With the creation of Facebook and Twitter among other social blogging networks in the early part of the twenty-first century, exchange of communication became a lot easier and wider. People became able to share photos, make new friends from different continents, share text messages amongst each other and even advertise their products online for free. Lorna Jane is an Australian wear company that recently decided to venture into the growing yoga clothing market. This is not traditional for the enterprise. Therefore, the company would like to understand Facebook as a potential marketing platform for their new product line. Social media has grown over the last decade from a social interaction site to an important marketing place for products of varying types. The essence of writing this consumer insight report is to analyze the behaviors and traits of social media audience as potential buyers for the Lorna Jane wear company’s new line of yoga outfit. In this project, emphasis will be put on Facebook as the primary target social media market.
Evaluation of the findings
According to the research findings, all the individuals who were sampled in the study had Facebook accounts. This shows that Facebook had a larger following of members compared to the other social media sites such as Instagram which came second, Twitter and the rest. 77 percent of the research sample had logged into their Facebook accounts less than an hour before the research was conducted. This shows that Facebook users, which are a majority of the social media users log into their accounts within hourly intervals. Most of the Facebook users also log into their accounts on daily basis. This shows that the social media site is very attractive among the youths. 16.3 percent of the interviewed people checked their Facebook accounts at least ten times per day. 16.6 percent of the sample spent at least two hours per day on Facebook. The highest number of people in the sample population spent their time on the Facebook reading newsfeed. Liking and viewing of photos and Facebook were some of the mostly performed activities.
The information from the first survey can be used to formulate an appropriate marketing policy for the new line of yoga outfit for the Lorna Jane were a company. From the information collected from the survey, Facebook is the most popular social network. Some of the most popular activities on the social network involve viewing timelines and exchanging photos. These traits are important for marketing of a product that depends on an impression to consumers. The posting of any comment or picture about a product on Facebook would lead to exposure to many potential customers. The high frequency with which Facebook users log into their accounts on Facebook presents a higher probability of a product being marketed on Facebook of being spotted by consumers.
In the second survey, many individuals interviewed were either just certified, at 34%, not sure whether satisfied or dissatisfied at 20% or dissatisfied at 22.7%. These statistics indicates that there is a high potential for the investment into the yoga outfits business. The dissatisfied people, 22.7% of all the sampled population, are a number large enough to warrant investment into products concerned with body fitness. The 20% of the sampled population who are not sure are also a target market as social media may also be used to influence people into not being satisfied with their unfit bodies and, therefore, start yoga. On the matter of importance of the looks in yoga pants, most of the sampled population was of the views that it was slightly important, moderately important and fairly important. This shows that at least people care about how they look in yoga pants. Therefore, they would prefer to buy a fashionable yoga outfit. This would be significant in choosing how to market the Lorna Jane Yoga line. The results for those planning to buy yoga pants in the subsequent 12 months showed that 62% of the participants would buy the pants within the period. This shows that there is an extremely potential market for yoga pants. Most of the participants also did not own the Lorna Jane line of pants. This showed that there is a need for a stronger marketing strategy to ensure that there is growth in the number of consumers of Lorna Jane yoga pants. The comments put along with the photos on Facebook influenced the people’s view of the brand. For instance, the second comment about Melanie was a bit selfish and self-centred. Therefore, people did not like the brand as much as they liked the pants in the first photo.
Recommendations and justifications
Lorna Jane Wear Company should employ Facebook as a marketing tool through paid ads. The company should also pick a famous sports person as a face for the campaign.
Based on the fact that Facebook utilizes both the consumer culture theory and the experimental consumer theory, the company should employ a strategy that takes advantage of both models. As seen from the analysis of the research above, most of the people are on Facebook and marketing via Facebook would expose the product to more potential consumers (Alizadeh, 2015). The investment into yoga wear is a risk that the company is willing to take, and it would, therefore, be correct for the enterprise to exploit any possible niche for their brand. Facebook is one of these niches (Shank & Lyberger, M.2014).
The choosing of an athlete as a face of the new Lorna Jane Yoga clothing line is based on the application of the two theories of consumption that Facebook exploits. The athlete must have a desirable athletic body as looks of people in yoga pants matter according to the research. The face of the campaign will be seen in ads of the new line around the internet and Facebook. This sports personality should be of attractive physic and popular among the youths (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). This is because the youths are the principal target of Facebook marketing. The face of the campaign will wear the clothing line during her yoga exercises and share nice photos of herself via her official Facebook fan page and the official Lorna Jane fun page. Facebook users will then be exposed to the photos of the athlete experiencing the use of the yoga outfit in different stages of consumption.
Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (2010). Principles of marketing. Pearson Education.
Mangold, W. G., & Faulds, D. J. (2009). Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business horizons, 52(4), 357-365.
Shank, M. D., & Lyberger, M. R. (2014). Sports marketing: A strategic perspective. Routledge.
Vij, S., & Sharma, J. (2013, January). An Empirical Study on Social Media Behaviour of Consumers and Social Media Marketing Practices of Marketers. In 5th IIMA Conference on Marketing in Emerging Economies.
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Helping aboriginal communities and sustainability reporting
Helping aboriginal communities and sustainability reporting;Overview/background information of the industry/sector/context
Order Instructions:
topic of the assignment is “helping aboriginal communities and sustainability reporting”
Coverage:
(i) Overview/background information of the industry/sector/context
(ii) Reporting frameworks/standards/legislations relevant to the context given
(iii) Current practice of sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
(iv) Issues and Challenges of sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
(v) Future prospects for sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
(vi) Conclusion
SAMPLE ANSWER
Overview/background information of the industry/sector/context
Aboriginal Australians is a collective name coined by the British in reference to the native inhabitants of Australia who they found living there when they began colonising the continent in the late 16th century (Spencer, 2006). The aboriginal communities constitute a small percentage of the population composition in Australia comprising of about 3 per cent of the total population and living in either Australian mainland or the Tasmanian Island (Edwards, 2004). The Aboriginal communities have being inflicted by many catastrophes ranging from unfavourable weather conditions to outbreaks of diseases (Read, 2011; Warren, 2013). In addition, neglect and historical injustices bedevilled among them by their colonizers have also been attributed to their current woes (Madley, 2012). This implies that there is an urgent need to make sure that the Aboriginal communities are helped to successfully tackle the day to day challenges that have continued to hinder their progress both socially and economically (Schaltegger, Bennett & Burritt, 2006). As a result, through sustainability accounting it is highly possible to help the Aboriginal communities to overcome their challenges with regards to the prevailing accounting principles practiced across the globe (Blandy & Sibley, 2010; Global Reporting, 2015).
Reporting frameworks/standards/legislations relevant to the context given
Sustainability accounting as well as reporting are both essential because they enable organisations and/or corporations to consider and evaluate their impacts on a variety of sustainability issues, subsequently enabling them towards achieving more transparency concerning the opportunities and risks they face (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005). As a result, Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has developed Standards or frameworks that ought to help governments, businesses as well as other organisations to succinctly understand and disseminate the impact of their respective businesses on critical issues about sustainability. Some of the GRI standards that are distinctive include:
Multi-stakeholder input: This implies that various stakeholders have to be engaged in the entire process of accounting and reporting. This helps in ensuring that all the needs of report users and makers are adequately addressed to enable that there is production of a universally-applicable reporting guidance that has the potential to effectively meet the needs of all stakeholders (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015). As a result, creation of all elements of the Reporting Framework and its subsequent improvements are done using an approach that is consensus-seeking taking into consideration the interests of all stakeholders including sustainability reporting practitioners, business, accounting, investors, civil society, labour, academics, and governments (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005).
A record of use and endorsement: There are many global corporations currently using GRI’s Standards to prepare their sustainability performance reports and the list is continuing to grow. This is attributable to the fact that sustainability information has continued to attract more new audiences that before such as investors and regulators. As a result, a number of reporters in their annual growth are expected to continue to touch of strategy areas for better reporting (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005).
Governmental references and activities: Over recent past there has being more governments’ involvement in sustainability reporting through formulation of enabling policy which one of the key overall strategies of GRI (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005). Hence, more collaboration is adhered to between the governments, capital markets, and international organisations to further this agenda (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015).
Independence: There has been strengthening of reporting standards after the creation of the Global Sustainability Standards Board in 2014, as well as related changes in governance structure (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015). GRI works as a non profitable foundation in order to ensure that its funding approach ensures its independence.
Shared development costs: There is also sharing of the expenses incurred in developing GRI’s reporting guidance among many contributors and users. For organisations and companies, this negates the cost incurred to develop sector-based or in-house reporting frameworks (Norman & MacDonald, 2004).
Current practice of sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
The prevalence of natural catastrophes that emanate from climatic change and other man-made activities the current practice of sustainability reporting has focused on issues that are more environmental (Norman & MacDonald, 2004). For instance, Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) reporting disclosures have become a law requirement in almost all parts of the world. This was informed by the previous environmental disasters that also made more companies and organisations to voluntarily disclose TRI’s in their annual reports (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015). As a result, in both Tasmanian Island and Australian Mainland inhabited by Aboriginal communities corporations and companies have embraced the practice of GRI reporting as a model of sustainability reporting in order to ensure that the is prevention as well as mitigation of the impacts of environmental disasters both to the company and the Aboriginal communities (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015).
Issues and Challenges of sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
According to Norman & MacDonald (2004) there are several challenges that relate to sustainability accounting with regards to the assigned area and they key one is making a decision on who is the audience. This is attributable to the fact that companies are required to describe their performance and approach on the issues of environmental, social and governance importance to their stakeholders including the surrounding communities (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005). For larger companies like Telstra in Australia employing thousands of people and with over a million stakeholders, this mean that almost everyone in the country is a stakeholder. The other challenge is that, irrespective of the merit in GRI frameworks as well as assurance standards, the compliance may result to reports that are very log and inaccessible. However, in to adhere to ‘best practice’ compilation of the reports requires immense organisational effort and commitment (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005). Furthermore, obtaining performance data that is valid and reliable from different parts of the organisation results to fragmented and immature data especially if it is for early reports the data collection systems (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015).
Future prospects for sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
The future prospects of sustainability accounting and reporting are mainly going to be characterised by increased use of technology due to adoption of integrated reporting in conjunction with increased technological advancements and creative use of online communication and reporting platforms (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015). As a result, specific future prospects include: 1) extended reporting through the value chain, 2) the G4 guidelines and development is integrated accounting and reporting, 3) improved impacts measurements, and 4) increased mainstream role of sustainability accounting and reporting (Schaltegger, Bennett & Burritt, 2006).
Conclusion
In conclusion, the adoption of sustainability accounting and reporting will lead increased provision of sustainability information over time by corporations and organisations. This will reflect increased demands form a wide range of stakeholders as well as market and regulatory conversion of externalities into internalities. This means that sustainability accounting is a daunting task that requires input from all stakeholders in order to ensure that it benefits all of them including surrounding communities as noted in the discussion of this paper in context to Aboriginal communities in Australian mainland and Tasmanian Island.
Blandy, S., & Sibley, D. (2010). Law, boundaries and the production of space. Social & Legal Studies, 19(3), 275–284.
Condon, J. R., Barnes, T., Cunningham. J., & Smith. L. (2004). Demographic characteristics and trends of the Northern Territory Indigenous population, 1966 to 2001. Brisbane: Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal Health.
Edwards, W. H. (2004). An introduction to Aboriginal societies, (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Social Science Press.
Lourandos, H. (1997). New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory. London, UK: Cambridge University Press.
MacKnight, C. C. (1986). Macassans and the Aboriginal past. Archaeology in Oceania, 21(3), 69.
Madley, B. (2012). From Terror to Genocide: Britain’s Tasmanian Penal Colony and Australia’s History Wars. The Journal of British Studies, 47(5), 77.
Malbon, J. (2013). Extinguishment of Native Title-The Australian Aborigines as Slaves and Citizens, the Griffith L. Rev. 12 (2003): 310.
Norman, W., & MacDonald, C. (2004). Getting to the bottom of “Triple Bottom Line”. Business Ethics Quarterly, 14(2), 243-262.
Pardoe, C. (1991). Isolation and Evolution in Tasmania. Current Anthropology, 32(1), 1
Rasmussen, M. et al. (2011). An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 334 (6052): 94–98.
Ryan, L. (1996). The Aboriginal Tasmanians. London: Allen & Unwin.
Schaltegger, S., Bennett, M., & Burritt, R., eds. (2006). Sustainability Accounting and Reporting. Dordrecht: Springer.
Smith, M. S., Moran, M., & Seemann, K. (2008). The ‘viability’ and resilience of communities and settlements in desert Australia. The Rangeland Journal, 30(2), 123.
Spencer, S. (2006). Race and Ethnicity: Culture, identity and representation. Pg 33–34: Routledge.
