Develop a (Mock Disaster Plan) response plan for a mock disaster involving a facility you work at or one in your community. Please include diagrams or pictures of the facility and location within the community. Develop the five ICS functional areas and specific responsibilities for each area pertaining to your specific disaster. A completely developed and detailed Incident Action Plan should be included as part of your paper. https://edge.apus.edu/access/content/group/public-safety-and-health-common/Kearns/Rubrics/Essay%20Rubric%20100-200%20courses.pdf
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“Coach Knight” and “Coach K” Case Studies Instructions
After reading the case studies (make sure you read both!), you will write a two-page double-spaced minimum (12-point font, Times New Roman, 1-inch margins) paper.
Please include the following in your case study summary.
1. Briefly summarize the cases (approximately half a page).
2. Answer the following questions in the remainder of your paper:
a. Compare and contrast Coach K and Coach Knight. How are they different? How are they similar?
– Describe Coach K’s leadership style. What are his basic assumptions about motivation and leading?
– Describe Coach Knight’s leadership style. What are his basic assumptions about motivation and leading?
b. Who is more effective? Why?
I’ll be attaching the 2 PDFs.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Leadership style refers to the style adopted by a leader in providing motivation, direction and also the implementation of various plans for the achievement of the goals. The leadership styles can be exhibited or applied in the sports, business or other fields of interest. The leadership styles exhibited by the two coaches in this case study are based on their values, preferences and also beliefs (Zentner, 2015). The leadership styles will efficiently operate when they are adapted to the difficulties facing the specific field of operation. In the case study provided, the analysis of coach Knight and coach k is provided. The two coaches are successful in their field of work although the different style of leadership is applied by each of them in their activities. Coach Knight led through intimidation and tough discipline on the other hand Coach K led through positive reinforcement, confidence and also trust (Zentner, 2015).
The two coaches in the case study have some similar and different approaches when it comes to leadership. The similarities and differences between the two provide a perfect basis for contrasting and comparing the coaches. One if the similarity is that both of them have effective leadership styles that help them maintain good records and achieve great success in winning. Each coach exhibits major achievements in their accomplishment as leaders. Coach Knight was able to exhibit achievements such as three national championships, the only coach to do a triple crown and also four coaches of the year (Sitkin & Hackman, 2011). Similarities occur as coach k also has three major accomplishments in his career. Coach k was eight times coach of the year won three national championships as his counterpart coach Knight and was also honored the best America coach in 2002 while considering all the sports. Both the coaches are passionate, competent and also disciplined in nature that is a major reason for their great achievements (Sitkin & Hackman, 2011).
The two coaches are also different where their differences are mostly exhibited in their leadership philosophies. Coach Knight uses the sincere communication, supportive encouragement and also reinforcement in his leadership style. His leadership philosophy is more about the trust and the sense of caring. On the other hand, his counterpart coach Knight assumes that people are inferior in nature with no self-drive. Coach Knight believed that unless the team is forced or clearly shown what it entails to become successful, they will not achieve any objectives and set goals (Zentner, 2015). These styles indicate the different leadership philosophies between the two where Coach K employs a sense of family approach while coach Knight is strict with a more harsh style of leadership. The leadership style by coach Knight is more about tough discipline and strictness during the performance of various activities (Sitkin & Hackman, 2011). The basic assumption about motivation and leading by coach Knight is that people should follow a hard motivational track to succeed. Coach Knight assumes that people need strict follow up for them to achieve the set goals. Coach K believes that people should be motivated in a personable and positive way. Motivation would be easily acquired through having trust and proving encouragement effectively. According to coach k, leading others entails the use of positive reinforcement and also having confidence in others (Zentner, 2015).
Coach k has a more effective leadership approach as compared to coach Knight. Coach k uses a positive motivation approach as compared to Coach Knight, who uses a negative motivational approach. The leadership style by coach Knight is old fashioned, unacceptable and difficult for application in the currently developing world. The style of leadership by Coach K is peaceful and favorable to most people and also meets the current standards of behavior (Sitkin & Hackman, 2011). In this case Coach K is more effective than coach Knight.
References
Sitkin, S. B., & Hackman, J. R. (2011). Developing team leadership: An interview with coach Mike Krzyzewski. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10(3), 494-501.
Zentner, A. (2015). Outside of the Lines: A Comparison of Leadership Styles of Two Collegiate Athletic Coaches. Available at SSRN 2625895.
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Evaluations require that the evaluator (the writer) assess an ‘X’ ( a program, a place, a service, a product, etc) according to a set of criteria (the
ideal), and then offer a judgment on how well the ‘X’ meets those criteria.
You have been asked to consider how our present culture engages in effective communication with words and with images. As discussed in class, image-based
communication and truncated word usage has become quite common. As a member and participant in both the present culture and in the art of communication, your
evaluation touches not only on those separate from you, but includes a bit of self-assessment as well.
