Role of trade union in contemporary employment relations
Role of trade union in contemporary employment relations
Do trade unions still have a role in contemporary employment relations?
Order Instructions:
Recognising that trade unions are the representative of employees, identify the benefits and drawbacks of such unions to employers. Do trade unions still have a role in contemporary employment relations?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Benefits of trade unions
Trade union is well recognized for counter balancing the monopsony power.
W3
W1
W2
Q2 Q1
When trade unions do bargain for w3, it does not lead to unemployment and in return, the employment stays at Q2. It means that trade union has the possibility and power to increase wages and employment at the same time.
Representing workers
The main aim for the formation or coming up with trade unions is to protect workers in all discipline or fields in a given economy. It is done from the exploitation and also trade unions do uphold safety legislation and health for the employees. In addition, trade unions can offer representations for workers who are facing legal actions.
Trade unions are recognized as of great significance in the service sector
In the modern business economy or industry, service sector economy is increasing at an increasing rate. This kind of service jobs, many of them if not all are done full time and other on part time. Trade unions are shifting their attention on this sector since it is more so unrecognized for the benefit of protecting workers, (Sue Fernie, David Metcalf. 2013).
Productivity deals
In recent times, trade unions have merged into the business economy where it is mostly used to negotiate or bargain for any productive deal. The purpose of these inputs by the trade unions is to help an organization to be in a position to increase its output. In the return for this, the organization or the company are fixed in a flexible position where they have the chance to increase the employee’s wages and in doing so, the trade union are mostly recognized by enterprises for improving the productivity.
Trade unions drawbacks
It does create unemployment
In modern economy, labor markets are becoming very competitive. In order for them to survive in this completion, they have to increase the wages for the employees. Increase in employees wages, it means that the wages will be excess or will be over the equilibrium. When the wages are above equilibrium it definitely results to the fall of employment hence creating unemployment for many.
Wage inflation
If a lot of power is manifested to the trade unions, they become very powerful. The power helps them to negotiate for an increase of wages which is above the rate of inflation. If the possibility of increasing the wages is granted, it will definitely cause or lead to general inflation, (Nirmal Kumar Betchoo, 2014).
Trade unions does ignore non members
Trade unions are only responsible for the members who participate or contribute to their terms and conditions. It does not recognize the unemployed who they recognize as non members.
Lost productivity
A lot of strikes from the workers may lead to the organizations losing a lot of sales and also it may lead to working to rule (work unproductively). It does eventually lead to lost sales and output. In the long run, the enterprise may mushroom or be in a position which its not able to employ workers at all effort, (Oshisanya, ‘lai Oshitokunbo. 2015).
Trade unions roles in the contemporary employment relations are changing day in day out. It is due to the fact that, there is an increase in international competition, service outsourcing, legal challenges and more so the employees participation have played a great chance for the fall of the unions due to its collective bargaining, (Steve Williams, 2014).
References
Nirmal Kumar Betchoo.(2014). An Analysis of Trade Union Strategies in the new Employee Relations Climate.Track2Publications.Copyright.
Steve Williams. (2014). Introducing Employment Relations. A Critical Path Approach. Oxford ; Oxford University Press.
Please edit the chemistry lab report.
Actually, the 2 papers are someone else papers which contain similar contents.
Please change the papers’ words and structure as reorganized the reports and then it should look like new lab report.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Chemistry Lab Report: Chemical Kinetics
Procedure
The first part involved determining the relationship between reactants’ concentration and the speed of reaction. A mixture of KI and Na2S2O3, H2O was placed in a reaction flask labeled “Reaction Flask 1”. Another mixture of KBrO3 and HC1 was placed in a second flask labeled “Reaction Flask 2”. After a thorough mixing of the contents of each flask, the mixtures were combined by pouring the contents of the second reaction flask into the first reaction flask. The contents were agitated by stirring until the solution turned blue. A stop watch was used to determine the time it took for a blue coloration to appear. The temperature of the mixture at the point of turning blue was recorded using a thermometer. Five mixtures with different concentrations of the reagents were used for the experiment.
The second part involved investigating the influence of temperature on the rate of reaction. 10ml of 0.010M KI was mixed with 0.0010M Na2S2O3 in reaction flask one and 10ml of distilled water was added. 10ml of 0.040M KBrO3 was mixed with 10ml 0.100M HCL and 3 ml of starch suspension in Reaction Flask 2. The solutions were cooled to 100 c and then mixed. Time taken for a blue coloration to appear was recorded and the procedures repeated at temperatures of 0 and 400 c.
The third part involved investigating the influence of a catalyst on the rate of reaction. Mixing of the reagents was done as in the second part, and a drop of 0.5 M (NH4)2MoO4 (a catalyst) was added to Reaction Flask 2. Time taken for the appearance of a blue coloration in both flasks was recorded.
Results and Discussion
The recorded temperatures for the first part of the experiment were 20.80 c, which were rounded-off to 210 c. The rate of reaction was noted to increase as the concentration of the reactants was increased. It was observed that the concentration of different ions affected the overall results to varying extents. Doubling the concentration of iodide ions increased the rate of reaction by a factor of two. Also, doubling the concentration of bromate ions halved the overall time taken for the reaction. On the other hand, doubling the concentration of hydrogen ions resulted in a three-fold increase in the rate of reaction. The pattern of variation in the speed of reaction at different concentrations was observed in all trials performed. The order of reaction for [I-] and [BrO3-] was 1 while that of [H+] was 2 as obtained from the trials. Hence, the overall value for the order of reaction was 4. The observation concurred with the kinetic theory of reaction which states that the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reagents involved. The theory explains the phenomenon by indicating that increasing the concentration of reactants results in a high number of molecules. Chances of interactions between the reacting molecules increase as the number of the particles increases. Reactions that have higher number of collisions at a given time are faster than the ones with a low number.
The recorded times for the reactions at temperatures of 40, 20.8, 10, and 1.80 c were 60, 160, 406, and 660 sec respectively. The rate of reaction was also found to increase with an increase in temperature. The reaction took a shorter time at higher temperatures than it did at lower temperatures. The observation was in accordance with the kinetic theory of reactions. The theory suggests that when particles get heated, they acquire kinetic energy and they make more movements resulting in more collisions that account for increased chances of reacting. At cold temperatures, particles have low energy and they tend to remain immobile. As a result, there are reduced chances of collisions between particles. Product formation only occurs after the interaction of reagents’ particles. At low temperatures, only a few particles collide in a given time. Therefore, the rate of reaction and product generation is slow compared to a time when there are more collisions. It is important to note that all particles may eventually react even at low temperature, but the process would take a considerably longer time. The rate of reaction is the inverse of time taken, and therefore, reactions that take a long time occur at a slow rate. As observed in the experiment, a slight change in temperature may translate into a significantly large variation in the rate of reaction. It is possible to determine the energy of activation for a particular reaction by plotting the rate constant against the inverse of time (rate of reaction) taken for the reaction to occur. It is expected that the rate constant would increase with temperature. The occurrence is in accordance with Arrhenius behavior which suggests that a high value of activation energy would mean a high correlation between temperature and the rate constant. The conventional energy of activation for a clock reaction for iodine is 54 KJMol-1. The value obtained from the experiment was 45.3 KJMol-1. Closeness to the value in the obtained results depends on the level of accuracy involved in the experiment. As obtained from calculations, the equation for a graph of the natural log of the rate constant against the rate of reaction would have the equation y= -5526x + 26.71.
15 seconds were recorded for the catalyzed reaction compared to 174 seconds recorded in the absence of the catalyst. The use of a catalyst was found to have a great impact on the speed of reaction. The rate of reaction in the presence of a catalyst was eleven times faster than it was in the absence of the catalyst. Catalysts affect the speed of reaction by decreasing the activation energy required to initiate reactions. They also offer a surface on which reactions can take place. Catalysts are never used up in reactions, and they only create new transition states through which reactions would proceed. Even small amounts of catalysts would have a significant impact on the speed of reactions.
Conclusion
The three parts of the experiment investigated factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions. Among them are temperature, reagents’ concentration, and the presence of a catalyst. One can manipulate the speed of reactions by varying either of the factors. When studying the influence of a particular factor on the rate of reaction, it is important to hold other variables constant. The procedure would ensure that variations observed are specifically as a result of the factor of interest. A combination of factors such as high temperature, high concentration of the reagents, and the presence of a catalyst would result in fast reactions. The experiment revealed the expected results as findings correlated with the theory of kinetics. The obtained value for activation energy was 45.3 KJmol-1 and that of the rate constant was 2929 1/M3s. the order of reaction was 4. The results were credible and reliable. However, there could have been improvements in the experiment to enhance accuracy and precision. Among them include ensuring that the reagents used were free from contamination, and they were appropriate for use. For instance, ensuring that the starch used in the experiment was fresh would have been a recommendable practice.
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Transitional Management for Adult Patients of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Order Instructions:
Using APA format ,write six (6) to ten page paper (excludes covers and references pages) that addresses the disease management needed of adult patients with COPD for a safe transition between the acute care setting and home and the role of the interdisciplinary team in that transition.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Transitional Management for Adult Patients of COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an incurable medical condition that is more prevalent in older people than in the young. Even though COPD is incurable, it is possible to minimize the severity of its symptoms by structuring optimal management techniques. Such practices should minimize the rate of disease progress and offer patients a chance to lead high-quality lives. However, it is often challenging to ensure that patients receive optimal management for the disease, more so when they are leaving acute care centers for their homes. There are important approaches to consider in ensuring that patients practice the recommended strategies for managing COPD at their homes. The activity would involve an interdisciplinary collaboration between professionals in the healthcare setup.