Spooner, P. G., Firman, M., & Yalmambirra, J. (2013). Origins of Travelling Stock Routes. 1. Connections to Indigenous traditional pathways. The Rangeland Journal, 32(3), 329.
Sydney, B. (2013). Aboriginal People and Place. Barani: Sydney’s Aboriginal History. City of Sydney. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
Taylor, R. (2004). Unearthed: The Aboriginal Tasmanians of Kangaroo Island. Melbourne: Wakefield Press.
Van der L. S., Adhikari, A. J. & Tondkar, R. (2005). Exploring differences in social disclosures internationally: a stakeholder perspective. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 24(3), 123-151.
Warren, C. (2013). Smallpox at Sydney Cove – who, when, why?. Journal of Australian Studies, 38(2), 68.
Williams, G., Brennan, S., & Lynch, A. (2014). Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory (6th ed.). Annandale, NSW: Federation Press.
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Hi pleaseclick on link above . And log in with my username and u r required to read each module and assessment task Given at the end and write on it in relation my specialty area which was preoperative. And u need to cite whatever u write with peer reviewed articles or references . Make sure u read all the modules before u start writing assignment .
It’s 1000 words altogether (3 modules )
SAMPLE ANSWER
Module 1: legal responsibility in preoperative care
Personnel in the preoperative settings have numerous responsibilities in relation to the legal and ethical responsibilities. This is because their duty of delivering care is deep seated core within the nursing principles and code of conduct. In this context, the documentation of nursing care is a legal responsibility during preoperative care. This is the only proof they can use in their defense that they are not negligent (Litwack, 2010). The documentation process must meet the established practice of documentation. The records must indicates patients preoperative assessment, care provided by the surgical team, the outcomes and evaluation plan conducted as they are used to indicate the procedures that should be used in primary care settings. One of the most important documentation processes in preoperative care is the informed consent (Lim et al., 2010).
The main element of quality care in preoperative department is the issue of informed consent. The general legal principle of preoperative care is that the healthcare provider must obtain a valid informed consent from their patient, before any treatment intervention is put in place. This principle is put in place to ensure that the patient enjoys the right to their health, and to decide what health care practice that takes place in their body. This right is entitled to every patient including the children, but the laws have specific rules that should be followed for these minors, or patient under critical care (Litwack, 2010).
Additionally, patient have right to confidentiality, unless they have allowed their health condition be shared in the consent form. This implies that the patient have a legal right that must be obeyed by the healthcare providers in the preoperative care, if the patient refuses presence of visitors during this phase. The healthcare providers have a legal responsibility of informing all the patient’s visitors and the contractors that the preoperative environment is a very confidential department, and that it is only chaperoned by the staff members assigned in these departments only. If the visitors are present for any reasons, it must be recorded in the theatre record for referencing purposes (Tilse and Wilson, 2013).
Module 2: Dilemma of providing patient information to carers
Patient privacy is important as it upholds patient’s dignity, which is a core nurse principle and fundamental aspect of care. The physicians are often face challenges as patients health deteriorates, especially when they have to deliver relevant information that can be used at home care. More often, doctors face criticism from family relatives and carers for not giving patients adequate information. This is because it is the physician legal obligation to respect and to protect patient information. Traditionally, patient privacy philosophy argues that patient identify the person who can be informed about their health condition, and including if the information can be shared with the friends or the family (Gold et al., 2009).
This theoretical model, which focuses on patient centered care, is not always the clinical reality. The legal obligations demands that such information should be provided is there is explicit permission. This can create huge debate if a relative who have been at the center of delivering care of patient is denied the patient information. On the contrary, if the patient condition does not permit them to make decisions for themselves due to severe illness or dementia, then the family or carer can be integrated in the decision making process. These two scenarios indicate divergent positions in the communication between the patient’s carers and the physicians. This indicates that the culture of patient centered care in some cases can create tensions in healthcare (Atkinson & Coia, 2012).
In reality, the family members and carers are always concerned about the patient health. This is especially important during transition of care from acute settings to homes. In this context, the patients discharged from the hospital are weak and will rely on caregiver for their daily activity. Research indicates that providing patient information to carer is beneficial because it reduces carer anxiety, improve competency, and improve the coping strategies that will facilitate the decision-making processes. These findings have been supported by one studies conducted in cancer patients. From this perspective, then it is true that the carers work is often unrecognized, and often overlooked due to the way the medical ethics and law protects the patient’s information. These individualistic ethics dominating the healthcare practice could be hindering quality care (Gold et al., 2009).
Therefore, it is important to empower the carer with clear and effective communication about the essentials as they undertake the quasi-nurse role. This is because the patient carer knows the patient best. The carer is the constant support in patient’s life, and over time, the patient builds trust. Research indicates that the carer are encouraged and feel appreciated when integrated in decision making processes, as they become aware of the patients physical and psychological demands than when denied access to patient information (Atkinson & Coia, 2012).
Module 3: Reflection
Patient perspective about illness, disease, dying and death is best explained by the Spoon theory developed by Christine Miserandino. According to her, illness especially those diagnosed with chronic illness such as systemic lupus makes the patient have limited expendable energy. This is because even a small activity makes a patient loose a spoon (energy), which is very difficult to retrieve back. Her perspective about systemic lupus and all chronic illnesses are that patients are weak to even to undertake simple daily activities such as taking birth, walking and feeding. This is similar to the daily incidences that we deal with at the perioperative care. Most of the perioperative patients lack the exact words to explain the way they feel or their worries. This narration has helped me in understands the needs, the struggles and the services needed by the patients, especially those under preoperative care (Wagner et al., 2010).
From this narration, I have learnt that the most affected individuals during illness, dying and death are friends and the close relatives. From the narration, it is evident that healthy people are usually distressed and have unimaginable fear about illness, especially in chronic illness such as lupus. For instance, the narration indicates that the patient friend got confused and may felt helpless during the treatment regimes. However, as indicated in Maggie’s case study of hope in recovery, it is important for the family to understand, and to find ways they can meaningfully participate in their patient’s recovery, and to understand that their acceptance positively impact the response of their loved ones. The family have crucial role especially in hospital settings. They must a way to advocate for quality care for the loved ones (Atkinson & Coia, 2012).
As indicated in Maggie’s story of hope in recovery case study and Christine’s story of the twelve spoons, the healthcare role in managing patients goes beyond offering quality care alone. I have learnt that the healthcare providers have additional role to care giving which includes educators, advocates, and counselors. The healthcare staffs have the responsibility of helping the patients to understand the disease they are suffering from, and to ensure they understand and accept the management of their condition. This activity is important as it builds the gap between the healthcare providers and the patient. Additionally, it offers emotional support that will help the patient cope with the illnesses (Bennet et al., 2010).
References
Atkinson,J.M., & Coia, D.A. (2012). Responsibility to carers — an ethical dilemma. Psychiatric Bulletin 11/1989; 13(11):602-604. DOI: 10.1192/pb.13.11.602
Bennet, A., Coleman, E., Parry, C., Bodenheimer, T., and Chen, E. (2010). Health Coaching for Patients With Chronic Illness. Fam Pract Manag. 2010 Sep-Oct;17(5):24-29.
Gold, M., Philip, J., McIver, S., & Komesaroff, P. A. (2009). Between a rock and a hard place: exploring the conflict between respecting the privacy of patients and informing their carers. Internal Medicine Journal, 39(9), 582-587. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.02020.x
Litwack, K. (2009). Clinical coach for effective perioperative nursing care. F.A. Davis Company. Philadelphia
Lim, J., Bogossian, F., & Ahern, K. (2010). Stress and coping in Australian nurses: a systematic review. International Nursing Review, 57(1), 22-31. doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2009.00765.x
Tilse, C., & Wilson, J. (2013). Recognising and responding to financial abuse in residential aged care. The Journal of Adult Protection, 15(3), 141-152. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JAP-11-2012-0025
Wagner, G., Lorenz, K.A., Riopelle, D., Steckart, M.J., Rosenfeld, K. (2010). Provider Communication and Patient Understanding of Life-Limiting Illness and Their Relationship to Patient Communication of Treatment Preferences. Journal of pain and symptom management ; 39(3):527-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.07.012
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I will send the article to be used in completing this paper via email as you will see it is a continuations of previous papers written by your writers and the writer here will be evaluating another section of that same article. It is important that the writer pay attention to instructions and respond detail to all three questions pose below. Also the writer must incorporate media resources included below in the resource section below into the paper as he respond to the questions pose below.
For your selected doctoral study, evaluate the methods used for establishing quality. Incorporate appropriate references to this week’s media resource as well as the course readings about establishing quality. For all the questions below, remember to explain how you came to your conclusions. Support your answers with explanation or evidence drawn from the doctoral study and from course readings.
• Were the methods for establishing quality used appropriately for the qualitative tradition or research design (e.g., case study, ethnography, grounded theory, etc.)? Why or why not?
• Were all aspects of the methods for establishing quality described or justified sufficiently? If not, what could have the author said and why? If sufficient, explain why you think so.
• Do you think the author should have used additional methods to establish quality? If so, what other methods would you recommend and specifically why should they have been used in this particular study? If not, why not? This includes the methods of establishing quality as well as how they were conducted or implemented.
Add any additional comments for evaluation not addressed above.
Resources
• Course Text
Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches
• Chapter 10, “Standards of Validation and Evaluation”
This chapter discusses standards of quality in qualitative research.
• Chapter 8, “Data Analysis and Representation”
Review this chapter, which was first presented in last week’s Learning Resources. This chapter describes the data analysis strategies used in qualitative research and then provides information on how to represent that data.
Resources
Bernard, H. R. (2010). Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches, Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
• Chapter 4, “ Codebooks and Coding”
Readings on Qualitative Research Methods:
• Birks, M. J., Chapman, Y., & Francis, K. (2007). Breaching the wall: Interviewing people from other cultures. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18(2), 150–156.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides insights and techniques to improve interviewing techniques as well as provides some context for improving ethnographic culture analyses.
• Brent, E., & Slusarz, P. (2003). “Feeling the Beat”: Intelligent coding advice from metaknowledge in qualitative research. Social Science Computer Review, 21(3), 281–303.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article examines the coding processes and the uses of computer programs to potentially help in the coding and analysis process.
• Csordas, T. J., Dole, C., Tran, A., Strickland, M., & Storck, M. G. (2010). Ways of asking, ways of telling: A methodological comparison of ethnographic and research diagnostic interviews. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 34(1), 29–55.
Retrieved from ProQuest Central database.
This article provides insights and tools so you can better understand the practice of interviewing in qualitative research.
• Janesick, V. J. (2003). “Stretching” exercises for qualitative researchers (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
This book provides you with in-depth techniques to help improve qualitative research skills. It is highly recommended for DBA students planning qualitative research, and you may want to think about purchasing this during the first iteration of DBA 9000.
• LeVasseur, J. J. (2003). The problem of bracketing in phenomenology. Qualitative Health Research, 13(3), 408–420.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides insights on how you can improve phenomenological research, particularly with respect to the concept of bracketing.
• Merriam, S. B., & Associates. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
This book supplies you with in-depth techniques to help improve qualitative research skills.
• Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2005). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
This book provides you with in-depth techniques to help improve qualitative research skills. It is highly recommended for DBA students planning qualitative research, and you may want to think about purchasing this during the first iteration of DBA 9000.
Research Design Examples:
• Block, P. (1999). Flawless consulting, a guide to getting your expertise used (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.
This book looks at the appropriate skills to be a successful consultant.
• Ahn, Y., Park, S., & Jung, J. (2009). A case study on knowledge management of Busan Metropolitan City. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), 388–398.
Retrieved from Sage Premier 2010 database.
This article provides you with an example of an effective case study design.
• Bhalla, A., Henderson, S., & Watkins, D. (2006). A multiparadigmatic perspective of strategy: A case study of an ethnic family firm. International Small Business Journal, 24(5), 515–5 37.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides an example of an effective case study design.
• Edwards, P., Collinson, M., & Rees, C. (1998). The determinants of employee responses to total quality management: Six case studies. Organization Studies, 19(3), 449–475.
Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.
This article provides an example of an effective case study design
• Järvenpää, M. (2007). Making business partners: A case study on how management accounting culture was changed. European Accounting Review, 16(1), 99–142.
Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.
This article provides an example of an effective qualitative study that is related to ethnography.
