Category: Writing

Advanced care plan Essay Assignment

Advanced care plan
Advanced care plan

Advanced care plan

An advance care plan is a structured and ongoing communication or discussion between a patient and a professional health caregiver which is meant to communicate the future wishes of the patient in matters concerning treatment and care options should they not be able to communicate these wishes at that particular time. (Oliver, 2013, pg 135) The discussion might also involve a third party such as the patients close family member. Mr. Mario who lives with his wife, Rosa,  is a 46 year old man with stage 4 pancreatic cancer who has just been told by his oncologist that the chemotherapy treatment he was receiving is no longer effective. Over the past few days, Mr. Mario has been experiencing symptoms such as nausea. The following is an essay concerning Mr. Mario’s advance care plan.

Initiating the conversation on advanced care planning

This conversation is meant to discuss with a patient the method and means he would like to be treated or taken care with once he or she falls seriously ill and he is not able to make such decisions then. Usually, this conversation is started when it is clear that a patient’s health risk is very high and so is the case with Mario. The conversation on advanced care planning with Mario should have been initiated after being told by the oncologist that the chemotherapy was unlikely to be ineffective and that is the same period when he decided that he would focus on the time he has with his family. During the initiating of the conversation, it is important to explain to Mr. Mario what the conversation is all about and the importance. It is after this that he should then be asked if there is anyone who he thinks should be present during the conversation. This should then be followed by the deliberate allowing of time so as to provide the patient with an opportunity to reflect. (Yeung, Escalante & Gagel, 2009, pg.46)

After that, the conversation can then begin and this must be done by using words not too insensitive to the patient for example, ‘I would like to discuss with you about your wishes of future care in case you get very sick which might not happen but just in case it does you will not be able to express your wishes and at that point it would be very important to know what you would have wanted’, ‘Have you considered about the place or type of care you would want to have in case you became too sick to take care of yourself?’ or ‘most people usually think about what they may want in the future and they usually have their wishes drafted  in a document called Advance Health Directive. Would you like to know more about this Advance Health Directive?’

Preparing for the conversation

There are some very important issues that should be taken into consideration in preparation of the advance care planning discussion and this is mostly so as to protect and maintain the welfare of the patient and this are as follows

Firstly, one should review all medical files notes or files of the patient. This is meant to ensure that all that all the relevant and critical clinical information concerning the patient are available. The same can still be achieved through consulting other medical care experts involved with the patient. (Goldstein & Morrison, 2013, pg 273)

Secondly, the health care professional should also ensure that he or she has a private and comfortable area to carry out the discussion. This area should be free from interruptions from anyone. This will help in boosting concentration while collecting all the necessary information. In addition to finding a private area, one should determine if there is a family member who can participate in the discussion. This family member should be a very close family member. This can be determined through scrutinizing the patients’ health and personal documents.

Moreover, it should be made sure that the patient is in a mental capacity to participate in the discussion. This is so because the patient, if not in the capacity to discuss these matters, can easily fall into a depression. If there is a family member participating in the discussion, the same should also be made sure to avoid any cases of afterwards depression. Chambers, Germain & Brown, 2010, pg55)

One should ensure that he or she has drafted a structure that will be used during the advanced care planning process. This can be achieved for example, through having a structure that contains leading question. The draft structure should be able to contain the following components;

  • it should lead one in identifying the goals, advantages and disadvantages of the methods and interventions that the patient would want sought
  • it should be able to ensure that the patient knows the level of seriousness of his stage four pancreatic cancer.
  • It should be able to lead the patient in knowing that his disease is palliative.
  • It should also be able to identify the patient’s fears or greatest concerns.
  • It should be able to determine what the patient thinks about the advance care planning.

One should have an understanding and be well conversant with all local laws that concern the drafting and implementation of such critical documentation. One should also ensure that he or she has adequate knowledge on how to access the necessary documents.

Lastly, arrangements for the appropriate support services should be made prior to the initiating of the conversation. Among other things, this support service can be helpful in consoling the patient if he or she gets emotional during the conversation and breaks down.

Who should be involved in the discussion?

