In James Weldon Johnson’s fictional The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man and Langston Hughes autobiographical The Big Sea, readers are perhaps struck by
the rich, detailed, representations of the extensive, travel experienced by the protagonist of each narrative. As it turns out, these engaging portrayals of
traveling or journeying narrators present wonderful opportunities for pondering the question of community in African-American literary representation. Select
just one of the two aforementioned texts, and write an essay in which you reflect on the kinds of community the narrator finds himself a part of or apart
from..
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Choose an organization with which you are familiar.
Create a total of two business-quality posters (Use PPT or word and design it as a ‘poster’. One page or slide is one poster). Creativity is encouraged. Be
sure that the posters represent the following:
Poster One:
• Identify 2 or 3 examples of process improvement opportunities in your chosen organization’s industry.
• Identify 2 or 3 process improvement opportunities in your selected organization.
• Show the process improvement opportunities identified in your selected organization.
(Example: Company is a local hospital. Industry is Healthcare. 2 PI opportunities is higher patient satisfaction and less employee needle sticks. A PDCA
method is shown for needle sticks. The ‘poster’ shows this visually)
Poster Two:
• Identify examples of how organizations prioritize process improvement activities to improve performance.
• Prioritize process improvement activities for your selected organization.
• Show the priorities of the activities you created for your selected organization.
(For example: Hospitals prioritize by safety first, business profits second (Note: prioritization may tie back to the Mission, Vision or Values). In above
case needle sticks would be worked on before patient satisfaction due to safety always comes first. The ‘poster’ shows this visually.)
Feel free to submit your work for feedback prior to the due date if you are unclear about any of this assignment.
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Reports need to address the topic in an appropriate academic fashion, i.e. your arguments need to be based on theoretical and empirical evidence and actually address the task at hand –this is crucial! If you fail to do so, you will fail the entire report even though your work might have touched upon the subject. Some lecturers give marks for spelling, referencing and structure among others. This is not the case in this module. If you do not follow the guidelines (we will have a session on this), you will loose marks. However, if you do follow the guidelines, you will not be given marks for this as this is what you are expected to do anyway. In other words, your performance will be judged merely on content and not on style. You can compare this to a football match you went to see –just because people kicked the ball around the pitch is unlikely to impress you when you evaluate the quality of the match afterwards. What is likely to impress you, however, is the players’ skill of handling the football, the pace of individual players, the creativity with which players created chances and goals and so on. This precise line of reasoning lies behind the assessment of your report in this module too.
Learning outcomes
Knowledge
On completion of this module, the successful student will be able to:
1) Compare and contrast differing definitions of service work and its role in contemporary business and society
2) Critically evaluate marketing, operational and human resource considerations in managing service work
3) Critically evaluate contemporary debates relating to private services
4) Critically evaluate contemporary debates relating to public services
5) Identify different learning and personality styles
6) Identify political stances and power relations
7) Define conflict resolution strategies
8) Manage group dynamics and group processes
9) Solve people-problems creatively using Forum Theatre Skills
This module will call for the successful student to:
1) Research contemporary topics and subject them to theoretical and empirical analysis
2) Enact, analyse and resolve dilemmas in a service work context
3) Develop self and others individually and in groups to manage the encounters
4) Motivate employees
5) Skilfully negotiate and handle conflict
6) Manage time, stress and change
7) Plan, organise and co-ordinate effectively
8) Handle service encounter knowledgeable and creatively problem-solve
9) Write a work-based report and give a presentation in the Forum theatre style
Learning, Teaching and Assessment Strategy
This module will employ a variety of learning and teaching methods including formal didactic lecture to present key concepts, tutor directed student discussions to promote student awareness of the link between theory and practice, peer assessed presentations, video presentations, student research activities and guest speaker sessions. It will also involve a series of workshop sessions where students will participate in an enactment of a critical service oriented dilemma. On-line learning support will also be provided.
Essential reading
(You are the HR director of a London-based general hospital. What are effective tools you could adopt in order to increase the level of service quality exhibited by your nurses? You need to justify your recommendations on theoretical and empirical grounds!)
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This is a sports science assignment. I have sent through two files the first one is the assignment scaffold. The second one is the assignment task. Everything that is written in these two files must be included in the assignment otherwise she said we will loose marks. Kind Regards Mitchell Ellis.
Hockey is an enjoyable sport which needs protective gear to be played because of the nature of the game injuries may occur.The gear is just as a protective measure
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Health Insurance and Financing in the USA only hi there this assignment worth 20% of my final grade.
