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Energy efficient computing Research Paper

Energy efficient computing, distributed mobile trusted computing & clouds, crowd sourcing and computing

Order Instructions:

your project should have an abstract, an introduction, a body of paper (literature review , previous work done bi others, technical and economical analysis, application and services, etc….) and your own contribution and engineering/technical opinion with a conclusion and of course a list of your references numbered as they are used in your write up. I use software to check the originality of your work. you will get zero if you just cut and paste form other sources. It is okay to use all types of resources (magazine, journals, internet, books, articles…) with proper citation

Topic: Energy efficient computing, distributed mobile trusted computing & clouds, crowd sourcing and computing

SAMPLE ANSWER

Energy efficient computing

Abstract

Efficient energy computing also known as green computing initiates the maximization and use of computing reserves with the aim of lessening the consumption of energy among other scarce resources. With the proliferation of an increasing powerful mobile devices, applications have been developed that can enable a user to collaborate through a mobile cloud with the aim of providing pervasive services such as; computing, data collection, and processing through efficient energy systems (Cătinean, & Cândea, 2013). Mobile users also have the advantage of taking over the outsourced tasks through the mobile cloud and crowd outsourcing that emerges as a service paradigm. By leveraging the capacity of a mobile device that integrates the intelligence of human beings and machine computation, the mobile crowd gives the ability to revolutionize the approaches involved in the processing and collection of data.

Introduction

The genesis of the mobile devices and mobile computing has turned out to be an irresistible trend in the IT technology sector. With this, it is significant to mention that the mobile devices face some challenges and limitations including; memory, energy, and computation. In order to overcome these constraints, the mobile cloud computing approaches have proved to be the solution in enabling the mobile device users consumes a varied cloud resource through a wireless network (Cătinean, & Cândea, 2013).

This clouding computing method can, therefore, improve the computational ability through an energy efficient mobile device by offloading the computational tasks into the cloud services (Cătinean, & Cândea, 2013). The current and new-fashioned mobile devices have been embedded with versatile sensors that provide a novel paradigm with the capacity to collect a wider array of data about the society, the environment, and other important aspects. The intent of this exposition is to analyze the elements of an energy efficient computing, distributed mobile trusted computing and clouds, crowd sourcing and computing through a review of the literature.

Energy Efficient Computing, Distributed Mobile Trusted Computing & Clouds, Crowd Sourcing and Computing

Through the empowered efforts and capabilities, mobile devices have shifted today from just the ordinary service providers that offer and make communication easier into a new service model that incorporates the elements of mobile cloud computing (Qi, Jianxin, & Yufei, 2014). The emergence of this technology and service model has led to the connection of mobile devices with each other through wireless networks, a factor that has resulted in the formation of a powerful mobile cloud that provides a persuasive approach to data collection, processing and computing through efficient energy consumption. It is important to mention that the evolution of the mobile cloud has given the mobile crowd sourcing a feasible solution for solving problems on a large scale. The literature review segment provides an overview into how these elements function.

Literature Review

The mobile crowd sourcing is a commercial electronic service in which the mobile users within a mobile cloud can sell their services and resources for service consumers (Qi, et. al). Through an outstanding task of the mobile cloud, a cost, and energy efficient pervasive cloud service is possible to attain through the use of massive numbers of mobile users working together in a distributive manner. The central idea behind a mobile crowd sourcing structure includes the involvement of a variety of applications that are differently utilized in a business model.

For instance, the author of this material gives an analogy of an Open Street Map that depicts a crowded map of the world that was developed by worldwide mobile users through the use of their knowledge, some donated sources and a GPS trajectory (Qi, et. al). The development of this application clearly indicates the fact that this mobile crowd sourcing has the capacity to revolutionize the traditional data collection and processing methods. I as much as the computing paradigm seems promising and poses a tremendous advantage, the mobile crowding sourcing is in its infancy stages since it is facing numerous challenges.

This approach is varied from the traditional cloud computing method that only relies on the internet connection since through the crowd sourcing; it is able to access a pervasive cloud service for both the local and online terminals (Qi, et. al). According to the author of this material, the main difference between the two mobile crowd sourcing approaches is the fact that all these models gives an interconnected mobile user the potential to be a service provider through an internet-based mobile crowd sourcing, while the other approach only allows mobile users within a specified vicinity to provide cloud services through a local-based mobile crowd sourcing service. In order to achieve the end-results of these elements, there are essential components of cellular crowd sourcing;

Service Consumers;

The service consumers, in this case, refers to the local and online users who from time to time require cloud services through a mobile crowd sourcing system and who utilize the cloud services by sourcing out tasks to mobile users.

Mobile Users;

Mobile users with the enablement of their mobile devices can perform a mobile cloud by providing cloud services to the online service consumers through a cellular Wi-Fi network or to the local consumers through a process where communication is made to the local servers by using Bluetooth and NFC techniques (Qi, et. al). In the event that a mobile user engages in an outsourced task that incorporates the local computing mobile cloud approach to executing the tasks required.

Centralized Servers;

A centralized server remains a mobile crowd sourcing avenue for the internet-based service consumers in which the crowd sourcing information is stored such as historical service records, users, and profiles that are used for service evaluation and task outsourcing (Qi, et. al). Centralized servers have the ability to provide a trusted service for task publishing in which tasks are allocated, reported, collected, and the feedback processing for the internet-connected mobile users and consumers.

Local Servers;

The local servers have the capacity to provide a local crowd sourcing service that involves an outsourced task broadcasting the result in a task result aggregation for the service ad mobile consumers within particular vicinity (Qi, et. al). The local servers are in many cases equipped with a dedicated mobile gateway that is tasked with the dissemination of functions and information to the neighboring mobile users and, in the long run, collects user results. However, a local server can only be deployed for commercial reasons and remains not trusted by the mobile users.

Previous Work Done By Others

Over a period now, many mobile devices have turned out to be the sensor and information hubs in our day to day activities. Through the integration of mobile computing and crowd sourcing approach, many applications have today emerged that have achieved efficiency in energy, cost-effective data computation, collection, and the processing services (Qi, et. al). The mobile crowd computing model is used to supply data computations and tasks to mobile consumers who can locally execute a task and offload them to a cloud server based on an individual data and computation resource.

The author states that human interventions have also played a significant role in mobile crowd computing since their intelligence has helped in the handling of tasks that are only suitable for human evaluation that the computation of a machine. These functions include image annotation, sentimental analysis, and entity resolution (Qi, et. al). An instance of this is given of Honeybee, which is a local-based mobile crowd computing application that enables users to detect their faces through a photographic task and can be carried out through a mobile device. The mobile users are required to use their devices to run face detection algorithms through photos blended with an individual’s evaluation.