An advanced care planning discussion usually involves a patient and it also advisable for very close family member to be present although the consent of the patient will have to be sought first. In the case of Mr. Mario, his close family member is his wife Rosa, so it would be appropriate to involve his wife in the discussion. Both the participants will be required to participate in the discussion through sharing their opinions concerning the advance care plan. Mr. Mario could also choose for his attorney to be present especially if he is interested in transferring his power of attorney to a different person such as Rosa who would be required by the power of attorney to make decisions for his husband when the husband is not in a capacity to do so. Whatever is discussed in the advance care plan is then documented which will make it easy to use for future references. The wishes are then legalized through filling out legal forms entailing all your wishes. This can be done with the help of an attorney although it is not necessary. (Noogle, 2012, pg 57)

Information to be included in the advance care plan

There are issues that should be included in an advance care plan. For an effective outcome, this should mostly be in the form of questions. The issues to be addressed should be as follows;

Firstly, there should be goals, advantages and disadvantages of any interventions that might be required when taking care of the patient. These goals may include decisions of emergency treatments to keep the patient alive such cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) which is meant to restore the heartbeat if it stops, comfort care which involves relieving pain, artificial nutrition or artificial hydration which are meant to provide nutrition to the patient through a tube when the patient is unable eat or drink. This is meant to ensure that Mr. Mario fully understands the consequences of any method before preferring for it to be used in the advance care plan. (Thomas & Lobo, 2011, pg 239)

Secondly, the plan should be able to address the patients preferred place for receiving future care and this is meant to ensure that the patient is comfortable in receiving this care for example; this could be asked as ‘where would you prefer to receive future care?’

Although not necessary, the patient should be given the opportunity to decide whether he would like to donate any organ or tissue in case of death and the question asked could be; ‘incase of death, would you like to donate any of your body organ or tissue? If so where or to whom would you want the above stated organ or tissue donated?’ (Vadivelu, Kaye & Berger, 2013, pg 100).

The advance care plan should be able to make sure that the patient and his wife are aware of the extent of seriousness and risk of his pancreatic cancer. This is one of the means of ensuring that the participants are in the right mental capacity to get involved in the discussion. For example, this could be asked in the form; ‘are you aware of the extent of risk of your level four pancreatic cancer? If so what do you think are the risks involved?’

The care plan should be able to inquire from the patient the people he would like to make decisions for them in case they are unable to make these decisions. The care plan should still be able to inquire if the patient has shared his wishes with his family or friends. This could be in the form; ‘Incase your are not able to make any decision, whom would you like to act in your capacity in making these decisions? Apart from your wife, have you informed any other family member or friend of your wishes?’

The plan should be able to diagnose Mr. Mario’s gravest and deepest fears concerning his pancreatic cancer. The same should also be inquired from his wife, Rosa. For example this could be asked as ‘what are your deepest fears concerning this disease?’

Lastly, the advance care plan should give Mr. Mario or his wife the opportunity to ask any question related to Mr. Mario’s health that might have not been addressed in the care plan. This could be asked as ‘Is there any other issue concerning the disease that you would want addressed here?’

Reviewing of the advance care plan

This involves the revisiting of the advance care plan discussions and at times the decisions set out in the advance care plan can be changed. It is usually advisable for the reviewing to be done regularly due to a number of reasons which can apply in Mr. Mario’s case. The following are the main reasons for reviewing the plan or circumstances that might trigger the reviewing process

Firstly, Mr. Mario or his wife could request for the reviewing or change their mind about a decision that they had made earlier this might for example, be triggered by the infeasibility of an option that they had recommended maybe due financial constraints or a number of other issues.

Secondly, there could be a change in circumstances that might require the reviewing of the plan. For example, change in medical conditions whereby a new disease or condition is discovered in the patient. The same could also be triggered by change of individual conditions for example incase Rosa, Mr. Mario’s wife, dies or any other person mentioned in the advance care plan and whose death affects the plan.

Thirdly, the reviewing can be done when Mr. Mario returns to the hospital for example when he is going back for a checkup or when the health care professional visits Mr. Mario at his home. Usually, the reviewing of the plans is usually set to be done constantly and in such cases the reviewing is done when the patient visits the hospital or when the health care professional visits the patient at home. (Hartmann, Loprinzi & Mayo Clinic, 2012, pg 45)

Fourthly, the reviewing can be done if the medical options that are present in the advanced care plan changes the needs of Mr. Mario in regards to the plan for example in the discovering of a co morbidity.