Health Insurance and Financing in the USA
please put more effort into it I really want to score a high mark on it. also please the whole assignment will be on USA ONLY do not write on any other country. only in the USA, also please reference every single thing we really need to have research that has to reference for everything. also, avoid plagiarism because I do need to score high mark. make sure about your ideas to be as clear as much.
I will upload 6 articles. Pick one of the articles and answer the questions.
Which article did you choose to write about? Include the year, author’s name, and article title. (Note that your answer to this question actually does count towards your grade on this assignment.)
Concisely describe the viewpoint that the author is responding to with this article.
Summarize the reasoning and/or evidence that has been offered to support this viewpoint.
According to the author, what is the most important problem with this viewpoint?
What viewpoint does the author argue for instead?
What reasoning or evidence does the author provide to support his or her own viewpoint?
What further evidence, if discovered, might strengthen the author’s argument?
What further evidence, if discovered, might weaken the author’s argument?
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Topic:”Close the Gap”is a program initiative committed to closing the health and life expectancy between Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and non-Indigenous Australians by 2030. While measurable improvements take time, there have been some demonstrated improvements in reducing smoking rates, improvements in maternal and child health outcomes and behaviours that lead to chronic diseases.
APA style
Assessment Criteria attach upload
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
The Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander have been experiencing disproportionate levels of education achievement, social disadvantage and employment. This has been associated with poor health outcomes as compared to the other Australians, often with lower life expectancy rates than the other Australian communities. To get a clear picture of the Aboriginal health status, it is imperative to consider the Aboriginals historical context. In the past few decades, the healths of Aboriginal people have shifted from being significantly better to worse as compared to the non-Aboriginal people. Research attributes this to the socio economic disadvantage which is a direct consequence of the past practices of exclusion, oppression and dispossession (Zubrick, Holland, Kelly, Calma, Walker, 2014).
In this regard, this essay will critically analyze the current health status of the Aboriginal people in order to identify the improvement, failures and health demands in this population. This will be done by evaluating the various policies introduced by the government with the aim of identifying why the policies have been adequate or inadequate. The essay will focus on “Closing the Gap policy” to explore its relevance in health promotion strategies. The benefits of these strategic approaches will be explored. In addition, the role of nurses in meeting the current and future health demands of Aboriginal population will be explored. The information will be obtained from the sources that are up-to-date including the government reports and all relevant scientific studies.
Critical analysis of current health status of the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
According to information from 2011 census, it is estimated that the total population of Aboriginal and Torres Strait people is 729,048. In 2015, approximately 33% of the populations are major city dwellers and almost half of the population live remotes areas. The population is much younger as compared to the non indigenous population; only 3.5% of the indigenous people are above 65 years as compared to 14% of the non-indigenous (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2016).
Fig. 1. Population pyramid: Aboriginal and Strait Islander vs. non indigenous population
By 2014, approximately 17,779 new births registered were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. This indicates that there were about 6 in every 100 births. Approximately 17% of the new births were from teenagers as compared to 2.5% of the non indigenous population. In addition, the babies were likely to be of low weight (below 2500 g) as compared to the non-indigenous population. The low birth weights are associated with increased risk of developing health related problems. The infant mortality rates are 3 times folds that of the national average (Holland, 2016).
The indigenous people are two time likely to be hospitalized as compared to the non-indigenous people. The main causes of hospitalization in young adults below 15 years are respiratory disorders, ENT and injuries. The main causes of hospital admissions in adults are digestive system disorders, injuries from accidents and cardiovascular disorders. Women have higher pregnancy related issues and the reproductive system disorders as compared to the non-aboriginal population. The indigenous populations have shorter life expectancy of about 18-19 years less as compared to the non-indigenous population. The most common causes of mortality include cardiovascular diseases, which are estimated to be two folds that of the non-indigenous population. Diabetes is the most common endocrine health issue, which is approximately six times higher as compared to that of the non indigenous people(Watkins et al. 2014). About 30% of the indigenous people suffer from diabetes. Other causes of mortality include injuries, lung cancer, liver cancer and cervical cancer. This is a clear indication that although indigenous health policy has been the key Agenda on Australian public policies and politics, there are still huge health disparities (gap) between the indigenous health and the non-indigenous health (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2016).
The issue of health inequality has been a great concern for Australia. Although the overall health status of Australia has improved, the health status of the indigenous Australians continues to score below those of non-indigenous populations. Although a lot has been done to address the health disparities, the statistics illustrate that the policies established to address the health disparities have been ineffective (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2010, p.29). Information with historical context of the Indigenous Health is scare. However, it is well illustrated that the health status of indigenous population has been poor from the time the European settlers arrived. The indigenous people had no contact with the outside world before colonization; thus, there were minimal incidences of infectious diseases. The arrival of European settlers led to the introduction of new illnesses such as reproductive diseases due to consensual contact of the colonizers (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2011).