Technical and Economical Analysis

It is significant to mention that the technicality of these IT technologies remains the primary challenge of security as one of the major concerns for the cloud service consumers, while at the back of everything, a mobile crowd sourcing is meant to originate from an assumption and perception that users should honestly provide accurate results. This, therefore, remains a significant challenge to the users since some malicious mobile users have developed mechanisms of misbehaving to undermine the crowd sourcing.

These malicious users have the capacity to fabricate computations or maliciously suspending an ongoing process. It is, however, crucial to realize that there are several approaches that are being tried with the aim of mitigating the impacts of malice in the task reports and to identify the irrational users (Shiraz, & Gani, 2014). Recently, a robust trajectory estimation approach geared towards alleviating the negative influences of malice in a crowd sourced user trajectory to identify fraudulent users. In relation to the economics of these technologies it is important that responsibility is directed towards the environment, a factor that is emerging for corporate IT entities. With the increasing pressure on efficient energy because of its conservative nature, there are emerging technologies geared towards regulating the consumption

Application and Services

The crowd sourcing approach has assisted in big data application. According to my opinion, there are contributions that can be engineered to enhance the mobile trusted computing & clouds, crowd sourcing and computing technologies. This includes an approach that will help this technology by integrating the mobile crowd sourcing with the big data analytics (Shiraz, & Gani, 2014). This application can be beneficial since it would enable Smartphone user’s book their train seats in advance based upon the mobility pattern model and the contributions of a mobile data user.

It is however important to note that jelling the mobile crowd sourcing model and the big data analytic can be challenging since the methods of data collection may prove and turn out to be huge on a mobile device, a factor that constrains the data velocity, and volume. Privacy should also be a measure to include in the development of these systems.

Conclusion

The advent of an increasing powerful mobile devices applications have been developed that can enable a user to collaborate through a mobile cloud with the aim of providing pervasive services such as; computing, data collection, and processing through an energy efficient system (Shiraz, & Gani, 2014). These systems have made it easier for users to use the clouding computing methods to, therefore, improve the computational ability through energy efficient mobile devices. The evolution of these technologies has therefore seen several inventions that have impacted the society today.

References

Cătinean, I., & Cândea, D. (2013). Characteristics of the Cloud Computing Model as a Disruptive Innovation. Review of International Comparative Management / Revista De Management Comparat International, 14(5), 783-803.

Qi, Q., Jianxin, L., & Yufei, C. (2014). Cloud service-aware location update in mobile cloud computing. IET Communications, 8(8), 1417-1424.

Shiraz, M., & Gani, A. (2014). A lightweight active service migration framework for computational offloading in mobile cloud computing. Journal of Supercomputing, 68(2), 978-995.

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Trade-off and Pecking-order Theories

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For this paper, the writer will have to read the two post and react to them in one paragraph each. The writer will expand and constructively challenge each of this postings using a minimum of one scholarly article to support his point. each posting respond must have a minimum of 250 words and APA must be use . The writer will respond directly on the uploaded paper with the respond coming directly under each posting as indicated. the references must be in APA format.

SAMPLE ANSWER

The writer must clearly relate to each post hear below constructively challenging or acknowledging the writer.

Trade-off and Pecking-order Theories

Several theories are proposed to explain how companies deal with debt and financial distress. After reviewing the resources for this week:

Compare and contrast trade-off theory and pecking-order theory.
Describe a specific business that seems to follow trade-off theory and another that follows pecking-order theory.
Why would these theories be more applicable in some industries than others?

Post 1

In a one paragraph each expand and constructively challenge each of this postings, using a scholarly article to support your point on each paragraph

Trade Off and Pecking Order Theory

Compare and contrast trade-off theory and pecking-order theory

The Trade-off Theory or Static Trade-off Theory states that a firm’s capital structure decision involves a trade-off between the tax benefits of debt and the costs of financial stress. Firms choose their capital structures by trading off the benefits of debt financing such as tax shields, against the costs associated with financial distress and bankruptcy. The implication shows how each individual firm has an optimal amount of debt, which becomes the firm’s target debt level (Ross, Westerfield, & Jaffe, 2013). The company will choose how much debt to finance and how much equity to finance by balancing the costs and benefits of each. This theory shows how corporations are financed with debt and equity.

The Pecking Order Theory is a hierarchy or financing strategy in which using internally generated cash is at the top, issuing new equity is at the bottom, and issuing new debt is in the middle (Ross et al, 2013). Firms would prefer internal financing, and debt is preferred over equity if the firm has to result to external financing. When firm’s issue equity it means they have to bring external ownership into the company. These two theories are similar because they weight the benefits and costs between debt and equity using the debt ratio. The two theories are different because in the Trade-off Theory asset tangibility, profitability and tax shield are significant. In the Pecking Order Theory the most influential factors are long term profitability and investment opportunities (Vatavu, 2012).

Describe a specific business that seems to follow trade-off theory and another that follows pecking-order theory.

A business that follows the Trade-off Theory is one that is well established with enough equity generated in the firm. Microsoft is a business that could follow the trade off theory because it was not at its optimal capital structure and was not maximizing its value as an all equity firm. A business that follows the Pecking-order Theory is a smaller business. These businesses use their internal resources first before turning to lenders or investors to keep the business operational.

Why would these theories be more applicable in some industries than others?

These theories could be more applicable to some firms than others because the level of debt and equity in a firm plays a major significance. These theories apply to firm specific factors that show most significance in the capital structure of asset tangibility, size, investment opportunities, profitability, and tax shield (Vatavu, 2012).

References

Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R. W., & Jaffe, J. (2013). Corporate finance (10^thed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Vatavu, S. (2012). Trade-off versus Pecking Order Theory in listed companies around the world.

Annals of the University of Petrosani Economics, 12(2), 285-292. Retrieved from

http://www.upet.ro.

Write a one paragraph hear to expand and constructively challenge the above postings, using a scholarly article to support your point.