Fifthly, Mr. Mario can revoke the advance care plan any time and this will require the preparation of a new advance care plan. In such a scenario Mr. Mario might view the earlier on plan as not been appropriate due to a number of reasons and this will require him to revoke the care plan and request for the drafting of a new one.

Lastly, during the making of the advance care plan, Mr. Mario can state a review interval of which after the interval time lapses, the making of a new advance care plan will be required. For example, Mr. Mario could state that he would require reviewing the care plan after every two months. After the lapse of these two months, Mr. Mario will then be required to review the care plan.

Activation of the advance care plan

This involves the point and time at which the discussion in the plan will be implemented. In Mr. Mario’s scenario this will take place under the following circumstances.

Firstly, activation can occur if Mr. Mario enters into a comma for example, after he collapses at the shopping centre and becomes non responsive and is taken to the hospital. If he completely fails to respond, then implementation of the care plan will be deemed necessary.

Secondly, the activation can occur in case of Mr. Mario deaths. In this case the advance care plan will be activated in that, if he had requested in the care plan for his body tissue or organ to be donated, then his wish will have to be fulfilled. (Barnsteiner, Disch, Walton & Sigma Theta Tau International, 2014, pg 107)

Thirdly, the activation maybe triggered by the person who has the power of attorney. This involves transferring your rights to make decisions concerning certain issues to another person who is required by law to make decisions that will be in your best personal interests if you are not in a capacity to make these decisions. In this case Mr. Mario could have given this power to his wife Rosa so if by any chance Rosa feels that Mr. Mario is not in a capacity to make decisions then she can ask for the implementation of the advance care plan.

Fourthly, the activation of the care plan can be triggered if Mr. Mario experiences dementia. This is a condition whereby the patient’s mental ability is impaired and cannot make decisions as a reasonable man. In such a case the patient will not be in the right mental capacity to make a reasonable decision so this will require the fulfilling of his wishes as he had earlier on stated in the care plan. (Leah & Susana 2013)

Lastly, the activation can be triggered by a medical condition which will make it impossible for Mr. Mario to communicate his decisions such as stroke or paralysis. In such a condition, the patient might be in good mental capacity to make decisions for himself but the communication of this decision might be difficult hence necessitating the use of his wishes as stated in the advance care plan

In conclusion, an advance care plan plays a very crucial role since it betters the quality of life of the patients, provides medical care which is less aggressive, helps families prepare for the death of a loved one and also helps in resolving family conflicts. (Thomas & Lobo, 2011, pg 78)

References

Oliver, D. (2013). End of life care in neurological disease. London: Springer

Yeung, S.-C. J., Escalante, C. P., & Gagel, R. F. (2009). Medical care of cancer patients. Shelton, Conn: People’s Medical Publishing House.

Goldstein, N. E., & Morrison, R.S. (2013). Evidence-based practice of palliative medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders.

Hartmann, L. C., Loprinzi, C. L., & Mayo Clinic. (2012). The Mayo Clinic breast cancer book. Intercourse, PA: Good Books.

Weis, J,. & Horneber, M. (2014). Cancer related fatigue

Noogle, C. A. (2012). Neuropsychology of cancer and oncology. New York: Springer Pub.

Chambers, E. J., Germain, M., & Brown, E. A. (2010). Supportive care for the renal patient. Oxford: Oxford University press.

Fischer, S., Gozansky W., Sauaia A., Min S.,Kutner J., Kramer A. (2006). A practical tool to identify patients who may benefit from a palliative approach: the caring criteria Shrewsbury, UK: NHS 285

Thomas, K., & Lobo, B. (2011). Advance care planning in end of life care. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

In Vadivelu, N., In Kaye, A. D., & In Berger, J. M. (2013). Essentials of palliative care.

Melnyk , B. M., & Fineout-Overhault, E. (2011). Evidence based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

In Christensen, A. J., In Martin, R., & In Smyth, J. M. (2014). Encyclopedia of health psychology.

In LoBiondo-Wood, G., & In Haber, J. (2014). Nursing research: Methods and criticsl appraisal for evidence-based practice.

Barnsteiner, J. H., Disch, J.M., Walton, M. K., & Sigma Theta Tau International, (2014). Person and family centered care.

Leah, R., & Susana L. M. (2013). Advance care planning: communicating about matters of life and death. New York: Springer Pub.

We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!