• Smythe, E., & Norton, A. (2007). Thinking as leadership/leadership as thinking. Leadership, 3(1), 65–90.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides an example of an effective phenomenological research design.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Analysis of Qualitative Research
In the absence of rigor or quality, qualitative research becomes fiction and worthless, and its utility is also lost. Therefore, there is a great need for the researchers to pay particular attention to validity and reliability in all the research methods applied. The researcher used the methods through which quality is established in qualitative studies appropriately. The data collection method that the researcher used is well established in qualitative research investigations (Merriam & Associates, 2002). Both the data analysis and collection methods were derived from those which have been in use previously, and their use was successful. Second, regardless of the fact that the researcher selected the participants from people he knew professionally or personally, which might compromise quality, this often helps. As Birks, Chapman and Francis (2007) recommends, one of the ways of establishing credibility in a research is developing early familiarity with the participating organizations’ culture prior to the initial data collection dialogues. Bernard (2010) noted that if there is a prolonged engagement between participants and the investigator, the researchers can acquire sufficient understanding about the different workplaces. Moreover, he can establish a relationship based on trust (Bernard, 2010).
The researcher promoted quality by using tactics aimed at ensuring honesty among the informants when giving their responses. Basically, every participant approached was given a chance to decline participation. Therefore, those who participated at last were genuinely willing to participate and they offered their data freely (Brent & Slusarz, 2003). The researcher also created the necessary rapport by appropriately introducing the participants to the research. The researcher’s credibility has also been established. Finally, the researcher did a detailed literature review whose aim was making the readers aware about the state of the subject.
The methods for establishing quality are justified and described sufficiently. In relation to the data collection method, the researcher used three stages to gather the required data. The final stage was basically aimed at assessing if the participants had changed the views they held earlier. The researcher had prior information and knowledge about the participants, and this was a way of ensuring that the trust between them to lead to quality data. Worth noting, the researcher gave the participants the opportunity of declining to participate since their consent was needed before the data collection started. The experience, qualifications, and background of the researcher were well introduced at the start of the paper.
Many academicians would agree that rather than using purposive sampling, the researcher should have used random sampling. Regardless of the fact that purposive sampling is mostly used in qualitative research, random sampling negates researcher bias charges in relation to participants’ selection. In the research, the researcher fetched the participants from Linkedin, and he knew them personally and/ or professionally. Therefore, there were high chances of the participants giving responses that would impress the researcher. As Janesick (2003) noted, using random sampling ensures that the ‘unknown influences’ get distributed evenly throughout the sample (Ahn, Park & Jung, 2009). Using purposive sampling was an inappropriate selection tactic since the investigator would not end up confident that the informants were typically members of the wider selected society. The sampling method used does not give assurance that the selected participants are representative of the bigger group.
Another way through which the researcher could have promoted quality and trustworthiness is by using triangulation. This involves using various methods when gathering data and eventually, the collected data is compared. The methods may include individual interviews, focus groups, and observation among others. However, the researcher only used interviews, which might compromise the data collected.
References
Ahn, Y., Park, S., & Jung, J. (2009). A case study on knowledge management of Busan Metropolitan City. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), 388–398.
Bernard, H. R. (2010). Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches, Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
Birks, M. J., Chapman, Y., & Francis, K. (2007). Breaching the wall: Interviewing people from other cultures. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18(2), 150–156.
Brent, E., & Slusarz, P. (2003). “Feeling the Beat”: Intelligent coding advice from metaknowledge in qualitative research. Social Science Computer Review, 21(3), 281–303.
Janesick, V. J. (2003). “Stretching” exercises for qualitative researchers (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Merriam, S. B., & Associates. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
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An Advance Care Directive (‘Living Will’) is a written statement regarding someone’s wishes for their future health care. An Advance Care Directive can be made by anyone who has the capacity to do so. An Advance Care Directive is only used if, at some point in the future, the person becomes incapable of making health care decisions for themselves (due to illness or injury) (Advance Care Directives, 2014).
Health care professionals are required to respect patients choices and gain consent (or, at least, assent) prior to providing treatment or care. They are also required to respect patient confidentiality. Based on what you have learned in this unit discuss the ethical issue of informed consent in relation to the following:
• What are the features of a valid (legal) consent; and how does this relate to an advanced care directive?
• Why does it matter ethically speaking that a patient’s choice be respected?
• Are there any expectations to the requirement to respect patient’s choices?
• Is Paternalism ever ethically justified in the provision of heath care?
• What is the role of the HCP in relation to advocacy for a patient’s wishes and in particular when an advance care directive is present?
• What are the legal and professional frameworks that guide a health care professional’s practice in Australia?
Consider the above question from the point of view of your own professional prospective and from the perspective of another health care team member. Respond to this question by drawing on what you have studied in this unit for example: relevant codes of conduct, ethics and practice and laws, theories, ethical concepts, principles and values.
Conversion and clarification from Lecture in Charge regarding this assignment
Dear Students,
I wanted to provide further assistance in preparation for the final assessment task. Ethics essay writing has some specific and key features. An ethics essay always presents an argument and as such has to be reasoned (ie supported with evidence), an ethics essay usually presents two sides of the argument and then the author will come to the conclusion as to what is the best position and why.
The Outline of the essay for the unit gives you six key areas to discuss in your essay. They are as follows.
1. What are the features of a valid (legal) consent; and how does this relate to an advanced care directive?
2. Why does it matter ethically speaking that a patient’s choice be respected?
3. Are there any expectations to the requirement to respect patient’s choices?
4. Is Paternalism ever ethically justified in the provision of heath care?
5. What is the role of the HCP in relation to advocacy for a patient’s wishes and in particular when an advance care directive is present?
6. What are the legal and professional frameworks that guide a health care professional’s practice in Australia?
Essentially the questions are centred around a person’s autonomy and the role of the health care professional in the implementation of an advanced care directive. So you may be able to combine these questions into themes and undertake the following in the formation of your arguments.
ANALYSIS – What do the experts state regarding the topic? Here you present the research you have undertaken and looking at different perspectives.
SYNTHESIS – What connections can I make regarding the research into expert discussions and ethical theories or principles, possibly professional codes of ethics or position statements, legal frameworks or national/international human rights charters.
EVALUATION – What conclusion do I come to after presenting the arguments based on my analysis and synthesis?
– It is important to note that this is an academic essay and should be written in the third person.
Paragraph and Essay Structure
– Each paragraph should have an introductory and concluding statement.
– Each paragraph should have a direct connection with the one prior and one after it. This allows the essay to flow.
– The introduction should provide the reader with a framework for the paper and what will be discussed.
– The conclusion should provide a summary of the key points presented in the essay.
– The definitions used in your essay should only use academic references (not online dictionaries)
– The essay should present at least 2 ethical theoretical perspectives and/or two ethical principles.
– The essay should present at Code of Ethics Framework or Human Rights Charter statement or make a connection to professional practice (this is where you could use a scenario as an example)
– There is no minimum requirements for the number of sources you use however as a general guideline an academic paper can have 1 source per hundred words. In regards to the currency of the references, it is generally expected that sources are within 5 years published age. However if you have sourced a reference that is older than this you must demonstrate how it is relevant in your writing. There are historical perspective in ethics hence it is likely that you might find an excellent source that is older than 5 years.
I hope this has been helpful. I am planning another webinar to answer any final queries you may have. In the mean time please do not hesistate to contact me if you require further clarification.
Please include this one too
2000 words count with referencing
APA Referencing
At least 25 genuine references from 2010 to 2015 study based, 90 % references has to be research based Journal article AND books Australian and Newzeland based study article preferable.
Please have a look Rubric guideline for given topic, I need good grades in this assignment so please do me a favour and try to make a good essay
Regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Medical practice is complicated today than ever because of the increased factors that have been impinging the physician patient relations. In the modern world, the patients are either well informed or ill informed about their health condition. The healthcare professionals are mandated to respect patient’s choices, and obtain consent from these patients when delivering care. Patient confidentiality must always be respected (Gergen, 2011). Informed consent refers to the process where patient’s gives permissions for the treatment to take place after being informed about the treatments procedure; the benefits as well as the risks associated the treatment. This process is intertwined with many ethical issues. Additionally, there many barriers associated with the informed consent process, which includes communication barriers, cultural barriers and the religious dogmas between the service users and the service providers (Chong, Aslani, & Chen, 2013).
In this context, the ethical issues surrounding the informed consent will be discusses and the HCP roles when delivering care for patient with advanced healthcare directives. The two perspectives that will be discussed in this paper are the registered nurses and physicians perspectives. This will help empower the healthcare provider bearing in mind those patients demands are changing continuously throughout the illness course, and according to their changes in the patents mental and physical capacities. This paper will be drawn on relevant codes of conduct, theories, ethics laws and practice, principles and values of informed consent.
Features of valid and legal consent
The valid consent is more to a mere form where patients can append their written signature. For the consent to be valid, the following elements should be included, and understood by the patients. These elements include procedures that are to be carried out, benefits of the treatment, risks and alternative treatment available (Aasen, 2014). All information related to the patient’s circumstances must be specific, without any invalidating factors. This is particularly important in patients under advance care directive. An advance care directive refers to the process where a patient records their wishes when they are unwell to understand their medical health complication and treatment options available. This is a form where the patient communicates their wishes. ACD is not similar valid legal consent, and the two legal documents roles are different and should not be used interchangeably (Hamrosi, Raynor, & Aslani, 2014).
There few circumstances where this could pose ethical dilemma for the HCP. For instance, there have been many questions about end of life care attributed to the advancement in technology. There are cases where many patients are not willing to subject their relatives to prolonged suffering through prolongation of his or her life even where there is little hope (Heggland, et al., 2013). The best way to maintain control is this through use of ACD to record patient’s preferences as guided by the physician and the loved ones. However, the law supports the ACD directives as stipulated by the Patient Self Determination Act of 1990. However, the advance care directives are valid at common law if the following conditions have been met; to start with the patient capacity at the time of advance care directive is done is stable and the patient can communicate effectively (Randall, 2008). The patient must have the capacity of weighing the information and make an informed choice between risks and benefits. The directives must be made voluntarily and of high specificity. There are no legal ramifications that the directives should be done in writing and under witness, but these are vital are necessary as they indicate that the directives have been done under the requirements (Korhonen, Nordman, & Eriksson, 2014).
Respecting patient choices
Informed consents and ACD are meant to value patient autonomy. This principle of autonomy is associated with the ability of patients to make their own choices about the healthcare treatment that they will receive. The main principles that arise when addressing patient’s autonomy are privacy, confidentiality, and fidelity and patients freedom of choice (Krishna, Watkinson, & Beng, 2014).
Several criticisms have been done about the principle of respecting patient’s autonomy. This is especially on the fact that patients must be informed about the healthcare treatments even if it would make the patient stand back from undertaking treatment. There are also concerns that respecting patient choice would impair clinical recognition. Beuchap and Childress illustrates that autonomy principle fails to protect the competent patients, but those who lack confidence, and are unsure or have conflicting priorities (Barlem, & Ramos, 2014).
However, respecting patient choices is important because it indicates that patient’s dignity is respected. This is important also because it discourages inappropriate paternalism, thus protecting the patient from unwanted interventions that they would consider burdensome other than of benefit. Additionally, respecting patient autonomy improves beneficence. This is because the patient is informed about the treatment benefits, risks and costs, and the patient is allowed to make informed choices that benefit them. The issue of non-maleficence is addressed as patient is adequately informed to enable them make decisions that makes patient avoid causation of harm. The harm caused by the treatment must disproportionate the treatment benefits. The distribution of risks and benefits as well as the treatment cost must be of justice (Cole, Wellard, & Mummery, 2014).
Nevertheless, patient wishes may not be respected all the time. This is especially if the patients traditions or beliefs about treatment are proven to be inconsistent, untrue or inadequately informed. In this contest, the HCP will be mandated to make decisions that are in best intention of the patient. This process is referred to as paternalism, which will be discussed later. The expectations to respecting patient choices include that patient mental capacity must be stable enough to make decisions independently. An informed patient must do the decisions voluntarily (Binder & Lades, 2015).
Paternalism in healthcare
The concept of paternalism begun with the Hippocratic ideals where he argued that the healthcare provider decisions must be aligned to patients best interests. For some reasons, patient’s medical decisions may not be respected to ensure that the option picked is to benefit the patient (Lathrop, Cheney, & Hayman, 2013). For instance, an oncologist makes a decision for a patient scheduled for mastectomy in our healthcare facility. This is was because the patient laboratory findings indicated that the patient’s body was not in a position to recuperate. Despite the patient wishes, the healthcare provider supremely controlled the treatment process (Smith et al.,2015).
Paternalism can be categorized as hard or soft, narrow or broad, impure and pure. Soft paternalism occurs when the HCP believes that they make decisions, which would be done by the patient if the patient had the strength and capacity. The hard paternalist is done by the HCP when they believe that the patient could have been mistaken or confused, and thus not in a capacity to make their decisions. This is justifiable if the treatment choice made is advocated and accepted by the HCP as indicated by evidence-based research (Mccullough, 2010).