You will evaluate your own usage of both words and/or images in light of what you believe offers the most effective means of communicating with others
As a writer, you must first establish (make a claim) what is most effective in good communication practice – that claim is a version of ‘this is most
effective and here’s why’ (that’s the criteria). Then you offer self-evaluation: ‘here’s where I stand in light of that’ – you explain how your personal
choices in communication with others (using words, images, both, neither) is effective or ineffective.
One part of your evaluation explains this:
Here’s what the culture does. Here’s how it is/isn’t working. Use other sources to back up what you claim here (that’s why you’ve been given articles to
read, and should find more sources on your own)
Another part of your evaluation makes a judgment (claim) about how communication should be used (based on what others are saying about it, what you’ve
observed in others and what you practice yourself).
Another part is an honest self-evaluation of your own communication – based on what you know is best, and how you meet the criteria you know (and prove) are
ideal.
You must use others’ ideas. That’s why you have been given articles to read and why you should find others (writers) that support what you want to say about
effective communication in general, about our present culture in particular and even about your own usage of words and images to communicate with others.
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Applying the Euro
As a financial analyst, you are asked to advise a MNC about its one-year investment plan next year in Germany. Because the investment is denominated in euros, you are asked to forecast how the euro’s value may change against the U.S. dollar over the 1-year period. For your assessment, use all of the three major forecasting techniques.
• Fundamental forecasting
• Technical forecasting
• Market-based forecasting
Note: Students should form different teams. Each team should be responsible to assess the next year move of a major currency against the U.S. dollars as noted below, applying the scenario you just read
As a financial analyst, it is critical for the Multinational Corporation (MNC) to consider certain factors in their one-year investment plan in Japan. Bearing in mind that the MNCs investment will trade in a predominant country that is primarily dominated by the Yen, it is essential to articulate the fact that emerging markets in most cases depend upon the Yen and dollar exchange rates in carrying out their functions (Cullen, & Parboteeah, 2009). This requires the management of the MNC to determine essential issues for this international company since, during the last decades, the Yen-USD exchange rates have been dramatically changing, a factor that would affect the company in an instance where it fails to mitigate its financial exposure. This paper, therefore, seeks to determine an approach that can be decisively employed by an MNC in its one-year investment plan in Japan considering the fact that the currency of the country may change against the U.S. dollar over the period of its investment in the country.
In trade markets that happen internationally, the capital markets, and the foreign exchange markets, the Yen is considered the third most extensively used money after the dollar and the Euro with its role steadily increasing in the international markets (Cullen, & Parboteeah, 2009). The share of the Yen in the global foreign exchange market reserve has increased steadily over the years but is still substantially less as compared to the market share of the dollar and the euro which are constantly growing. In addition to this, the Yen has firmly established its status, a factor that has been noticed since the year 2005 where it accounted more than 10 percent of the debt that were in terms of securities – bonds, money market instruments – dispensed in currencies which were dissimilar from the borrowing country (Cullen, & Parboteeah, 2009).
2.0 The Multinational Companies Investment Plan Next Year in Japan
Fluctuations in normal exchange rates of the dollar and the Yen have a way of affecting the economy of Japan through a number of ways that MNCs need to be fully aware. The fluctuations, in this case, impact the real exchange rates of the economy that may generate expenditure shift effects between the domestic and foreign goods; a factor that may affect the net export of a multinational company (Dow III & Kunz, 2010). In line with this, it is critical to determine the fact that MNCs always have access to local as well as international money and capital markets. This, therefore, means that corporations have the capacity to finance themselves in Japan where it intends to run its functions. Besides this, such a corporation also has that ability to control their costs by ensuring that they buy and sell their foreign currencies through the use of different techniques of the trade. In line with this, the most critical job of an MNC is in ensuring that the cash management process is effective in order to avoid the foreign currency risks (Dow III & Kunz, 2010).
In the event that the dollar appreciates as compared to the Yen in Japan, the chances are likely that domestic goods will turn out to be expensive as compared to the foreign goods. On the other hand, when the dollar depreciates than the Yen, the domestic goods will be cheaper as compared to the foreign goods. This aspect, therefore, requires that the MNC develop approaches of changing their pricing approaches to merge the foreign currency exchange rates, a factor that will make their production cheaper (Ibnu, 2015). The MNC can, therefore, utilize this approach due to the fluctuation of the dollar and the Yen rates that makes commodities either cheaper or expensive and how to manage such conditions. The use of forecasting tools and hedging techniques is an efficient approach that MNCs can utilize under such circumstances to take advantage of the foreign currency fluctuation rates in Japan during their period of operation.
3.0 Movements of Exchange Rate and Its influences on MNC
Multinationals that seek to carry out their functions in Japan should realize that their operations are at the mercies of global currency fluctuations. As in this case, the changes in conversion rates of the dollar and the Yen can wipe out the profits of an organization or increase its gains (Ibnu, 2015). An example of this can be portrayed in a case scenario where a MNC which is based in the US makes ¥20 million. It is evident that the firm is likely to end up with more or less than they expect depending with the movement of the ¥ against the US $ in the exchange rate.