Part 1: The Use of Bronchodilators and Corticosteroids in the Management of COPD
Why They are Used
Bronchodilators and corticosteroids are effective in the alleviation of clinical symptoms of COPD. Bronchodilators such as salmetrol, formoterol, and tiotropium work on a long-term basis to enhance lung functionality and reduce the occurrence and severity of exacerbations, hence improving patient’s quality of life. The drugs also enhance patient’s tolerance to exercises and improve protect them from lung hyperinflation as well as dyspnea (Tashkin, & Ferguson, 2013). Drugs such as indacaterol and aclidinium are new developments that require less dosage frequencies hence reducing chances of drug non-adherence among patients. Other bronchodilators with lengthy frequencies of intake include glycopyrrolate, vilanterol, and olodaterol (Tashkin, & Ferguson, 2013).
Corticosteroids are also important medications in the management of exacerbations experienced in COPD. Nebulized budesonide is not only a primary care corticosteroid in managing OCPD in adults, but it is also the drug of choice for children with COPD. Clinicians prefer the drug on the basis of its considerably less severe side effects compared to those associated with the use of other steroids (Gaude, & Nadagouda, 2010, Pg. 230). Timely administration of corticosteroids also results in improved functionality of the lungs. Some glucocorticoids also find use in reducing inflammation. They act by inhibiting the genetic pathway leading to the production of inflammatory mediators such as chemokines and cytokines (Gaude, & Nadagouda, 2010, Pg. 231). Instead, they promote the production of anti-inflammatory molecules such as beta-2 adrenoceptors. Through such a mechanism, glucocorticoids reduce swelling and exudation on the airway hence enhancing the respiratory system.
Side Effects of Corticosteroids and Bronchodilators
The use of corticosteroids has adverse effects such as sleep abnormalities, exaggerated appetite, and weight gain. They also subject adult users to ailments such as osteoporosis, diabetes, pneumonia, hypertension, cardiac anomalies, cataracts, and peptic ulcers (Gaude, & Nadagouda, 2010, Pg. 232). The side effects are severer when patient are on oral and parenteral treatment with corticosteroids as compared to when they take inhaled and nebulized formulations. The prevalence of the undesirable effects also increases with the dosage amount. Bronchodilators also have associated adversities. They include muscle crumps, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, and cardiac abnormalities (Cleveland Clinic, 2014a). Patients should report severe critical side effects so that prescribers can substitute their regimens with others that have minimal adversities. Occurrences such as hypertension, severe headaches, persistent vomiting are worth reporting as they may indicate the development of other critical conditions such as cardiac diseases and peptic ulcers. Patients may not have to report effects such as dizziness, nausea, and minor headaches as such complications are common with most medications. Besides, such symptoms are often temporary, and they would rarely indicate serious clinical adverse conditions.
Special Instructions Regarding Drug Use
Both bronchodilators and corticosteroids require special directions for their use. For instance, health professionals should advise their patient to take bronchodilators before taking other inhaled medications such as corticosteroids. Again, it is important to inform patients that they do not have to chew bronchodilator tablets, and instead, they should swallow them as whole. It is also necessary to inform patients on the purpose of each medication. For instance, patients should know that bronchodilators help them overcome shortness of breath associated with COPD. Some of the additional directions also apply to the use of corticosteroids. For instance, patients would always require taking bronchodilators first when they are co-administered with steroids. For corticosteroids, patients should know that they require rinsing their mouth with clean water to minimize the occurrence of side effects such as nausea. Also, it is important to inform the patient that unlike bronchodilators, corticosteroids take a considerably longer time to work, and they are not applicable for instant relief of COPD symptoms. Again, patients should know that corticosteroids may not stop attacks that have already started (Cleveland Clinic, 2014b).
An Important Healthcare Discipline that would Facilitate Medication Adherence
Medication adherence entails the degree of compliance with the recommended drug use practices. So as to ensure optimal treatment adherence among patients, various healthcare disciplines should collaborate. Among such disciplines are the nursing and pharmacy departments. Nurses have most interactions with patients as their primary role is to monitor patients. On the other hand, pharmacists are the custodians of drug use, and they would be relevant in promoting adherence to medications. Pharmacists should cooperate with nurses to schedule follow up activities to monitor drug use among patients (Jimmy, & Jose, 2011, Pg. 156). They should for instance establish strong interactions with patients, teach them on how to use devices such as inhalers, and monitor their use of adherence devices such as calendars and reminders.
Part 2: Dietary Modification in the Management of COPD
The Role of Diet in Managing COPD
Diet is a crucial consideration in the management of COPD. Either form of malnutrition, be it excessive nutrient consumption, or low intake of the same has an undesirable impact on the pathogenesis of COPD. Dieting habits that promote the development of conditions such as obesity have severe impact on COPD development. Usually, obesity leads to other respiratory abnormalities that worsen the condition of COPD patients. Such illnesses include asthma, hypoventilation, and pulmonary embolism (Hanson, Rutten, Wouters, & Rennard, 2014, Pg. 724). On the other hand, COPD patients with advanced disease experience pulmonary cachexia, a state in which their body weight is abnormally low, and their free fatty mass is extremely reduced.
Dietary modifications would be necessary to enhance the nutritional status of patients. Malnourished COPD patient would have to rely on dietary supplements to boost their health. Alternatively, patients would have to include high-calorie foods and beverages in their dietary plans. Studies indicate that lean COPD patients should maximize their fat intake at the expense of carbohydrates (Itoh, Tsuji, Nemoto, Nakamura, & Aoshiba, 2013, Pg. 1318). Some cultures encourage consumption of meat while others discourage it. Likewise, cultures have varying influences regarding intake of fruits and vegetables.
Possible Obstacles to Dietary Modification
Patients may find it hard to adopt new dietary practices. Also, people’s living conditions may influence their ability to adopt certain therapeutic dietary approaches. Patients from poor economic backgrounds may not access the recommended dietary practices. Cultural beliefs may also influence the adoption of dietary changes. Some cultures may not encourage certain recommended dietary approaches. Patients’ taste and preferences may also hinder the adoption of dietary changes. Some nutrients are only abundant in foods that some patients may be unwilling to take. Such foods include fish and mushrooms, both which are sources of vitamin D, an element crucial for COPD patients (Itoh et al., 2013, Pg. 1320).
An Important Healthcare Discipline in Facilitating Dietary Modifications
Nurses should seek the collaboration of dieticians in promoting effective dietary modifications. COPD patients experience important nutritional complications such as appetite loss. Medical dieticians are best placed to inform patients on practices that would promote their appetite. They should offer nutrition therapy to protect patients from weight loss and attacks by COPD Comorbidities (Seo, 2014, Pg. 151). Likewise, the professionals would advise obese persons on measures they should take to avoid worsening their health status. Dieticians should also collaborate with the families of patients by advising them on the foods that their patients may need as well as the ones they should avoid.
Part 3: Physical Activity in COPD Management
The Role of Physical Activity in COPD Management
While it is advisable for people to engage in physical exercises, COPD patients should maintain their level of involvement to a certain level. Too much strenuous activities may have adverse consequences in the population. The pathophysiology of COPD involves dyspnea, a condition that may worsen with engagement in exercises. Simple exercises are however necessary to ensure that patient’s respiratory system is strengthened. Energy conservation is crucial in COPD patients both in the sense that the victims could easily ran malnourished and also considering the appropriate management of dyspnea. Recommended physical exercises for the group include diaphragmatic and pursed-lip forms of breathing techniques (Broward Health, 2015). COPD patients also require physical exercises for psychological health. There are multiple factors that would predispose the group to stress, depression, and anxiety. The knowledge of having a chronic ailment is among such factors. Also, experiences of dyspnea and its associated discomfort would easily trigger anxiety. Patient would need keeping themselves busy through exercises so as to overcome such events.
The Role of RN in Promoting Effective Physical Practices in COPD Management
Registered nurses prioritize on the welfare of patients. They should structure an exercise strategy that would not harm but benefit patients. They would do so by warning patients against engagement in strenuous activities and advise them on appropriate activities they should explore. Nurses should also monitor the performance of their patients to help them maintain healthy physical conditions. Nurses should educate patients on activities that would promote their pulmonary system. Such advice should also entail practices that patients should engage in so as to overcome symptoms such as dyspnea. Also, nurses should advise patients on relaxation strategies that would promote healthy air flow in their systems.
An Essential Healthcare Discipline in Facilitating the Healthy Physical Activities
Physical therapists would be relevant professionals in enhancing the effectiveness of physical activity in the management of COPD patients. The specialists should collaborate with nurses in ensuring that COPD patients are at their optimum physical health. Physical therapists should teach patients on how to perform various exercises in a safe manner. COPD patients often have a delicate physical health, and the specialists should purpose to promote their (patients’) stability. Also, it is important for physical therapists and nurses to engage patients’ family members in strategizing physical activities for their patients. They should encourage patients’ family members to support their loved ones in exercising. Families would do so by monitoring their patients as they engage in various activities. They could also contribute by helping patients to undertake manual activities that could otherwise trigger hypoventilation and dyspnea in the high-risk group.
Part 4: Conclusion
The Effectiveness of an Interdisciplinary Team in Managing COPD
It is important to maintain the quality of care for COPD patients at a high level, especially during transitions from hospital care to home-based attendance. The process involves various considerations ranging from medication adherence, dietary practices, and the performance of physical activities. As such, the process would require various clinical professionals to cooperate for high-quality outcomes. Engaging nursing care and other relevant specialties in the transition would be a promising move. The team should work jointly with the common goal of bettering patient outcomes. A team involving specialties from the most relevant departments and professions would be effective in achieving utmost patient satisfaction and fetching desirable outcomes. It is also vital that such a team involve the families of patients. The extent of patient satisfaction would be a reflection of the ultimate achievements of the interdisciplinary team involved in the entire process.