From the HCP perspective, most physicians prefer shared decision-making process. Research indicates that the older physician are more likely to practice paternalism that the younger. Physicians in the surgical department are the least likely to practice paternalism as compared to physicians in the acute settings (Sjostrand, Eriksson, Juth, & Helgesson, 2013). However, as a registered nurse, I feel that paternalism should not be practiced, unless it is the only choice left. This is because it acts as false signal that the nurse knows about the person’s desires or their wishes. In my perspectives, these patients should be advised to write their ACD, or have their relatives make medical choices for them, as some choices could interfere with the patient’s psychological status, and diminish their self-esteem and morale (Lin, Huang, Chiang, & Chen, 2012).
The healthcare facility should gear their efforts towards a patient centered care. In most cases, the patient may be critically ill and unable to give consents. This is advisable for the healthcare providers to provide the patient with ACD, which can be conducted in presence of the patient relatives. This will mitigate the chance that the HCP will pressurize the patient to make independent decisions, which makes them feel overwhelmed. However, the healthcare provider must intervene to ensure that the patient does not go along with the family’s decisions, but they are allowed to make their own preferences (Baykara, Demir, & Yaman, 2014).
The HCP professional frameworks bind them in determining the patient best treatment based on their knowledge, experience, and judgment. In a case where a patient rejects treatment at the expense of the patient’s life, the HCP are bound by the ethical principle of beneficence (Wortley et al., 2015). The most vital aspect of the HCP frameworks is to establish a mutual relationship with the patients, and to maintain trust between them. This is important because it helps the patient understand that doctors will empathize with them, thus facilitating patient centered as well as a holistic care. In some cases, treatment modification can be done to ensure that the principle of non -maleficence is maintained. It is important for the HCP to value cultural competence to ensure that the care provided is just and holistic (Suzuki, Ota, & Matsuda, 2014).
HCP advocacy role in decision-making process
The professional and ethical frameworks guide the HCP role in healthcare. The HCP delivery of care should be based on knowledge, experience, and sound judgment (evidence-based practice). The codes of ethics are set of principles that help HCP in delivering quality care. The main ethical issues in day-to-day ethics include treating patient with dignity, respecting the patient, fair treatment and supporting patient treatment preferences (Bradford, Caffery, & Smith, 2015). This is accordance to the four ethical principles, which include autonomy, beneficence, justice, and non-maleficence. The ethical rules also guide the HCP in decision-making process, which includes veracity, confidentiality, fidelity, and privacy. The ethical theories that help in ethical decision-making processes are the theory of HCP accepting the consequences of their actions (consequentialism), basing the decision making process on set of principles (deontology) and applying decision-making processes based n the most prominent consequence theory (utilitarianism) (Valentine et al., 2013).
The HCP role in their practice is to support the patient’s decision-making about their treatment preferences. This is normally done using advance care directives, and it is the role of HCP to facilitate the initiation of ACD. This is due to the unique bond that exists between the patient and their caregivers. Their roles in advocacy for ACD are to reflect ethically if the patient’s beliefs and values support or are against patients. The HCP must be adequately be informed about the ethics of care, patients medical care status, and other socio-demographic dynamics that could influence the decision making processes (Tee et al., 2013).
For example, an elderly patient signs an ACD declining all treatment because the patient does not want to burden the family members. In scenario,’s where the family disagrees on medical matter such as turning of life support machine, the HCP must educate the family on the importance of respecting patient dignity, and encourage them to support the ACD (Brodtkorb et al., 2014). In this context, it is the nurse’s role to enter into discussions with the patient to discuss their values, beliefs and to make them understand the context of the status. The nurse role as an advocate of ACD is to teach the patient to express their ideas and wishes. The HCP are legally bound to ensure that the care provided is consistent with the client’s preferences, and is entitled to ensure that there is effective communication of the patient’s ACD to the other HCP team (Terlazzo, 2015).
Code of conduct for HCP in Australia
The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) outlines the legal frameworks and code of conduct for HCP in Australia. The summary of these legal frameworks and code of conduct provisions is that HCP must provide evidence based care, which shared decision-making processes. The HCP is expected to maintain their professional performance, and ethical conduct to minimize patient risks. Additionally, these codes of conduct are framed under the principles and frameworks of the United Nations “Universal declaration of Human rights, International covenant on Economic, social and cultural rights, and the international covenant on civil and political rights.” The provisions are also according to the World Health Organization’s constitution, which involves Health and Human rights (AHPRA, 2013).
The code of ethics are supported by the National competency standards for RN, NP and enrolled nurses as well as the code of professional conduct for nurses in Australia. The codes are complementary to those of international council of Nurses (ICN), which stipulates that the nurses must deliver quality care to all. They must respect patient autonomy, value kindness and remain culturally competent. Additionally, the nurses must value the socio-economical sustainability of a patient to ensure that health and patient’s wellbeing are promoted. The purposes of these legal frameworks and code of ethic is to guide the nurses with a reference point from where they can base their ethical decision-making (Mccullough, 2010).
Conclusion
Ethical decision-making process is complex and challenging. This is especially in advance care directs which is one of the good clinical practice feature. From the health ethics analysis, ACD carries significant ethically moral force and respect. There are legal binding directives but should not limit patients treatment preferences. The code of ethics includes quality nursing care, respect patient decision, value the patient diversity and the culture of safety. The informed choices about ACD must be done according to the ethical management frameworks.
References
Aasen, E. (2014). A comparison of the discursive practices of perception of patient participation in haemodialysis units. Nursing Ethics, 22(3), 341-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014533240
AHPRA. (2013). Codes, guidelines, policies. Retrieved from http://www.medicalboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Policies/Code-of-conduct.aspx
Baykara, Z., Demir, S., & Yaman, S. (2014). The effect of ethics training on students recognizing ethical violations and developing moral sensitivity. Nursing Ethics, 22(6), 661-675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014542673
Bradford, N., Caffery, L., & Smith, A. (2015). Awareness, experiences and perceptions of telehealth in a rural Queensland community. BMC Health Services Research, 15(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-1094-7
Brodtkorb, K., Skisland, A., Slettebo, A., & Skaar, R. (2014). Ethical challenges in care for older patients who resist help. Nursing Ethics, 22(6), 631-641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014542672
Chong, W., Aslani, P., & Chen, T. (2013). Shared decision-making and interprofessional collaboration in mental healthcare: a qualitative study exploring perceptions of barriers and facilitators. J Interprof Care, 27(5), 373-379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13561820.2013.785503
Cole, C., Wellard, S., & Mummery, J. (2014). Problematising autonomy and advocacy in nursing. Nursing Ethics, 21(5), 576-582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733013511362
Hamrosi, K., Raynor, D., & Aslani, P. (2014). Enhancing provision of written medicine information in Australia: pharmacist, general practitioner and consumer perceptions of the barriers and facilitators. BMC Health Services Research, 14(1), 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-183
Heggland, L., Mikkelsen, A., Øgaard, T., & Hausken, K. (2013). Measuring patient participation in surgical treatment decision-making from healthcare professionals’ perspective. J Clin Nurs, 23(3-4), 482-491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12184
Korhonen, E., Nordman, T., & Eriksson, K. (2014). Technology and its ethics in nursing and caring journals: An integrative literature review. Nursing Ethics, 22(5), 561-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549881
Krishna, L., Watkinson, D., & Beng, N. (2014). Limits to relational autonomy–The Singaporean experience. Nursing Ethics, 22(3), 331-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014533239
Lathrop, B., Cheney, T., & Hayman, A. (2013). Ethical Decision-Making in The Dilemma of the Intersex Infant. Issues In Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 37(1), 25-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01460862.2013.855842
Lin, M., Huang, C., Chiang, H., & Chen, C. (2012). Exploring ethical aspects of elective surgery patients’ decision-making experiences. Nursing Ethics, 20(6), 672-683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733012448967
Sjostrand, M., Eriksson, S., Juth, N., & Helgesson, G. (2013). Paternalism in the Name of Autonomy. Journal Of Medicine And Philosophy, 38(6), 710-724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jht049
Smith, L., Anand, P., Benattayallah, A., & Hodgson, T. (2015). An fMRI investigation of moral cognition in healthcare decision making. Journal Of Neuroscience, Psychology, And Economics, 8(2), 116-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/npe0000038
Suzuki, C., Ota, K., & Matsuda, M. (2014). Information-sharing ethical dilemmas and decision-making for public health nurses in Japan. Nursing Ethics, 22(5), 533-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549879
Tee, M., Balmaceda, G., Granada, M., Fowler, C., & Payne, J. (2013). End-of-Life Decision Making in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients. Clinical Journal Of Oncology Nursing, 17(6), 640-646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/13.cjon.640-646
Terlazzo, R. (2015). Autonomy and Settling: Rehabilitating the Relationship between Autonomy and Paternalism. Utilitas, 27(03), 303-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820815000060
Valentine, S., Nam, S., Hollingworth, D., & Hall, C. (2013). Ethical Context and Ethical Decision Making: Examination of an Alternative Statistical Approach for Identifying Variable Relationships. J Bus Ethics, 124(3), 509-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1879-8
Wortley, S., Tong, A., Lancsar, E., Salkeld, G., & Howard, K. (2015). Public preferences for engagement in Health Technology Assessment decision-making: protocol of a mixed methods study. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 15(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12911-015-0176-0
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The writer will have to read each of this post and react to it by commenting, analyzing and supporting with relevant articles. The writer will have to read carefully before giving constructive comments or criticism on the post. The writer should write a one paragraph of at least 150 words. APA and in text citation must be use as each respond to the 4 article must have in text citations. The writer will have to use an article to supports his comments and criticism on each of the article. Address the content of each post below in a one paragraph each, analysis and evaluation of the topic, as well as the integration of relevant resources. The writer cannot just say “I agree or disagree” the writer must constructively support and use relevant sources to support his point why expanding on the article.
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SAMPLE ANSWER
The writer will have to read each of this post and react to it by commenting, analyzing and supporting with relevant articles. The writer will have to read carefully before giving constructive commentsor criticism on the post. The writer should write a one paragraph of at least 150 words. APA and in text citation must be use as each respond to the 4 article must have in text citations. The writer will have to use an article to supports his comments and criticism on each of the article. Address the content of each post below in a one paragraph each, analysis and evaluation of the topic, as well as the integration of relevant resources. The writer cannot just say “I agree or disagree” the writer must constructively support and use relevant sources to support his point why expanding on the article.
Article 1
The research question for the interview was as follows: What strategic human resource management practices contribute to the retention of employees in the business?
Based on the two interviews conducted, the following themes were present:
Small business experience
Motivation of employees
Marketing for employees
Training employees
Communicating with employees
Relationship building
Atmosphere of small business
Qualitative researchers create small categories based on text or visual data (Creswell, 2013). In developing the codes, I looked for common things related to human resources. Some of the themes I gathered from researching human resource practices. I looked for commonalities between the research and statements made during the interview. I listened and looked for patterns between the interviewees.
Small Business Interview 1 Transcript
Interviewer: Good morning. Thank you for taking the time to meet with me. Today, I would like to interview you regarding your small business. Your name and the name of your business will remain confidential. Is it okay if I record the session?
Participant 1: Yes
Interviewer: Okay, let’s get started. First, I would like to ask you some background information regarding your business.
Interviewer: What type of business do you own?
Participant 1: I own a Plumbing Repair/Remodeling business which provides 24 hour service 365 days out of the year. I knew I wanted to go into business for myself at a young age. I didn’t know what type of business I wanted to own until I met my husband. He was going to school for plumbing and I was going to school for business. We made the perfect team. For the first few years, it was just the two of us. Over time, our team grew. Our team members are all licensed and highly skilled with many years of experience. For over 30 years, we have always maintained superb customer satisfaction, affordable prices, and the highest quality products on the market.
Interviewer: How long have you been in business?
Participant 1: (Experience) We have been in business for 31 years. We had only two plumbers but after 2 years clientele increased beyond belief. As a result, we made the business decision to expand and hire a crew of plumbers to support the expanding demand. We have one building located in the center of the metroplex. We decided to strategically locate in the center so it would be easy to service the entire metroplex.
Interviewer: How many employees do you have?
Participant: As of right now we currently have 8 full time plumbers that work during the day and 3 on-call plumbers that assist with the overnight service calls. We recently made the decision to hire on 5 more techs that are currently going through the interview process. We believe in the next five years we will have at least 15 full time plumbers.
Interviewer: What methods do you use to recruit employees?
Participant 1: (Marketing for employees)We rely heavily on social media. We recently opened a Facebook account and have over 300 followers. We also use career websites to recruit such as Zip Recruiter and Career Builder. Another marketing technique that we have found useful is to post recruitment flyers at all of the local supply stores. Eventually, we would like to attend some of the career fairs that are held around town.
Interviewer: How do you motivate employees?
