realization of economic stability. In monetary policy, money supply is regulated by the central bank. The policy mainly focuses on money circulation especially between banks. Central bank usually intervenes to regulate interest rates formulated by different banks. Fiscal policy on the other hand entails government intervention to manipulate a country’s economy by means such as taxation and revenue collection. In most cases, governments focus on demand manipulation to cause stability. Fiscal policy is significantly influenced by the political status of a nation unlike the monetary policy. Implementation of the monetary policy is considerably easier compared to that of the fiscal policy. Key players in the regulation of economic stability are the government and a country’s central bank.

Contrary to the short-term effect of fiscal and monetary policies, a third macroeconomic policy, the structural policy encompasses long term methods of creating economic stability (ABDEL-KADER, 2013, Pg. 46). Structural policies work on price control, management of public resources, labor, and social aspects among other variables.

Structural policies would for instance be implemented if a government wants to create an extensive shift from an economy highly dependent on energy to one that would have little dependence on energy. A decision by a country to regulate international capital flux would also entail the structural policy. On the other hand, the government would apply the fiscal policy in improvement of infrastructure in a state of economic recession. Likewise, the fiscal policy of macroeconomics is likely to be applied in a bid by the government to contain a budget deficit by increasing taxation. Instances of monetary policy application would include central bank’s act of increasing money supply to financial institutions. The same policy would be effective if the central bank induces cutting of internet rates so as to improve the state of a country’s economy.

Reference

ABDEL-KADER, K. (2013). What are Structural Policies? International Monetary Fund, 50(1), 46-47

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Introduction to macroeconomics Essay Paper

Introduction to macroeconomics
   Introduction to macroeconomics

Introduction to macroeconomics

Order Instructions:

Use supply and demand analysis to explain why hotel room rental rates near your campus during parents weekend and graduation weekend might differ from the rates charged during the rest of the year.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction to macroeconomics

Supply and demand is one of the economic models that help in determination of price in a given market. Supply curve is a curve that slopes upwards. According to the law of supply, as price increase, higher amount of products are supplied (Mankiw &Taylor, 2011). On the other hand, demand curve slopes downward. This law of demand asserts that as demand increases, prices of commodities increase. The law of supply and demand explains why hotel room rental rates increases during parent visitation and graduation.

The changes in prices in the campus during different period are best explained using demand and supply model. The reasons that push prices of hotel rooms during parents weekend and graduation weekend in the campus is because of high demand. Parents and visitors require many rooms and this raises the prices. Because of the increased demand and stable supply of rooms, the owners rent them at higher prices. Therefore, in this case, the demand of hotels rooms is usually higher and therefore, the owners increase the prices to benefits from this high demand. The reason for higher prices is because of low supply. The demand of the same hotel rooms is usually low during other period of the semester because the number of visitors is low. The low level of demand pushes the prices low as the hotel owners try to woo their customers during the period of low season.

Therefore, it is apparent that the law of demand and supply is applicable during various seasons. As demand of hotel rooms’ increases, prices increases while as the demand reduce during other days of the year, the prices decreases because of the high level of supply. Businesspersons are therefore required to understand these models as they do their business.

Reference

Mankiw, N., &Taylor, M. (2011). Economics (2nd ed., revised ed.). Andover: Cengage  Learning.

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Credit Cards Essay Paper Assignment Available

Credit Cards
                          Credit Cards

Credit Cards

Order Instructions:

Today during lecture we watched the first twenty minutes of the documentary, “In Debt We Trust” [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cltc4Og6HKo]. For decades, people all across the globe have relied upon credit cards to make their financial ends meet. Most people in our Soc 1 class have credit cards. These pieces of plastic allow consumers to buy goods and services now and pay for them later. The documentary we watched looked at the dark side of credit cards. What can happen when people don’t pay their credit card balances off each month?

This week we also talked about values. I asked the question, should values be taught in school? We debated this point. Some people argued that values should not be taught in the classroom, but a majority of you believed that values can and should be taught in school.