Gaude, G. S., & Nadagouda, S. (2010). Nebulized corticosteroids in the management of acute exacerbation of COPD. Lung India : Official Organ of Indian Chest Society, 27(4), 230–235. http://doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.71957
Hanson, C., Rutten, E. P., Wouters, E. F., & Rennard, S. (2014). Influence of diet and obesity on COPD development and outcomes. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 9, 723–733. http://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S50111
Itoh, M., Tsuji, T., Nemoto, K., Nakamura, H., & Aoshiba, K. (2013). Undernutrition in Patients with COPD and Its Treatment . Nutrients, 5(4), 1316–1335. http://doi.org/10.3390/nu5041316
Jimmy, B., & Jose, J. (2011). Patient Medication Adherence: Measures in Daily Practice. Oman Medical Journal, 26(3), 155–159. http://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2011.38
Seo, S. H. (2014). Medical Nutrition Therapy based on Nutrition Intervention for a Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Clinical Nutrition Research, 3(2), 150–156. http://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2014.3.2.150
Tashkin, D. P., & Ferguson, G. T. (2013). Combination bronchodilator therapy in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Research, 14(1), 49. http://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-14-49
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Policy on asylum seekers been such a divisive issue
Reasons why policy on asylum seekers been such a divisive issue in Australian politics and foreign policy
Order Instructions:
2000 word essay on:
Why has policy on asylum seekers been such a divisive issue in Australian politics and foreign policy?
It was due a couple of days ago so I need it ASAP thanks.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
The dramatic influx of the number of illegal boats entering Australia has recently starred up issues on asylum seekers. In a recent press announcement made by the Prime Minister of Australia, it was determined that the government was forced to develop decisive hardline approaches to the smuggling of people with the aim of strengthening the integrity of the Australian Immigration functions. A recent survey based on the Australian current immigration systems revealed that close to half of the Australian population believe that the seekers of asylum in this country mainly arrive by sea and should be extradited back to their original countries in order to apply for the typical refugee transfer systems (Beeson,p. 226.2002).
However, it is essential to mention that the government is currently facing challenges and criticisms from a section of the society in regards to the manner in which this problem is handled. Beeson (2002) states that this issue is therefore considered controversial since many people have different views considering that different people from diverse walks of life have varied attitudes towards the problem of asylum seeking (p. 226). This is primarily attributed to the difficulties the government faces that accrue from overpopulation, the rapid growth that affects the financial strength of the nation and so on. This paper, therefore, seeks to determine the reasons why the policies on asylum seeking are becoming a controversial and divisive issue in Australian foreign policies and politics.
Background Information
In giving a typical definition of an asylum seeker it is imperative to determine that these are people who flee from their homelands of origin for the fear of persecution and who apply for physical and legal protection in another country for various reasons such as their religion, race, political affiliation or nationality. Australia being one of the signatories of the Refugee Convention to the United Nations has the sole obligation of ensuring that the human rights of the seekers of asylum in their territories are protected irrespective of the rationale behind their arrival, their places of origin and whether they arrive with or without proper documentation such as visas (Leaver, & Sach, pp. 621-636. 2006). This apparently determines the fact that whether the arrivals are validated or unauthorized, the Australian government is held accountable for giving such individuals the chance to prove their eligibility in becoming refugees before removing them from their land.
According to sources, the applications of asylum seekers protection should be assessed by the decision makers who work within the Department of Immigration and Citizenship who are trained in policies, procedures and law on refugee conventions and protection. The applicants are therefore required to undergo an interview that provides information of their citizenship in their own countries and the situations at stake in order to be granted a protection visa (Leaver, & Sach, pp. 621-636. 2006). Additionally, the applicants are taken through health examinations, security checks before signing the Australian Values Statement in the Department of Immigration and Citizenship. It is also essential to state that the applicant who are successfully approved under the consideration of their claims as refugees and do not meet the lawful reasons for staying in Australia are always removed from the Australian soil.
Histories of Asylum Seekers in Australia
It is essential to mention that the system that the Australian government is using in processing the visa applications of the asylum seekers was developed during the 1980s and 1990s as a result of the influx of the number of asylums who sort refuge in this country. According to sources, most of the asylum seekers originated from China as a result of the Tiananmen Square incident that occurred in June 1989 that saw the protection visa application rise to 16,249. From this period to the year 1995, the government changed its systems to include several members of a family in a single application(Pietsch, pp. 143-155.2013). However, the system was again reviewed to ensure that each individual within a request makes a single application.
Current Government Policy
Currently, the government of Australia has initiated an offshore program that holds in detention unauthorized boat arrivals in Christmas Island until the asylums seekers are either granted a protection Visa or removed from the Australian soil. This approach is known as the offshore program that ensures that the people who fail to meet the UN standards and definitions of an asylum seeker resettled(Pietsch, pp. 143-155.2013). At times, some boat arrivals usually take longer periods than other as they await the outcomes of their visa applications. In the event that their applications do not meet the required standards, they are forced to wait for their removal from Australia.
Assistance from the Government
In order to ensure efficiency during these processes, the government of Australia usually provides some assistance schemes for the asylum seekers during the application for protection process. The supports offered by the government include a temporal eligibility for Medicare and welfare services such as support and professional help in the preparation of their protection visas and income support(Pietsch, pp. 143-155.2013). It is essential to determine the fact that not all the applicants are eligible to receive these assistances since they must prove that they are in a financial hardship. Their eligibility for receiving these assistances is then reviewed by the government on a regular basis to ensure there are no changes to their situations.
Adverse Impacts of Asylum Seekers and the Australian Action
As a result of the tight regulations enforced by the Australian government of asylum seeking, the government of Australia has now embarked on an approach that relatively receives fewer refugees as compared to other nations, a factor that has received a lot of controversial thoughts. Considering the fact that Australia is the sixth largest country, it only accepts 0.6% of asylum seekers in the world. According to credible sources, the proportion of refugees who arrive in Australia does not reach 8% of the country’s total population of immigrants (McDonald, pp. 605-617.2013). Some of the challenges the government of Australia faces in its receipt of asylum seekers that have brought a rise of the divisive issues on its policies include;
Rapid Growth of Australian Population;
It is essential to determine the fact that migrants have the ability to affect the population of a country immensely. Currently, statistics shows that nearly one in every four Australians is born overseas, a factor that translates to more than 20 million people (Department and immigration and citizenship, 2009). This, therefore, saw the Rudd Government advocate against the idea of a big Australia, to mean that the population of this country would possibly rise to 36.9 million by the year 2050. This idea therefore brought an upsurge considering the intense growth of the population of this country that would infringe on some of the countries amenities.
As a result of this, the Australian government has attributed this overpopulation to immigration. The Labor party therefore took a drastic measure in developing policies that would control the population growth since the increase in the country’s population would result in overpopulation that would directly cause an impact on the countries employment capacity, economy, welfare programs, and the governments funding (McDonald, pp. 605-617.2013).
Financial Tension for the Government
It is also essential to note that one of the common responses of the government of Australia in regards to asylum seekers that arrive by boat is in the country’s ability to provide support and assistance to this people. As determined by some sources, many of these asylum seekers move from poor and undeveloped countries to a wealthier nation (McKenzie, & Hasmath, pp. 417-430.2013). As a result of this, they are in a position of creating new tensions between the Australian governments from the huge financial assistances required to initiate their wellbeing in their soils. Sources from the Department of Immigration and Citizenship state that between 2008 and 2009, the country assisted close to 2792 asylum seekers at a tune of 7.05 million dollars, a factor that shows how the countries resources are infringed.
Overpopulation in Detention Centers
The detention centers especial those in the Christmas Island have reported incidences of overpopulation that results from the government’s aversive attitude towards the boat arrivals and the delays in announcing the eligible asylum seekers (McKenzie, & Hasmath, pp. 417-430.2013). The government initiated an approach that resulted in the crowding of the asylum seekers in the detention centers by delaying the immigration process for up to six months.
It is essential to consider the fact that the Detention Centre at the Christmas Island is only able to handle a capacity of 800 immigrants, but is now has a capacity of over 2000 people waiting for their applications approval (Flitton, p. 37. 2003). The authorities there therefore use every facility to shelter the asylums in the centers, a factor that goes against these people human rights.
Local Residential Safety Concerns
Security issues remain one of the controversial issues that have also risen from this subject since many of the Australian population fear that the acceptance of the asylum seekers in Australia may result in terroristic attacks (Lock, Quenault, & Tomlinson, p. 35. 2002). It is imperative to ascertain that most of the boat arrivals lack the required identification materials to disclose the reasons why their government is trying to persecute them, a factor that makes it harder for them to travel through the required conventional channels. It is therefore feared that the immigrants may harbor terrorists that try to escape from one country to the other, a fact that may raise security concerns in a nation.
Approaches the Government Can Take in Solving the Problem
It is essential for the government of Australia to develop more regional asylum centers. This approach would therefore enable the asylums that arrive by boat to get their tickets from a regional processing center, a fact that would not only solve the issues of overcrowding but would mitigate the chances of people being smuggled in the country (Lock, et.al). The government of Australia should also consider the rights of the population seeking asylum in their country and treat them with dignity instead of taking tough stances that frustrate such people.
Additionally, the government should also work out on modalities of hastening the visa application and approval processes to ensure that the delays witnessed in this centers are reduced (Cameron, pp. 241-259.2013). Those who fail to meet the minimum threshold of being considered and offered asylum in the country should be repatriated in a proper manner. It is also essential to ensure that women and children who arrive in this country as asylum seekers are also given fare treatments (Freedman, pp. 175-198. 2010).
Conclusion
It is therefore essential to determine the fact that the settlement of the asylum seekers in Australia remains one of the hard debates the government of this country is currently facing. The Gillard government has therefore made its stand on this issue by developing tight policies on the people seeking asylum in this country(Lock, Quenault, & Tomlinson, p. 35. 2002). Many of the Australian people are mainly concerned about the issues of overpopulation that has been witnessed in the detention centers since this aspect has a direct impact on the country’s economy including the quality of life and morals of this country.