Participant 1: (Motivation) We have various contests throughout the year that are geared towards motivating our employees to reach certain goals. Once these goals are reached they are rewarded with bonuses and pay increases. For example, we typically compete to see who successfully services the most clients in a specified time period. The plumbers have to complete the regular plumbing services within an hour and have no complaints for a year.
Interviewer: What type of human resource management training have you completed?
Paericipant 1: (Experience) I went through a community college and obtained a Management degree with a focus in HR. I also participate in at least one HR training or seminar every year. I did learn a lot of things along the way. One day I’d like to complete my certification in human resource management.
Interviewer: How do you help your employees understand the day-to-day operations of your business?
Participant 1: (Communication)We have weekly mandatory meetings where we discuss finances and our company goals. We also keep all of our employees up to date on all training materials as well as policies. The foundation of our company comes from employing qualified and expert plumbers who are trained to follow well-organized business procedures to provide the best experience and customer satisfaction.
Interviewer: What day-to-day practices do you use to retain your employees?
Participant 1: (Communication) We have an open door policy which allows all of our employees the opportunity to express any concerns with the owners. (Building relationships) I let all of my employees know that I appreciate them and how valuable they are to my company. We also provide health benefits, vacation/sick time, and offer the opportunity to attend self-improvement trainings.
Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Include the one paragraph comments hear using a pear review article to support your comments. Also include in text citations in APA.
The article is clear and precise. I do agree that indeed qualitative research is suitable for conducting such an interview. Using interviews allows a researcher to obtain in-depth information that provides insights on the topic of focus (Creswell, 2013). Furthermore, a researcher has to use coding to better understand the key aspects of the study (Bailey, 2014). It is however, important that the researcher listen attentively when using interview. Recoding the interview is one of the best ways to ensure that nothing is omitted or misquoted. I therefore, find the article insightful and well organized. The themes selected are very important in any human resource department in human resource management and in retaining customers. For instance, employees require motivation to remain focused and have a sense of belonging (Fratričová & Rudy, 2015). Relationships building and employee experience as well as training and communication in an organization play a key role when it comes to performance and employee retention.
References
Bailey, L. F. (2014). The origin and success of qualitative research. International Journal Of Market Research, 56(2), 167-184. https://www.doi:10.2501/IJMR-2014-013
Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Fratričová, J., & Rudy, J. (2015). Get Strategic Human Resource Management Really Strategic: Strategic HRM in Practice. International Journal Of Management Cases, 17(4), 149-155.
Article two
Small-Scale Qualitative Research Project—Conduct the Interview
The purpose of my proposed qualitative study is to determine the accounting skills small business owners use to achieve business sustainability beyond 5 years. The primary research phenomenon under study is the relationship between accounting knowledge, managerial decision making, and small business failure. The primary research goals are to explore strategies small business owners use to record accounting information and subsequently retrieve and analyze the data for decision-making purposes.
The targeted population will consist of owners of companies with fewer than 20 employees, inclusive of the owner, located in Juneau, Alaska that have been in business for more than five years. I interviewed one participant for the small scale research project. This interviewee owns and operates a small businesses in Juneau, AK that has sustained beyond five years. Furthermore, this interviewee meets the Walden University Institutional Review Board criteria for Minimal Risk.
Data analysis and interpretation within a qualitative study is time consuming and iterative (Creswell, 2013). Along the data analysis spiral, researchers describe, classify, and interpret data into codes and themes (Creswell, 2013). The researcher begins the process by identifying a short list of codes (Creswell 2013). The investigator applies those codes to evidence thereby aggregating the information into categories (Creswell, 2013). The examiner further analyzes the resulting categories to develop themes (Creswell, 2013).
Prior to coding the interview transcript, I identified four codes: Processing; Decisions; Knowledge; and Assistance. Table 1 includes the name and description of the codes used to analyze the interview transcript.
Table 1. Code Names and Descriptions
Code
Description
Processing
Interviewee conducts accounting related transaction processing
Decision
A managerial decision is made that is informed by accounting information
Knowledge
Interviewee self-assessment of accounting knowledge, skill and ability
Assistance
Small business leader relies on an outside accounting firm for assistance
Analysis
Small business leader reviews accounting information
I developed the codes by keeping in mind the overarching research phenomenon and primary research goals under study. In the next section, I apply the codes to the interview transcript of the interview conducted on October 1, 2015.
Interview for Participant #1, small business owner in Juneau, AK
Interviewer: Thank you for agreeing to talk to me this afternoon. As we spoke before, I’m interviewing you for my DBA my doctorate in business administration which I am seeking from Walden University and my main research topic is the relationship between accounting knowledge, managerial decision making and small business success. As we talked before I am taping this interview and if you wish to look over the transcript after I transcribe it you are more than welcome to do that. And in the report I will submit for my class, I won’t use your name or the name of the business you will simply be Participant #1, small business owner in Juneau. OK? So as I get ready to ask the questions to you have any questions for me?
Participant #1: No, I don’t.
Interviewer: Well, great. So the first few questions are just some initial background questions. So how long have you operated your business?
Participant #1: 15 years
Interviewer: 15 years. So even though I’m taping I’m going to jot down a few notes as we go. Do you perform your own accounting?
Participant #1: See I’m not that knowledgeable about what exactly what part is accounting. [Knowledge] I have an accountant [Assistance]. But I use QuickBooks. So I do all accounting things. I write paychecks, I pay all the bills, I balance the checkbook. But I do that all month then they check it. I give it to them once a month. I also pay sales tax. All those 730 forms, all those 130 forms – federal and city [Processing]. Then I give it to them at the end of the month. They make sure it is balanced and that the checks are in there [Assistance]. I did not start with QuickBooks so now it is easier, obviously.
Interviewer: Did you do it manually then switch to QuickBooks?
Participant #1: Yes. The previous owner did nothing on a computer.
Interviewer: OK
Participant #1: So, they don’t do as much at the end of the month but they make sure I balance correctly [Assistance]. And then, they do the State employment taxes [Assistance] and make sure my 940s are submitted correctly. I submit them [Processing] but then they make sure everything is correct. Then at the end of the year, they do my taxes [Assistance].
Interviewer: Is this a CPA firm?
Participant #1: Yes
Interviewer: Ok, great.
Participant #1: I do my basic accounting [Processing] and they do my taxes [Assistance].
Interviewer: So it’s a mix of doing your own daily transaction work and then you hire an accountant to oversee everything and then do some reporting for you.
Participant #1: Right. I can’t stand finding that little mistake and it takes so much of my time it is not worth it [Assistance]. But it is worth my time to write paychecks and do all that [Processing]. The previous owner, didn’t even write paychecks and that is a piece of cake now day.
Interviewer: With QuickBooks?
Participant #1: Yes, that was a long answer.
Interviewer: No that is great. And we have kind of hit several of the next questions. You perform your own accounting [Processing] and yes you do hire an outside firm to help out with that [Assistance] and you use QuickBooks as your general ledge accounting system.
Participant #1: Correct
Interviewer: Have you taken any accounting courses?
Participant #1: No, that is what I have wanted to do [Knowledge]. You said five years is kind of the cut off of who you would interview and at about five years I realized that Wow, I don’t really understand the basics or the terminology [Knowledge].
Interviewer: Debit, credits?
Participant #1: Yeah – all that stuff. Like at the University but adding more night classes to a business that has night working hasn’t worked out, especially with kids [Knowledge].
To review the remainder of the coded interview transcript, please download the attached word document.
References
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Include the one paragraph comments hear using ana pear review article to support your comments. Also include in text citations in APA.
The article is well organized and precise. Using qualitative research is recommended for researchers and I therefore, support the decision of the researcher to use this research design (Creswell, 2013). I do agree with the researcher and support the use of interviews as a technique of data collection. Despite the various alternatives of collecting data such as use of questionnaires and observation, interviews have benefits as well (Sandy, Beigi, Cohel & Nash, 2014). Using interviews allows the researchers to read into the emotions of the interviewees. The researcher can therefore make adjustments when asking questions to ensure that detailed data is collected. I also agree that when using interviews, it was a good gesture for the researcher to request or seek informed consent from the interviewee on whether to record the interview or not. Embracing ethics in the study is a positive gesture that helps to increase the level of confidence among the users of the information. The themes adopted by the researcher to code the interviews suits the topic of study. I therefore, find this article constructive and reliable.
References
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sandy, E. A., Beigi, R. H., Cohel, C., & Nash, K. C. (2014). An interview tool to predict disruptive physician behavior. Physician Leadership Journal, 1(2), 36-39.
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Managerial accounting systems are quite complex in reality and require consideration of a wide range of issues, including how they must integrate with enterprise resource planning systems and financial reporting systems, and how managers and employees are evaluated and compensated based on performance.
For this Discussion, you will focus on the core theoretical aspects of managerial accounting systems, which can be viewed in a relatively simple way: an optimal managerial accounting system captures, reports, and analyzes data in a way that allows users to identify the causes of deviations from expected plan outcomes. As you will see, this requires a close correspondence between the data and information used in planning, and that used in control.
To simplify this Discussion, it will be helpful to isolate components of plans, outcome measurements, and controls, and analyze them separately. For example, when discussing a planning-control feedback loop for revenues, you might examine revenue forecasting/budgeting, accounting measurements, and performance variance analysis individually.
Discussion—Week 6 (D-W6)
Participants:
By Day 5 of Week 6, respond to the following in precise, well-defined terms, and with reference to this week’s Learning Resources:
•Analyze how an organization’s forecasts, budgets, revenues, costs and cash flows correlate with one another. What additional data should be captured and reported in a managerial accounting system? Why?
•Analyze the role planning factors play in driving profits. Explain how data reported by the managerial accounting systems can be turned into information relevant for adjusting future plans. In other words, how is the data used in developing information required to operate an organization’s planning-control feedback loop?
Assignment #2 (2 pages)
Dynamic Adaptation of Managerial Accounting Systems
Organizations, their objectives, and their economic environment have been undergoing increasing rapid change in recent years and there is no theory or evidence to suggest that this trend will change. Accordingly, consider how such changes influence the optimal design of a managerial accounting system, and begin applying your qualitative and quantitative research skills conceptually to your knowledge of managerial accounting systems.
For this week’s Discussion, it is important that you maintain both a theoretical and managerial economic perspective on the topic. The research methods covered this week will allow you to explore factors normally considered outside the boundaries of managerial economics, so you can frame your Discussion without any meaningful loss of generality.
By Day 5 of Week 8, all students will respond to the following in precise, well-defined terms, and with reference to this week’s Learning Resources:
•Analyze at least two causal factors for changes in organizational objectives, revenues, costs, and cash flows, using managerial economic theory.
•Explain how qualitative research methods can be used for identifying causal factors driving revenues, costs, and cash flows.
•Explain how quantitative methods can be used for identifying causal factors driving revenues, costs, and cash flows.
•Describe how the causal factors driving revenues, costs, and cash flows affect the optimal managerial accounting system design.
Please complete both assignments individually / separately and also follow instructions
SAMPLE ANSWER
Managerial Accounting System Design
A Managerial Accounting System is a system used to gather the information that is necessary for the administration to evaluate the performance of various organizational resources while satisfying the organization’s strategies. An accounting system design involves the process of planning and implementation of an accounting system that is used to record, store and access the organization’s monetary resources to implement organization strategies.
This existence of such a system is meant for the better and efficient administration of the accounts of a business organization with the motive of attaining the objectives of the organization.A Managerial Accounting System provides financial reporting systems and enterprise resource planning systems of how employees and managers are evaluated and managed based on their performance.
The information in these systems is important to managers as well as the involved stakeholders since it is used for the effective decision-making process and accountability purposes. The accounting information available is essential in providing security information and predicting the economic growth(Ward, K. 2012). It is also used for performance evaluation based on quantifiable evidence.
Therefore, planning and control of Managerial Accounting Systems should predict contracts in the design process and provide a theoretical explanation of why such contracts are incomplete under property organizations. Management control is the process of assuring that the company’s resources are obtained effectively in the accomplishment of the organizational goals. Managerial accounting systems provide necessary material in which the outcome of the decisions are measured through managerial accounting. A cycle of data is then created through analysis of the reported results. The analyzed report is then developed for the purposes of strategic planning of the organization where factors such as finance, tax, and social contests are put into consideration.
Managerial accounting systems are used in the provision of relevant information. These results are reported and analyzed creating a cycle of information. The outcome of the decisions is then measured through supervisory accounting(Bedford, D., 2015). It is necessary for these decisions to be developed within the premeditated planning of the organization and take into account other factors.
A noteworthy subject of managerial accounting costs examination. Implementing such a system would prove to be quite costly. However, the debate of cost efficiency is in contention theory. A simplified example of an ideal managerial accounting system is revealed by the secondary school accounting system. Schools handle school fees by distinguishing between adjustable and stable costs(Cadez, S., & Guilding, C. 2012).They also reveal more details in their cost study. In an outdated costing model, there were single cost drivers, but this model is now considered inadequate for the current rapidly changing business environment.