In this case, the MNCs should consider evaluating the risks of carrying out their businesses in Japan before venturing into the market. An instance of this can be seen in the example of an MNC that saw the sales in Japan increased in the year 2011, with the yearly profits dwindling as a result of the weakening of the Yen (Jones & Wermers, 2011). This, therefore, proves that investing this year in Japan requires caution considering the fact that the US dollar has strengthened recently and has the chances of continuing so over a period of time.
4.0 Forecasting the Exchange Rate: Forecasting Techniques
It is essential to consider the fact that the operations of the MNC are distributed in regards to the currency fluctuation, a factor that explains the reasons why companies would want to refrain from losses (Jones & Wermers, 2011). However, through the use of forecasting techniques, MNCs can secure their futures from losses since these techniques can estimate the events that come in the future. The main forecasting techniques include: the Technical Forecasting, Fundamental Forecasting, and the Market Based Forecasting.
4.1 The Technical Forecasting
Technical forecasting method assumes that history repeats itself. It employs historical exchange rate data for instance charts and statistical tools in extracting trends as well as patterns to predict exchange rates of the future (Jones & Wermers, 2011). The following table illustrates the Japanese Yen to US Dollar Exchange Rate from January 2016 until November 2016 (Exchange Rates UK, 2015):
Table 1: USD $ to JPY ¥ exchange rate history in tabular form
Month
JPY (¥) to USD ($)
1
January 2015
117.55
2
February 2015
119.36
3
March 2015
119.04
4
April 2015
119.46
5
May 2015
124.19
6
June 2015
122.42
7
July 2015
123.88
8
August 2015
121.22
9
September 2015
119.93
10
October 2015
120.05
11
November 2015
119.26
Figure 1: USD $ to JPY ¥ exchange rate history graphically
By using this historical exchange rate, the future exchange rate could be determined. It is notable that MNCs often tend to make limited use of the technical forecasting since this forecasting method focuses only in the near future, which may not be helpful in the development of corporate policies. Mostly, the technical forecast applies only to short durations since the patterns in the exchange rate movements are systematically based (Madura & Murdock, 2012). In the event that the MCN plans to carry out its operations over a period of one year, it is essential to note that the technical forecasting approach may not suitably meet the needs of the firm. In addition to this, the technical forecast also provides fewer point estimates to project possible future values. Since the technical analysis only provides the corporation with point estimates of the possible future values, this approach may not typically estimate the future exchange rate in a precise manner, a factor that underscores its inadequacy as a forecasting tool in managing the MNCs.
4.2 Fundamental Forecasting
The fundamental forecasting, on the other hand, is primarily based in the fundamental relationship between exchange rates and economic variables. Considering the current value of these variables and the historical impact that lies on a currency’s value, the corporations will have the capacity to develop a projected exchange rate (Madura & Murdock, 2012). A forecast, therefore, arises from the valuation of the degree in which the universal activities in economic differences in Japan may impact the exchange rates. Through a statistical approach, forecasting would primarily base its findings on the quantitative measured impact of the market exchange rates.
In as much as the fundamental forecasting, in this case, determines and accounts for the expected fundamental relationship between the currency’s values, MCNs should consider the limitations of this approach (Madura & Reiff, 2009). For instance, the precise timing of the impact of the value of the currency may not be known, a factor that makes the full impact on the elements of exchange rates occur in a period of two, three, or even four quarters. This, therefore, requires that the regression model is adjusted in accordance.
4.3 A Market-Based Forecasting
The procedure of developing a market-based forecast relies upon certain indicators in the market that are based upon the spot rate or the forward rate. The spot rate is utilized as a forecast approach on a spot rate that exists for a future date (Madura & Reiff, 2009). The present spot rate or future rate contains the required information given that the market is highly efficient. In order to determine the usefulness of market-based forecast, assuming that the Yen is anticipated to appreciate against the dollar encourages the MCNs to buy the Yen with US dollars today with the anticipation that this will appreciate, a factor that would force the value of the Yen to rise up.
On the other hand, if the Yen is expected to depreciate against the dollar, MCNs will in this case sell off their Yens with the hope of purchasing them back at the lowest price when they decline in value, a factor that may cause the Yen to depreciate with immediate effect (Madura, & Reiff, 2009). Thus, the current value of the Yen reflects the expectations of its value in the near future. As such, MCNs can make use of the spot rate to forecast since this represents the market’s expectations in accordance with the spot rate in the near future.
5.0 Exchange Rate Risk Management
In order for the MCNs to understand the risks that they are prone to in the Japanese market during their period of operation, it is essential for the management of this corporation to consider the fact that the technical forecast approach that may work for one multinational company may not essential work well for the other (Madura & Reiff, 2009). Considering the abundance of technical models that are in use today, some may generate speculated profits in a given period. However, if the pattern of the currency value appears to be random over a period of time, then the element of technical forecasting may not be effective for the MCN.