Philips Essay Paper Available Here

Philips
Philips

Philips

Order Instructions:

Dear Admin,

Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached

I need an essay in the following subject:
Your task is to prepare an annotated outline of your Final Project, briefly indicating the content you plan to include in each section of the report and the concepts and techniques you plan to apply for analysing any data and developing your argument. The outline should not include detailed sections of the Final Project. Instead, it should be a specific and crisp overview of the contents that will comprise the final report.

You need to briefly describe what information you will include in each section of the report that will work to satisfying these requirements. The work that will be carried out in the outline should represent a higher-level view than the contents of the Final Project. As such, you must remain at this level to avoid reusing the same wording in the final document.

Also,

1) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.

2) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,

3) Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
4) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.

5) Turnitin.com copy percentage must be 10% or less.

Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached

Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper

Best regards

SAMPLE ANSWER

TQM W7 ASS

Monitors, lighting, color picture tubes for TV’s and shavers are among the products of Philips, one of the three top world’s producers. 50 million integrated circuits are turned out each day by the factory, 30 million tubes of pictures and 1.5 billion lamps of incandescent are produced by the company every year. The company has interests listed on 16 stock market in 9 states, has over 25 locations that has global network of 400 designers, has 265000 employees and has service and sales outlets in 150 countries and over 40 states with 240 production places (Robert, 2013). The company also has also invented 1000 products, has six research laboratories and employees 3000 scientists (Robert, 2013).

In 2003, Philips announced it’s signing of the agreement regarding the transfer of the Audio, Video, Multimedia and Accessories business to Funai on January 29, 2013. Since signing, the company, has been working hard to prepare the business for transfer in the second half of the year 2013. This process has now been completed (Robert, 2013).

BEST represents breakthrough leadership process in Philips. Through alignment of all business and leadership process, BEST drives the company to a World-class level by those improvements. To make things better, Philips is guided by principles to manage the enterprise, commitment and seek betterment. Speed improves programs and makes them focused, clear and correct. Delay of deliveries of programs are seen if the speed is slow. Shorter process cycle accelerates the learning speed at Philips.

At Philips, the managerial knows that without teamwork they cannot compete to get full potential. Hallmark of business at Philips are teamwork, business Excellency, hallmarks and speed. There is always a difficulty in convincing the sales and promotion managers to hold responsibility for TQM. The resistance was partly caused by concern of quality as the main responsibility of the quality department (Ad banjo, 1997).

It is agreeable that most organizations in an attempt to implement TQM would have faced considerable philosophical and practical obstacles. With managers and executive’s difficulty in interpreting and understanding TQM, they could not be expected to sell the idea to the remaining companies. This is hence the reason for failure rate as high as 75% by programs of TQM (Cao et al, 2000).

Ad banjo, (1997) the commitment for TQM implementation by the chief executives is vital. If the chief executives is from a finance or sales background and has a historical or personal skepticism management issues, it will be tricky getting to buy-in. However, while chief executives and organizations performance is scrutinized on a yearly or even quarterly basis, TQM tends to have a medium to long-term payback.

However, though lacking the power to deal adequately with the other dimensions, TQM is an approach to change management that focuses almost entirely on changes in the process. TQM’s benefits may all be regaled by structural, cultural and political constraints, but its value in process improvement is not disputed. (Cao et al, 2000).

Dale et al. (2000) some chief executives, have started to return to quality and cited six sigma as the rebirth of classic quality because they are fed up with excellence without performance, this may not be too surprising and there are likely to be wider issues involved, While there appears to be some justification for this view.

Effective EFQM has provided a holistic model termed as business excellence to hold such a purpose. New directions to the quality movement and deep and lasting changes into participating organizations has been given by the model and the associated self-assessment process (Dale et al, 2000). Due to the raised question whether or not it makes any sense to compare companies according to an arbitrary weight structure, which has never been empirically tested, research on weight structure has been limited and this is problematic regarding the use of the model (Eskildsen, Kristiansen,  Juhl, 2002).

The strong mechanistic history of TQM was as a result of change in focus from quality to excellence was believed. Convince managers in departments such as sales and production to take responsibility for quality was found to be difficult by researchers. When such managers saw the word quality they thought TQM to be the sole responsibility of the quality department. It was evidently difficult to enable the whole organization to understand the philosophy and broaden the ownership of TQM from the quality department to all levels in an organization (Ad banjo, 2001).