To connect this week’s lecture material on values with the documentary “In Debt We Trust,” I am going to create a hypothetical situation. Here it goes…

Pretend that you and I are having lunch at In-N-Out Burger. Because you are such a nice person, you buy me lunch. I order a 3×3 (with chopped chiles) with animal style fries and a diet coke (of course). You order a number two, protein style, with a chocolate milk shake. You whip out your MasterCard and charge the lunch. We wait for our food to cook and for our number to be called. Eventually, the nice lady behind the counter loudly calls out our ticket number. We pick up our food and sit down in a booth.

After the two of us sit down, I say to you, “Listen, [Insert Your Name], I appreciate you buying me lunch. But don’t you know credit cards are poison. If you can’t pay for something in cash, you don’t need it. Plain and simple.”

You take a moment to contemplate what I just said. Then you respond by saying, “Listen, Professor Avery, I appreciate your viewpoint. But like usual, you are oversimplifying things. You are not looking at the issue objectively. You are biased.”

“Biased, huh?”

“Yes, biased. You sound ridiculous when you talk. Credit cards are not poison. Some people need credit cards to survive.”

“No, they don’t.”

“Yes, they do.”

“Nope.”

“Yep.”

“Nope.”

“Yep.”

“Okay, fine, [Insert Your Name], explain to me why some people need credit cards, why credit cards are not poison, and why I am biased.”

“Gladly, let me educate you on those three points, Professor Avery.”

[Avery takes a bite of the 3×3 cheeseburger]

“Nice elbow patches.”

“Huh? What’d you say?”

“Oh, nothing. So some people need credit cards because…”

While responding to this hypothetical, write 800-1000 words

SAMPLE ANSWER

Credit Cards

Some people need credit cards because they offer numerous benefits not provided by other methods of payment. I don’t deny the fact that these cards are prone to overspending (Baker, 2007), and also that they attract undesirable interest charges, but the credit card users who use them wisely experience more benefits than harm. This applies to even credit cards which have no offers for frequent flier miles, cash back, or other rewards programs (Simon, nd).

The greatest advantage that I find in credit cards is their convenience. If a person has a MasterCard, American Express, Discover Card, or visa in the wallet, it implies that he/she will not waste time and resources to run to the bank for cash, count change or go through the tedious process of writing a check for purposes of making a purchase. In fact credit cards are more convenient that debit cards, since debit cards often have 24-hour charging limits, which could, for example, prevent me from buying the meal that I had set to buy (Simon, nd).

Credit cards help people in budgeting their monthly expenses, as long as the bills are paid in full every time. The bill serves as a master receipt by displaying the list of the items on which money was spent. Some credit cards like the one from American Express, which I use, categorizes all purchases and sends periodical statements summarizing the cardholder’s spending, with percentage breakdowns with regards to the amount spent on entertainment, fees, dining, retail and so on and so forth. In fact, if the cardholder opens an online account with his/her credit card company, a personal finance tracking software can import the data (Simon, nd).

Credit cards are also important tools for building one’s credit history. The borrowers’ report card contains all information with regards to the manner in which the client uses his/her card. The credit history records the responsible manner in which one handles his card, for purposes of reviewing by potential lenders. A cardholder with high scores in the credit history demonstrates creditworthiness. Other lenders thus may be interested to make transactions with such a creditworthy cardholder due to the fact that he has demonstrated his ability to pay debts on time and make conservative spending. Nevertheless, the converse holds true for an irresponsible credit card user. If a user is irresponsible, he should expect the card to produce low scores, which diminish his creditworthiness and may lead to either denial for future credit or payments with much higher rates of interest.

Although in some cases the cardholder can be charged for failure to pay the entire bill on a monthly basis (Munro & Hirt, 1998), the credit card company often offers a break in the form of the float. This refers to a grace period in which the cardholder can avoid interests on purchases if at the time of the purchase, the card does not have a balance. This implies that the cardholder enjoys a break of 20-30 days during which there are no interest charges levied on the purchase. Thus, a wise cardholder can avoid interest charges on unexpected expenditures by utilizing the float.