Dynamic Adaptation of Managerial Accounting Systems
For the purposes of quality managerial accountability, Managerial Accounting systems have to be well adapted to the business entity to meet the user requirements. These systems need to have a credible functionality and well suited in their functionality.
A managerial accounting system must therefore adapt in the rapid changes of the organization. This is meant for the organization’s existence and survival in the nearby future and its continuous growth and expansion. The major causes for the dynamic adaptation of these systems include globalization, customer preference and the changes in technology. Due to these reasons, companies strive to make the existent systems adapt to their existing businesses(Becker, J., et al 2013) Organization which fail to adapt to these changes face extinction in the ever competitive market.
It is for these motives that businesses try to meet the needs of the stakeholders in their entities to be able to subsist in the long run. Therefore, this means that the goals of the employees and stakeholders must be met for credibility purposes and to ensure that the business meets the market needs. To elaborate this, the organization should attempt to counter the reasons highlighted previously to meet its goals.
Changes in technology must be realized and swiftly adapted to meet the ever growing customer needs. This entails strategies of changing or updating the existing systems with respect to technological advancement to cater for customer needs. The invention and application of the internet enables businesses to interact with the customers and other parties that are associated with the organization.
This is essential in creation of rapport between the organization and important individuals that contribute to the growth of the organization. Moreover, communication links should not only be existent but efficient in their functionality. It is vital that these systems support good communication especially within the organization to meet its objectives(Yigitbasioglu, O. M., & Velcu, O., 2012)
It is important to note that for the survival of any system, customer needs must be met. This is usually prompted by customer preference which is bound to change with time due to the diversification of user needs. Therefore the accounting system should be quite flexible to meet the changes for the organization to realize its goals and meet it objectives(DRURY, C. M., 2013). The system should be able to keep record of these changes and maintain its credibility with the organizational specifications.
Globalization tends to have an impact on such a system in society. Accounting plays a big role in the business which aims in achieving its priority goals. A Managerial Accounting System measures the events of an organization in monetary value and is essential in predicting the market trends .It is through this that business transparency is realize
References
Becker, J., Kugeler, M., & Rosemann, M. (Eds.). (2013). Process management: a guide for the design of business processes. Springer Science & Business Media.
Bedford, D. S. (2015). Management control systems across different modes of innovation: Implications for firm performance. Management Accounting Research, 28, 12-30.
Cadez, S., & Guilding, C. (2012). Strategy, strategic management accounting and performance: a configurational analysis. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 112(3), 484-501.
DRURY, C. M. (2013). Management and cost accounting. Springer.
Ward, K. (2012). Strategic management accounting. Routledge.
Yigitbasioglu, O. M., & Velcu, O. (2012). A review of dashboards in performance management: Implications for design and research. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,Managerial Accounting System Design
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Need only Australian references.
Please follow the file attached below “Unpacking the essay”
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SAMPLE ANSWER
Health Care Ethics
Patients have the right to decide what treatments and medications they would consent to or reject (Learder, 2015). It is an ethical requirement that clinicians offer their clients an opportunity to decide on their health. Instruments such as the advance care directives are there to promote the autonomy of patients (Craig, 2012). People have the right to plan for the future of their health, and they would exercise it by outlining their wishes and expectations when they are still healthy. This paper focuses on the ethical aspect of granting patient their wishes. The paper will consider the perspective of a registered nurse and that of a physician. Both professionals play significantly in safeguarding the health of their clients (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare (ACSQHC) 2010). The essay will begin by describing the features of a legal consent and why it is necessary to respect choices that patients make. The writer will then evaluate the appropriateness of paternalism in making medical decisions. The paper will also describe the roles of healthcare practitioners in upholding patient autonomy and pursuing their (patients’) wishes. The paper will end by discussing the Australian healthcare system and the legal and professional guideline that direct practitioners. By the end of the paper, the writer hopes to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the application of ethics in healthcare setups.
The basics of a legal consent include allowing patients with competent mental capacity a chance to decide on what should be done regarding their health (Eagle, & Ryan, 2014, Pg. 353). The provision is imperative that patients may have their preferred type of care regardless of the preferences of other parties including healthcare practitioners. For instance, if mentally-abled patients choose not to undergo a surgical process, other people would not overrule the decision and have them undertake the procedure. That would be regardless of how helpful the procedure could have been. Legal consent may not be a priority in emergency situations, especially when patients are unable to express their wish. The advanced care directive is an example of legal tools applied in promotion the promotion of healthcare that is centered to the patient and based on the rights and autonomy (Scholl, Zill, Härter, & Dirmaier, 2014). The form applies to adults, and it entails writing down one’s wishes, values, and directions regarding their health (The Government of South Australia, 2015). Concepts addressed in the form include future hospital and residential care, accommodation, as well as decisions and their making. People can also appoint their preferred persons to make decisions on their behalf in times when they are unable to do so due to disease. The directive applies any time that one’s decision-making is impaired as a result of disease. For its legal validity, the directive must bear the sign of the patient and a witness who is to affirm that the subject made the directions at their will and that nobody compelled them to do so (Department of Health and Aging, 2014). The understanding of mental impairment includes situations when patients are unable to understand what they are told even with the help of interpreters (Townsend, & Luck, 2012). The concept also entails the inability of patients to comprehend the consequences of receiving or not receiving care. Occasions when patients cannot communicate their choices also entail an impairment of decision-making. The complete assessment of decision-making could be performed through tools such as Darzin’s capacity assessment (Department of Health and Aging, 2014).
Respecting patient’s autonomy is an ethical provision that sustains healthy interactions between healthcare practitioners and their clients. Ethical conduct requires clinicians to educate their patients on available options but allow them to make their decisions freely. The practice protects patients from procedures they may consider unfit for them hence promoting their satisfaction. The approach also ensures that clinicians pay attention to the understanding of patients concerning health. Patients can use their understanding of health to decide on how they would wish to live. Therefore, respecting patient choices would be an important aspect of shaping the lives of the clients. The move is also important during the provision of cultural diverse and competent care. Different cultures may have varied perceptions on health issues and patient may require upholding their beliefs. Promoting autonomy and respecting the choices that patients reduces chances of conflict between one’s culture and their maintenance of health. Patients are responsible for their health, and autonomy gives them to manage it as they wish.
Under some circumstances, clinicians may not have to respect patient choices. In most cases, patients would have to give satisfactory explanations to the decisions they make. Nursing practice entails promoting the wellbeing of patients, and decisions that may not lead to the objective could be overruled. For example, patients may opt not to take medications on such explanations as the medicines are not to their taste. Nurses would try to compel and push such patients to go against their wish. In so doing, the practitioners would still be promoting the wellbeing of the patients without necessarily respecting patient autonomy and choices. Nurses may also have to overlook patient choices if such patients opt to engage in practices that would impair treatment procedures. For instance, the practitioners may restrict patients from taking certain foods that could impair treatment irrespective of how much patients would be yearning for them. Practices such as alcoholism would also attract special attention and declination of patient autonomy. Alcoholics may insist on drinking while still undertaking treatment. If alcohol would impair such treatment, nurses would most reasonably overlook patients’ choices and apply paternalism. Physicians and pharmacists would also take the same approach regarding such situations. However, the professionals may uphold patient autonomy and explore alternative strategies such as changing medication regiments to ones that patient preferences would not alter. Though the selected alternatives may not be as effective as the firstling choices, the practitioners would have achieved from the perspectives of respecting autonomy and that of treating the patient.
Paternalism entails making decisions on behalf of other people for their own good. The literal meaning of paternalism is assuming a fatherly role and controlling systems for other people as a father would do to his family. In healthcare setup, paternalism would entail having the government, hospitals, clinicians, or other persons’ wishes prevail over those of the patients. Usually, paternalism goes against autonomy as patient choices may not be regarded in decision-making. There are various reasons when parties may need to apply paternalism. The government could for instance regulate people’s healthcare choices so that they meet certain financial considerations (Wilson, 2013). Governments may also apply paternalism when controlling health behaviours of their citizens. For instance, they could control the consumption of certain foods and practices such as smoking and alcohol use (Thomas & Buckmaster, 2010). Clinicians often apply paternalism when prescribing drugs to their clients. Often, prescribers indicate drugs to patient based on their (prescribers’) own reasoning. The practice often involves an assumption that prescribers are informed about all factors necessary for consideration during treatment. Though the paternalism is unavoidable in most such situations, it may not always give the correct implication. For instance, clinicians would tend to assume that patients would not afford unfunded drugs and prescribe cheaper regiments without necessarily consulting their patients. The practice may not be justified as patients would need to know that better medications are available and make their own decisions regarding whether they would cater for their associated financial spending (Dare, Findlay, Browett, Amies, & Anderson, 2010). Paternalism may be necessary under certain circumstances in the clinical setup. For instance, practitioners may apply the move when patients do understand neither the benefits nor the consequences of the available approaches. In such situations, clinicians would choose the best approach for their clients and administer treatment. Such an approach would apply to nursing and other healthcare professionals such as physicians and pharmacists. The presence of an ACD would minimise the necessity for paternalism. Clinicians would, for instance, consult the beneficiaries included in the ACD for their decisions regarding care for the patients of interest. The persons whom the patient prefers to make decisions on their behalf are most likely to do the will of the patient.
Professional ethics and codes of conduct direct clinical practitioners to facilitate the making of informed choices by patients (Consumers Health Forum of Australia, 2013). Various frameworks guide the process of making ethical decisions in nursing. Most of the frameworks are international while others are unique to Australia. In nursing, such guidelines include the nurses’ code of conduct, the code of ethics, professional boundaries, and competency standards. The code of ethics requires nurses to focus on human rights when delivering their services (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2013a). So as to avoid conflicts regarding treatment practices for patients among the involved parties, clinicians should purpose to apply the provision of services included in the wishes of the patient s indicated in their ACDs. The code of professional practice entails maximisation of patient safety by requiring nurses to observe the law and meet create a reputable image to the community (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2013b) Practices such as the use of life support machines, resuscitation, euthanasia, and organ donation would only be appropriate if the patient does not reject them in the ACD (Ebrahimi, 2012). Patients’ preferences would significantly influence the nature of care that nurses would offer. For instance, the practitioners would have to look for alternative methods of care if patients are against practices such as the use of life support machines and resuscitations. Physicians would also encounter the same and they would have to recommend care that does not contradict the preferences of their patients (Mendelson, n.d).
Conclusion
Ethical standards are crucial considerations in health care practices. Patients are entitled to care that values their beliefs and that which addresses their concerns. There are legal and ethical frameworks guiding nurses, physicians, and other clinicians on how to administer care that meets the ethical expectations of patients. Codes of conduct, professional ethics, and legislative guidelines in Australia ensure that clinicians do not overlook the wishes and concerns of their patients. Ethical conduct of clinical practitioners has tremendous influence on patient satisfaction and it would have significant impact on outcomes. It is always ethical to let the patient’s decisions concerning their health prevail over those of other parties. The role of clinicians would mostly be informing patients so that they can make choices from the information they get. Paternalism denies patient control over their lives. Though the aim of the practice is to offer the best to subjects, it may not always generate the best results. Before resolving to apply paternalism, clinicians should seek other approaches such as the ACD. Such mechanism would reduce the chances of legal and ethical questionings, and they would also facilitate settlement of disputes among interested groups such as patients’ families and the clinical team (Lawrence, Willmott, Milligan, Winch, White & Parker, 2012, Pg. 404). Nurses, physicians, pharmacists, and other clinicians encounter different situations that would require critical decision-making to determine the appropriate approaches to adopt. During such conflicting situations, clinical professionals should refer to ethical, professional, and legal frameworks (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2013c; Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2014). Clinicians should ensure that they give satisfactory care to patients by paying attention to the concerns, beliefs, and values that their clients express (Oliveira, Refshauge, Ferreira, Pinto, Beckenkamp, Filho, & Ferreira, 2012). So as to have the necessary understanding of such factors, clinicians would have to establish interactive relationships with their subjects. Not only would healthy interactions yield desirable outcomes, but they would also enhance patient safety and minimise legal conflicts.
Dare, T., Findlay, M., Browett, P., Amies, K., & Anderson, S. (2010). Paternalism in practice: informing patients about expensive unsubsidized drugs. Journal of Medical Ethics, 36(5), 260-264.
Eagle, K. & Ryan, J. (2014). Potentially incapable patients objecting to treatment doctors’ powers and duties. Medical Journal of Australia, 200(6), 352-354
Ebrahimi, N. (2012). Ethics of euthanasia. Australian Medical Student Journal, 3(1).