The trade off theory the optimal point where a firm’s use of debt and equity capital provides the greatest benefit to the organization in terms of the cost of capital. Using the Modigliani-Miller proposition II of the model, a company will enjoy the use of debt as a form of interest tax shield. The size of the company does not matter but the benefit obtained from using either the debt capital or equity (Modigliani and Miller, 1958).The cost of capital is weighted against the benefit of using either of the two or the proportion that derives the greatest benefit. Microsoft would have accumulated a lot of equity capital in its existence but its benefit compared to companies that have optimal debt-equity ratio may be deriving more benefit. The pecking order on the other hand proposes that the management of a company should use a source of capital that provides the most information or one which the company has more information on its source and application. This information would include the company’s business risks, the degree to which a company’s assets are tangible and the tax situation in a country. These means that companies should use equity capital. A company achieves the highest value when it utilizes 100% debt in its capital structure while at the same time its cost reduces to the lowest than when its financing its investment or development from equity capital. The US government occasionally offers zero-federal-plus-state corporate tax rate to promote investment in certain industries like in infant apparel manufacturing companies. These opportunities represent savings in terms of debt capital application.

References

Modigliani, F. and Miller, M. (1958) “The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance, and the Theory of Investment,” American Economic Review, June, 48:3, 261–97.

Post 2

Capital Structure Theory

Capital structure determination poses a challenge to financial executives. Corporate leaders consider assets, profitability, size and debt when selecting a capital structure model. The purpose of this discussion is to compare and contrast trade-off and pecking-order capital structure theories.

Trade-off vs. Pecking-Order Theory

Trade-off and pecking-order theory are two capital structure options used by businesses. Financial leaders must determine the best methodology for funding capital projects, expansions, or meeting shareholder obligations. Trade-off theory states that a company balances the benefits of debt to increase capital with the risk of the cost of bankruptcy (Ross, Westerfield, & Jaffe, 2013; Vatavu, 2012). Conversely, pecking-order theory dictates a hierarchy decision process for raising capital where internal funding is the priority then debt financing (Guo&Leinberger, 2012; Ross et al., 2013). In a firm where leveraging debt provides a maximum tax benefit, the financial officer may choose a trade-off capital structure model whereas in a company with low-risk tolerance pecking order may be the most beneficial option.

Capital Structure Theory Application

Trade-off theory focuses on debt leverage for the purpose of raising capital. Large or established firms are most likely to employ the trade-off theory in their capital structure (Lopez-Gracia&Sogorb-Mira, 2008; Vatavu, 2012). Big companies have many assets along with stable revenue that allows for debt leverage tolerance. Businesses that are widely diversified such as Disney, also represent an example of a firm that employees trade-off theory in that the can take advantage of tax benefits because they have little risk of bankruptcy (Vatavu, 2012). Lopez-Gracia and Sogorb-Mira (2008) reviewed more than 3,500 small and moderate sized company’s capital structure and found that the consumer and manufacturing industries are most likely to employ the trade-off capital structure theory.

Pecking-order capital structure favors internal financing over external funding but like trade-off theory is not applicable to all companies. Small firms and new business are most likely to employ pecking-order theory because the tax shield benefits do not outweigh the cost and risk of debt leverage (Lopez-Gracia&Sogorb-Mira, 2008). Smaller firms who favor internal financing of projects and tech industry where the company has intangible assets utilize the pecking-order theory (Guo&Leinberger, 2012). Companies who cannot leverage debt or want to appear stronger may implement the pecking-order capital structure theory.

Rationale for Trade-off and Pecking-order Theories

The rationale for choosing one theory over another depends on the company type, size, and goals. Trade-off capital structure provides improved stability to balance debt and equity while funding capital budgets (Vatavu, 2012). Conversely, firms who are vulnerable, intolerant to risk, faced with high financing costs, or are in a growth phase benefit from pecking-order capital structure (Guo&Leinberger, 2012; Lopez-Gracia&Sogorb-Mira, 2008; Vatavu, 2012). The benefits of tax deductions may not be an advantage to the small or emerging company attempting to establish itself. Therefore, pecking-order is the optimal choice in the capital structure.

Conclusion

A capital structure theory selection must be pondered carefully. Business and financial leaders must choose a structure that fits the company’s size, operations, financial needs, and risk tolerance. Trade-off theory is best applied to businesses that are established, profitable and have tangible assets where debt leverage maximizes tax benefits to funding. Pecking-order theory, on the other hand, supports the smaller or emerging firm who prefer to finance through their internal equity and earnings. The goal of the capital structure is to provide funding for capital budgets therefore selecting a practice theory will enable a company to establish appropriate funding while remaining profitable.

References

Guo, E., &Leinberger, G. (2012). Firm growth and financial choices in Pennsylvania firms: An empirical study about the pecking order theory. Journal of Accounting and Finance, 12, 123-142. Retrieved from http://www.na-businesspress.com/jafopen.html

Lopez-Gracia, J., &Sogorb-Mira, F. (2008). Testing trade-off and pecking order theories financing SMEs. Small Business Economics, 31, 117-136. doi:10.1007/s11187-007-9088-4

Ross, S. R., Westerfield, R. W., & Jaffe, J. (2013). Corporate finance (10^thed.). NY:McGraw-Hill.

Vatavu, S. (2012). Trade-off versus pecking order theory in listed companies around the world. Annals of the University of Petrosani, Economics, 12, 285-292. Retrieved from http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstracted.php?id=9345

Write a one paragraph hear to expand and constructively challenge the above postings, using a scholarly article to support your point.

The use of debt capital has mostly being applied to finance large projects that are beyond the company’s ability to finance through equity. The difference between using debt and equity in a company largely depends on a company’s liquidity and leverage status. Companies that are unstable financially prefer the pecking order while financially sound and stable companies would prefer the trade off. Other factors like the regulatory environment, the conditions and state of a country’s economy and the type of industry that the company is operating in have to be factored. For example, if the US government removes the tax benefit and the 40% federal-plus-state corporate tax is fully implemented, companies would think again about the trade-off especially the small industries. In my opinion, the relative issue between the pecking order and the trade-off in these case is that the debt holders are in most cases particularly concerned with the company’s ability to repay the debt and they are represented by the group that advocates for the pecking order while the shareholders are concerned with the ability of the firm earning big income hence the group that supports the tradeoff issue. A successful shareholder will earn more by investing in risky projects but the debt holder will only earn his return whether the project fails or succeed (Myers, 1984, pg 16). The pecking order concept claims that companies prefer equity financing as it involves the use of the relatively safe retained earnings that bears no risks compared to the risky external financing that also involves the disclosure of a lot of information on the company prospectus.

References

Myers, S. (1984)”The Search for Optimal Capital Structure,” Midland Corporate Finance Journal, 1 spring, 6-16

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Pathophysiology Essay Paper Assignment

Pathophysiology Essay

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The neurological system affects all parts and functions of the body through nerve stimulation. Nerves also control the sensation and perception of pain. While pain can be described in a variety of ways, it is essentially labeled according to its duration and source. As an advanced practice nurse evaluating a patient, you need to consider the following questions: Does the pain quickly come and go, or is it persistent and ongoing? Does the pain arise at the source of injury or in another location? In this Discussion, you compare three common types of pain—acute, chronic, and referred.