The card users can sometimes make the credit card companies to lessen the pain related with such provisions like annual fees and annual percentage rate. The good thing with credit card companies is that they provide room for negotiation on any issue, including the waiver of annual fee, lowering the annual percentage rate, or excusing a late payment. All the cardholder needs to do is to ask (Simon, nd).

It is also important to note that credit card purchases give a client a significant degree of protection from theft. Although everybody usually hopes that the theft of the card does not happen, it is wise for a cardholder who loses his card to inform the respective credit card company. Most credit card companies guarantee their clients their efforts to help in resolving theft issues, due to the fact that fraud is one of the greatest concerns in the industry. In general, the client is only expected to assume responsibility for $50 to pay back the total spending of the thief. This is very beneficial to the client as it saves him a lot of cash in circumstances where the thief had expensive tastes. Some companies also provide zero liability policies for cardholders who report the issue immediately. Meanwhile, those cardholders who have online accounts are in a position to take note of the fraudulent activity with the credit card before the arrival of the next statement in the mail.

Credit cards can also be used to get awards. For cardholders who do not maintain a credit card balance, it is possible to make use of other rewards cards. For example, when one uses a gas credit card, he stands a chance of receiving cash points, bonuses, or additional benefits just by doing the ordinary task of filling fuel on a weekly basis (Simon, nd).

Therefore, credit cards are very beneficial to people and we cannot live without them. They only require the cardholder to be wise and to maintain a positive relationship with their card companies in order to maximize on the benefits and do away with their “poisonous” effect.

References

Baker, C. (2007). In Debt We Trust As The Economy Goes Bust. OEN. Retrieved from: http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_carolyn__070308_in_debt_we_trust_as_.htm

Munro, J., & Hirt, J. B. (1998). Credit Cards and College Students: Who Pays, Who Benefits?. Journal of College Student Development, 39(1), 51-57.

Simon, J. M. Benefits of using a credit. CreditCards.com. Retrieved from: http://www.creditcards.com/credit-card-news/benefits-of-using-credit-cards-1267.php

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Economics Essay Paper Writing Services

Economics
Economics

Economics

Research authoritative articles using the news and the DeVry Online Library (http://library.devry.edu) for a recent case of antitrust investigation. You are
free to choose a case from any industry and any part of the world. Based on the case you have selected, answer the following questions.

  • Why was/were the firm(s) investigated for antitrust behavior?
  • Identify some of the costs (pecuniary and non-pecuniary) associated with the antitrust behavior (firms having power in the market). Additionally, note the specific antitrust act (Sherman Act, Clayton Act, etc.) under which the violation was investigated.
  • Given your research and findings, are monopolies and oligopolies (firms demonstrating power) always bad for society? Be sure to provide real world examples of where this may be the case to strengthen your position.
  • Provide at least one example of a case where having a monopoly or oligopoly may actually benefit the society.

Based on your findings to the questions listed above, write a report with a minimum of 300 words in essay format in APA style (use the APA template in Doc
Sharing), using correct economic terms covered in the discussions. If you ONLY write 300 words, you probably won’t be able to fully answer the questions.
Key concepts to include in your paper include the following.

  • Monopoly Market Structure
  • Oligopoly Market Structure
  • Barriers to Entry Into the Market
  • Natural Monopoly
  • Government Monopoly
  • Downward Sloping Demand Curve
  • Economies of Scale
  • Price Fixing
  • Collusion
  • Monopoly Pricing
  • Price Maker
  • Market Power
  • Economic Profits
  • Imperfect Competition
  • Rent-Seeking Behavior
  • X-Inefficiency
  • Deadweight Loss to Society
  • Marginal Cost
  • Marginal Revenue

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Economic Burden of Parkinson Disease

Economic Burden of Parkinson Disease Order Instructions: Thank you very much for helping me with this assignment. Actually, this assignment is the second part of the given case study.