Sun et al, (2004) TQM may have been misunderstood narrowly as a tool for quality improvement only. The principles of TQM improves the enterprise   performances in terms of productivity, cost, customer satisfaction, quality, delivery, market share and profit. More explanation is needed to justify the move from the EFQM model to the European Business excellence model. However, a feeling may rise that the TQM movement is over.

Chapman, (2000) two organizations, one each from the private and public sectors, applied the EFQM excellence model to improve their performance by using a flexible and innovative approach. The aim of any business excellence model is to remain in dynamic and flexible enough to change depending on the influence and opinions of organizations using them ( Ashton, 1997).

Jeanne’s, (2000) every type of organization should be able to include any of the dozens of quality initiatives under the model and identify the relevance of the model to several practices and initiatives. Quality of goods was totally removed though it can be argued that it’s the slow growth of the use of classical quality management that caused the wide acceptance of business excellence.

There are a lot of parallels between six sigma and excellence model, both are complementary approaches. The US equivalent of the UK business excellence award ,two of the early winners of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, have been proponents of the six sigma approach, including Motorola, the organization that first came up with the idea (Morgan, 2000).

Increasing use of initiatives may be stirred by use of techniques and management tools for the desire to succeed at excellence of a business, though it is entirely based on TQM principles. For the survival in today’s market, there should be need for complement between organizations by the quality and business excellence to enable the success of the business.

Reference list

Adebanjo, O. A. (1997), A framework for total quality culture development, PhD, University of Liverpool. United Kingdom.

Cao, G, Clarke, (2000), A system view of organizational change and TQM, the TQM magazine,   United Kingdom.

Dale, B. (1999), Excellence and total quality management: is there a difference, Food Industry     Journal, Vol. 3 No.2 pp105-14. London.

Jeanne’s, C. (2000), Death by a 1000 initiatives, quality world. Bristol.

Kristiansen, K, Juhl, H.J, (1999), beyond the bottom line- measuring stakeholder value. Sage,       London.

Morgan, J. (2000), Six Sigma excellence, UK excellence, United Kingdom.

Robert Biel, (2013), News line: Philips to take legal action against Funai. London.

We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!

Triangular Factors and Row Exchanges

Triangular Factors and Row Exchanges
                     Triangular Factors and Row Exchanges

Triangular Factors and Row Exchanges

Order Instructions:

Please don’t put any pictures into the
coursework.

SAMPLE ANSWER

1.5. Triangular Factors and Row Exchanges

Question 1

Upper triangular matrix is non-singular when no entry on the main diagonal is zero.

Question 2

Solution:

Hence elimination will subtract 4 times row 2 from row 3.

Looking at the U matrix, we see the pivots along the diagonal of the matrix:

To find out if a row exchange will be needed or not, first we determine A

After carrying the first elimination, we get:

Hence, there would not be a need for a row exchange.

Question 3

Question 7

Question 13

Question 23

1.6. Inverses and Transposes 

Question 1

Question 2

  • When is applied to a matrix A its effect on A is to replace the first row of by the 3rd row of, the 3rd row of, and to replace the 3rd row by the first row at the same time. As an example. Hence to reverse this effect, we need to perform the same operation again, i.e. replace the 1st row with the 3rd row and replaced the 3rd row by the 1st row, this is P1

Hence,

Therefore,

Is an indication to replace 1st row by the 3rd row and to replace the 2nd row by the 1st row, and to replace the 2nd row by the 3rd row. For example; hence, in order to reverse it, we need to replace the 1st row by the 2nd row, and to replace the 2nd row by the 3rd row and to replace the 3rd row by the 1st row at the same time.

Hence,

  • In a permutation matrix P, each row will have at most one non-zero entry with value of 1. Consider the entry Pi, j = This entry will cause row i to be replaced by row j. Hence to reverse the effect, we need to replace row j by row i, or in other words, we need to have the entry (j, i) in the inverse matrix be 1. But this is the same as transposing P, since in a transposed matrix the entry (i, j) goes to (j, Hence. Now, where  , are permutation matrices (in other words, each row of  is all zeros, except for one entry with value of 1.)

Hence the entry C (i, i) will be 1 whenever A (i, j) = B (j, i) = 1, this is from the definition of matrix multiplication, element by element view, since:

For all entries except when the entry, and at the same time, but since   is the transpose of P, then whenever then  only when.