This gives the illusion that unless the historical trends in the exchange rate movements are identifiable, the examination of the movements that have been there over the past may not be essential in determining the future movement. Many foreign market exchange participants, therefore, consider this as a technical forecasting approach in the event that this approach leads to a speculated profit, a factor that may change once this approach is used by a different firm (Martin, Madura, & Akhigbe, 2008). In essence, this leads to the trading approach which is based on the model of recommendation that will ensure the currency value is pushed to a different position. The use of technical exchange rate forecasting in addition to this is prone to incur large transactional costs due to the frequencies in trading. The monitoring of currency movements in order to determine a systematic approach is essential since it guides the MCN into avoiding the losses that may be rampant in the Japanese market (Wright, Madura, & Wiant, 2002).
It is essential that in carrying out its operations in Japan over the next year, the MCN should try to hedge the expected detrimental effects as a result of currency exposures which can be forecasted. Considering the fact that the political, economic and other conditions may affect the MCN and its goals, it is crucial that the firm copes with the conditions of the market (Richie & Madura, 2006). The MCN should develop four essential approaches with the aim of counteracting the exposure of the currencies.
The first approach is to monitor the changes in the fluctuation approaches in the market, an element that can be achieved in an instance where a firm may have a high risk in a market’s fluctuations that are determined by the manner in which the Yen and the dollar are sold. Secondly, another element is to lock into the exchange market rate over a lasting duration. In the event that the market’s exposure approximations are correct, the approach may be considered as beneficial for the MCN (Richie & Madura, 2006). MCNs should also consider purchasing currencies in advance if they are aware that they will be making numerous purchases. The other option is to hedge against such exposures through the derivatives. In as much as this approach may be complicated, it may turn out to be effective in limiting the exposure of volatility and also give a precise and clear picture of the operations of the company in the Japanese market.
Lastly, firms may also make the choice of managing their currency exposure rates through engaging in business practices (Richie & Madura, 2006). This helps in managing the losses that can be made when a currency falls, a factor that clearly provides the security of recovering in the event that the other rises. It is, therefore, essential to articulate the fact that dealing with currency exposure entails the management of risks since fluctuations may turn out to be unpredictable.
6.0 Summary and Conclusion
It is critical for a Multinational Corporation to consider certain factors in its one-year investment plan in Japan. The management of the MNC should determine essential issues for this international company considering that in the last decades, the Yen-USD exchange rates have been dramatically changing, a factor that would affect the company in an instance where it fails to mitigate its financial exposure. The Japanese Yen currently exists as a component of account and as a store of value. The Yen is considered the third broadly used currency after the dollar and Euro with the Yen’s role steadily increasing in the international markets. Fluctuations in normal exchange rates of the dollar and the Yen have a way of affecting the economy of Japan through a number of ways that the MNC needs to be fully aware of. Considering the current value of these variables and the historical impact that lies on a currency’s value, the corporation will have the capacity to develop a projected exchange rate. It is essential to consider the fact that the operations of the MNC are distributed in regards to the currency fluctuation; a factor that explains the reasons why companies would want to refrain from losses. However, through the use of forecasting techniques, the MNC can secure their futures from losses since these techniques can estimate the events that come in the future. Forecasting techniques include the technical forecasting, fundamental forecasting, and market-based forecasting. In carrying out its operations in Japan over the next year, the MCN should try to hedge the expected detrimental exposures which can be forecasted.
7.0 References
Cullen, J. B., & Parboteeah, P. (2009). International Business: Strategy and the Multinational Company. New York: Routledge.
Dow III, B. L., & Kunz, D. (2010). Accessing International Capital Markets AT SLC. Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies, 16(3), 125-130.
Ibnu, K. (2015). The Global Stock Exchange and Its Influence toward The Indonesia Stock Exchange After The Global Financial Crisis In 2008. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 8(1), 133-154.
Jones, R. C., & Wermers, R. (2011).Active Management in Mostly Efficient Markets. Financial Analysts Journal, 67(6), 29-45.
Madura, J., & Murdock, M. (2012). How and why corporate divestitures affect risk. Applied Financial Economics, 22(22), 1919-1929. doi:10.1080/09603107.2012.688937
Madura, J., & O’Brien, T. J. (2001). International Diversification for the Individual: A Review. Financial Services Review, 1(2), 159.
Madura, J., & Reiff, W. (2009).A hedge strategy for international portfolios. Journal Of Portfolio Management, 12(1), 70-74.
Martin, A. D., Madura, J., & Akhigbe, A. (2008).A note on accounting exposure and the value of multinational corporations. Global Finance Journal, 9(2), 269.
Richie, N., & Madura, J. (2006).Evidence of Overreaction among International Exchange-Traded Funds. Journal of Financial Service Professionals, 60(5), 66-78.