Economic Burden of Parkinson Disease
Economic Burden of Parkinson Disease

The first part of this assignment, we have to make a concept map and discussion in a group of 6 students in 500 words. It was 20% and we didn’t do well and we fail that assignment. I attached the concept map and discussion for your general idea but it is not good. You have made your own ideas for Assessment task 2

I am attaching another concept map of another group ( who passed the assignment) to have a look and get the idea what we have to cover. It is in PDF format. My group’s concept map is in word format.

I attached the unit outline for your kind information to know what they looking into the assessment and you can find some useful references

In Assessment task 2 (it is individual assignment) it worth 40% 1750 words (referencing excluded)

• Students are required to discuss the assessment and care provision identified through the concept map in assessment task 1. A significant focus of this assessment is in demonstrating how the dignity of the client/patient can be maintained through the provision and evaluation of nursing care. This is to be integrated through the assessment.

• The purpose of this assessment is to promote both problems solving and care provision, including prioritizing within a clinical scenario.

• The student must use Miller’s functional consequence theory of healthy aging as a theoretical framework. I already attached it with your material.

• Please follow the reference rubric for this assessment task.

• I need at least 25 references between 2008 to 2015 in APA style. I am in Australia, so please try to use Australian and New Zeeland study material for reference. I need genuine referencing too.

• I need high distinction in this assessment to pass this subject, so help me, please.

• If you need any other information please give me an email

This is the message from the teacher about Assignment task 2 requirements

GENERAL SUGGESTIONS:
• -Be sure to discuss not only the primary issues but also their impact on each other (secondary issues), their assessment, care and the strategies you would use to evaluate the care.
• -Your assessment, care provision, and careful evaluation should demonstrate ethical and person-centered approach and the use of Miller’s theory as well as a clinical decision-making tool. You could use the Lovett-Jones clinical decision-making tool provided on LEO or any other you are comfortable with and will help you to achieve what is being asked in this assignment.
• -Make sure you analyze the complexity of the patient’s health issues and are- providing evidence of consideration of the patient’s issues from multiple perspectives.
• -Also, don’t forget the effects of the patient’s medication and perhaps conclude each of your paragraphs with a link sentence as a conclusion to lead nicely on to your discussion of issues in the next domains (like what you did on your concept map).
• -Group members from each group could all use the same references you submitted with your care priority discussion. You are not limited to that only but can change or add some more to it.
• -Remember that a significant focus of this assessment is in demonstrating how the dignity of the client/patient can be maintained. You do not need a separate paragraph but integrate that through the provision and evaluation of nursing care.
• -Most importantly, please stay within the wordage allowance to avoid any penalties.
• -I will strongly encourage you to use both the assignment 2 guide and the rubric as your guide to write and to achieve the requirements of the essay.

Economic Burden of Parkinson Disease Sample Answer

Introduction

Mr. Johann Silverman is a diagnosed with Parkinson disease.  He is 77 years old and a widower. He has no sibling and his small income which covers his medication expenses.  His condition is worsening making him get concerned on how he will manage his condition in the future.  As a nurse, it is our duty to take care of elderly persons, to assess their disease progress, provide care; and simultaneously maintain the elderly patient dignity. Approximately, 1 in every 350 people in Australia  live with Parkinson; with the  highest affected group being  those above 65 years of age. It is a major burden to the family and the care giver.

Neurological disorders among the elderly are the biggest threat to Australia public health. In fact, Parkinson’s disease prevalence in Australia is ranked as the leading cause of death amongst the elderly.  This neurodegenerative disorder prevalence has been on the rise (17%) since the last five years; implying that there are 30 new cases of Parkinson disease reported every day (Axelrod Et al., 2010).  Research finding’s indicates that the increase in number of elderly people living with Parkinson disease  have resulted to  poor quality of life due to  straining on care providers. This impact of Parkinson disease on care providers has heightened and need to be addressed in effective clinical management of the disease (Hutchinson Et al., 2013; Zhao Et al., 2012).