Hence this leads to  with all other entries in C being zero, i.e.

Question 4

(a)

If A is invertible and AB = AC, then B = C is true.

Because;

This means that; IB = IC, and subsequently B = C

(b)

Suppose:

AC = AB; then:

0 = AB – AC = A (B-C)

If  , Note that if we define

Then you can find by multiplying it out that:

Therefore, if we set    we find that:
So for this choice of A, just pick any 2×2 matrix for B, and define C = D + B; and automatically, you will find that: AC = A (D + B) = AD + AB = 0 + AB = AB; but C is not = B.

Question 6

Start with the augmented matrix:

Then the only row on the left that doesn’t already look like the identity matrix is the second row; we just need subtract rows 1 and 3 from row 2, which gives:

Hence,

To find, start with the augmented matrix:

Replace the 1st row by half of itself and add half of the 1st row to the 2nd row:

Next, add a third of the second row to the first, add 2/3 the second row to the third, and multiply the second row by 2/3:

Finally, multiply the third row by 3/4, and then add 1/3 of the result to row 1 and add 2/3 of the result to row 2:

Thus,

To find, start with the augmented matrix:

First, switch rows 1 and 3:

Now, subtract row 2 from row 1 and subtract row 3 from row 2:

Thus,

Question 10

For the first choice of A, we write the augmented matrix [A I]:

Then subtracting two times row 1 from row 2 and subtracting three times row 3 from row 2 yields

Hence,

For the second choice of A, write the augmented matrix [A I]:

Subtracting row 1 from rows 2 and 3 yields:

In turn, subtracting row 2 from rows 1 and 3 yields:

Finally, subtracting row 3 from row 2 yields:

Hence,

Question 13

Question 17

  • The inverse of a lower (upper) triangular matrix is still lower (upper) triangular. Multiplying lower (upper) triangular matrices gives a lower (upper) triangular matrix.
  • The main diagonal of and  are the same as those of  and   , so we have. By comparing the off-diagonals of, both matrices must be diagonal. ,  is invertible so.

Then

Question 18

To make the pivot actually occur at f, switch rows 1 and 3:

Now, subtract d/j times row 1 from row 2 and subtract a/f times row 1 from row 3; note:

If e = 0 then the 2nd row is all zeros, which means that there can’t be a pivot in that row. Thus, when A is invertible, it must be the case that e 0. Therefore, a pivot is in the 2nd column, and the entry below can be eliminated through subtraction of  times on row 2 from row 3:

If A is to be invertible, it must be the case that c 0. Therefore, the conditions which ensure that A is invertible are:

Turning to B, the matrix becomes:

Then, in order to have a pivot in the 2nd row, it must be the case that

Or, equivalently,

On the other hand, if, so we can switch rows 1 and 2 to get

Then we can eliminate a by subtracting  times row 1 from row 2 (note:

Again, if we are to have a pivot in the 2nd row, it must be the case that:

Or, equivalently,

Therefore, either

Question 22

Question 43

The 5 by 5  also has 1s on the diagonal and super-diagonal.

Review Exercises              

Question 1.2

Question 1.4

Question 1.10

Has L = I and;

A = LU has U = A (pivots on the diagonal);

A = LDU has   with 1s on the diagonal.

Question 1.17

Question 1.28

2 by 2; d = 0 not allowed;

d = 1, e = 1; then l = 1, f = 0 is not allowed.

Vector Spaces

Question 2

The answer is: (a), (b) and (e).

Question 3

is the x-axis;  is the line through (1, 1);  is ;  is the line through (-2, 1, 0);  is the point (0, 0) in ; the null space  is .

Question 14

The subspaces of  are  itself, lines through (0, 0), and the point (0, 0).

The subspaces of  are  itself, three-dimensional planes , two-dimensional subspaces , one-dimensional lines through (0, 0, 0), and (0, 0, 0) alone indicate that the smallest subspace containing P and L is either P or .

Question 24

The extra column b enlarges the column space, unless b is already in that space,

Reference

Strang, G. (2013). Linear Algebra and its Applications, (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Publishers.

We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!

The Exclusionary Rule Research Paper Available

The Exclusionary Rule
            The Exclusionary Rule

The Exclusionary Rule

Order Instructions:

Research and read the article by Donald Dripps entitled “The Case for the Contingent Exclusionary Rule,” from the American Criminal Law Review (Winter, 2001).
•Based on the article and your current level of exposure to the topic of constitutional criminal procedure, outline your position as to how Dripps’ model would work in the real world.