Wright, F. W., Madura, J., & Wiant, K. J. (2002).The differential effects of agency costs on multinational corporations. Applied Financial Economics, 12(5), 347-359.doi:10.1080/09603100210124984
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Write a review essay based on the article i will attach (600 words)
(1) What are the main arguments of the article? (300 words)
– The overview of this article
– The main points of this article
(2) What do you think about the article, its strength (150 words) and weakness (150 words)?
– Make sure that the strengths and weakness are based on your own opinion, and what do you think of the article
– Make sure that each is in a separate paragraph
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(1) Kim, Youna (2018) Media Consumption and Everyday Life in Asia. Introduction chapter.
OR Kim, Youna (2016) "Female Individualization?: Transnational Mobility and Media Consumption of Asian Women", Media, Culture & Society (e-
journal available at the AUP library) Vol. 32(1): 25-43
(2) Silverstone, Roger (1999) Why Study the Media? One chapter on "Dimensions of Experience" (7. Play, 8. Performance, or 9. Consumption).
(3) Bonini, Tiziano and Perrotta, Marta (2017) "On and Off the Air: Radio-listening Experiences in the San Vittore Prison", Media, Culture &
Society (e-journal available at the AUP library) Vol. 29(2): 179-193.
Choose one of the books or journals above
Write a review essay:
(1) What are the main arguments of the article? (300 words)
(2) What do you think about the article, its strength (150 words) and weakness (150 words)?
It has to be (1) Clarity of expression, (2) Imaginativeness, (3) Critical appraisal, (4) Depth of interpretation.
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Phonology and Morphology 1. Phonology READ DIRECTIONS CAREFULLY!!! Kurmanji Kurdish is a Western Iranian language spoken in Turkey, Syria, Armenia, and
Azerbaijan, among other places. Phonetically speaking, its inventory of stop consonants contains, among other things, voiced and voiceless velars [k], [g],
voiced and voiceless “prevelars” [k?], [g?],1 and a voiceless uvular [q]. Part A. Consider the distributions of each of these sounds in the data below. Are
some of these sounds in complementary distribution with some others? State as exhaustively as possible which sounds are in complementary distribution with
which others, and which are in a contrastive distribution with which others. (Meaning, compare the distribution of each of these sounds with that of every
other one, k vs. g, k vs. q, k vs. k?, etc., and decide whether each pairing involves complementary distribution or not.) Part B. Based on what you have
observed, and the principles reviewed in class, decide how many independent phonemes there are among these five sounds. If certain sounds should be
considered allophones of a single phoneme, state what these groupings should be. Part C. Where two or more sounds are allophones of a single phoneme, which
of those allophones should be considered basic, and why? State a rule (either in precise-but-ordinary language, or in rule formalism, as you prefer) that
derives each allophone from the basic, phonemic form you have chosen. ?g?i? ‘fire’ k?nd ‘owl’ k??vt?i ‘spoon’ g?h ‘ear’ g??l ‘many, much’ g????v ‘islands’
g?ez?? ‘carrot’ g?me? ‘water buffalo’ k??w ‘quail’ k?l ‘elderly’ k?e? ‘profit, benefit’ k?ilim ‘kilim’ k??n ‘short’ gog ‘ball’ q?l?w ‘fat’ q?z ‘goose’ qemi?
‘mercy’ qit? ‘given to grinning stupidly’ q????k ‘trash’ q?l ‘hole’ w?q?w?q ‘squeal of an animal’ g?isk ‘1-to-2-year-old male goat’ kutik ‘unripe cucumber’
kon ‘tent’ qum ‘sand’ qot??k ‘diligent’ 1 These in fact sound a bit like [k] or [g] followed by [j] – think of the consonant sequence at the beginning of
English cute. LX250: Introduction to Linguistics Spring 2014 -2- 2. Phonetic vs. phonemic representation Give both phonetic and phonemic transcriptions of
the following words of English. 1. den 2. total 3. parodic 4. statistics 5. remedy Morphology A. The following words are made up of either one or two
morphemes. Isolate the morphemes and decide for each whether it is free or bound, and what kind of affix (prefix, suffix) is involved (if any). 1. cats 2.
unclear 3. hateful 4. bicycle 5. entrust 6. spacious 7. register B. Turkish. Examine the following data from Turkish and answer the questions that follow. a.
deniz sea i. elim my hand b. denize to a/the sea j. eller hands c. denizin of a/the sea k. di?ler teeth d. eve to a house l. di?imizin of our tooth e. evden
from a house m. di?lerimizin of our teeth f. evd?ik little house n. eld?iklere to the little hands g. denizd?ikler little seas o. denizlerimizde in our seas
h. elde in a/the hand p. evd?iklerimizde in our little houses 1. Give the Turkish morpheme that corresponds to each of the following translations:
___________ sea ___________ in ___________ my ___________ house ___________ to ___________ of ___________ hand ___________ from ___________ our LX250:
Introduction to Linguistics Spring 2014 -3- ___________ tooth ___________ little ___________ plural marker 2. Specify a “template” for the order of morphemes
for the composition of a complex word in Turkish, including slots for a noun stem, possessive marker (e.g., my, our, etc.), diminutive marker (i.e.