According to sources, the rates of unemployment in Australia sprung up to 5.8% in the nation’s population, a factor that sees the government argue that an increase in its population would eventually increase the rates of unemployment in this country(Bleiker, Campbell, Hutchison, & Nicholson, pp. 398-416. 2013). As a result of the rising unemployment issue, the country’s economy is affected since much of the tax payers money is channeled into the benefits of the unemployed population.
The boat arrivals as compared to the air arriving asylums are known to destroy their identification details, a fact that makes it hard for the concerned authorities to process their visas due to the lack of credible information. Due to this fact, the asylums are forced to wait longer in the detention centers, a factor that has spanned the population in the detention facilities(Johnson, pp. 195-209.2007). Due to this, the nation fears that it may suffer attacks from either terrorists or diseases due to overpopulation. It is consequently crucial for the Australian government to ensure its boarders are protected and to ensure that decisive approaches of handling the asylum seekers are properly initiated.
References
Beeson, M 2002, ‘Issues in Australian Foreign Policy’, Australian Journal Of Politics & History, 48, 2, p. 226, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 September 2015.
Bleiker, R, Campbell, D, Hutchison, E, & Nicholson, X 2013, ‘The visual dehumanization of refugees’, Australian Journal Of Political Science, 48, 4, pp. 398-416, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 September 2015.
Cameron, M 2013, ‘From ‘Queue Jumpers’ to ‘Absolute Scum of the Earth’: Refugee and Organized Criminal Deviance in Australian Asylum Policy’, Australian Journal Of Politics & History, 59, 2, pp. 241-259, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 September 2015.
Flitton, D 2003, ‘Perspectives on Australian foreign policy, 2002’, Australian Journal Of International Affairs, 57, 1, p. 37, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 September 2015.
Freedman, J 2010, ‘Protecting Women Asylum Seekers and Refugees: From International Norms to National Protection?’, International Migration, 48, 1, pp. 175-198, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 September 2015.
Johnson, C 2007, ‘John Howard’s ‘Values’ and Australian Identity’, Australian Journal Of Political Science, 42, 2, pp. 195-209, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 September 2015.
Leaver, R, & Sach, R 2006, ‘Issues in Australian Foreign Policy’, Australian Journal of Politics & History, 52, 4, pp. 621-636, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 September 2015.
Lock, J, Quenault, M, & Tomlinson, J 2002, ‘Australia Should Abolish the Detention of Asylum Seekers’, Social Alternatives, 21, 3, p. 35, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 September 2015.
McDonald, M 2013, ‘Issues in Australian Foreign Policy: January to June 2013’, Australian Journal Of Politics & History, 59, 4, pp. 605-617, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 September 2015.
McKenzie, J, & Hasmath, R 2013, ‘Deterring the ‘boat people’: Explaining the Australian government’s People Swap response to asylum seekers’, Australian Journal Of Political Science, 48, 4, pp. 417-430, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 September 2015.
Pietsch, J 2013, ‘Immigration and Refugees: Punctuations in the Commonwealth Policy Agenda’, Australian Journal Of Public Administration, 72, 2, pp. 143-155, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 September 2015.
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The learner applied previous knowledge about labor and childbirth as an efficient method of exploring the topic. The method offered an excellent choice given that the learner had a considerably rich background of the process of labor as well as parturition. The learner took an informed position when studying the topic, and it was possible to refer to earlier sources to establish consistency in the understanding of procedures. The learner acquired thorough knowledge on how to spot labor, understand its stages, strategies of pain management, as well as how to induce labor and carry out a safe childbirth. There was reliable information describing normal and abnormal labor as well as safe childbirth.
Discussion
Labor is associated with pain and it happens when delivery time approaches. It is important for women to prepare for the processes. Preparation measures involved in the management of labor include ensuring that one has access to a reliable pain management plan (Iravani, Zarean, Janghorbani, & Bahrami, 2015). Accuracy is vital when predicting the occurrence of labor and childbirth as such an understanding allows women to avoid misleading experiences. Failure to prepare for labor puts women at the risk of too much suffering. Expectant mothers should learn the early signs of labor for them to make timely arrangements with their healthcare attendants. A few days to delivery, women experience a “lightening” sensation that indicates the descending of the fetus to the pelvic (Womenshealth.gov, 2010). As labor approaches, women also experience contractions whose pattern of occurrence become more regular and frequent with time. An experience of persistent back pains and bloody vaginal discharges are indicators that women are on labor (Womenshealth.gov, 2010).
Labor involved three stages each with its unique occurrences. The first stage is usually long, and it takes close to twelve hours. The processes entails opening of the cervix to prepare for delivery. The second stage entails childbirth, where women push to expel their babies, and it could take as short as twenty minutes or as long as two hours. It is important for women to time crowning for them to commit themselves to pushing. Proper timing of crowning minimizes energy wastage and unnecessary pain. The third stage of labor and childbirth involves expulsion of the placenta. The process takes approximately thirty minutes and its completion marks the end of labor.
There are numerous approaches to managing pain experienced during labor. Some are pharmacological while others are non-pharmacological and work by enhancing relaxation. Opioids are the commonest pharmacological approaches to managing pain. The drugs work by blocking pain mediation as they bind to opioid receptors. Pethidine is the primary opioid of choice for analgesia during labor while other possible alternatives include morphine, pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine, and tramadol (Olayemi, 2011). Side effects associated with opioids include drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, as well as a possibility to impair the breathing and heart rates of the baby (Womenshealth.gov, 2010). Non-pharmacological approaches to pain management that women apply include the use of a birth ball, cold or hot objects, listening to music, assuming recommended positions, and the use of aromas among others (Kozhimanil, Johnson, Attanasio, Gjerdingen, & McGovern, 2013). Research findings indicate that 70% of American women apply the non-pharmacological techniques to managing labor pains (Kozhimanil et al., 2013).
Women also practice labor induction. They could do it personally or have it done by their clinicians. Labor induction is at time necessary, but it could lead to complications especially if done without medical guidance, and more so if performed before the 39th week of pregnancy (Kozhimanil et al., 2013). Adversities associated with labor induction include birth weight abnormalities and an elevated likelihood for the necessity of caesarian delivery. Non-pharmacological self-induction methods include engagement in exercise, sexual intercourse, nipple stimulation, and use of castor oil (Kozhimanil et al., 2013). Women may also seek the use of herbal medications to induce labor. Medical procedures that induce labor involve either the use of medications or the performance of certain stimulatory practices. Common approaches include the use of pitocin, cervical gel, or procedures such as membrane rupturing or sweeping (Kozhimanil et al., 2013). It is always important that the involved parties establish the clinical need for labor induction prior to carrying out the process. It is necessary to take caution as the method puts both the lives of the mother and that of the newborn at a significant risk of complications.
It is possible to predict the occurrence of abnormal labor in women. In most cases, abnormal labor is associated with inadequate contractions of the pelvis and the uterine walls (Abraham, & Berhan, 2014). The elongation of any stage of labor also constitutes an abnormality. Labor abnormalities often necessitate caesarian sectioning.
Early Childhood
Method
The learner selected a sentence of interest from readings and reflected on it. The following is the sentence of interest:
“The pre-school years (i.e., 1–5 years of age) is a time of rapid and dramatic postnatal brain development, i.e., neural plasticity, and of fundamental acquisition of cognitive development i.e., working memory, attention and inhibitory control” (Rosales, Reznick, & Zeisel, 2009, Pg. 190).
The method offered an excellent choice as it presented the learner with an opportunity to explore authoritative sources to either support or refute the statement. The method helped the learner take a position and explore scholarly evidence to support it. The learner found that the statement was correct, and there was sufficient scientific evidence to support it.
Discussion
Early childhood involves intensive brain development both structurally and functionally. The brain attains 90% of its adult size when people are at their pre-school stage, and the rate of its growth at the phase is equivalent to a four-fold (Stiles, & Jernigan, 2010, Pg. 328). The increased developmental ability of the brain is attributed to the high level of plasticity that the brain expresses at the stage. The brain also has a considerably increased ability to adapt to situations owing to its high level of plasticity (Stiles, & Jernigan, 2010, Pg. 328). It is important to present preschoolers with a healthy environment as the approach of development that the organ undergoes relies on one’s experiences. Usually, brain development relies on processes that are competitive to each other, and experience determines the process that would dominate the other (Stiles, & Jernigan, 2010, Pg. 328). Brain development is unequal at different stages of growth. Experiences would have varied impact on the development of the brain at different growth stages (Kolb, & Gibb, 2011, Pg. 270). Early childhood is among the stages that bear most influence from experiences owing to the associated high level of neuroplasticity. Growth is usually intensified at the stage, and brain perturbations occur to a great extent in children than in people who are at other developmental stages.
Structural brain development taking place at the preschool age include thinning of the cortex at the caudal-rostral gradient (Kolb, & Gibb, 2011, Pg. 266). The process begins at age two and it advances as far as to age twenty. Cortical thinning influences functional development of the brain, and it is particularly associated with behavioral development. MRI studies have indicated that cortical thinning results in the acquisition of dexterity (Kolb, & Gibb, 2011, Pg. 266). There is significant evidence that slow that changes in cortical thinning in early childhood result in poor development in skills such as language competence in children who express normal intelligence (Kolb, & Gibb, 2011, Pg. 267).
Environmental factors that affect brain development in early childhood include nutrition, engagement in exercises, and exposure to violence. Nutrition is of particular importance as it presents genes with molecules that would influence the expression of traits (Rosales, Reznick, & Zeisel, 2009, Pg. 191). The generation of electrical potentials is crucial in the development of brain functionality, and nutrients such as folic acid, sphingolipids, choline, docosahexaenoic acid, gangliosides, zinc, and iron are essential (Rosales, Reznick, & Zeisel, 2009, Pg. 191). Some of the nutrients make up the structural and functional units of neurons.