Lawrence, S., Willmott, L., Milligan, E., Winch, S., White B., & Parker, M. (2012). Autonomy versus futility? Barriers to good clinical practice in end-of-life care: a Queensland case. Medical Journal of Australia, 196(6), 404-405.
Oliveira, V. C., Refshauge, K. M., Ferreira, M. L., Pinto, R. S., Beckenkamp, P. R., Filho, R. F. & Ferreira, P. H. (2012). Communication that values patient autonomy is associated with satisfaction with care: a systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy, 58(4), 215-229
Scholl, I., Zill, J. M., Härter, M., & Dirmaier, J. (2014). An Integrative Model of Patient-Centeredness – A Systematic Review and Concept Analysis. PLoS ONE, 9(9), e107828. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107828
Townsend, R. & Luck, M. (2012). Protective jurisdiction, patient autonomy, and paramedics challenge of applying the NSW Mental Health Act. Australian Journal of Paramedicine, 7(4).
ITS REFLECTION ESSAY NOT ACADEMIC ESSAY. SO WE CAN USE “I” AND MY WORDS.
NOT TO EXCEED WORD LIMIT OF 550 WORDS.
5 REFERENCES REQUIRED, ONLY AUSTRALIAN JOURNALS AND ARTICLES. APA
Reflect on the above video scenario, observing the interactions between the nurse and Carla. Then answer the following 3 questions:
1. Using your knowledge and skills from previous weeks, analyse the questions asked (verbally, para-verbally) and non-verbal behaviours used in order to assess Carla’s level of risk as well as assist Carla to regain focus, take control of her emotions and ultimately calm down.
a. From your observations of the situation, what did the nurse do well?
b. From your analysis of the situation, what changes would you suggest for Carla’s risk management?
2. What approaches can you use within the assessment process to enhance collaboration and participation when clients like Carla are at risk?
3. Reflect on what you think may be the underlying cause for Carla’s behaviour.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Reflection Essay
Using your knowledge and skills from previous weeks, analyse the questions asked (verbally, para-verbally) and non-verbal behaviors used in order to assess Carla’s level of risk as well as assist Carla to regain focus, take control of her emotions and ultimately calm down.
From your observations of the situation, what did the nurse do well?
The nurse employed verbal, para-verbal, and non-verbal behaviors to assess Carla’s level of risk as well to help her regain control, focus, and emotions and to calm down. One thing that the nurse did well was collaborating with the client by engaging her in a constructive conversation. The nurse was able to observe the behaviour of the client and straight away found a way to engage her and to allow the client talk. Another thing that I feel that the nurse did well is offering herself to help the client manage her risk. This allowed the client to open up. The nurse listened actively by sitting squarely and facing the client, she was also in an open posture, she maintained an eye contact, she learned forward and was relaxed. I think this technique enabled the nurse to assist Carla take control of her emotions and focus and emotions.
From your analysis of the situation, what changes would you suggest for Carla’s risk management?
Managing risks in health facilities is one of the functions of nurses (Alaszewski, 2005). Risk management helps to deter occurrence of uncertainties. In this situation, I would suggest various changes of Carla’s risk management. One of the changes is to assign her a therapist that will help her to control her anger and to quit smoking. A therapist has the qualifications and the best skills and knowledge to assist her manage risk (McGivern & Fischer, 2012). Another change is to enable her vent out her anger, achieved by allowing her to speak her mind and through engaging her.
What approaches can you use within the assessment process to enhance collaboration and participation when clients like Carla are at risk?
To enhance collaboration and participation when clients are at risk within the assessment process, nurses can use different approaches. One of the approaches to use is to observe the client (Kleinsmann, Deken, Dong & Lauche, 2012). Observation allows the nurses to understand clients and their experiences hence are able to device suitable way of commencing or kick-starting engagement. For instance, the approach to engage an angry client is not the same with that client who is happy. It is also important to maintain good posture, maintain eye contacts and her hands should be still (Mihm, 2014). This creates a conducive environment for the client to open up (Van der Vegt, Essens, Wahlstrom & George, 2015). The nurse should also create time to assist the client. The nurse should therefore, listen actively to be in a position to respond appropriately to the questions and concerns of the clients.
Reflect on what you think may be the underlying cause for Carla’s behavior
Underlying cause of Carla’s behavior is lack of someone to give her hope and encouragement. Carla is undergoing or facing numerous issues. She is a smoker and has not been allowed to smoke until the time recommended. This situation is aggravated by the fact that she broke up with her boyfriend. She cannot talk to her boyfriend. Therefore, she has made it a routine to smoke as a strategy to end her anger.
References
Alaszewski, A. (2005). Risk, safety and organizational change in health care?. Health, Risk & Society. pp. 315-318. doi:10.1080/13698570500391166.
Kleinsmann, M., Deken, F., Dong, A., & Lauche, K. (2012). Development of design collaboration skills. Journal Of Engineering Design, 23(7), 485-506. doi:10.1080/09544828.2011.619499
McGivern, G., & Fischer, M. (2012). Reactivity and reactions to regulatory transparency in medicine, psychotherapy and counseling”. Social Science & Medicine 74 (3): 289–296.
Mihm, J. C. (2014). Implementation Approaches Used to Enhance Collaboration in Interagency Groups. GAO Reports, i-52.
Van der Vegt, G. S., Essens, P., Wahlström, M., & George, G. (2015). Managing risk and resilience. Academy of Management Journal. pp. 971-980. doi:10.5465/amj.2015.4004.
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You have to write about 2 business models and 2 marketing strategies that its provided on the file. just need a short introduction and 1000 words per 1 model/strategy. Total around 4000 words.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Marketing strategy is a plan aiming at a goal of increasing sales and having a comparative advantage over the competitors. On the other hand, a business model is an actual representation of an organization of all interrelated architectural and financial designed by a business institution for both present and future guiding to reach a specific goal. Business models and marketing strategies nowadays are becoming more and more important in any business field. They are serving, as a core management discipline in the present world business is it in a financial or accounting organization. The thesis of this essay is to find out what are the characteristics of a good business model. It entails finding its importance in the field of business, the challenges that are faced when coming up with a business model. In addition, the discussion will discuss the diversified different types of marketing strategies. The importance of marketing strategies and what difference they bring in an organization will also be given.
Discussion
Business Models
SWOT Analysis
SWOT analysis has been defined by Yean Ying, Min & To Phuong (2009, p. 1105) as a strategy tool that is aimed at determining a company’s competitive advantaged. Ding-Hong, Tie-Dan & Chang-Yuan (2014, p. 68) argue that SWOT analysis is a tool that is aimed at analyzing a company’s strengths and opportunities against the threats and weaknesses. This tool is important as it can help practitioners determine the best ways possible to assist their organization to become competitive in the market. The motive behind this toll is to analyze a company’s prospects with paying attention to the bigger picture in mind (Everett 2014, p.58). For this tool to be certain effective information need to be acquired. This information ranges from internal to external factors that affect the business either positively or negatively Milosevic (2010, p.78). The internal information assists the practitioners to spot the strengths and weaknesses the firm establishes in its operations. The external factors are critical to ensuring that a company analyzes its threats and opportunities in the external environment.
Strengths are essentially factors that give a firm a competitive edge. Weaknesses, on the other hand, are factors or elements that are harmful if certain competitors to use them against the respective firm (Ying, Min & To Phuong 2009, p.1110). Opportunities are those favorable situations that can bring competitive advantages. Lastly, threats are unfavorable circumstances that tend to diminish the competitive advantage of a firm. The use of SWOT analysis best sits when assessing the services provided by a project. In addition, the tool is indispensable to determine the relationship between project stakeholders. In emphasis, the toll is indispensable in digging dip a problem in a company. The tool is applicable in intense situations that require the immediate solution to emerging issues. The emerging issues can include a drastic fall in profit (Ying, Min & To Phuong (2009, p. 1109). The tool can also be used to determine where change is possible. The effectiveness of the tool can be measured easily. The tool is effective if it clearly sports the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats of a company. Furthermore, the performance of the tool is measured by the extent at which the recommendations given by the tool assist the organization to become competitive advantage (Ying, Min & To Phuong 2009, p.1106). In simper terms, the performance of the tool is determined by the extent at which the opportunities are exploited together will the strengths to outweigh the repercussions of threats and weaknesses.
The SWOT analysis is characterized with strengths and limitations. One of the strengths is that the tool is simple to perform. In addition, the tool has practicability (Everett 2014, p.79). A practitioner will find that collecting external and internal factors as well as comparing them to determine a firm’s competitive advantage is very simple. The other strength of the tool is that it is simple to understand. Notably, it gives all the four dimension of a firm using understandable format. Every factor is described individually (Ying, Min & To Phuong 2009, p.1115). It is being observed that the SWOT analysis tool is indispensable when identifying future goals. The tool assists practitioners to predict where the company will be in the future when it excels in manipulating its strengths and opportunities to fight its weaknesses and threats. Another observance pertinence of the tool is that it provides opportunities for further analysis. The tool allows the use of other models such as Blue Ocean Strategy and PEST analysis.
However, the SWOT analysis is short to limitations. Many critics argue that the toll is never serious. Its simplicity makes it a low-grade evaluation tool. One of its drawbacks is that it is cumbersome to read through. This is since it has excessive lists of strengths, threats, weaknesses, and opportunities. In addition, the tool is argued to have no prioritization of factors. In this regard, the tool is said to give each factor an equal measure. This is not true as Everett (2014, p.58) argue because some factors have more pressure on the firm than others. Another drawback of the tool is that it broadly describes its factors. This creates confusion in some cases. Ying, Min & To Phuong (2009, p.1105) argue that mush of what it is given by the tool are just opinions and not facts. Everett (2014, p.68) adds that a tool is a confusing tool since it lacks a recognizable method to distinguish between strengths, opportunities, threats, and weaknesses.
One instance in which SWOT analysis was used effectively was when Teys Australia was experiencing falling profits (Milosevic 2010, p.98). The top management carried a quick analysis to determine what was affecting the organization despite that the company is one of the biggest meat processing companies on the Australian land. The management got that its strengths include a strong brand, efficient production methods, and accessibility to global markets. The analysis also found that the firm had the weaknesses of vagaries of weather, animal disease outbreaks, fluctuating on major world currencies (Ying, Min & To Phuong 2009, p.1125). On top of that, the company found out that it had the opportunities to enjoy a larger market share in Japan and Indonesia. However, it observed that the threats ranged from the growth of the poultry industry, disease outbreaks, and climatic conditions. Therefore, it came to find that outbreak of diseases and climatic conditions were the major cause if decreasing profits. Thus is devised to use the government and its resources to do research to find cures for major cattle-related diseases (Milosevic 2010, p.145). Currently, the company is one of the major exporters of beef to Japan, Taiwan, and Indonesia. In conclusion, the SWOT analysis has fund four pillars of seizing and maintaining competitive advantage (Everett 2014, p.78).
Build on strengths
Minimization of weaknesses
Seizure of the opportunities
Counteract threats
PESTEL Analysis
The PESTEL model is the different version of the SWOT analysis. This is because it entirely deals with external forces. The PEST analyzes the political, economic, technological, and social factors in the external environment of a firm (Kader, Noor, Wilson & Mohammad 2014, p.67). These external factors are known to affect the activities and performance of a firm. The model engages in collecting and portraying information that deals with external factors which affect or might have affected the firm. The importance of this model is that it needs a firm to create both opportunities and threats for an organization. The practitioners need to know the instances when to use the tool (Gregorić 2014, p.562). These situations are best favorable when finding the current external factors that influence the organization.
The analysis is also applicable to identify external factors that may alter in the future. The other instance when the model is applicable is when the company wants to manipulate changes (opportunities) to shield against them (threats) better than competitors would do (Kader, Noor, Wilson & Mohammad 2014, p.68). The idea behind the analysis is that if a project is better placed than that of competitors, the company will be able to respond to changes more effectively. The political aspects can include both internal and external factors. The internal factors deals refer to those political aspects that are within the firm such as personal interest in the implementation of the projects. The eternal political factors include those factors that a firm cannot control such as governmental regulations. The economic factors include the macro and micro-economic events that relate to the function of an organization. The internal microenvironment engages in verifying the viability of an activity in the organization developments (Zalengera, Blanchard, Eames, Juma, Chitawo & Gondwe 2014, p.316). The macro-economic include the unavoidable government taxes, inflation, and unemployment. The sociological factor includes taking into consideration all events that affect the market and community socially. Technological factors involve taking into considerations all issues that affect the technology of the firm.