‘little’), case marker (here: to, of, in, etc.), and plural marker. (In other words, specify the order in which the above-listed morpheme types must occur
relative to one another.) 3. How would you say “of our little hands” in Turkish?
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Answer the following question with a 600-800 word essay. Be sure to refer to specific scenes and passages in formulating your answers?be as detailed as
possible.
In the course of one scene (3.3), Othello has been changed, seemingly, from a doting, trusting husband to a man ready and eager to kill his wife and his best
friend. Look at the scene closely and then discuss the extent to which the transformation is convincing, dramatically and psychologically. Is there anything
in Othello?s character that can explain what happens in this scene? Is this all a matter of Iago?s cleverness, or wit (right from Cassio?s exit and Iago?s
accompanying ?I like not that? at line 35, Iago manages to plant ideas in Othello?s mind without saying very much)? Has Desdemona in any way brought this
situation about? Has Cassio?
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Write an essay based on the below comments and structure. The company can be anything you want.
shell,samsung, any giant company
Business model interrogation & development
Rolls Royce Group Plc
Student ID:
Word count:
Contents
Introduction………………………………………………………………………2
Background……………………………………………………………………….2
Strategy……………………………………………………………………………..2
Product Market…………………………………………………………………..3
Internal Architecture………………………………………………………….6
Capital Market……………………………………………………………………8
Conclusion and Recommendations………………………………………9
References………………………………………………………………………..10
Introduction
This study will question Rolls Royce current business model evaluating its interaction between the product market and the capital market. It will do so by
analysing the profitability of its product/service portfolio and the strategies used to achieve a competitive advantage over their competitors. A close
examination into their internal architecture will determine if its current organizational systems and processes can withstand the need to innovate and
sustain technology advancements from the market, as well as an analysis of the main financial indicators providing an assessment of their current bottom line
situation. Based on the analysis, the study will go on to provide a viable strategic recommendation for the future of Rolls Royce.
Background
Rolls Royce Group PLC is a provider of power systems and services for use on land, at sea and in the air, operating in four segments: civil aerospace,
defence aerospace, marine and energy. (Thompson Reuters, 2016). Founded in 1906 as Rolls Royce Limited, it fell into bankruptcy developing the RB211 for the
Lockheed L1-011jumbo jet in 1971. Nonetheless, as a nationalised company under the Labour and Tory governments it sustained its investments for the RB211 and
in 1987 it was privatised, where it has been operating as a public limited company until nowadays. (Lazonick, 2015).
Strategy
Since privatised, Rolls Royce has turned into one of the biggest providers of power systems and services along GE Aviation and Pratt & Whitney. It
succeeded due to the gathering of knowledge, resources and capabilities through takeovers and mergers. It started with the merger in 1989 with Northern
Engineering Industries, which started the company on a diversification strategy of gas turbine technology to energy and marine uses. (Lazonick, 2002). The
1990’s were a time of great change in Rolls Royce operations; it formed a joint venture with BMW named BMW Rolls-Royce to develop the civil aerospace sector,
acquired Allison in 1995 to support the defence aerospace sector, took control of its joint venture Cooper Rolls in 1999 and in the same year acquired
National Airmotive and Vickers plc. (BBC, 2003). Most recently, in 2011, Rolls Royce acquired engine-maker Tognum in a joint venture with Daimler.
(Bloomberg, 2017). These mergers and acquisitions are an essential part in Rolls Royce strategy as enables to maintain and develop new technologies, vital to
attract new customers.
Additionally, as part of their long-term strategy, Rolls Royce invests heavily in research and development, having spent over £7.5bn in the past 10 years. To
acquire technology, it operates a centralised research and technology centre having partnerships with several universities and research centres. (Rolls Royce
plc, 2016). Furthermore, 2/3 of the investment in research and development are aimed to improve the environmental performance of the engines, promoting fuel
efficiency and low emissions to appeal customers, improving the social responsibility image portrait to the community. This is extremely important as Rolls
Royce will only start production once they received an order from a customer, operating in an order book base.
Product market
To evaluate Rolls Royce product market, the Product Life Cycle presents a useful model as it demonstrates the growth of products through sales (through
orders received in the case of Rolls Royce), enabling predictions for future performance. According to Levitt, the PLC is composed of four stages: market
development, growth, maturity, and decline. (Levitt, 1964). Rolls Royce has reached the maturity stage as there are no steep increases in orders. But, as the
growth rate maintains rising, (uncharacterised from the maturity stage) resulted by innovating their products, demonstrates in fact that Rolls Royce is in
the proliferation stage. (Enis, Garce and Prell, 1977).
Source: Rolls Royce Group PLC. (2017). Annual Report 2013 – 2017. London.