 Comprehensive Assessment

Parkinson disease is a neurological disorder that affects the movement and the response. There are two main hypothesis used to describe the disease pathophysiology.  Free radical hypothesis- explains that dopamine undergoes enzymatic oxidation causing damage on the nigrostriatal neurons.  Human body has protective mechanism to protect the body from oxidation process from oxygen radicals from other metabolic reaction; however, this mechanism seems to fail at an advanced age. The second hypothesis is the neurotoxin hypothesis. This hypothesis argues that the body has more kinds of neurotoxins which affect the basal ganglia – part of the brain responsible for integrating movement and rectification of any errors occurring during movement (Hellqvist & Bertera, 2015). This called for comprehensive assessment and it also explains the reasons why Mr. Johann musco-skeletal assessment indicated that he was experiencing slow movements (bradykinesia), uncontrolled movements and increased tremors.  The neurological assessment indicated that Mr. Johann sweats a lot; sleeping pattern is disturbed and has hypertension- all indicators of possibility of developing mental disorders such as depression. The patient also complains of memory loss and fatigue (Hooker & Everett, 2011).

ADL assessment was conducted to evaluate his ability to undertake activities of daily living. The disease progress recorded poor ADL functionality. This is alarming because it indicates that the patient cannot quality take care of himself in terms of nutrition, medication, hygiene and overall personal care (My aged care, 2014). Fall risk assessment was done to evaluate the patient’s safety. His muscle rigidity, tremor and poor sight indicated that he had high fall risk.  MMSE assessment was conducted to evaluate the patient’s mental state. This assessment was done to examine presence of cognitive impairment. From the assessment, the patient cognitive function were generally under stable condition but the patient indicated that he was beginning to have immediate memory lapse (Macpherson, 2013).

During home assessment, the occupational therapy, it was noted that Mr. Johann uses the furniture for support as he moves around. He told the therapist that he no longer feels confident moving around and he is afraid of experiencing falls. The room had a lot of furniture that were not necessary, making the room look congested and poor light. The house floor is made of wooden increasing the chances for falls due to slips. The toilet and bathroom lacks supporting materials. The Kitchen shelves are high for him to reach.  This home condition calls for modification of the environment to suit his condition. The smoke detectors needed to be fixed. The house needs at least one phone located at a specific location. The handrails need to be installed along the stairwells (Kirton Et al., 2011).

Nurse’s intervention

Putting into considerations the complexity of   Parkinson disease, there is need for the healthcare providers to deliver quality care in the midst of the dynamic healthcare environment. This will require adequate thoughts and reasoning prior to making clinical decisions.  Clinical reasoning refers to the methods which nurse  collect cues, process the patient information, understands the patient needs comprehensively, plans actions, implements the actions, evaluates the  outcomes and  reflects on the entire  process (Henderson Et al., 2013). In this context, the healthcare provider has assessed the patient Parkinson condition and has evaluated the complexity of issues. The healthcare provider has to put the clinical reasoning into practice so as to establish the safest approach to provide quality care to Mr. Johann.

Some aspects of our lives are inevitable such as aging. Complications which come with aging are often assumed by the public as normal. These includes myths that age person is supposed to be frail, depressed, confused and dependent. Such myths are harmful in the society because they make elderly people feel hopeless, pessimism and considerably reduce their dignity (Parkinson’s Australia, 2011). Fortunately, recent findings  has brought forth  new perception of ageism which has enlightened the healthcare providers  so that they can  adequately  differentiate between  changes due to age related and are inevitable from the risk factors which can be used to address the issues and prevent the complications (McCabe, Roberts & Firth, 2008).