To prepare:
•Review this week’s media presentation on the neurological system, as well as Chapter 13 in the Huether and McCance text.
•Identify the pathophysiology of acute, chronic, and referred pain. Consider the similarities and differences between these three types of pain.
•Select two of the following patient factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Reflect on how the factors you selected might impact the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prescription of treatment for acute, chronic, and referred pain.

Post on or before Day 3 a description of the pathophysiology of acute, chronic, and referred pain, including similarities and differences between them. Then, explain how the factors you selected might impact the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prescription of treatment for acute, chronic, and referred pain.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Pathophysiology

Acute pain is sharp and normally occurs abruptly in the neurological systems. This type of pain often depicts ailments in the body associated with infection. The pain sensation begins when the peripheral receptors become triggered, transmitted trough the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex; leading to interpretation of unpleasant sensation (pain) and discomfort. It normally ends as healing continues. Chronic pain is more of a continuation of the unpleasant sensation after injuries. The transmission process is through the dorsal horn in the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex. On the other hand, referred pain includes pain, which is not localized in the stimulus site. However, there is no exact pathophysiology for referred pain, but it is suggested that sympathetic fibers are affected forming painful sensations in other body organs (Bullock & Hayes, 2012. P.461)

These three types of pain are similar is that point of sensation is through peripheral receptors at the site of injury. Secondly, all the three types of pain involve the neurologic system and its implication on the overall person health i.e. weakening the immune system. The differences includes that chronic pain is usually persistent and manifests for a long period of time. On the other hand, acute pain is abrupt. Point of stimulation also differs, for instance, referred pain point of stimulation is usually different from the infection site, unlike the other two types of pain (Allerton, 2013, P. 8).

Age and genetics affects the pathophysiological process of acute, chronic as well as referred pain. Genetic factors influence person’s ability to preserver pain, and rate of spread of infection. On the other hand, age influences the healing process, and spread of pain. Research indicates that pain spreads at a faster rate and more severe in elderly than in youth (Allerton, 2013, p. 4).

Reference List

Bullock, S., & Hayes,M. (2012). The principles of pathophysiology. Philadelphia: Pearson Higher Education AU.

Allerton, C., & Fox, D. Pain therapeutics. Cambridge. The Royal Society of Chemistry. https://www.bookdepository.com/Pain-Therapeutics-Charlotte-Allerton/9781849736459

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Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders

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Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders

As the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women, cardiovascular disorders account for 7 million hospitalizations per year (NCSL, 2012). This is the result of the extensive treatment and care that is often required for patients with these disorders. While the incidences of hospitalizations and death are still high, the mortality rate of cardiovascular disorders has been declining since the 1960s (CDC, 2011). Improved treatment options have contributed to this decline, as well as more knowledge on patient risk factors. As an advanced practice nurse, it is your responsibility to recommend appropriate treatment options for patients with cardiovascular disorders. To ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy, advanced practice nurses must consider aspects that might influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes such as medical history, other drugs currently prescribed, and individual patient factors.

Consider the following case studies:

Case Study 1:

Patient AO has a history of obesity and has recently gained 9 pounds. The patient has been diagnosed with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Drugs currently prescribed include the following:
Atenolol 12.5 mg daily
Doxazosin 8 mg daily
Hydralazine 10 mg qid
Sertraline 25 mg daily
Simvastatin 80 mg daily

Case Study 2:

Patient HM has a history of atrial fibrillation and a transient ischemic attack (TIA). The patient has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease. Drugs currently prescribed include the following:
Warfarin 5 mg daily MWF and 2.5 mg daily T, TH, Sat, Sun
Aspirin 81 mg daily
Metformin 1000 mg po bid
Glyburide 10 mg bid
Atenolol 100 mg po daily
Motrin 200 mg 1–3 tablets every 6 hours as needed for pain

Case Study 3:

Patient CB has a history of strokes. The patient has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Drugs currently prescribed include the following:
Glipizide 10 mg po daily
HCTZ 25 mg daily
Atenolol 25 mg po daily
Hydralazine 25 mg qid
Simvastatin 80 mg daily
Verapamil 180 mg CD daily

To prepare:
•Review this week’s media presentation on hypertension and hyperlipidemia, as well as Chapters 19 and 20 of the Arcangelo and Peterson text.
•Select one of the three case studies, as well as one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior factors.
•Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
•Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy.
•Think about how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Reflect on whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an alternative treatment option for the patient.

Post on or before Day 3 an explanation of how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study you selected. Then, describe how changes in the processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy. Finally, explain how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

Respond on or before Day 6 to at least two of your colleagues on two different days who selected a different case study than you did, in one or more of the following ways:

SAMPLE ANSWER

Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders

HM client is diagnosed with hypertension, atrial fibrillation and TIA. This puts the patient at risk of developing stroke. There are various aspects which should be put into consideration during the decision making process. These include age, gender, genetics, and ethnic group. This article selects age as the key factor. Age causes modification in the metabolism process of the drug and the elimination process. This is due to altered body pH, water content level, and hepatic metabolism. This interferes with the patient’s ability to clear drugs; which results to toxicity and exacerbation of the disease (Kaufman, 2013).

Warfarin 5mg po daily and 2.5mg in an alternating pattern is appropriate. The patient INR must be monitored to guide the dosage. This dosage is most appropriate to cover thrombo-embolic stroke associated with atrial fibrillation. Aspirin 81mg dosage is high putting into consideration that the patient had previously suffered from TIA, and could result to bleeding. In this case, Plavix 75mg (clopiogrel) could be used instead. Glyburide 10mg could interact with warfarin and could lead to hypoglycemia. Therefore, the patient should be monitored closely. Metformin dosage is appropriate to maintain the right blood sugar level. Atenolol 100mg (beta blocker) is normally discouraged for use in diabetic patients, and thus the patient should be changed to ACE inhibitor such as Lisinopril 5mg daily. If pain reduces, discontinue Motrin 200mg (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013).

The most important aspect is to empower the patient. This is through patient education on ways to control blood sugar levels, hypertension and cholesterol. The patient would be advised warning signs of stroke so as to seek medication as soon as possible. Patients should also be advised of lifestyle modification process (Kaufman, 2013).