In addition, the indigenous health was also largely impacted by the change in diet. For instance, before colonization, the indigenous food consisted of vegetables and animal proteins. They were also physically active as they obtained their food from hunting and gathering. Colonization led to changes in these lifestyles, which led to increase of heart diseases, diabetes and obesity observed among the indigenous people today. Poor mental health is associated with socio-economic disadvantage which leads to substance abuse. The lack of commitment in addressing the mental health has resulted into increased suicidal rates among the indigenous community. In addition, the populations have low access to medical care. This is due to language barriers where voice can be misinterpreted. From my experience, what one would consider as polite is sometimes conceited by other people. Other issues identified includes inadequate health facilities in rural areas and high cost of services such as travelling costs and treatment costs (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision, 2014).
Anthropological studies indicate that indigenous people have spiritual connection to their lands. Land to the indigenous people connects them to their ancestors. It was their sense of belonging. The colonizers did not understand this world perspective, and when the more they grabbed the land, the more the indigenous people mental health status deteriorated. Their psychological health issues increased when they were forcefully evacuated from their lands into reserves and settlements. This created disturbances from family, which exacerbated their mental health due to low self esteem and low sense of belonging (Gee et al., 2014).
Evidently, the concept of health among the indigenous population is very complicated by the diverse world perspectives of the indigenous and the non-indigenous populations. The lack of understanding between these two populations has led in a series of health policies with the aim of eradicating health inequality among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait population. The first health policy implemented to address the health disparity was established in 1968. There were a total of 35 reforms that were done between the period and 2006. In general, each of amendments was done by various bodies and institutions which had been created to address the disparities issues that had been inadequately expressed previously. However, the main responsibility was allocated to government, which assigned the various programs to the local authorities. The changes in government led to constant changes in the way the health issues were perceived and addressed (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2010).
From my analysis on the policies that have been established to adequately address the issue of health disparities among the indigenous population, I found that comparative analysis was used to identify strategies that have been successful in other countries; which would be implemented in Australia. This kind of analysis is very sufficient in some cases, but when it comes to the Indigenous population, such strategies would hardly align to the indigenous populations and culture because our world perspective is complex and unique. Although the health issues incidences are similar to those in other parts of the world, world perspectives impact the indigenous people health and well being very considerably (Gee et al., 2014).
This ideology is well exemplified by the closure of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) in 2004. This led to greater health disparities as the government could not understand the intricacies of indigenous Australian culture as well as the implications of the actions on the indigenous people’s health. Of all the programs that have been implemented to address the health inequalities in Australia, Closing the Gap policy has seems to be the most promising. The policy focuses the concept of health in a different approach, one which perfectly suits the needs of the Indigenous people. The policy is cultural competent and aims to reduce the health inequality gap by 2030, half the children mortality rates by 2018, improve access to education by 2013 and half the unemployment gap by 2018 (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2016).
Health promotion strategies: Strategic approaches used to address the challenges
The concept of Closing the Gap policy is an effective approach that is being applied by the government to promote the indigenous well being and health. The governments have acknowledged that to close the gap in health inequalities, it must recognize the rich cultural practices of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community. This strong cultural identity is very important in promoting the indigenous health as well as their emotional wellbeing. The council of Australian Governments (COAG) has established sustained commitment from all arms of the government, which has led to initiatives that are directed towards seven building blocks including, early childhood, education, establishing effective economic participation, healthy homes, safe communities and in establishing leadership and governance. This is an effective strategy because it is the destruction of the Aboriginal and Australian culture that has led to the despair and confusion which are associated with the irreconcilable cultures (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013).
For instance, the early child initiatives, the government has established activities that engage with culture, and ones which are essential in the development of resilient Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. The Australian Indigenous Psychologists Association (AIPA) increased connection to family, culture and land results to spiritual protection to psychological distress and ill health. This is associated with the wellbeing factors such as kinship networks increases self identity, and self esteem. This is associated with improved academic performance due to reduced school absenteeism due to health issues. The initiatives also aims at improving education and schooling reduces dropout rates, results in better reading and communication skills in both their language and English communication. Research associates low literacy with negative impacts due to language barriers (Parker and Milroy, 2014).