There has been research-based evidence linking engagement in exercises to enhanced ability in mathematics and other executive functions among children (Davis, Tomporowski, McDowell, Austin, Miller, Yanasak, & Naglieri, 2011, Pg. 91).. There is a high likelihood that the underlying principle would apply to preschoolers as well. In addition to being beneficial in weight maintenance in children, physical exercises also enhance cognitive development in children (Davis et al., 2011, Pg. 91). Cognitive development is a primary developmental process occurring at the preschool age as the statement of interest indicated (Rosales, Reznick, & Zeisel, 2009). Exposure to violence is an environmental factor that contributes severely to brain development. Significant anatomical and physiological impairments of the brain occur in children who have witnessed domestic violence (Tsavoussis, Stawicki, Stoicea, & Papadimos, 2014)
References
Abraham, W., & Berhan, Y. (2014). Predictors of labor abnormalities in university hospital: unmatched case control study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14, 256. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-256
Davis, C. L., Tomporowski, P. D., McDowell, J. E., Austin, B. P., Miller, P. H., Yanasak, N. E., … Naglieri, J. A. (2011). Exercise Improves Executive Function and Achievement and Alters Brain Activation in Overweight Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 30(1), 91–98. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0021766
Iravani, M., Zarean, E., Janghorbani, M., & Bahrami, M. (2015). Women’s needs and expectations during normal labor and delivery. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 4, 6. http://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.151885
Kolb, B., & Gibb, R. (2011). Brain Plasticity and Behaviour in the Developing Brain. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(4), 265–276.
Kozhimanil, K. B., Johnson, P. J., Attanasio, L. B., Gjerdingen, D. K., & McGovern, P. M. (2013). Use of non-medical methods of labor induction and pain management among U.S. women. Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 40(4), 10.1111/birt.12064. http://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12064
Rosales, F. J., Reznick, J. S., & Zeisel, S. H. (2009). Understanding the Role of Nutrition in the Brain & Behavioral Development of Toddlers and Preschool Children: Identifying and Overcoming Methodological Barriers. Nutritional Neuroscience, 12(5), 190–202. http://doi.org/10.1179/147683009X423454
Tsavoussis, A., Stawicki, S. P. A., Stoicea, N., & Papadimos, T. J. (2014). Child-Witnessed Domestic Violence and its Adverse Effects on Brain Development: A Call for Societal Self-Examination and Awareness. Frontiers in Public Health, 2, 178. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00178
Kate is 21 years old with very poor self-esteem and self-image. She dissents how she looks which discourages her for seeking employment. Kate’s parents are concerned about their child’s feelings and subsequent unemployment. Kate is my distant cousin. She is the second born in a family of three. She is from a privileged background, and has schooled in the best schools around the neighborhood. According to the interview conducted with her parents, Kate has struggled with her body weight. For instance, in primary school, the children used to call her ‘fatty’. Most of these children avoided playing with her, and had no friends when growing up. This taunting task continued through the high school, which made it more difficult for her to make friends and thus has made her remain excluded from social events due to low self-esteem.
Much has been reported about self-esteem and ways it affects a child’s development process. Self-esteem refers to personal’s self-image and understandings of how she or he is important in this world. During child development questions such as do people care about me? Do family members love me? Do teachers like or respect my ideas? What abilities do I have superior to others? If these questions have positive responses, the child develops positive image, which further increases the children security, trusts, and sense of self worth. This in turn improves the child’s sense of belonging and self-worth (Suzuki and Tomoda, 2015).
According to Thomson (2012), self-esteem is very important factor during child development because it shapes the child’s life. Psychology scholars associate children with high self-esteem with productive life. This is because these children grew up knowing that they are loved the way they are, and less likely to tear down a person or dominate others or view others are lesser beings. Self-esteem is shapes from home; it is more of family affair. The families are the first people that the child gets to relate with from the day they were born, parents and the siblings are powerful instruments in shaping a person’s self-esteem (Davis et al., 2012).
Child self-esteem is determined by the degree of praise of condemnation voices carried within them as they grow. This is best exemplified by the Kate’s case study. Despite of the increase support from Kate’s mother, she would face put-downs even at her home. She would face comments such as “why are you eating this, it will only make you fatter?”, “why won’t you exercise?” Her siblings did not want to be associated with at school, and would not walk with her, as they felt embarrassed. Research indicates that such negative responses from the home environment makes a child develop low self-esteem as well as self-image. Responses such as name-calling (like fatty), lack of appropriate guideline on how a child should do to get a task accomplished only makes a child feel rejected. Other responses such as threats, disinterests, overgeneralizations and violent disciplinary actions also affects child’s self esteem negatively (Liu, Wu and Ming, 2015).
Schooling also influences a child self esteem. Research indicates that preschool, kindergarten as well as grade schools plays great role in developing child’s self-esteem and self-competence. If a child feels competent by the time they are of age 7, they will have a relatively high esteem by the age of 12. As old adage puts it, success breeds success as it makes the children feel better about their abilities. The structure of the classroom and school culture influences a child’s self-esteem. This depends on whether he school instills competition versus cooperation, or diversity versus comparison. The teachers are trained that there are various approaches to correct the child’s understanding; each approach could profoundly affect the child’s esteem. The numerous teasing and bullying at the school and lack of teachers interventions made Kate believe that she is not important (Lee, Kim, Park, and Alcazar-Bejerano, 2015).
According to Morrill, friends and peer group have high influence on a child’s self-esteem during development. Acceptance among the peers improves the child’s confidence and goes ahead to improve the child sense of competence. Rejection from peers and classmates has made huge impact on Kate’s self worth. According to her mother, few months back, Kate had begun to turn around, and had even gotten a boyfriend. She had begun to practice healthy lifestyles including exercises and had lost about 8 kilograms. However, the relationship did not head the right directions and it ended. This has really crushed her spirits. She blames herself for the separation because she believes that her weight was one of the factors for the separation (Morrill, 2014).
This has her daily activities and she does not want to continue with her studies or look for a job. She thinks that her weight is the barrier towards being hired. Her few friends have stopped calling her due to her negativity and critics. She currently stays home the whole day. Her mother says that each time she looks into the mirror, she only points out how ugly she looks. From the interview analysis, it is evident that Kate’s low self-esteem was established early in life. However, it is time for Kate to understand that she is no longer a child and have to take charge of her life. This is supported by behaviorist theory proposes that child’s experiences during development shape the child’s life. This theory suggests that an infant’s minds are blank at birth and are gradually shaped by the environment either through positive or negative reinforcements. This theory encourages positive reinforcement’s approaches to develop a child’s development to the desirable direction (Thomson, 2012).
According to Erikson’s theory of child development, external factors, family, and the society influence child development processes. These factors influence a person’s personality and character. This is also supported by Arnold Gesell maturations theory, which states that as children develop, their true personalities and temperament are revealed with the help of the environment. According to research, 10-20% of children and adolescents suffer from psychological issues, lowering their self-esteem. One of the issues that contribute to low self-esteem is childhood obesity (Thomaes et al., 2010). However, very few researches have been conducted to evaluate the emotional effects of obesity on the obese children. One research study indicated that the emotional toll of obesity in children includes social stigma, bullying, and depression, all, which lowers person’s self-esteem even in adulthood (Davis et al., 2012).
Conclusion
Obesity is associated with low self-esteem at children at age of 14. The obese children should be give support and enrolled in weight control programs to help them focus on feeding on healthy foods and remaining physically active. To improve their self-esteem, they should be encouraged and supported. They should be complemented and corrected in a positive way. The best way to improve a child self esteem is showing love and trust to them.
References
Davis, E., Priest, N., Davies, B., Smyth, L., Waters, E., & Herrman, H. et al. (2012). Family day care educators: an exploration of their understanding and experiences promoting children’s social and emotional wellbeing. Early Child Development And Care, 182(9), 1193-1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2011.603420
Lee, K., Kim, M., Park, T., & Alcazar-Bejerano, I. (2015). Effects of a Ubiquitous Mentoring Program on Self-Esteem, School Adaptation, and Perceived Parental Attitude. Social Behavior And Personality: An International Journal, 43(7), 1193-1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.7.1193
Liu, M., Wu, L., & Ming, Q. (2015). How Does Physical Activity Intervention Improve Self-Esteem and Self-Concept in Children and Adolescents? Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 10(8), e0134804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134804
Morrill, M. (2014). Sibling Sexual Abuse: An Exploratory Study of Long-term Consequences for Self-esteem and Counseling Considerations. J Fam Viol, 29(2), 205-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-013-9571-4
Suzuki, H., & Tomoda, A. (2015). Roles of attachment and self-esteem: impact of early life stress on depressive symptoms among Japanese institutionalized children. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0385-1
Thomaes, S., Reijntjes, A., Orobio de Castro, B., Bushman, B., Poorthuis, A., & Telch, M. (2010). I Like Me If You Like Me: On the Interpersonal Modulation and Regulation of Preadolescents’ State Self-Esteem. Child Development, 81(3), 811-825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01435.x
Thomson, M. (2012). Labelling and self-esteem: does labelling exceptional students impact their self-esteem?. Support For Learning, 27(4), 158-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9604.12004
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Project management; problems,formulas and calculations
Project management; problems,formulas and calculations
Order Instructions:
All formulas and calculations must be shown
Problem 1.