Reference list

Arcangelo, V. P., & Peterson, A. M. (2013). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Kaufman, G. (2013). Prescribing and medicines management in older people. Nursing Older People, 25(7), 33-41. https://www.doi:10.7748/nop2013.09.25.7.33.e441

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Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis

Benefits and potential problems associated with cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis

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Dear Admin,

A friend has asked you for some advice: ‘My small business now makes a profit; I am only too aware of this, as I now face a big tax bill each year, when my tax accountant has prepared my annual accounts. However, I don’t feel much better off personally, so this is not quite what I had expected when I took the risk of resigning my job and setting up my own firm. The accountant is now trying to persuade me to pay her even higher fees, by letting her prepare monthly “management accounts” for me. She says that I would also benefit from something called CVP analysis on my various product lines. I know that you are now doing an MSc. What does she mean here, and is this likely to be worth my paying her for?’
In formulating your Key Concept Exercise, consider the following questions:

•What is the difference between financial reporting and management accounting?

•What are the benefits and potential problems associated with cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis?

•What advice would you give your friend?

Outline the difference between financial reporting and management accounting information and explain the benefits and potential problems associated with cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis. How might the technique that you have discussed assist your friend in the effective management of his business resources? What advice would you give him? Base your answer on research, your readings and your own experiences. Please cite all references.

Also,
1) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
2) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,
3) Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
4) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.
5) Turnitin.com copy percentage must be 10% or less.

Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached

Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper

Best regards

SAMPLE ANSWER

Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis

MFR.COLL.W4

As a business grows and continually becomes complex, the need to adopt more sophisticated accounting practices is inevitable in order to effectively manage profitability. Management financing has gained increased popularity among contemporary businesses because of its usefulness in decision making, budget and profit prediction. Managing costs is also a core activity for any organization with an aim of promoting profitability; hence the need to consider Cost Volume Profit (CVP) Analysis. Having acquired a significant level of knowledge on accounting, I would advise you to consider your accountant’s suggestion to include management accounting and CVP analysis besides the normal financial accounting. While this may seem expensive it is of great benefit in the long-run because you will have greater control of your business and thus identify better profit making strategies. How then do the above concepts work? What does one need to know before embarking on them? These are discussed as follows.

Management versus Financial Accounting

The obvious question that would arise from an individual with limited accounting knowledge would be “why do we need management accounts while we are already preparing financial statements? Is financial accounting not adequate to provide the management with information for decision making purposes? The only way to address such sentiments would be to do a comparison between management accounting and financial accounting in order to show the importance of management accounting.

Fotache et al (2011, p. 48) notes that one of the most significant difference between financial and management accounting is that while financial accounting is more about reporting a company’s performance for a particular accounting period, management accounting focuses on development reports for specific areas of the business, to track performance, identify any underlying problems and provide solutions necessary to address them in order to promote profitability. Financial accounting is generally undertaken for the external audience in a bid to report the organization’s profitability and financial position while management accounting is meant for internal stakeholders (Stoicea, Dinu and Stoian, 2011, p. 260 – 262). Essentially, financial accounting is mostly done for compliance purposes while management accounting is for internal use and the purpose of reports may therefore vary. This means that it can be more detailed and more specific to areas of the business that need to be addressed including pricing, cost and profitability of single items.

Financial accounting data is historical and often a representation of the organization’s past performance. Management accounting on the other hand may consist of both past and projected financial information. Examples of future data include cost budgets and profit approximations. Due to its level of detail, management accounting is an effective tool for promoting decision making within the organization and is often associated with timeliness, accuracy and integration (Odar, 2005, p. 85).

Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis

By definition, this refers to the process of determining how a shift in costs and volume of a company’s products can have on its operating income (Kee, 2007, p. 478). The results of CVP analysis are then used in developing budgets and other purposes such as determining the selling price and cost estimations necessary to ensure profitability. CVP analysis is therefore important for future projections and decision making. What should be expected by businesses which consider the use of CVP analysis? The best approach would be to compare its benefits versus its limitations as below.

Given its ability to project information on product costs, volume and profitability, CVP analysis is a vital tool for decision making. Underwood, Bush and Heath (2009, p. 14) notes that CVP analysis is highly detailed and is likely to answer most of the questions that may be raised concerning future profitability of products. CVP analysis is of great significance in terms of decision making at the management level. Using the detailed information derived from the CVP analysis, the management can easily make decisions on costs and effectively determine the best prices for their products; with an assurance that most important factors affecting these variables have been addressed during the CVP analysis (Răvaş, 2013, p. 103). Effective budgeting and profit planning is often associated with CVP analysis and as noted by Răvaş (2013, p. 104), CVP analysis results inform the best combinations between cost, volume and selling price which will lead to the best possible profit levels and is thus an important tool for business.

CVP analysis however has its own limitations. Among the limitations is the fact that CVP analysis is based on estimations. This means that despite relying heavily on factual data, the results of a CVP analysis is not usually the true representation of the situation but rather a tentative result (Kee, 2007, 481). It is however notable that determining actual figures when projecting just like in budgeting can be difficult and CVP is merely a tool necessary to give an idea of what to expect when costs and volume change. According to Chan and Yuan, 1990, p. 83), CVP has traditionally been known for not being able to deal with risk and uncertainty. CVP analysis also limits usage for companies with multiple products due to the cumbersome exercise which must be performed on each product individually. Kee (2007, p. 482-483) notes that in the presence of a different variable cost for each product such as in the case of a restaurant business, this may pose difficulties for companies with multi products.

The discussion above generally covers information necessary in making a decision on whether to adopt management accounting and CVP analysis or not. It is however apparent that upgrading your accounting practices would be of great benefit to your company through more informed and proactive decision making, more accurate projections and less miscalculations. I would therefore advise you to consider your accountant’s suggestions in order to benefit from these accounting concepts.