Evidently, the aboriginal people have strong connection with their culture. Research indicates that when these indigenous people participate in cultural activities, it improves their physical and mental health. The National Mental Health Policy 2008 states that such activities improve their cultural identity which connected to lower mortality and morbidity to the population. In this policy, there are initiatives that have been established to allow the indigenous community to participate in activities which promote preservation of their culture (Holland, 2016). This includes activities such as visual arts production, performing in theatre and music. The socio-cultural wellbeing’s have been identified as the building blocks of the overall health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait communities. This is supported by a qualitative study which found out that participation in cultural ceremonies such as the Kanyirninpa reduces suicide and effectively prevents self harm in communities living in the southeast region. This is because such programs are associated with numerous benefits for participants such as capacity building, social capital as well as empowerment through provision of activities that prides in their cultural identity (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2016).
In order to help in closing the gap, nurses should understand the statistics regarding the health status on the Aboriginal and Torres Strait community. These includes the birth rates, the death rates, domestic violence and disease incidences. These are the main sources of mental illness, and statics represents the number of lives that have been destroyed by pain and suffering. Societal issues such as drug abuse, poor living conditions and poor socioeconomic status are the leading causes of such diseases. Understanding these statistics will help the nurses establish care plans are cultural competent and safe (Watkins et al. 2014).
Conclusion
The study analysis indicates relative limited progress against the Closing the Gap 2030 policy. Although there is some good report that have led to fundamental improvements in Aboriginal and Torres Strait health outcomes, the government still have a long way in order to effectively address the issue of inequality among the indigenous people. Although an ambitious task, closing health equality by 2030 is an achievable task. Fortunately, it is also the government priority. Over 200,000 Australians supports the policy, which indicates that it is clear that there is high public demand that government must continue to establish partnership with the indigenous people in order to build a close gap platform that will meet this challenge. I believe we can and should be the people to finally close the gap.
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2011). Close the Gap: Indigenous Health Campaign, Australian Human Rights Commission, retrieved from <http://www.hreoc.gov.au/Social_Justice/health/index.html>.
Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet.(2010).Major developments innational Indigenous health policy since 1967. Retrieved from, <http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/health-systems/policies/reviews/health-policy-timelines
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2016). Closing the gap Prime Minister’s report 2016. Canberra: Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
Gee, G., Dudgeon, P., Schultz, C., Hart, A., Kelly, K .(2014). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing. In: Dudgeon P, Milroy H, Walker R, eds. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. 2nd ed. Canberra: Department of The Prime Minister and Cabinet: 55-68
Holland, C. (2016). Close the Gap: progress and priorities report 2016. Canberra: Close the Gap Campaign Steering Committee
Parker, R., and Milroy, H. (2014). Mental illness in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. In: Dudgeon P, Milroy H, Walker R, eds. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. 2nd ed. Canberra: Department of The Prime Minister and Cabinet: 113-124
Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision. (2014). Overcoming Indigenous disadvantage: key indicators 2014: Table 11A.1.2.6 Alcohol induced deaths (rate per 100 000), age standardized, by sex, NSW, Queensland, WA, SA and the NT, 2008−2012. Canberra: Productivity Commission
Watkins, R.E., Elliott, E.J., Wilkins, A., Mutch, R.C., Fitzpatrick, J.P., Payne, J.M., O’Leary, C.M., Jones, H.M., Latimer, J., Hayes, L., Halliday, J., D’Antoine, H., Miers, S., Russell, E., Burns, L., McKenzie, A., Peadon, E., Carter, M., Bower, C. (2013). Recommendations from a consensus development workshop on the diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in Australia. BMC Pediatrics; 13: 156 Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-13-156
Zubrick, S.R., Holland, C., Kelly, K., Calma, T., Walker, R. (2014). The evolving policy context in mental health and wellbeing. In: Dudgeon P, Milroy H, Walker R, eds. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. 2nd edition ed. Canberra: Department of The Prime Minister and Cabinet: 69-90 (chapter 5)
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Taylor, T., & Greenlaw, S. A. (2014). Principles of microeconomics. Retrieved from http://cnx.org/content/col11627/latest
Review Figure 7.3 (p. 161). Determine the marginal gain in output from increasing the number of barbers from 4 to 5 and from 5 to 6? Does it continue the pattern of diminishing marginal returns?
b. Compute the average total cost, average variable cost, and marginal cost of producing 60 to 72 haircuts. Draw the graph of the three curves between 60 and 72 haircuts. (Taylor & Greenlaw, 2014, p. 177)
c.The AAA Aquarium Co. sells aquariums for $20 each. Fixed costs of production are $20. The total variable costs are $20 for one aquarium, $25 for two units, $35 for three units, $50 for four units, and $80 for five units. In the form of a table, calculate total revenue, marginal revenue, total cost, and marginal cost for each output level (one to five units). What is the profit-maximizing quantity of output? (Taylor & Greenlaw, 2014, p. 203)
d. A computer company produces affordable, easy-to-use home computer systems and has fixed costs of $250. The marginal cost of producing computers is $700 for the first computer, $250 for the second, $300 for the third, and $350 for the fourth, $400 for the fifth, $450 for the sixth, and $500 for the seventh.