To analyse Rolls Royce strengths and weakness the BCG matrix presents a useful tool as it maps the products in terms of their profitability and likely cash
flows. (Ioana, Mirea and Balescu, 2014). Rolls Royce segments, civil and defence aerospace, can be considered cash cow’s as they are already established in
the market and are having an increase in orders; in 2011, Rolls Royce signed an exclusive contract to develop a new engine for Airbus, (Financial Times,
2011) and in the defence aerospace they have signed a £62 contract with the US Air force (London Evening Standard, 2013). The energy segment can be
classified as a star, as they are signing promising deals and have predictions of a booming demand; Signed a $110 energy contract around the world in 2010
and have estimates that in 20 years the market will be worth $750bn. (Rolls-Royce PLC, 2016). Classified as a question mark is the marine segment as orders
level drop 8% in 2014, (Bloomberg, 2016) but, with a forecast demand of $340bn in the next 20 years, it has the potential of becoming a star instead of a
dog. (Rolls-Royce PLC, 2014)
Boston matrix for Rolls Royce PLC
High
Low
High
Star
Energy
Question mark
Marine
Low
Cash Cow
Civil aerospace
Defence Aerospace
Dog
Market share
Market growth
Supporting these classifications is the trend on revenue by segment; Civil and Defence aerospace maintain a constant growth, the Energy segment up until 2010
had a steady growth and is predicted to continue in 2012, and as shown, the future of the Marine segment seems uncertain with revenue levels going down.
Source: Rolls Royce Group PLC. (2016). Annual Report 2014 – 2017. London.
Theoretically, it is important to analyse revenue by region as it demonstrates the location of their main customers and helps explain their business model.
North America and Europe represent Rolls Royce main revenue stream, powering airplanes from renowned companies like Airbus and Boeing. Additionally, Rolls
Royce strategic direction passes through the Asian market that is expected to have a fast growth, (IStockAnalist, 2016) and are securing it by winning a
$1.8bn contract from Air China, (BBC, 2016)
Source: Rolls Royce Group PLC. (2017), Annual Report 2017. London.
Internal architecture
After analysing the product market it is imperative to examine the internal architecture, looking at performance measures, reward/ punishment and partition
decision rights, as it describes the key aspects of the firm. (Smith and Clifford, 2014)
A key indicator of performance measure is ROCE, as it measures the effectiveness of the firm on using its resources. By analysing the graph below we can
perceive that Rolls Royce is operating effectively, deduce they manage costs efficiently and have a healthy bottom line.
Source: Rolls Royce Group PLC. (2017), Annual Report 2011. London.
Another indicator to analyse the performance of a firm is the amount of dividends given to shareholders; typically a firm that is performing well is capable
to pay high dividends to its shareholders. By having a high ROCE it is expected that Rolls Royce enables capital to reward shareholders for the money
invested in their businesses. This is the case in Rolls Royce as we can observe a rise in dividend per share regardless of the drastic change in dividend
growth.
Source: Rolls Royce Group PLC. (2017), Annual Report 2017. London.
Despite the increasing levels of ROCE and dividends paid, when comparing the efficiency of their operations with their main competitors, Pratt & Whitney
and General Electric, it is evident that they are not managing their resources effectively due to the variance of their operating margin. This may have
resulted due to numerous problems like the engine failure in the Quantas A380 in 2009 (BBC, 2009) that affected Rolls Royce reputation, to the radical
measures of 80000 job’s cut in 2016. (Financial Times, 2018)
Source: Morningstar (2014)
Even though Rolls Royce operating margin is far from perfect, the fact is, Rolls Royce continues to increase its order book and revenues due to its
technological innovation in the industry, making the Research and Development centres its main competitive advantage. This has its rewards as they won the
deal to power Boeing’s conceptual widebody instead of the favourite, GE. (Flight Global, 2015)
In light of success we can see that Rolls Royce rewards senior management through great increases in their salaries. In 1987 the highest paid executive had a
salary 9 times higher than the average of all employees while the executive director was 6.1, by 2002 these figures where 28.9 for the executives and 18.2
for the executive directors (Lazonick, 2014). These figures don’t seem reasonable since nowadays Rolls Royce is cutting 320 jobs in Britain (Thompson
Reuters, 2013), a sign of disrespect for Rolls Royce workforce. But as was stated, Rolls Royce develops partnerships with a diversified number of employees,
for the entry of new engineers and managers to the firm.
Understanding the supply chain of Rolls Royce is fundamental as 70% of the values of the parts that comprise the engine come from other manufacturers (Rolls
Royce, 2012) and many of its operations are outsourced to countries like Singapore and Germany. Currently, the strategy of Rolls Royce is to have dual
sources of manufacturing supplies (Jeffery’s, 2016) having 660 preferred suppliers and a total of over 8000 suppliers around the world (Rolls Royce, 2015).
This creates an assurance to not delay any projects and enables Rolls Royce to complete all of its orders on time.
The government also possesses an influential role as they own “golden shares” preventing any hostile takeover for Rolls Royce. Additional they exercise a
great influence on taxes, legislations, trade agreements and policies concerning Rolls Royce.