The functional consequences theory for promoting wellness in elderly   framework will be used to guide the concepts of nurse’s core concepts in nursing elderly patients. This framework was developed by C.A. Miller in 1980’s and has been effectively applied in nursing care for the elderly (Hunter, 2012). This theory is chosen for this purpose because of its core premises. This includes its emphasis on patient centered nursing care; which will ensure that the healthcare does not focus on disease symptoms but also the body-mind and spirit- because they encompass person’s physiological functioning.  The model suggests that the problems affecting the elderly are attributable to risk factors (Suzuki Et al., 2008). The aged related changes interact with risk factors making the elderly person experience negative functioning consequences. In this context, interventions should focus on modification or removal of these negative function consequences. Consequently, the elderly person health and wellbeing is improved dramatically. Eventually, the interventions results to wellness outcomes which is characterized by high functioning of the elderly person irrespective of their age-linked changes or presence of risk factors (Sav Et al., 2013).

In this framework, the nurse should provide nursing care that is patient centered. This implies putting the elderly person at the center of their care. This enables the nurse identify the needs of the patient. The nurse then addresses each need one by one with the patient; explaining the alternative and implication of each alternative on their health. This empowers the patient, and the sharing of the information helps them in making an informed decision. This concept is achieved through nursing assessments (Oishi & Murtagh, 2014). Through clinical reasoning and Millers functional consequence theory of aging model, the nurse identifies the following risk factors which needs to be addressed including; a) reduced cognitive function; b) financial instability; c) Mental complications; d) reduced mobility and e) reduced personal care and hygiene (environment) (Aged Care Network, 2013).

In this context, the nurse must evaluate how the environment increases the elderly risk factors, how it affects the patient’s   quality of life. The nurse should ensure that environment is not only comfortable but also safe (Kim Et al., 2012). To manage the activities for daily living activities, the patient can use dressings chosen specifically for the patient. This includes clothes with large buttons, pullover tops and those with easy fasteners. The patient can wear elastic shoes and those that are non-tie. For hygiene, tooth brushes with long brushes and spinning brushes would be effective. When bathing, the patient can use adapted bathing tools such as long handle scrubber, transferring devices or tub chair.  This also refers to the toileting aids e.g. use of stationary toilet chair and use of toilet back and grab bars can be installed.  In bedroom, installing more lighting, use of transfer boards and bedsides commodes can be effective. The kitchen sector needs modification such as lowering the shelves to the place where the patient can reach. Use of rocker lives for cutting and use of easy to grip utensils made of solver.  For mobility’s aids, the best type for this patient is the motorized wheel chair. This is because   the patient is a weakling and needs less physical exertions, thus helping the patient maneuver with ease and safely (Zhao Et al., 2010).

For reduced  personal care  and hygiene can be explored using other alternatives includes  HACC program  which is funded by the Australian Government to help  elderly  who are able but not so completely  able to cope on their own. The program is effective as it helps in domestic care which is needed by Mr, Johann, but in the future he should consider palliative care (Meier & McCormick, 2015). This is because it will allow him to avoid hospitalization but ensure that he is cared for adequately. For promoting independence, the patient can be use community services such as domestic support to help in showering, cooking and other services such as shopping. Aged care assessment team helps the   elderly by referring the community care services that will help increase their own home. As the disease progresses, ACATs increases the care package such as Community Aged Care Package (CACP ) and Extended Aged Care Package (EACH);  programs sponsored by the Australian government  to offer coordinated home care for the elderly (Roberts Et al., 2009).

There is no cure for the disease, but it can be managed by increasing dopamine supply in the brain. Some of the medication includes Carbipoda –Levodopa which is converted into the dopamine in the brain.  Other medication Dopamine agonists which mimic dopamine effects can be used to manage the disease. This includes Mirapex and Neuprol. MAO-B inhibitors, Catechol-O methyltransferase inhibitors, Anticholinergics and Amantadine Using nursing services are other alternative therapies for Parkinson disease (Nishtala Et al., 2010). . To manage the medication, the patient can be referred to District Nursing Services. The nurse works closely with social workers and occupational therapists. The nurses will ensure that Johann health is promoted and medication is administered appropriately (Meier & McCormick, 2015).