i. Create a table that shows the company’s output, total cost, marginal cost, average cost, variable cost, and average variable cost.
ii. At what price is the zero-profit point? At what price is the shutdown point?
iii. If the company sells the computers for $500, is it making a profit or a loss? How big is the profit or loss? Sketch a graph with AC, MC, and AVC curves to illustrate your answer and show the profit or loss.
iv. If the firm sells the computers for $300, is it making a profit or a loss? How big is the profit or loss? Sketch a graph with AC, MC, and AVC curves to illustrate your answer and show the profit or loss. (Taylor & Greenlaw, 2014, p. 204)
1. Complete the following problems:
a. Using Figure 9.2 (p. 207), suppose P0 is $10 and P1 $11. Suppose a new firm with the same LRAC curve as the incumbent tries to break into the market by selling 4,000 units of output. (Taylor & Greenlaw, 2014, p. 223).
i. Estimate from the graph what the new firm’s average cost of producing output would be.
ii. If the incumbent continues to produce 6,000 units, how much output would be supplied to the market by the two firms?
iii. Estimate what would happen to the market price as a result of the supply of both the incumbent firm and the new entrant.
1. Approximately how much profit would each firm earn?
b. Using Figure 9.6 (p. 217) draw the demand curve, marginal revenue and marginal cost curves. (Taylor & Greenlaw, 2014, p. 223).
i. Identify the quantity of output the monopoly wishes to supply and the price it will charge.
ii. Suppose demand for the monopoly’s product increases dramatically. Draw the new demand curve.
1. What happens to the marginal revenue as a result of the increase in demand?
2. What happens to the marginal cost curve?
3. Identify the new profit-maximizing quantity and price.
c. Use the following table for this problem: (Taylor & Greenlaw, 2014, p. 242).
Price Quantity TC
$25.00 0 $130
$24.00 10 $275
$23.00 20 $435
$22.50 30 $610
$22.00 40 $800
$21.60 50 $1,005
$21.20 60 $1,225
Andrea’s Day Spa began to offer a relaxing aromatherapy treatment. The firm asks you how much to charge to maximize profits. The demand curve for the treatments is given by the first two columns. The total costs are given in the third column. For each level of output, calculate total revenue, marginal revenue, average cost, and marginal cost.
i. What is the profit-maximizing level of output for the treatments and how much will the firm earn in profits?
Complete the following problems:
a. A $10,000 ten-year bond was issued at an interest rate of 6%. It is now year 9 and you are thinking about buying the bond from its owner. Interest rates are now 9%. (Taylor & Greenlaw, 2014, p. 403).
i. Would you now expect to pay more or less than $10,000 for the bond? Why?
ii. Calculate what you would be willing to pay for the bond.
b. Consider the following stock ownership situation (Taylor & Greenlaw, 2014, p. 403).
ii. What is the minimum number of investors it would take to vote to change the top management of the company?
iii. Which investors would this involve?
iv. In 1-2 paragraphs discuss if any one investor would be able to make corporate changes without the agreement of the other investors.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Math Problem
Marginal Gain in Output
Marginal gain = change in total output/change in quantity
4-5 – ([80 * 5] – [72 *4])/ (80 – 72) = 15 units per unit of labor
5-6 – ([84 *6] – [80 * 5])/ (84 – 80) = 26 units per unit of labor
The above marginal output follows the principles of diminishing marginal returns.
Average Total, Variable and Marginal Costs
Quantity
Unit Price
Fixed Cost
Total Variable costs
Total Revenue
Marginal Revenue
Total Cost (Fixed + variable)
Marginal Cost
1
$20
$20
$20
$20
–
20 + 20 = $40
–
2
$20
$20
$25
$40
20
20 + 25 = $45
$5
3
$20
$20
$35
$60
20
20 + 35 = $55
$10
4
$20
$20
$50
$80
20
20 + 50 = $70
$15
5
$20
$20
$80
$100
20
20 + 80 = $100
$30
The profit maximizing output is when; marginal cost = marginal revenue. Since there is no equilibrium in MC and MR, the closest maximizing quantity is 4.