Capital Market
In correlation with the product market and the internal architecture, it is not a surprise that Rolls Royce manages to have low levels of debt. In fact, it
is visible, that Rolls Royce debt ratio is considerably lower than the industry and sector they operate in. Having said that, it shows that the managers are
not willing to risk borrowing a lot of capital, (which could bring greater profits), since they are already well rewarded compared to the average employees.
Rolls Royce
Company
Industry
Sector
LT Debt to equity
25.93
308.95
51.26
Total debt to equity
26
373.48
74.9
Source: Reuters UK, Rolls Royce PLC
Furthermore, looking at their share price, it consolidates the arguments stated above, as currently Rolls Royce is performing exceptionally well in the
capital market. Additionally, it is clear the increase of share price over the index, demonstrating they are performing above the market expectations. For
shareholders these statistics bring comfort as it demonstrates the rise in value of the company which in their interest will bring more dividends
Rolls Royce Stock Exchange
Source: Reuters UK, Rolls Royce PLC
Conclusion and Recommendations
Assessing all the aspects of Rolls Royce business model I conclude that throughout history managers were able to give the right past for the strategic
direction of Rolls Royce. Nowadays, Rolls Royce is an established company in the aerospace industry and is able to compete with the top performers of the
market. Predicted to increase its order book in the following years, joined with an increase in revenues, Rolls Royce seems to be in the right path, but, in
my view, there is still plenty of room for improvement. First, there should be a greater effort in entering the Asian market as China, India and Japan are
becoming leading economies, and are in the need to upgrade their technological resources to sustain the rapid growth. Secondly, Rolls Royce should take
advantage of it current debt ratio by borrowing more money to invest in technology so that they can upgrade their product portfolio before it gets saturated
by the market. This extra risk would also make investors invest more as they would expect a greater dividend for the increase of risk in the stock. Thirdly,
there should be a greater control over the operations and suppliers in order to create greater efficiency. A final idea would be to vertically integrate with
a main supplier, exercising control over them to apply a lean production scheme, for example Just-in-Time, to promote control, efficiency and a reduction in
operating costs.
References
Bbc.co.uk (2014) BBC – Derby – Around Derby – Rolls-Royce Centenary. [online] Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/derby/features/2014/05/rolls_royce_centenary/timeline.shtml .
BBC News (2017) Rolls isolates A380 engine fault. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11740915
BBC News (2017) Rolls-Royce wins $1.8bn contract. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11808623
Bloomberg (2015) Daimler, Rolls-Royce Clinch $4.8 Billion Tognum Takeover With Higher Offer. [online] Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2017-05-
16/tognum-accepts-increased-rolls-royce-daimler-offer-valued-at-4-8-billion.html
Financial Times (2018) More than 80,000 jobs cut in just five days – FT.com. [online] Available at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c08dcf20-b7f3-11dd-ac6d-
0000779fd18c.html#axzz2KqyHvwVc [Accessed: 14 Feb 2013].
Financial Times (2018) Rolls-Royce hopes to ride out market storm as orders surge – FT.com. [online] Available at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/84f3fb5c-5951-
11dd-90f8-000077b07658.html#axzz2KkAqfwbP
Financial Times (2017) Rolls-Royce wins exclusivity on Airbus engine – FT.com. [online] Available at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/125a3abe-9c21-11e0-acbc-
00144feabdc0.html#axzz2KiA5P3hN
Flightglobal.com (2016) Rolls-Royce pushes new engine concept for 777X. [online] Available at: http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/rolls-royce-pushes-
new-engine-concept-for-777x-369294/
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In effective review analyses and synthesizes material, and it should meet the following requirements: (Caulley, 1992)
Compare and contrast different authors’ views on an issue
Group authors who draw similar conclusions,
Criticise aspects of methodology,
Note areas in which authors are in disagreement,
Highlight exemplary studies,
Identify patterns or trends in the literature
Highlight gaps in and omissions in previous research or questions left unanswered
Show how your study relates to previous studies,
Show how your study relates to the literature in general,
Conclude by summarising what the literature says.
A literature review has a number of purposes. It enables you to :
Define and limit the problem you are working on,
Place your study in a historical perspective,
Avoid unnecessary duplication,
Evaluate promising research methods,
Relate your findings to previous knowledge and suggest further research.
Give your Supervisor a sense of your research interests.
so please write about the below following headings please this is PHD level so I need high quality papers.
Potential implications of childhood obesity
a. Health implications
You know the medical disease links to obesity please write about it.
b. Social implications
Relation with friends and family you the impact of this
c. Economic implications
You know how much obesity cost
3. Government-focused approach
We need to talks about the role of government in different country and how much government play important role to combat obesity
4. Family-focused approach
The important of parent?s role in order to stop obesity
5. School-focused approach
You the school how much play important role through the school canteen or the curriculum or teach as model for student
6. School nurse-focused approach
Please this is very important so talks about the role of school nurses and the can use health education.
8. Summary
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