Other alternatives medication includes surgical procedures such as Deep brain stimulation. This method has been found to be effective in controlling dyskinesias and tremor; however, this procedure has many risks including developing stroke or even hemorrhage. Health dietary that consists of plenty of fruits and whole grains is encouraged. Taking a lot of water will help manage constipation which is common secondary effects. The patient should increase exercise to improve patient, mobility through enhanced muscle strength and balance. It also reduces depression and anxiety (Meier & McCormick, 2015). The patient should be encouraged to look in front while walking, and he notices that he is shuffling; he should stop and check his posture again. Alternative medicine includes Coenyzmes Q10 has been found to be effective medication during the first stages of Parkinson disease. Massages have been shown to reduce muscle tension and simultaneously promote relaxation. Acupuncture, Yoga, Tai chi, music therapy and pet therapy has been found to increase emotional health, but it is not evidence based practice (Wong Et al., 2014).

Conclusion

The disease symptoms include bradykinesia, muscle rigidity and tremors. The disease progression is inherently slow and often strikes at elderly people from 50 years to 60 years. There has been no connection on the disease genetic cause and the medication available only manages the disease symptom but does not cure it. To manage the disease among the elderly, nurses should provide quality care to these individuals; including the moral support.

Economic Burden of Parkinson Disease References

Aged Care Network (2013). Parkinson’s disease service model of care. Retrieved from http://www.healthnetworks.health.wa.gov.au/modelsofcare/docs/Parkinsons_Disease_Model_of_Care.pdf

Axelrod, L., Gage, H., Kaye, J., Bryan, K., Trend, P. and Wade, D. (2010). Workloads of Parkinson€™s specialist nurses: implications for implementing national service guidelines in England. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(23-24), pp.3575-3580.

Cowan, M. and Cardy, C. (2011). Nurse-led palliative care clinic: optimizing choice for patients. BUM Supportive & Palliative Care, 1(2), pp. 218-218.

Edwards, K., Duff, J. and Walker, K. (2014). What really matters? A multi-view perspective of one patient€™s hospital experience. Contemporary Nurse, 49(1), pp. 122-136.

Hellqvist, C. and Bert era¶, C. (2015). Support supplied by Parkinson’s disease specialist nurses to Parkinson’s disease patients and their spouses. Applied Nursing Research, 28(2), pp. 86-91.

Henderson, E., Lord, S., Close, J., Lawrence, A., Whone, A. and Ben-Shlomo, Y. (2013). The Respond trial – rivastigmine to stabilize gait in Parkinson€™s disease a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of rivastigmine on gait in patients with Parkinson€™s disease who have fallen. BMC Neurology, 13(1), p.188.

Hooker, R. and Everett, C. (2011). The contributions of physician assistants in primary care systems. Health & Social Care in the Community, 20(1), pp.20-31.

Hughes, C. (2008). Compliance with Medication in Nursing Homes for Older People. Drugs & Aging, 25(6), pp.445-454.

Hutchinson, A., Rasekaba, T., Graco, M., Berlowitz, D., Hawthorne, G. and Lim, W. (2013). The relationship between health-related quality of life, and acute care re-admissions and survival in older adults with chronic illness. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), p.136.

Hunter, S. (2012). Miller’s nursing for wellness in older adults. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pty Ltd. Sydney

Kim, S., Allen, N., Canning, C. and Fung, V. (2012). Postural Instability in Patients with Parkinson€™s Disease. CNS Drugs, 27(2), pp.97-112.

Kirton, J., Jack, B., O’Brien, M. and Roe, B. (2011). Care of patients with neurological conditions: the impact of a Generic Neurology Nursing Service development on patients and their carers. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(1-2), pp. 207-215.

Macpherson, P. (2013). Understanding patients with Parkinson’s disease. Dental Nursing, 9(7), pp. 376-382.