Output and Costs
Quantity
Fixed Cost
Total Variable costs
Average Variable Cost
Total Cost (Fixed + variable)
Marginal Cost
1
$250
$450
450
$700
$700
2
$250
$700
350
$950
$250
3
$250
$1000
333.33
$1250
$300
4
$250
$1350
337.5
$1600
$350
5
$250
$1750
350
$2000
$400
6
$250
$2200
366.67
$2450
$450
7
$250
$2700
385.71
$2950
$500
ii)
The zero profit point is at the minimal point of the average curve at point c while the shutdown point is where price equals the average variable cost.
If the firm sells the computers at $300, it will be making a loss when compared to prices at $500. This is because profits at $300 will earn profits at 03cb while profits made at $500 will be 03da.
Complete the Following Problems
Figure 9.2
Selling 4,000 units of output will attract a price above p1.
II) The total amount of production supplied by the two firms would be 10,000 units.
III) The market price will be lowered since there would be more supply of goods from both firms.
b)
The monopoly firm wishes to supply its commodities at 4 units and at a price of 900.
If the demand increases, the demand curve will shift outwards.
Therefore, the marginal revenue will increase while the marginal cost curve shifts inwards. The new profit maximizing quantity and price will be where the new marginal cost curve intersects with the marginal revenue curve.
The profit maximizing level is where MC equals MR which is either arrived at by producing 40 or 50 units. Therefore, the profit at 40 units will be $80 and the profit produced at 50 units will be $75. For that reason, the firm’s maximizing profit level will be 40 units.
Complete the Following Problems
I) one would expect not to pay more for the bond since an increase in interest rates indicates an increase in the value and risk of bonds.
II) Future value = principle amount * (1 + rate) time ; 10,000 * (1 + 0.09)9 = 21, 718
Bonds i – 4.5%, n – 20 semiannual periods, interest (PMT) – 300 semiannual (6% * 10, 000 * 6/12),
Therefore, present value of the bond – 300 * [1/(1 + 0.045)20]
b) The minimum number of investors required to change the top management of a company is 3.
III) The investors would be 1, 2, and 3 who make 53% in ownership and can gather votes.
IV) Making corporate changes requires one to have more shares than the rest. This means that a shareholder who has the most number of shares can gather more votes (Taylor & Greenlaw, 2014). Therefore, one investor can make corporate changes. In this case, investor number 1 can make organizational changes without agreeing with other investors. This is because he has 20,000 shares which are 20% higher than all the rest. After all, having more shares means that one is capable of gaining more votes and has the highest ownership percentage.
References
Taylor, T., & Greenlaw, S. A. (2014). Principles of microeconomics. Retrieved from http://cnx.org/content/col11627/latest
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A company produces to a seasonal demand, with the forecast for the next 12 months as given below.
Month Demand
January 600
February700
March 800
April 700
May 600
June 500
July 600
August 700
September 800
October 900
November 700
December 600
The present labor force can produce 500 units per month. Each employee added can produce an additional 20 units per month and is paid $1000 per month. The cost of materials is $30 per unit. Overtime can be used at the usual premium of time and a half for labor up to a maximum of 10 percent per month. Inventory-carrying cost is $50 per unit per year. Changes in production level cost $100 per unit due to hiring, line changeover costs, and so forth. Assume 200 units of initial inventory. Extra capacity may be obtained by subcontracting at an additional cost of $15 per unit over and above the company’s producing them itself on regular time.
1-Provide a detailed cost breakdown for using a level vs. a chase strategy to meet the increased demand.
2-Which strategy do you recommend?
3-How much savings would result from the plan you recommend?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Strategic Use of Resources
Chase Strategy
Chase strategy on the other hand involves the idea of companies balancing production capacity and the demand from time to time. This strategy can involve the hiring and firing of employees with changes in demand. The strategy may result to unhappy employees due to the high rates of layoffs (Olhager, 2013). However, many firms are able to save on costs since inventory can be held as low as possible.
From the given data, the cost breakdown when chase strategy has been used can be represented as below.
Month
Demand
Production
No. of Extra hired workers
Total cost arising from the added workforce (in $)
January
600
600
5
5,000
February
700
700
10
10,000
March
800
800
15
15,000
April
700
700
10
10,000
May
600
600
5
5,000
June
500
500
0
0
July
600
600
5
5,000
August
700
700
10
10,000
September
800
800
15
15,000
October
900
900
20
20,000
November
700
700
10
10,000
December
600
600
5
5,000
Totals
8,200
8,200
110
$ 110,000
When chase strategy will be used in this scenario, the demand of the products will coincide with the production level. This was due to the ability of the firm to hire new workforce that will ensure that there will be more production that meet the current demands of the consumers. Every extra employee can be able to produce 20 extra units every month. Since there will be 110 employees who would be required to fill the gaps, then a total of $ 110,000 would be needed to compensate them. Since there will be 110 employees, each producing 20 units in a month, there will be a total of 2,200 extra units that will be produced by the extra workforce. This would not be the case when the level strategy will be applied. It is an added advantage and profit for the firm.