The performance of the PEST analysis can be evaluated by observing the extent at which a firm responds to the external factors (Kader, Noor, Wilson & Mohammad 2014, p.70). For instance, it assists a firm to product development. Carrying out a proper appraisal of the external factors, a firm can balance the outcome of each to see if it will unleash the product to the market. The other dimension in measuring the performance of the PEST analysis is by looking how an organizational change has been experienced developments (Zalengera, Blanchard, Eames, Juma, Chitawo & Gondwe 2014, p.326). For instance, when a firm wants to change one function of the department, the tool can be very helpful in identifying the hidden aspects that SWOT analysis, for instance, cannot find.
However, there are certain limitations and advantages associated with the PEST analysis. One of the advantages is that the tool is important it encourages the development of strategic thinking (Kader, Noor, Wilson & Mohammad 2014, p.72). It enables the concerned parties to think strategically on how to deal with a project. The other advantage is that it may raise awareness of the potential threats to a project. It also assists an organization to identify opportunities. Not only does the tool enable the form to identify opportunities, but it also assists the organization to exploit the opportunities (Zalengera, Blanchard, Eames, Juma, Chitawo & Gondwe 2014, p.346). In emphasis, it assists an organization to anticipate future difficulties to take actions on how to avoid or minimize them. Notably, one of the disadvantages is that the tool is entirely external. It only deals with external factors. It ignores the place of internal factors such as the place of the employee in the production line. The other limitation of the model is that it requires constant updating for it to remain relevant. The other observable feature of the model is that is based on assumptions. Much of what it says cannot be verified. Most of the recommendations given by the tool are rigid. It, therefore, becomes a problem for the projects of a firm to anticipate developments (Zalengera, Blanchard, Eames, Juma, Chitawo & Gondwe 2014, p.336). This is as far as the business environment is ever changing. The last noted disadvantage of the tool is that it allows its users to over-simplify the information that is used. Therefore, it creates the possibility of missing the most important data.
The use of the PEST analytical tool assisted a firm to a scenario. The tool was used by Wal-Mart Australia to identify its potential threats for the external environments (Kader, Noor, Wilson & Mohammad 2014, p.72). The supermarket observed that political factors such as heavy taxation and currency fluctuations. The supermarket also found that economic facts such as high inflation rate and higher consumer debt in Australia made to unable to diversify its operations (Zalengera, Blanchard, Eames, Juma, Chitawo & Gondwe 2014, p.366). In addition, the company realized that social factors such as an emphasis on safety by the Australians made it unable to unleash new products due to fear of rejection. The technological factor that Wal-Mart assessed was that ecological factors such as sustainability made to lose its role on sustainability. With that information in mind, Wal-Mart was able to differentiate the existing products (rebranding) to attract customer attraction (social factor) to make sales to counter heavy government taxes (political) (Shilei & Yong 2009, p.2097). In addition, by product differentiation, Wal-Mart was able to increase sales to diversify its operations (technological) to remain competitive in the market (economic).
Marketing strategy
Blue Ocean Strategy
Definition
This concept works based on developing uncontested market space rather than competing with substitute opponents selling similar goods or services in the market (Chan &Mauborgne 2011, p. 105). In other words in Blue Ocean marketing strategy, demand is created rather than competing over the limited demand, which makes competition eventually unnecessary. This explains the reason for the revival of circus industry despite the long-term decline of the industry, which now is doing incredibly well profit wise (Mohamed 2009, p.28). The concept is distinct to another model because it does not encourage direct competition with rival firms. Relatively, the model advice on the importance of using skill to create a strong image/brand. Čirjevskis, Homenko & Lačinova (2010, p.162) argues that the modern companies are not able to leverage their activities such that they want to achieve competitive advantage by using price strategies to outdo each other. The author attested that the most significant weapon to win in the market is the one that is focused on attracting as many customers as possible. Therefore, there is a need to come up with an innovative strategy to deal with the competition in the market.
Aims and Objectives of Behind Concept of Blue Ocean Strategy
The main objective of this concept is to enhance national development in nations worldwide by transforming local public sectors, states, low costs that cut across ministries, agencies, NGOs, and municipalities at large (Mohamed 2009, p.29). The model is important to ensure that most of the projects formulated by organization go through the implementation stage. The model assumes that a firm can best utilize the available resources to make it competitive in the market (Chan &Mauborgne 2011, p.107). The intention here is not to engage in cutthroat competition with rival firms, but to create a strong brand that other competitors can hardly challenge.
Requirements Favoring the Concept Usage
To discover the ‘Blue Ocean’ primarily the entrepreneurs should discover the five action frameworks to break the trade-off and eventually come up with a new curve. There are certain framework key questions that favor this concept usage (Mohamed 2009, p.38). One of the questions is related to elimination. Elimination, in this case, implies that the company identifies the factors that have existed in the organization that lowers its competitive advantage. In addition, the company needs to remove such factors. The other question relates to creation (Chan & Mauborgne 2011, p.115). In this particular occasion, the company identifies which products that can capture the market share in the market. The third question is associated to reduction strategies. Reduction entails that a company identifies what it should reduce below its level standard.
Measurement of ‘Blue Ocean’ Strategy performance
This strategy uses various approaches to measuring performances (Mohamed 2009, p.48). These approaches include developing a strategic canvas approach. It also gives a map of key performance indicators (KPI’s) which involves comparing one’s company with that of the competitors (Dr.Hilarly,2010), The straight forward approach. Blue ocean development analysis here uses (ERCC) grid meaning elimination, reduction, and rise (Chan & Mauborgne 2011, p.121). The above measures are important to ensure that a firm gauges the extent it has excelled in making its brand strong.
Strength of Blue Ocean strategy
A blue ocean strategy is a crucial tool used in diagnosing whether one’s business has developed a comparative advantage proposition and supporting business models. It has made most businesses grow at a high rate since they can be able to diverse their energy from irrelevant competitions. In addition, the strategy is simpler to use (Čirjevskis, Homenko & Lačinova 2010, p.172). The model gives some of the mechanisms that can be adopted by firms to make them competitive in the market. These include product differentiation and increased advertisements.
Limitations of blue ocean strategy
One of the limitations is that the model is unfeasible. The model is viewed as unfeasible since it is claimed no group was used since it is not stated how many companies failed as a result of using this strategy (Čirjevskis, Homenko & Lačinova 2010, p.171). It is argued that rather than Blue Ocean becomes a theory; it attempt to backup the already existing frameworks. This statement implies that Blue Ocean draws assist form other models such SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis. The model has no any established methods of testing its recommendations. Another limitation of the model is that it is easily manipulated since each factor seems to contradict each other (Chan &Mauborgne 2011, p.127). The final limitation of the model is that is assuming that marketing success will come as just a matter of course. This is not true on the market situation. Gaining market share is a strenuous activity that takes a considerable time to perfect it.
Applications of Blue Ocean Strategy
China mobility is one of the instances the Blue Ocean strategy was implemented perfectly. China CEO Wang Jianzhou said that China market has been adapting the ocean market strategy, and that is why they have no worries of their rivals whatsoever, Starwood. In an interview Robin Pratt vice president, ‘six sigma’ said how they are taking systematically in applying the concept, TATA Motors (Čirjevskis, Homenko & Lačinova 2010, p.178). They have adopted the skills of differentiation and low cost as it is stated in Blue Ocean Strategy. Another instance where the application of the Blue Ocean strategy was effectively used was experienced by Casella Wines in Australia. The company decided to make new wines drinking rules (Chan &Mauborgne 2011, p.131). The final product that was unleashed was Yellow Tai. The brand became highly recognizable on the Australian land. However, the price remained the same even with the unleashing of the Yellow Wine.
Michael Porters Competitive Positioning Strategies
Definition of concept
The three porter’s generic strategies target as he had written in 1980 comprised of; cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. The basis of this concept is to describe how an organization or a company does to have a competitive advantage in the market (Grigore 2014, p.32). According to this strategy, a company has a choice of choosing one of the three or gain the risk of wasting its economic resources. Porter’s strategy was designed to combine and interact cost minimization strategy, market focus strategy and finally product differentiation strategy. According to Porter’s strategy, a company is comprised of major segments and there exists two major types of competitive advantage. One of the segments is oriented towards the minimization of costs (Lombana 2011, p.33). The other segment is designated to affect product differentiation. One requirement for a company to gain a competitive advantage is that it has to make an effort of picking a scope ahead of its competitors at least five times.
Aims and Objectives of Michael Porters Competitive Positioning Strategies
The aim of the model is to find the competitive rivalry in the market. By identifying the degree of competitive rivalry in the market, a company drafts mechanism on how to counteract it. The degree of rivalry may be high, for instance, due to the presence of high exists costs. The model also aims at observing the threat of new entrants. The company must be aware of the newcomers in the market to come up recommendations on how to deal with them (Lombana 2011, p.36). The threat of new entrants may be high due to government-driven obstacles. The other function of the model is to identify the threats of substitutes. The threat of substitutes is brought by such factors as brand loyalty, switching costs, and trends. The fourth factor of the model is the determination of the bargaining power of suppliers. Suppliers have power in the market when they are small in numbers (Grigore 2014, p.34). The last factor addressed by the model is the bargaining power of consumers. Consumers have power when the there are close substitutes, or there are different companies in the market that offer the same products.
Requirements and Conditions that Favor Competitive Strategy
This particular strategy works efficiently when the cost of production is quite costly. The model is mainly used when it comes in minimizing the cost. The model is also pertinent in a situation where the particular product is well developed, and no similar products can rival it due to its uniqueness (Grundy 2009, p.213). When a company focuses entirely on a particular segment that is demanded by customers, this leads to a quality product thus enhances loyalty to customers making it difficult to compete.
Approaches used in Measuring porters Competitive Strategy Performance
Cost Leadership Approach
This simply means that a company is enjoying more profit by producing at a lower cost and even if there is a price war, the company still gets profits while its rivals suffer losses. The company can have the privilege to enjoy this if there is accessibility to the capital required. When a company can obtain capital investment in both assets and raw material, this blocks other rivals since not many can afford such an investment. Furthermore, it ensures continuity in profit enjoyment, high level of expertise in the manufacturing process (Grundy 2009, p.223). This is meant to ensure that a company enjoys minimal cost because of the qualified and experienced workforce and efficient distribution channels. To attain a minimum cost possible, a company requires its means of transporting products.
Differentiation Approach
This approach mainly entails developing products that offer unique attribute and at the same time valued by consumers. Companies that enjoy this approach they have the following strengths; access to leading scientific research, high level of skills developed products and creative team (Grigore 2014, p.43). It also enjoys a strong sales team with the ability to communicate efficiently that markets products to the consumers.
Focus Approach
Here, a company concentrates on a particular narrow segment and tries to it’s best to perfect it so as to win the consumers loyalty thus able to beat their competitors of the similar product (Grundy 2009, p.225). By this, it considers itself to have performed.
Strengths of Michael Porters Competitive Positioning Strategies
With the help of this strategy, companies have been able to run their companies while producing at a minimum cost, which makes it not to collapse due to profits enjoyment. Companies have been able to lower price to powerful buyers (Grundy 2009, p.232). Companies can comfortably lower prices to defend substitutes without incurring any loss, customer loyalty. In addition, companies can discourage potential entrants in the market. The customers become more attached to differentiating attributes thus reducing threats on substitutes. Brand loyalty has been known to keep customers from potential rivals. A company can focus develops competencies (Grigore 2014, p.43). For instance, buyers have less power to negotiate because of fewer alternatives of similar goods, specialized products protect against substitutes. Finally, proper use of the tool can make rivals firms unable to meet differentiation-focused customer wants.
Limitations of Michael porters Competitive Positioning Strategies
Porters stated that use of more than one strategy would result in failure of the organization. Hence, there is no clear future direction trajectory. It is mentioned that differentiation strategy will be costly which clearly contradicts with that of cost minimization cost (Grundy 2009, p.236). Research writings of Davis state that companies were applying a hybrid strategy perform better than those adopting the generic strategy. Grundy (2009, p.237) challenged Porters by arguing that application of two strategies will result in more competitive. After eleven years, Porter revised his thinking and saw that hybrid strategy can exist (Grigore 2014, p.46). The two focal objectives of low-cost leadership and differentiation clash with each other leading to no direction. Porter had a primary belief in his concept about the invalidity of hybrid business strategy. He argued that the highly prone and turbulent market conditions would not allow the survival of concrete business strategies, since long-term establishment will depend on the ability and the quick responsiveness towards the market and environmental conditions.
Examples of How Concept have been appropriately used
Influencing and thinking in the United States of America and other countries towards health care deliveries (Grundy 2009, p.253). The strategy helps business managers and marketers to look at business powers between different types of departments and enhance the attractiveness and maximum profit.
Shilei, L. & Yong, W. (2009). Target-oriented obstacle analysis by PESTEL modeling of energy efficiency retrofit for existing residential buildings in China’s northern heating region Energy Policy. Vol. 37 Issue 6, p2098-2101