McCabe, M., Roberts, C. and Firth, L. (2008). Satisfaction with services among people with progressive neurological illnesses and their carers in Australia. Nursing & Health Sciences, 10(3), pp.209-215.

Meier, D.E., & McCormick, E., (2015).  Benefits, services and models of subspecialty palliative care. Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/benefits-services-and-models-of-subspecialty-palliative-care#H51425731

My agedcare(2014). Home and community care. Retrieved from       http://www.myagedcare.gov.au/aged-care-services/home-and-community-care

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What are the causes of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa

What are the causes of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
   What are the causes of poverty in Sub-     Saharan Africa

Variables, Hypotheses, and Relations;what are the causes of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Order Instructions:

Variables, Hypotheses, and Relations
This week’s Discussion will assist you in starting the Final Project. This is the only Discussion in this course that relates directly to this assignment. Ensuing work on the Final Project will be done as written assignments submitted to the Instructor for evaluation.
To prepare for this Discussion:

• Review Chapter 3, “Elements of Research” in the course text Research Methods in the Social Sciences, as well as the quantitative sections of Chapters 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 in the course text from RSCH 8100, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches.

• Review the Final Project Description document, located in the Learning Resources.
• Select an empirical research problem to focus on for this Discussion and, in turn, for the Final Project.
• Identify the units of analysis. How can you support that these are reasonable items to compare? How can you avoid the ecological and individualistic fallacies with respect to units of analysis?
• Determine two researchable hypotheses for the research problem you have selected and the independent, dependent, and control variables for each hypothesis.
• What changes in magnitude and relations do you expect between the dependent and independent variables for each hypothesis?
With these thoughts in mind:

Post by Day 3: 2 or 3 paragraphs in which you do the following:
• Identify your selected empirical research problem and the units of analysis. Include support for these units as being reasonable for comparison and how you would avoid the ecological and individualistic fallacies.
• Determine two researchable hypotheses based on your research problem. For each hypothesis, identify the independent, dependent, and control variables. Moreover, estimate expected changes in the magnitude and relations between the dependent and independent variables.
When appropriate, be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the reading(s) and/or video program(s) and use APA format.

SAMPLE ANSWER

What are the causes of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa

Week1RC

Research topics will vary from one to another and will depend on the situation and the needs of the researcher. Through research, it becomes easy to understand various dynamics or situations at hand. Research involves different concepts and process that researchers need to understand and embrace.

The empirical research problem identified is ‘what are the causes of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa?’ In this research problem, the unit of analysis is the communities that reside in Sub-Saharan Africa. Units of analysis in this matter are the major entity the study seeks to analyze (LaFountain & Bartos, 2002). Community in Sub-Saharan Africa is the unity of analysis. Individualistic and ecological fallacies may lead to errors in the study. Ecological errors arise because of reasoning about differing units of analysis where by data generated from individuals is used to draw conclusions on a group (LaFountain & Bartos, 2002). To avoid such errors, the researcher should ensure that the data generated from the group is used to draw conclusions on that particular group but not on specific individual. For instance, in this case, the conclusions derived from the study should state that the community is power as whole because of reasons they found out.

Hypothesis that related to this topic include:

Ignorance contributes to increased cases of poverty in sub-Saharan Africa

Dependent variable is ignorance while independent variable is increased case of poverty while controlled variable is similar to Independent variable. These two variables are related since they affect each other. The expected change in magnitude is average. Increasing level of literacy will reduce poverty to some level but is not a guarantee.

Poor governance causes poverty in Sub Saharan Africa

In this second hypothesis, the independent variable is poor governance while dependent variable is the causes of poverty. Controllable variable is governance. Similarly, the independent and dependent variable have closer relationship in the sense that they affect each other.  The change in magnitude between the two is expected to be higher because is there is good governance, is possible to formulate possibilities that can drive the region forward and help eradicate poverty.

References

LaFountain, R., & Bartos, R. (2002). Research and statistics made meaningful in counseling and   student affairs. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

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