Level Strategy
Level strategy in production involves the kind of plan that seeks to maintain a stable production rate or employment level. Companies must either lower or raise inventory levels as they seek to satisfy the demands emanating from the consumers (Olhager & Johansson, 2012). When the demand is deemed to be low, the firm maintains a steady workforce and a constant rate of output. Through doing this, the firm will be able to achieve a higher inventory level than the amount that will be presently needed. Even when the rate of demand is increasing, the firm still will continue to maintain a steady rate of production and still be able to use the surplus from the inventory as a means of handling the increase in demand. One of the alternatives used by the level strategy is the use of backorder or backlog (Bevly et al., 2016). In this case, the firm may promise to deliver the units or products at later stages when they will be readily available. The level strategy is usually used by firms that aim to meet their demands while at the same time maintaining their output. When this strategy is used several issues come up. For instance, there is always the cost of excess inventory, overtime costs, as well as the loss of goodwill from consumers.
Month
Demand
Production
No. of Extra hired workers
Total cost arising from the added workforce
January
600
700 (200 from inventory)
0
0
February
700
500
0
0
March
800
500
0
0
April
700
500
0
0
May
600
500
0
0
June
500
500
0
0
July
600
500
0
0
August
700
500
0
0
September
800
500
0
0
October
900
500
0
0
November
700
500
0
0
December
600
500
0
0
Totals
8,200
6,200
0
0
For the level strategy, the production and workforce are fixed. Any extra units produces will be stored in the inventory awaiting the high season. The demand was 8,200 while the firm would produce only 6,200 units. There is a deficit of 2,000 units which will be needed to satisfy consumer demands. This is a massive loss in case this strategy was used. In case the company would have agreed to be flexible in their business activities, hiring workforce as well as increasing production would produce a positive change in the financial returns.
Conclusion
From the analysis, chase strategy seems more profitable than the level strategy. However, the concept of hiring and firing workforce seems unethical. From a firm’s perspective, though, the technique can be very valuable to produce grater profits than the level strategy. From an insightful perspective, a combination of the chase and the level strategy can be very effective in meeting organisational policies and goals. This can be termed as a hybrid or a mixed strategy approach. It can assist the firm to meet the required demand while at the same time lowering the costs as opposed to the use of pure chase or level strategies.
References
Bevly, D., Cao, X., Gordon, M., Ozbilgin, G., Kari, D., Nelson, B., & Redmill, K. (2016). Lane Change and Merge Maneuvers for Connected and Automated Vehicles: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, 1(1), 105-120.
Olhager, J. (2013). Evolution of operations planning and control: from production to supply chains. International Journal of Production Research, 51(23-24), 6836-6843.
Olhager, J., & Johansson, P. (2012). Linking long-term capacity management for manufacturing and service operations. Journal of engineering and technology management, 29(1), 22-33.
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Alignment remains a central element in the current efforts of standard-based and systematic research in psychology. In developing a research study aimed at preventing violence that has turned out to be a public health agenda as a result of the growing rates and effects of violence that exist, it is essential to incorporate effective approaches of evaluating alignment that exists between, data collection approaches and other research mechanisms(Vogt, Gardner, & Haeffele, 2012). These mechanisms include the problem, purpose, research questions, and design.
This paper seeks to evaluate the manner in which an action research in family violence research may be evaluated through the alignment of its, data collection approaches and other components of the research study. On the other hand, the paper will reflect on the contents of the course with the aim of establishing the scope of a newly requisitioned inquiry skill and knowledge may sustain my role in advocating for positive change aimed at addressing the element of family violence.
Approaches of Evaluating Alignment in Data Collection Approaches and other Components of Research
The current world of social sciences remains multidimensional and complex, an aspect that has resulted in different paradigms comprised of different approaches and variations that ensure various components of a research study are tied together, and are suitably aligned with each other (Vogt, et.al. 2012). In order to ensure that the data collection process evaluated to aligned to other elements of a research study that include the research problem, purpose, research questions, and design, it is essential to ensure that the research questions are clear, and are developed to align these components with the method of study and the design.
It is notably vital to note that, the influence between a research study, its question, design or method, and limitations are influenced by the studies questions. The point of this is that the alignment between a research studies component remains in the overall validity of the study (Vogt, et.al. 2012). A research study whose component fails to cohere or align may be considered to have a questionable validity. Whatever a research study used, the research components that include the research problem, design, data collection and analytical methods need to be inclusively aligned with the overall methodology and should cohere with one another.