Arsenal Electronics is going to construct a new $1.2 billion semiconductor plant and has selected four towns in the Midwest as potential sites. The important location factors and ratings for each town are as follows:
Scores (0 to 100)
Location Factor Weight Abbeton Bayside Cane Creek Dunnville
Work ethics 0.18 80 90 70 75
Quality of life 0.16 75 85 95 90
Labor laws/unionization 0.12 90 60 60 70
Infrastructure 0.10 60 50 60 70
Education 0.08 80 90 85 95
Labor skill and education 0.07 75 65 70 80
Cost of living 0.06 70 80 85 75
Taxes 0.05 65 70 55 60
Incentive package 0.05 90 95 70 80
Government regulations 0.03 40 50 65 55
Environmental regulations 0.03 65 60 70 80
Transportation 0.03 90 80 95 80
Space for expansion 0.02 90 95 90 90
Urban proximity 0.02 60 90 70 80
Recommend a site based on these location factors and ratings.
Answer 1:
Problem 2.
Sawyer Furniture is one of the few remaining domestic manufacturers of wood furniture. In the current competitive environment, cost containment is the key to its continued survival. Demand for furniture follows a seasonal demand pattern with increased sales in the summer and fall months, culminating with peak demand in November.
The cost of production is $16 per unit for regular production, $24 for overtime, and $33 for subcontracting. Hiring and firing costs are $500 per worker. Inventory holding costs are $20 per unit per month. There is no beginning inventory. Ten workers are currently employed. Each worker can produce 50 pieces of furniture per month. Overtime cannot exceed regular production. Given the following demand data, use Excel Solver to design an aggregate production plan for Sawyer Furniture that will meet demand at the lowest possible cost.
Input: Beg. Wkrs 10 Regular $16 Hiring $500
Units/wkr 50 Overtime $24 Firing $500
Beg. Inv. 0 Subk $33 Inventory $20
Month Demand Reg OT Subk Inv #Wkrs #Hired #Fired
Jan 500 500 0 0 0 10 0 0
Feb 500 500 0 0 0 10 0 0
Mar 1000 1,000 0 0 0 20 10 0
Apr 1200 1,000 200 0 0 20 0 0
May 2000 1,000 1,000 0 0 20 0 0
Jun 400 400 0 0 0 8 0 12
Jul 400 400 0 0 0 8 0 0
Aug 1000 1,000 0 0 0 20 12 0
Sep 1000 1,000 0 0 0 20 0 0
Oct 1500 1,500 0 0 0 30 10 0
Nov 7000 3,500 3,500 0 0 70 40 0
Dec 500 500 0 0 0 10 0 60
Total 17,000 12,300 4,700 0 0 246 72 72
Answer 2:
Problem 3.
Complete the following MRP matrix for Item X. Determine when orders should be released and the size of those orders.
Item: X LLC: 0 Period
Lot Size: Min 50 LT: 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Gross Requirements 25 30 56 25 100 40 30 20
Scheduled Receipts 50
Projected on Hand 30
Net Requirements
Planned Order Receipts
Planned Order Releases
Release orders in periods 1 through 5 for quantities of 50, 50, 56, 50, and 50 respectively.
Answer 3:
Problem 4.
Fibrous Incorporated makes products from rough tree fibers. Its product line consists of five items processed through one of five machines. The machines are not identical, and some products are better suited to some machines. Given the following production time in minutes per unit, determine an optimal assignment of product to machine:
Machine
Product A B C D E
1 17 10 15 16 20
2 12 ?9 16 ?9 14
3 11 16 14 15 12
4 14 10 10 18 17
5 13 12 ?9 15 11
Answer 4:
Problem 5.
The following probabilistic activity time estimates are for a CPM/PERT network.
Time Estimates (days) Time Estimates (days)
Activity a m b Activity a m b
1 1 2 ?6 ?7 1 1.5 2
2 1 3 ?5 ?8 1 3 5
3 3 5 10 ?9 1 1 5
4 3 6 14 10 2 4 9
5 2 4 ?9 11 1 2 3
6 2 3 ?7 12 1 1 1
Determine the following:
a. Expected activity times
b. Earliest start and finish times
c. Latest start and finish times
d. Activity Slack
e. Critical Path
Expected Project duration and standard deviation.
Answer 5:
SAMPLE ANSWER
Problem 1 Answer
To determine appropriate location
Based of the above calculations the appropriate site location is Bayside
Problem 2 Answer
Problem 3 Answer
Release orders in periods 1 through 5 for quantities of 50, 50, 56, 50, and 50 respectively.
Problem 4 Answer
A table showing time taken to produce the products by each machine
Product
Machine
Totals
A
B
C
D
E
1
17
10
15
16
20
78
2
12
9
16
9
14
60
3
11
16
14
15
12
68
4
14
10
10
18
17
69
5
13
12
9
15
11
60
Totals
67
57
64
70
74
335
To get the optimal assignment of product for machine the percentage of total time taken by each machine to produce the five products with regards to the total time to produce all products by all machines is calculated as follows:
Machine B is the most optimal since it utilizes the least percentage of time (i.e. 17%) to produce all the products.
Problem 5 Answer
The formulas:
Where;
Activity
t
ES
EF
LS
LF
S
1
8
0.44
0
8
1
9
1
2
6
1.00
0
6
0
6
0
3
3
0.44
0
3
2
5
2
4
5
2.78
8
13
16
21
8
5
3
0.11
6
9
6
9
0
6
4
0.11
3
7
5
9
2
7
2
0.00
3
5
14
16
11
8
7
1.78
9
16
9
16
0
9
4
0.44
9
13
12
16
3
10
4
0.44
13
17
21
16
8
11
9
1.00
16
25
16
25
0
12
4
4.00
15
27
15
25
2
Where;
Expected activity times (ES); Earliest start and finish times (EF); Latest start and finish times (LS); Activity Slack (LF); and Critical Path (S)
However, the expected project duration and standard deviation are:
Project duration = sum of each activity time (durations) = 59 days
Standard Deviation = sum of all standard deviations = 12.54 days
Small-Scale Qualitative Research Project IRB Requirements and Identifying Interviewees
Order Instructions:
This paper is a pain taking paper and the writer must read all the details as you will see that it is a continues assignment. The writer must also reference back to #113375 as it is the continuation of that paper. The writer will use the result of that paper to continue to build on this paper. It is very important that the writer pay attention to all instructions and directions given here.
Small-Scale Qualitative Research Project IRB Requirements and Identifying Interviewees
This week you will identify and confirm with two individuals you plan to interview in Week 5. You may choose anyone who could provide information on your general topic, based upon the general problem you have identified in the problem statement. Before you select your interviewees, you must ensure you adhere to the ethical requirements outlined below.
Detailed information about the IRB process can be found at the website provided in your Learning Resources at the end. The IRB process must be completed before you collect any data, including data from first-person interviews. However, for the purposes of this course, you will not need to complete the full IRB application process for your small-scale qualitative project. Please keep in mind that before you begin any collection of data for your own doctoral study, you will need to obtain approval from the IRB. Please take the time to familiarize yourself with this process.
Your small-scale qualitative research – project for this course has been pre-approved by the IRB with the condition that all student researchers contain their research activities within the “minimal risk” category.
Requirements for “minimal risk” for this assignment include:
1. You may interview adults only, age 18 or older. These must be ” adults who are not mentally, emotionally disabled or prisoners.”
2. You may NOT interview anyone over whom you hold supervisory responsibility.
3. You may NOT give payments, compensation, reimbursement, free services, extra credit or other gifts to participants.
4. You must de-identify the data relating to the participants and the institution where you will collect (if applicable) to minimize risk of inappropriate disclosure of personal information. De-identification consists of removing all direct identifiers, such as names, school names, locations, etc. from the interview transcript. Suggestions include Participant #1, #2, etc. and locations may be addressed by stating, for example, a business located in Jacksonville, Florida.
5. The IRB requirements for this assignment are simplified for course-work purposes. These simplified requirements do not take the place of the IRB process that you must complete for your doctoral study. You will complete a full IRB application and review process in future semesters after your committee and the URR reviewer have approved your doctoral proposal. It is recommended that you review the IRB application in preparation.
6. The IRB process for this assignment has restrictions that will not apply to your future doctoral study. For example, in this simplified, practice assignment, you will not be allowed to interview minors or to conduct group interviews or focus groups. Obviously these restrictions will not apply to your future doctoral research. This is just practice, so we are keeping the IRB requirements simple.
7. After your Instructor approves your selected interviewees, then you may proceed to contact the interviewees. When you are transcribing your interview as part of a future assignment in this course, be sure to delete all identifying information from the transcript. Do not include the interviewee’s name, names of anyone that the interviewee mentions, name of the school or organization where the interviewee works, etc. For example, you would change John Doe, to interviewee #1 and change New York City to a city in the North East.)
8. If you have any questions about the above requirements for this assignment, please contact your Instructor.
Be sure to follow the assignment rubrics.
Submit a brief statement identifying your topic and details the individuals that you will interview in Week 5. Participant information will be kept confidential. Remember to submit an APA formatted paper including a Title page.
Resources:
• Readings
Course Texts
Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches
• Chapter 6, “Introducing and Focusing the Study”
This chapter addresses the problem statement, the purpose statement, and the research questions, which are three main components related to introducing and focusing a qualitative study.
• Chapter 7, “Data Collection”
This chapter explores the many components of the data collection process and states that the method of data collection can vary depending on the research method used.
Case Study Research: Design and Methods
• Chapter 2, “Designing Case Studies: Identifying Your Case(s) and Establishing the Logic of Your Case Study” (pp. 46–65)
This reading describes four types of designs for case studies.
• Chapter 3, “Preparing to Collect Case Study Evidence: What You Need to Do Before Starting to Collect Case Study Data”
Preparing for data collection is an important part of your research. Depending on the scope of a case study, the undertaking may be clear-cut or complex. This chapter explores the different types of case studies you may encounter.
American Psychological Association, (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
(Note: You should have received this reference text for a previous course. The APA Publication Manual will be used as a resource throughout this program.)