Reference list

Fotache, G, Fotache, M, Bucşă, R, & Ocneanu, L 2011, ‘The Changing Role of Managerial Accounting in Decision Making Process Research on Managing Costs’, Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition, 14, 2, pp. 45-55, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 June 2015. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e05bd091-96aa-4974-9850-996cee79f7cd%40sessionmgr4002&vid=0&hid=4113

Kee, R 2007, ‘Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Incorporating the Cost of Capital’, Journal Of Managerial Issues, 19, 4, pp. 478-493, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 June 2015. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=40a26d48-4e3f-4dd9-8bfd-10de071c6b91%40sessionmgr4001&vid=0&hid=4113

Odar, M, Kavcic, S, & Jerman, M 2015, ‘The Role of a Management Accounting System in the Decision-Making Process: Evidence from a Post-Transition Economy’, Engineering Economics, 26, 1, pp. 84-92, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 June 2015. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=db3f7ae5-d41a-4c85-97e1-3321b0dfe707%40sessionmgr4004&vid=0&hid=4113

Răvaş, B 2013, ‘The Classic Cost-Volume-Profit, A Possible Useful Tool In Providing Performance For The Tourism Units’, Young Economists Journal / Revista Tinerilor Economisti, 10, 20, pp. 102-107, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 June 2015. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=33db2295-c7ae-46d8-8943-b6b166682c80%40sessionmgr4001&vid=0&hid=4113

Stoicea, P, Dinu, T, & Stoian, E 2011, ‘Management Accounting Opossite Financial Accounting In Agricultural Companies’, Agricultural Management / Lucrari Stiintifice Seria I, Management Agricol, 13, 3, pp. 259-266, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 June 2015. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d2e5a42c-217c-453c-9d4d-ac9b7eb8c5a7%40sessionmgr4004&vid=0&hid=4113

Underwood III, J, Bush, R, & Heath, W 2009, ‘Picture The Numbers: A Conceptual Illustration Of Linking Marginal Reasoning, Marketing Actions, And Pro Forma Cvp Analysis With A Spreadsheet Picture’, Journal For Advancement Of Marketing Education, 14, Pp. 13-22, Business Source Complete, Ebscohost, Viewed 20 June 2015. Retrieved From Http://Eds.A.Ebscohost.Com/Ehost/Pdfviewer/Pdfviewer?Sid=06186262-E7a8-4cfe-Bba5-5382b2626519%40sessionmgr4003&vid=0&hid=4113

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MATHEMATICAL FINANCE; ACCOUNTING

Mathematical Finance

Order Instructions:

Dear Admin,

The Details in the attachment file or by email

Thank you

SAMPLE ANSWER

Breakeven analysis is calculated to determine the minimum sales that an

Organization must meet to cover all the expenses and commence in making a profit (Cafferky & Wentworth, 2010). In our case, where; Unit variable cost= £30, Fixed Cost=£250,000, Sales= 50,000.

Solution

Total Variable cost= Unit Variable Cost*Sales =£30*50,000=1,500,000

Total Cost= Total Variable Cost + Fixed Cost=£1,500,000+£250,000=1750000

Breakeven point= Total Cost/ Unit sales

Therefore, the breakeven selling price is= Total Cost/ Sales

= 1750000/250000 = £7 per unit

If the planned selling price is £48 per unit, then;

Solution

Breakeven Sales Units = 250000/ (48-30) = 13,889

Budgeted Sales Units = 50000

Margin Safety = (50000-13889)/50000=0.72222*100

Therefore, the margin safety is 72.22%

The following information is about two organizations, A and B.

Which firm has higher operating gearing?

According to Alhabeeb (2012) Operating Gearing can be arrived using the following the formula {[quantity* (Price- Variable Cost per Unit)]/ Quantity* (Price –Variable Cost per unit) – Fixed Operating Cost}. Therefore;

For Organization A= [160,000*(0.60-0.20)] /160,000*(0.60-0.20)-60,000=64,000/4,000

=16

For Organization B= [160,000* (0.60-0.50)]/160,000*(0.60-0.50)-12,000

= 4

Therefore, firm A has a higher operating gearing compared to firm B

What is the expected net income of both firms?

The expected net income for firm A is 4,000 [(160,000*0.60)-(60,000+0.20*160,000)]. Which is similar to the expected net income for firm B [(160,000*0.60) – (12,000+0.50*160,000)]= 4,000. Therefore, the expected net income for both firms is 4000

If the sales are 140,000 units, then the expected net income for firm A will be 4000 [(140,000*0.60) – (60,000+ 140,000*0.20)]. For firm B, the expected net income is 2000 [(140,000*0.60)- (12,000+140,000*0.50)]. Consequently, if the sales were 180, 000 units, then the expected net income for firm A will be 20, 000 [(180,000*0.60) – (60,000+140,000*0.20)]. Consequently, the expected net income for firm be will be 6,000 [(180,000*0.60)- (12000+180,000*0.50)]
The firm that is facing more risk in terms of current sales prediction is firm B that has a lower operating Gearing. Firms with higher operating gearing can make more money as compared to firms with lower operating gearing from incremental revenues (Richards, 2013). This tendency is because they don’t have to increase their cost of production to make those sales (Mclaney & Atrill, 2010). But firms with lower operating gearing have to increase their cost of production to increase sales.

References

CAFFERKY, M. E., & WENTWORTH, J. (2010). Breakeven analysis the definitive guide to cost-volume-profit analysis. [New York], Business Expert Press. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10404343.

Richards, D. (2013). How to do a breakeven analysis.

Alhabeeb, M. J. (2012). Break‐Even Analysis. Mathematical Finance, 247-273.

MCLANEY, E. J., & ATRILL, P. (2010). Accounting: an introduction. Harlow, Financial Times Prentice Hall.

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Criminal Law comparison with Biblical Examples

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This is a discussion board assignment for an online class in Criminal Procedure.

Assignment Instructions:

Each of the Scriptures below concern a given criminal procedure topic. All Scriptures are from the New International Version, 1984. After reading the scriptures below answer the questions that follow.

Witnesses
Deuteronomy 19:15 “One witness is not enough to convict a man accused of any crime or offense he may have committed. A matter must be established by the testimony of two or three witnesses.”

Deuteronomy 17:6 “On the testimony of two or three witnesses a man shall be put to death, but no one shall be put to death on the testimony of only one witness.”

Cross Examination

Proverbs 18:17 “The first to present his case seems right, till another comes forward and questions him.”

Deuteronomy 19:16–19 “If a malicious witness takes the stand to accuse a man of a crime, the two men involved in the dispute must stand in the presence of the LORD before the priests and the judges who are in office at the time. The judges must make a thorough investigation, and if the witness proves to be a liar, giving false testimony against his brother, then do to him as he intended to do to his brother. You must purge the evil from among you.”

Physical Evidence

Deuteronomy 22:13–18 “If a man takes a wife and, after lying with her, dislikes her and slanders her and gives her a bad name, saying, “I married this woman, but when I approached her, I did not find proof of her virginity,” then the girl’s father and mother shall bring proof that she was a virgin to the town elders at the gate. The girl’s father will say to the elders, “I gave my daughter in marriage to this man, but he dislikes her. Now he has slandered her and said, ‘I did not find your daughter to be a virgin.’ But here is the proof of my daughter’s virginity.” Then her parents shall display the cloth before the elders of the town, and the elders shall take the man and punish him.”

Exodus 22:12-13 “But if the animal was stolen from the neighbor, he must make restitution to the owner. If it was torn to pieces by a wild animal, he shall bring in the remains as evidence and he will not be required to pay for the torn animal.”