The Application of the Acquired Research Skills in Positive Social Change
Background of Research Problem
In supporting my role in advocating for an affirmative social change, it would be necessary to incorporate the newly acquired skill in a research study aimed at addressing the element of family violence. Despite several efforts to prevent family violence through the development of interventions, an effective approach of understanding this process is through the inclusion of an empiric research approach in spear heading violence prevention activities, an area of research that is in its infancy.
Considering the fact that violence begins from an early age and ends in negative effects, the prevention of this unethical act needs to start in childhood in order to address this vice across all spheres of life. Following in the footsteps of the current enacted public health efforts in addressing this challenge, the study incorporates empirical data as the foundation of preventing violence through the inclusion of programs.
Many of the violence prevention programs are considered to have no documented empirical evaluation, an aspect that has resulted in inconsistencies in the prevention programs. This study will consequently explore these gaps through the incorporation of research practices by sampling some of the family violence prevention practitioners.
Method
The model of this study was developed through the inclusion of a participatory action research method. This process ensures that an exploration is provided on applying the practice from the standpoint of the key players considered violence prevention practitioners.
Data collection
Upon approval by the Walden University review board, the data collection approach incorporated a twofold approach. The first phase of the process incorporated a purposeful sample of the element of family violence prevention personnel were recruited (N=25) through the use of an open-letter invite, with the sample of the study reporting whites at 50%, females at 80%, and holders of a bachelor’s degree at 45%(Graf, Rea, & Barkley, 2013). The element of diversity and educational background was considered in the process. The second phase of the study incorporated a retention rate of 68% of the original samples used in previous studies (N=18).
Measures
The study incorporated a valid and reliable measure to conduct a study on this process from the perspective of the violence prevention practitioners. An in-depth qualitative interview was developed, with questions established from an extensive review of literature, applied through an open-ended method (Graf, Rea, & Barkley, 2013). In order to increase the study’s validity, a pilot-test was conducted to measure the interview. Participants were required to provide their responses to the questions below:
What are some of the factors that challenge you in applying the element of empirical research to violence prevention programs?
What are some of the elements that encourage you to apply empirical research in your work?
What are some of the empirical research that you ready to inform you on the prevention of violence?
Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the research identified the positive and negative factors that influence the violence prevention practitioners in their work, an aspect that was achieved through the conversation of all the written and audio data into a spreadsheet in a uniform manner (Graf, Rea, & Barkley, 2013). In order to ensure the study’s validity and to reduce the bias, there was a need to incorporate an independent reviewer.
Results
The study identifies some positive and negative elements that encourage violence prevention practitioners in incorporating the element of empirical research to their work (Graf, Rea, & Barkley, 2013). Some of the positive elements include training on workshops that impact their knowledge on using research in practice, tutorials that provide directions on how to incorporate and apply research in their programs, and peer support in achieving their goals. On the other hand, the negative elements that hindered their inclusion of empirical research in practice include the lack of understanding on how to incorporate research in practice, the complexity of research as a result of technical terminologies, the lack of peer support and funding, and a negative attitude on the use of research in practice.
Discussion
Considering the fact that the study is empirical, the logic of the samples used need to be congruent with the primary logic of the study, and the developed research questions, an aspect that requires the study’s sample to be made clear. In this case, the size and structure of the study’s sample should be described besides its logic, the method selected, and the claims that are established for the study’s representativeness. In the last face of the study, consideration should be pointed to the response rate, in case a survey design is incorporated. The evaluation process of this study boils down to the question of the quality of data collected that incorporates the element of reliability and validity.
On the other hand, the research study needs to consider and demonstrate that data is collected across the full range of the study’s condition as established in the research questions. This remains important in testing the study’s theory, thus influencing the element of generalizability of the study’s findings. It is in this case essential to establish the manner in which the data is collected and how the findings are arrived at, with the emphasis on the alignment of the study remaining on the research questions. The findings of this study and conclusion are only good as the data collected, thus establishing the fact that quality control of the studies data is essential. The validity of this study determined the manner in which the instruments incorporated measure the findings of the study
References
Graf, L. M., Rea, N. K., & Barkley, W. M. (2013). An innovative approach to action research in family violence. Journal of Social Change, 5, 58–71. Retrived From: http://www.waldenu.edu/about/social-change
Vogt, W. P., Gardner, D. C., & Haeffele, L. M. (2012). When to use what research design. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Retrived From: http://www.waldenu.edu/about/social-change
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