• Chapters 4–-6
Read and understand “The Mechanics of Style,” “Displaying Results,” and “Crediting Sources.”
Website:
This website provides the information and forms you will need to comply with the research ethics policies of Walden University since the exercise we are carrying on is directly link to that institution.
Bernard, H. R. (2010). Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
• Chapter 3, “Finding Themes”
I will send other details via email so respond to let me you you have receive the doc.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
To comply with the IRB requirements, the interviewee would be someone who has over ten years experience mostly gathered in the human resource department. The person must also be a qualified and skilled graduate with a bias in human resource management. The above requirement would definitely lock out anyone who is still minor or below 18 years. The qualification would be necessary as the research would be based on the following hypothesis:
Ho: HRM practices that can perfect employee productivity
H1: HRM practices have no effect on employee productivity.
The research will seek to find out the exact effect of human resource management practices on employee performance in a work environment (Doody & Noonan, 2013). The purpose of the research undertakings is to provide a clear understanding of the importance of HRM processes in a business environment and the effect of HRM on production. The research targets to develop HRM management strategies for future business management and application of the right HRM policies for optimum company productivity.
For the interviewee, i have selected two professionals. Emily Lawson who is a senior manager at the American certification staffing association based in Alexandria, Virginia. She was previously at the American Staffing Association. She is a graduate of the University of Mary Washington and was also the executive director of New York staffing Association. Am also targeting two other senior managers residing in New York with similar qualifications in case the first respondent would not be available (Ali, Ahmad and Igbal, 2012).
The other interviewee is the chief resources officer at the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. Kathy Aswald was the executive director of the human resources at the Ford Motor Company where she was actively involved in business development and human resource productivity. She also featured among the top 50HR executives in the world in the year 2000. She is a leader in organizational consultancy and business development activities. My selection for the two above is that they have extensive knowledge in human resource development and capacity building in human capital. They would be able to provide enough information and also be able to present logical empirical research that i could use to make a conclusive decision on the hypothesis above (Bernard, 2010).
The kind of questions that i intend to confirm with the respondents includes the following;
What are the common human resource management techniques that can motivate employees to work hard without any financial compensation?
What policies in HRM can optimize productivity?
Give examples of the policies that have succeeded in increasing productivity in your current or previous position?
Provide details of human resource management strategies those employees would positively prevent staff turnover and possibly attract employees from other rival companies besides financial or monetary compensation.
Can you outline stock options strategies that can motivate employees without diluting the company’s stock values?
The details above are only samples that i would develop to provide a qualitative research study that would capture all the answers that are required to conclude the research in question (MacDuffie, 1995). For an effective and productive HRM policy, then a lot of consultation and research work has to be undertaken before the final policies are drafted (Huselid, 1995). The two respondents would provide an insight into the world of real human resource development and productivity. The policies and strategies to be adopted would depend on the effectiveness of the HRM policies and their impact on productivity.
Reference
Ali, M., Ahmad, Z. and Igbal, J. (2012) Human Resource Planning: A Key to Internal and External Fit, African Journal Business management Vol.6 (27) pg. 7938-7941, July issue.
Bernard, H. R. (2010). Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
Huselid, M.A. (1995) The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Turnover, Productivity, and Corporate Financial Performance, Academy of Management Journal, 38, 635-672.
MacDuffie, J.P. (1995) Human Resource Bundles and Manufacturing Performance; Organizational Logic and Flexible Production Systems in the World of Auto Industry , Industry and Labor Relations review, 46, pg. 197-221.
Doody, O., & Noonan, M. (2013) Preparing and Conducting Interview, Nurse Researcher, 20(5), pp.28-32.
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For this paper, the writer need to pay attention to details and follow the instructions of the rubric as indicated. The writer will have to carefully study the Rubric and respond to all items requested. The writer must clearly show all responses for all part mention in the order form, and must clearly use in text citations throughout the evaluation.
Evaluation of Doctoral Study—Foundation of Study
Using the Doctoral Study Rubric in the study you were assigned for Week 1 complete the assessment of the five elements (The Background, The Problem Statement, The Purpose Statement of the Study, and Central Research Question, Conceptual/Theoretical framework) according to “Section 1: Foundation of the Study”
Important note: Keep in mind that new elements of this evaluation assignment will be coming up in Weeks 5 and 6.The final evaluation and write-up will be due in Week 6.
I will email the details again containing the Rubric and the article to be use in the evaluation.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Evaluation of Doctoral Study
The study is set in an ethical background that is found in the lack of ethical decision-making in a business environment. The ethical implications of some decisions made in a business background impose negatively on the operations of a business or organization. Furthermore, the effect of the decisions made with no regard to ethics in a business setting affects the performance of shareholders in the environment greatly. The situation in the current business world holds true to the statements made in the background of the study. More and more businesses and organizations have turned to ill-motivated methods in an effort of maximizing output against the input made. It is commonplace for business in the current age of to make more profit with no regard to the implications of the way the profit was being created. This makes a good illustration of the impact of the unethical way of conducting business operations can have on the business world.
The world of business is now so much bent on the benefits of short-term profit. Consequently, the world of business has also gave a blind eye to the fact that trust has been eroded thus giving way to the unacceptable way of conducting business transactions in an unethical manner. The trust aspect in business has been eroded to a point that it has an irreversible impact on the organization. The problem statement of the doctoral study clearly states the relationship between short-term profit and the impact of the unethical means of getting the profit has quite an implication on the level of trust of shareholders (Saunders et al., 2012). However, the certainty of the problem arises from the characteristics of conduct ethical definition in the context of the stakeholder’s interest.
The main purpose of the doctoral study was to define the unique attributes of the unethical conduct of the decision-making a process of the business activities adequately. The implications of the decision-making process were evident on the stakeholder’s level of trust in the organization. The purpose statement regarded the explicit relationship between these two entities of the modern age of business operations. The situation in the business environment has become so much bent in short term profit that it has become the basis on which most business transactions are built on. The research design was formulated in such a way that it focused on the significance of the current influence that ethical considerations have in the modern world of business. Seeing that most businesses currently think little of the ethical considerations of decisions making and think highly of the short-term profit made from the transactions.
The research question focused on the main point of the study. The main research question being the focus put on the qualitative design of the research part. The methodologies used in the research or study proved to be effective on the type of demographics that was considered. In the study, the focus was on a semi-structured interview format way of acquiring sensitive data from the sample of people chosen. The chosen sample seemed to be conducive for the type of research question at hand. Considering the relationship of the sample with the organizations that had established ethics programs.
References
Ridley, D. (2012). The literature review: A step-by-step guide for students. Sage.
Panadero, E., & Jonsson, A. (2013). The use of scoring rubrics for formative assessment purposes revisited: A review. Educational Research Review, 9, 129-144.
Saunders, M., & Lewis, P. (2012). Doing research in business and management: An essential guide to planning your project. Financial Times Prentice Hall.
Sisk, R. J. (2011). Team-based learning: systematic research review. The Journal of nursing education, 50(12), 665-669.
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To qualify as a registered nurse, one needs to complete their undergraduate nursing course and register to be licensed to practice. For specialist nurse, then one is expected to take graduate studies. However, recent studies indicate that there have shortages in the number of the registered nurses (RN) and Advance nurse practitioners (APN). Therefore, there is a need to establish an effective strategy that will address the shortages of the nurses (Unruh & Zhang, 2012).
One of the strategies suggested by the evidence-based practice is the use of assistant in nursing to help in the healthcare setting. The issue of the integration of the AIN is highly debatable, with many studies highlighting their advantages as well as the disadvantages. This paper aims at defining the role of AIN, and the impact of their utilization in the healthcare settings. This aims at identifying their role in helping the RN achieve the set competencies and nursing practice goals.
Roles of Assistant In Nursing
The AIN is the word used to describe nurses who have completed nursing certificate at level III in a healthcare service. The Nursing and Midwifery board of Australia (NMBA) indicates that AIN are supervised and delegated duties by the RN. In some cases, AIN are also referred to as multi-skilled worker, technician, personal care assistants, and nurse extenders. Traditionally, AIN have been employed in aged care sector and in midwifery. The NMBA indicates that midwife have vital roles in counseling, education of the community especially during antenatal education and reproductive health. However, there have been changes in the recent past where AIN are increasingly being used to support RN in broad range of healthcare settings. The AIN roles and responsibilities include helping the patient during meals where they prepare table over the patient’s bed and help the patient position safely to feed (Unruh & Zhang, 2012).
Where necessary, AIN are required to feed the patients physically who cannot feed themselves but rather require the assistance when feeding. The AIN are also required to help the patient perform their daily living activities. These include activities such as bathing, bed washes and oral hygiene, brushing and the cleaning of dentures. They are required to make observations on changes on the patient’s physical appearances and report them to the RN. The AIN are also required to help the patients with mobility such as moving patients from bed to chairs, re-application of the ant-embolic stockings and bed positioning. They are also supposed to help the patients with voiding, including helping the patient go to the toilet or provide bedpan, and recording the urine collected in the drainage bags (Weiss, Yakusheva, & Bobay, 2011).
The AIN are expected to communicate any abnormalities to the RN. During this step, they are expected to uphold the key nursing principles and to maintain patient privacy, dignity and demonstrate empathy towards the patients. The AIN are expected to ne diplomatic and report any disputes to the RN. AIN are also used to relay patient educative information regarding the disease management especially on matters that regards hygiene (Heale, 2010). The AIN are required to maintain a stable environment that will facilitate quick recovery. These includes making up of post operative beds, implementation standards that reduce infection control such as hand hygiene, moping the spills and notify the RN if specific cleaning procedures such as use of radioactive procedures is required (Richer, Ritchie, & Marchionni, 2010).