Answer the following questions for your thread:

•Did these Scriptures change or confirm your views about how criminal procedure should operate according to each topic?
•How does our current system deal with each topic?
•How could our current system change (or not) to deal with each topic in a more biblical manner?
•Provide at least 1 reference and 1 different Scripture (other than those given above) in support of your post.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Criminal Law comparison with Biblical Examples

The Biblical passages provided did confirm my beliefs on how the criminal justice system should operate, specifically with respect to how criminal cases are handled in courtrooms. The rules need to be flexible and relative to the cases at hand. This is because different cases have different circumstances and as a result there likelihood of and manifestation of malice varies from case to case. There should always be more than one witness in any case. Their testimonies need to be put to the test to check if there is any malice.

The current system is partly fair in the way it deals with some of the criminal issues. With many criminal cases however it is hardly fair because the testimony that matters is that of the members of law enforcement and in many such cases it is hard to test the evidence or accusation to find out if there is any malice. For criminals who cannot afford an attorney, one is often appointed by the state. The officers prosecuting also owe their allegiance to the state. In theory the case will be fair but it is necessary that such an attorney be sourced from an independent body from the state as seen in the case where the girl’s parents come to her defense (Deutronomy 22: 13- 18).

The country’s criminal justice system can however maintain the provision for multiple witnesses being called to the stand. This gives the defendant’s defense team a chance to defend their client and such a scenario makes it possible for the court to establish the credibility of an account being given by the witnesses. This reduces the chance of a malicious individual having undue influence over the fate of the accused. The suspect’s liberty to choose their own attorney where possible means they can have someone who will have their best interests at heart. Biblically it is clear that those in authority need to be fair to the powerless or those under them (Proverbs 29:14; Nelken, 2010).

References

Deutronomy 22: 13- 18

Proverbs 29: 14

Nelken, D (2010) Comparative Criminal Justice, Making Sense of the Difference. Vol 1, Sage, 2010 https://u-pad.unimc.it/retrieve/handle/11393/34944/35/291-311_EUC_104684.pdf

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Linear algebra Term Paper Available Here

Linear algebra

Chapter 3

Question 1

If the above data points actually lay on a straight line y = C+Dt, we have:

Call the matrix A and the vector on the right-hand side. Of course this system is inconsistent, but we want to find such that is as close as possible to . As we’ve seen, the correct choice of is given by:

To compute this, first note that

Therefore,

And so

Therefore, the best-fit line for the data is:

Here are the data points and the best-fit line on the same graph:

Question 13

Let Then, we set and

Question 14

We now compute If we denote then by the Gram-Schmidt process,

Question 16

Chapter 4

Question 5

Question 6

Let be any basis of a -dimensional subspace of Then by Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation process, we get an orthonormal set with and for

Question 7

Question 16

Question 17

Question 24

Question 25

Suppose we have matrix of dimension with Then by the application of the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation process yields a set of orthonormal vectors of In this case, for each we have

Question 14

Question 3

References

Bretscher, O. (2004). Linear Algebra with Applications, (3^rd ed.). New York, NY: Prentice Hall.

Farin, G., & Hansford, D. (2004). Practical Linear Algebra: A Geometry Toolbox. London: AK Peters.

Friedberg, S. H., Insel, A. J., & Spence, L. E. (2002). Linear Algebra, (4^th ed.). New York, NY: Prentice Hall.

Leon, S. J. (2006). Linear Algebra with Applications, (7^th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson Prentice Hall.

McMahon, D. (2005). Linear Algebra Demystified. New York, NY: McGraw–Hill Professional.

Zhang, F. (2009). Linear Algebra: Challenging Problems for Students. Baltimore, MA: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

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Human capital Assignment Available

Human capital Assignment

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Let’s assume that we have a small company with 10 employees and a director/owner (100%).

The company has a profit (before tax) of 200,000 USD a year.

The 10 employees earn (cost to the company) in total 500,000 USD. a year.

The owner pays himself 60,000 (cost to company) as a salary income a year.

The equity of the company is 600,000 (capital contributed and retained earnings) at the end of the year.

Could you make some more assumptions and tell me what asset we should include for human capital? And what would be the counter entry for human capital (dual aspect accounting).

SAMPLE ANSWER

Coming up with the exact value of human capital is not easy. The underlying reason is that of the unique characteristics of human capital. Human capital is multifaceted ideology representing both potential asset and liability of an organization. Human capital is an intangible asset that can be influenced but cannot be entirely controlled. Human capital can be defined as the summation of knowledge, attributes, life experiences, enthusiasms, inventiveness and energy that its people choose to invest in their duties (Mayo, 2012).

In our case above, we can assume that the ten employees are well motivated by a good salary of 50, 000 USD per year. This salary is relatively higher when compared to the way the economy is performing. We can also assume that of the total equity, the company invests 10% (60000 USD) on improving human capital. If the above assumptions are held through, then the human resource will be motivated to work harder. Therefore, increase the production level of the company. This trend is possible because having a well-motivated employees and other human capital will imply that, each and every individual will be motivated to work hard and hence achieve the organization objectives (Machlup, 2014). Having a high performing employees help employees to be motivated and work towards supporting and achieving the company goals and strategies.

On the other hand, if the organizations human resource that is not well motivated, and then the employees will engage in slow work-downs, industrial actions among other reliable traits (Machlup, 2014). Therefore, lead to undesirable traits in the business organization. Having a discouraged team of employees will reduce employee performance and may also compromise the company’s corporate image. Therefore, a non-motivated human capital is a liability and a contra-entry of human capital.

In conclusion, Human capital is finite and intangible (Mayo, 2012). However, human capital can be natured and cultivated into valuable assets that create value in the organization. Consequently, human capital can also decide to quit, become dishearten, sick and other influence employees to turn against the company hence becoming a liability.

References

Machlup, F. (2014). Knowledge: Its Creation, Distribution and Economic Significance, Volume III: The Economics of Information and Human Capital(Vol. 3). Princeton University Press.

Mayo, M. A. (2012). Human Resources Or Human Capital?: Managing People as Assets. Gower Publishing, Ltd..

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Prescription Errors: Pharmacology Assignment

Prescription Errors

Order Instructions:

American writer Nikki Giovanni once said: “Mistakes are a fact of life. It is the response to the error that counts” (Goodreads, 2012). Whenever you make an error when writing a prescription, you must consider the ethical and legal implications of your error—no matter how seemingly insignificant it might be. You may fear the possible consequences and feel pressured not to disclose the error. Regardless, you need to consider the potential implications of non-disclosure. How you respond to the prescription error will affect you, the patient, and the health care facility where you practice. In this Assignment, you examine ethical and legal implications of disclosure and nondisclosure of personal error.

Consider the following scenario:

You are working as an advanced practice nurse at a community health clinic. You make an error when prescribing a drug to a patient. You do not think the patient would know that you made the error, and it certainly was not intentional.

To prepare:

•Consider the ethical implications of disclosure and nondisclosure.
•Research federal and state laws for advanced practice nurses. Reflect on the legal implications of disclosure and nondisclosure for you and the health clinic.
•Consider what you would do as the advanced practice nurse in this scenario including whether or not you would disclose your error.
•Review the Institute for Safe Medication Practices website in the Learning Resources. Consider the process of writing prescriptions. Think about strategies to avoid medication errors.

To complete:

Write a 2- to 3- page paper that addresses the following:
•Explain the ethical and legal implications of disclosure and nondisclosure. Be sure to reference laws specific to your state.
•Describe what you would do as the advanced practice nurse in this scenario including whether or not you would disclose your error. Provide your rationale.
•Explain the process of writing prescriptions including strategies to minimize medication errors.

This Assignment is due by Day 7 of this week.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Pharmacology: Prescription Errors

Errors of medication can have grave effects on patients. Prescribers and dispensers of medicines require being keen to avoid making mistakes in their practice. In terms of pharmacology, drugs are simply poisons if they are not used in a specific and appropriate manner. However, mistakes prescription mistakes still occur even if prescribers and dispensers of medicines are keen. When they occur, medication mistakes compromise patient safety. When prescription errors happen, healthcare providers should act in an ethical manner and take the appropriate actions. Patients may not realize when they take erroneous medications, and they solely rely on health professionals for their well-being.

Accepting and disclosing prescription errors to either the patient or the authorities operates within healthcare ethical principles. It could attract both understanding and misunderstanding if prescribers reveal their mistakes. Healthcare providers should apply moral guidelines to address errors that they make (Ghazel, Saleem, & Amlani, Pg. 2). Moral and ethical conduct demands that practitioners seek to resolve the problem first and then disclose their errors Ghazel, Saleem, & Amlani, Pg. 2). When practitioners commit medication errors, they find it hard to let their victimized patients know. While it could be ethically right to let patients know that they have taken wrong medication, disclosure could attract more trouble as patients may react in a hostile manner to express their dissatisfactions. On the other hand, patients may react by developing more trust in their care providers, if prescribers are honest with them (Ghazel, Saleem, & Amlani, 2014, Pg. 1). Regardless of the feared patient reactions, prescribers owe patients disclosure if mistakes occur. In the U.S, the bill of rights grants patient the right to know if they receive erroneous care from healthcare practitioners (Ghazel, Saleeem, & Amlani, 2014, Pg 1). It would be unethical if following fear of patients taking legal actions, prescribers protect themselves by concealing their mistakes. Both non-maleficence and beneficence principles of healthcare practice encourage disclosure of mistakes to patients (Ghazel, Saleem, & Amlani, 2014, Pg. 1). In addition to benefiting patients, disclosure of mistakes also benefits prescribers and hospitals. For instance, healthcare institutions could consider using methods that would minimize occurrence of medication errors, if practitioners report their errors (Ghazel, Saleem, & Amlani, 2014, Pg. 1). Again, prescribers earn more trust from their patients, if they let the patients know when errors occur.

Advanced practice nursing practitioners are guided by both federal and state laws. The Nursing Practice Act is the central institution that governs nursing practice in America. The Nursing Board guides nurses in interpreting acts that are not within Nursing Practice Act (American Nurses Association (ANA), 2015). Several laws monitor drug use and address cases of medication errors including those that occur during prescription. Advanced practice nurses and other prescribers are guided by the established laws on matters concerning use of medicines. In the U.S, FDA monitors medication errors through its Medication Errors Department. The agency receives concerns regarding use of medicinal substances including conventional medicines, healthcare devices, and medically-active biological compounds among other substances (HG.org, 2015). Other institutions and guidelines involved in control of medicine use in the States include National Institute of Health, the U.S Pharmacopoeia, and Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (HG.org, 2015).

In the scenario presented, I would disclose the prescription mistake I made to the patient. Patients have a right to know if medication errors occur. Advanced care nurses and other healthcare practitioners have the obligation to disclose prescription errors to patients from both legal and moral perspectives. Letting patients know about medication errors promotes their safety, and builds trust between clinicians and the patients. In addition to disclosing the mistake to the patient and the hospital management, I would also take corrective approaches to ensure that the patient is not harmed.

Writing Prescriptions

To avoid making mistakes, prescribers should apply strategies that are designed purposely to minimize chances of errors. To apply the appropriate strategies, prescribers should first obtain as much important patient information as possible. They should explore on patient factors that could compromise the normal functioning of the drugs. Understanding the physiological conditions of patients could, for instance, allow prescribers to determine possible adverse reactions. As such, prescribers would withdraw drugs that would not match the physiological status of the patients, and replace them with better alternatives. Performing a thorough and appropriate diagnosis also helps in minimizing prescription errors. With proper diagnoses, prescribers would not only determine the best medication, but they would also determine the most appropriate dosage and frequency. In diagnoses, prescribers should also assess patients for factors that could interfere with drug pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Activities such as smoking and alcoholism are known to interfere with medications, and prescribers should promote patient safety by assessing them before making prescriptions. In addition, prescribers need having adequate drug information before prescribing them to patients. Legible handwriting for prescribers could also help in minimizing medication errors, especially at the level of dispensing. Prescribers also minimize prescription errors by keeping reliable drug references. Paying attention to guidelines would also help reduce the occurrence of prescription errors. Usually, some medicines have special properties which could be important for both drug prescribers and dispensers to understand (Pharmacy Board of Australia, 2015, pg. 2).

References

American Nurses Association. (2015). State Law and Regulation. Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/statelawandregulation

Ghazal, L., Saleem, Z., Amlani, G. (2014) A Medical Error: To Disclose or Not to Disclose. J Clin Res Bioeth, 5(174), 1-3. doi:10.4172/2155-9627.1000174

HG.org. (2015). Medication Error Law. Retrieved from http://www.hg.org/medication-errors-law.html#3

Pharmacy Board of Australia (2015, April 28). Guidelines for dispensing of medicines. Retrieved from http://www.pharmacyboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD10%2F2951&dbid=AP&chksum=WMyYdhKfX3%2BWGPiGUCLsMw%3D%3D

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