RN roles
According to the Nursing and Midwifery board of Australia (NMBA) registered nurses have various roles. Their roles as a coordinator imply that they are expected to coordinate plans. This is through piecing together of the fragmented care includes preparation of discharge with the liaison with other healthcare team. RN roles as communicators include establishing a good rapport between the healthcare providers and service users. This helps in their establishment of therapeutic care through analysis of verbal and non-verbal communication (Unruh & Zhang, 2012).
RN roles as teachers include the educating the patient to empower them with the benefits of self-care abilities. They are also responsible in affecting knowledge to the patients to enable them make informed decisions. This include training them with the relevant skills that will help the patients promote health, restore health, promote coping and prevention of further complication (Fitzpatrick, Campo, & Lavandero, 2011). They strategize the teaching learning process by identifying the specific teaching domains. These include cognitive learning, psychomotor learning, and affective learning. The RN is also counselors and is expected to provide emotional support to the patients to enable them handle the challenges they face with positivity. It is important, the RN are expected to know that they are team player. They are expected to collaborate and should not work in isolation when promoting patient healthcare. (Van Walraven et al., 2015).
RN responsibilities when working with the AIN
Some of aforementioned responsibilities of RN can be assigned to the AIN. The AIN can help the RN on duties such as teaching, assisting patients to feed, bath, and mobility as described above. This way, the RN can concentrate on leadership, by supervising the RN. This is because RNs are trained to have visions to energize other medical staff through motivation to work as team players and encourage them to achieve goals (Unruh & Zhang, 2012). As leaders, RN are expected to encourage AIN to work their best and collaboratively. The RN roles as managers are wider than that of managers. They are equipped with leadership skills during training, which includes cognitive skills, interpersonal skills, legal skill, ethical skill, management skills, problem solving skills and communication skills (Tyler, 2010).
With the help of AIN, the RN is supposed to note the barriers as well as challenges that hinder effective delivery of care. This includes barriers such as language barriers, cultural barriers, cognitive barriers, health literacy levels, and stress levels (Wayhlin & Idvall, 2010). Then, develop strategies to overcome these barriers. This is done using the nursing process, which includes assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation processes. RN is also advocate and is expected to support all patients by being assertive and promoting self-determination (Aubry, Etheridge, & Couturier, 2012).
Impact of utilization of Assistant in nursing (AIN)
As mentioned above, the role of Registered nurses are varied and very complex. Quality delivery of care requires the nurses to take different roles during different phases of care. They are expected to fulfill all their roles to the best of their abilities. However, nurse shortage and poor working environments have led to nurse shortages (Hebert, Moore, & Rooney, 2015). This has led to numerous challenges in the delivery of care in the healthcare settings, especially in patient safety concerns such as medication errors, diagnostic errors, hospital acquired infections, and patient hospital falls. This calls for a rapid measure to ensure that patient’s outcomes are positive and care delivered is safe and of quality (Van Walraven et al., 2015).
One of the strategies suggested by the Department of healthcare and supported by evidence-based practice is the utilization of AIN in healthcare settings. The benefits of integrating the AIN in health settings are that they will be a viable solution to the micro-political health issue (Taylor-Ford, 2013). The utilization of AIN will address the shortages of RN. This is because the AIN can aid the RN with some of the clinical settings chores under their supervision, as the RN works focuses on other responsibility (McHugh, Berez, & Small, 2013).
A typical nurse day begins with the analysis of the reports from the nurses in the previous shift and end with the filling of their own reports. In between these two responsibilities, the RN is expected to perform all other aforementioned tasks including administering of medication, wound care, physical assessments, and coordinate care with the other healthcare professionals. Lunch breaks and tea breaks are usually nonexistent. This sometimes leads to nurse burn out, which increases the risk of medical error, poor hand hygiene, and poor patient outcome (Tyler, 2010).
One study has indicated that the utilization of AIN in the health care settings found an association between the proportions of total hours the RN with the assistant with the AIN improved six outcomes in patients under care. These included reduction of hospital stays and well as the reduction of hospital acquired infections (Richer, Ritchie, & Marchionni, 2010).
Other studies indicate that nurse shortages leads to working for log hours with high nurse to patient ratio. This had been associated high increase of mortality, reduced patient empowerment. The patients are discharged too soon before their medical complication has established (Armmer & Ball, 2015). Consequently, the readmission rates are higher and in most cases, the patients report with more complications. With the integration of AIN in the healthcare settings, their patient ratio is lower, and the RN in collaboration with the AIN, they are able to deliver patient centered care and the patient are empowered such that they are able to manage their healthcare complications. Additionally, these nurses are able to notice and intercept medical errors. They also get ample time to advocate for the patients to the medical care in insurance companies to ensure that the patient get all their demands (Castle & Anderson, 2011).
One research associates nurse burnout with increase of infections. The aforementioned RN responsibilities lead to nurse burnout with extra patient assigned or extra overtime assigned to nurse. The study has indicated increase in the rate of catheter infection of one person for every 1,000 (Heale & Butcher, 2010). One study that integrated that utilization of AIN reduced burnout from 30% to 10%, and would reduce about 4,160 infections. The mortality rates would reduce to 11% with reduced burnout (Tyler, 2010).
Another study indicated that the utilization of AIN to help the RN with some of the nursing practices reduced the RN’s overtime hours. This was correlated with better care, fewer emergency departments within the first month of hospital discharge. This translated to reduced cost of care. This study also found correlation between utilization of AIN with the staffing ratios and with the patient satisfaction (Castle & Anderson, 2011).
A study that conducted cost benefit analysis study indicated that increased overtime hours increased patient cost of care by $197.92 per hospitalized patient. With the utilization of AIN, approximately $607.51 taxpayer’s money is saved (Heale & Pilon, 2012). Studies indicated that reduction of overtime work by 0.07 hours saved hospital cost by $8.18 per patient and $10.98 in savings of the taxpayer’s money. The annual net savings reported by this article was $11.64 (Weiss, Yakusheva, & Bobay, 2011).
From this analysis, the body of research indicates that utilization of AIN translates into quality care, low mortality rates, shorter hospitalization stay, and fewer health complications. However, the main disadvantages is that healthcare productivity could decline if the RN are replaced with AIN (Ulrich et al., 2010). This is because RNs are all encompassed. There are concerns that this approach could increase the risk of “failure to rescue” in departments with less RNs. This refers to cases where the situation requires further treatment due to the deterioration of the patient status. The AIN may not fully identify such situations early enough. There is need to conduct more further research to identify the most effective nursing staffing mix is effective to sustain quality care.
Conclusion
The study concluded that to manage effective delivery of care, the healthcare facilities should invest in reducing RN workloads strategies such as the utilization of AIN. This results to improved quality of care, reductions of readmissions, HAIs, patient falls, and emergency visits. This strategy is cost effective and improves quality of care.
References
Armmer, F., & Ball, C. (2015). Perceptions of horizontal violence in staff nurses and intent to leave. Work, 51(1), 91-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-152015
Aubry,, F., Etheridge, F., & Couturier, Y.,(2012). Facilitating Change Among Nursing Assistants in Long Term Care. The Online Journal Of Issues In Nursing, 18(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol18No01PPT01
Castle, N. G., & Anderson, R. A. (2011). Caregiver staffing in nursing homes and their influence on quality of care, Medical Care, 49(6), 545-552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0b013e31820fbca9
Fitzpatrick, J., Campo, T., & Lavandero, R. (2011). Critical Care Staff Nurses: Empowerment, Certification, and Intent to Leave. Critical Care Nurse, 31(6), e12-e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2011213
Heale, P. (2010). Nurse-Perceived Barriers to the Implementation of Nondirected Pushing. Journal Of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 39, S103-S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2010.01127_1.x
Heale, R., & Butcher, M. (2010). Canada’s First Nurse Practitioner’s “Led Clinic: A Case Study in Healthcare Innovation. Nursing Leadership, 23(3), 21-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12927/cjnl.2010.21939
Heale, R., & Pilon, R. (2012). An Exploration of Patient Satisfaction in a Nurse Practitionerâ’s“Led Clinic. Nursing Leadership, 25(3), 43-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12927/cjnl.2012.23056
Hebert, K., Moore, H., & Rooney, J. (2015). The Nurse Advocate in End-of-Life Care. The Oschnoerjournal, 11(4), 325-329. http://dx.doi.org/PMC3241064
McHugh, M., Berez, J., & Small, D. (2013). Hospitals With Higher Nurse Staffing Had Lower Odds Of Readmissions Penalties Than Hospitals With Lower Staffing. Health Affairs, 32(10), 1740-1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0613
Richer, M., Ritchie, J., & Marchionni, C. (2010). Appreciative inquiry in healthcare. British Journal of Healthcare Management, 16(4), 164-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2010.16.4.47399
Taylor-Ford, R. (2013). Moral Distress in End-of-Life Care: Promoting Ethical Standards of Executive Nursing Practice. Nurse Leader, 11(3), 51-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mnl.2013.01.005
Ulrich, C., Taylor, C., Soeken, K., O’Donnell, P., Farrar, A., Danis, M., & Grady, C. (2010). Everyday ethics: ethical issues and stress in nursing practice. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 66(11), 2510-2519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05425.x
Van Walraven, C., Dhalla, I., Bell, C., Etchells, E., Stiell, I., & Zarnke, K. et al. (2010). Derivation and validation of an index to predict early death or unplanned readmission after discharge from hospital to the community. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 182(6), 551-557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091117
Wayhlin, I., Ek, A., & Idvall, E. (2010). Staff empowerment in intensive care: Nurses’s and physicians’ lived experiences. Intensive And Critical Care Nursing, 26(5), 262-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2010.06.005
Weiss, M., Yakusheva, O., & Bobay, K. (2011). Quality and Cost Analysis of Nurse Staffing, Discharge Preparation, and Postdischarge Utilization. Health Services Research, 46(5), 1473-1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01267.x
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