State whether Dripps’ Model of “Contingent Suppression” is in any way compatible with restorative justice. If not, how could it be made more compatible?
•Provide at least 1 reference

SAMPLE ANSWER

The Exclusionary Rule

With the exclusionary rule in place, problems such as those of political interference of the court system will be resolved given that the highest court has the power to impose any rule that is encrypted in the constitution. The problem of valuation will also be long gone with the exclusion rule in place because it balances the sanctions and the illegal gains of the government. Despite, these benefits, this rule have certain weakness given that it poses a crucial psychological challenge to the judgement. It is not a very easy for the judges to set free a suspect whom they are aware is guilty as charged. In an attempt to deal with this challenge, judges who are on trial are forced to change their truth seeking attention against the tenets of exclusion (Clancy, 2013). On the other hand other judges in the court chambers are forced to interpret the laws on constitutional rights contrary to that of the trial judges. Therefore, it for a fact that amendment on exclusion law remains inadequately implemented.

In his article about contingent exclusionary rule, Donald Drips suggests a model that can be used in the implementation of the exclusionary rule.   He says that it is possible to bring together damages and exclusion in order to do develop a much more effective nd sustainable solution to all violations of the constitution. He further adds that courts can be allowed to suppress some of those orders that are considered uncertain in nature probably because of failure of the police force to do is job well (Dripps, 2010). However, friendly as this offer may seem to be, it not so compatible with the theory of restorative justice. As much as the cases are suppressed by the judges, it would be necessary to keep the suspected criminals on probation to take care of the interests of the crime victims rather than allowing the suspect to freely get back to the community and prematurely interact with victims of crime. This way, restorative justice shall have been achieved.

References

Donald A. Dripps (2010), The ‘New’ Exclusionary Rule Debate: From’Still Preoccupied with 1985’ to ’VirtualDeterrence’, Fordham Urban Law Journal, Vol. 37, Issue 3 (May 2010), pp. 743-802. http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/frdurb37&div=31

Thomas K. Clancy (2013), ‘The ExclusionaryRule: Is It On Its Way Out? Should It Be?’: Guest    Editor: Christopher Slobogin: The Fourth Amendment’s ExclusionaryRule as a Constitutional Right. The Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2013/04/01, Vol: 10, p357

We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!

Performance management Essay Paper

Performance management
Performance management

Performance management

Order Instructions:

Dear Admin,

Note:To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached then answer the following questions:

1)Evaluate the findings of the authors in regards to changes in the design, implementation, and effectiveness of performance management systems since earlier studies were conducted.

2)Analyse the claims of the authors in relation to the level of satisfaction, the training of users, and the involvement of employees with performance management systems.

3)Support your argument with evidence from the study and other real examples where possible.

Also,

1) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.

2) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,

3)Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.

4) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.

5) Turnitin.com copy percentage must be 10% or less.

Note:To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached

Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper

Best regards

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

Performance management serves the purpose of decision making while developing the skills of employees. Developing and managing human capital involves making decisions on pay increases, transfers, promotions and retirements (Pulakos 2004). The appraisal information gathered is applied as a guide to employee training, experience evaluation and other mentoring and development activities (Hillgren & Cheatham 2000).

The role of performance management can only be felt if the attitudes, skills and commitment levels of those people responsible for its implementation are wholly on the exercise while owning the appraisers together with the appraises (Lawler 1994). The effectiveness of the whole program can be eroded by perceived unfairness in the exercise hence procedural fairness and distributive justice must seem to prevail at all time during the entire implementation process. The critics of the PM system are convinced that the PM system only satisfies short-term performance while jeopardizing the long-term organization plans by building fear among the staff while encouraging unhealthy competition and rivalry among the employees (Deming, 1982). Managers are mostly frustrated by the performance management standards as they attempt to address its challenges and expectations (Lawler 1994).

According to Rheem (1996) companies that utilize the PM effectively perform better financially than those that have not implemented the PM system in their HRM structures.

The role of performance management has changed greatly since its inception. Its prim role of performance measurement of setting performance objectives seem to have been surpassed by other pressing management issues like determination of staff training and development needs which according Nankervis & Compton (2006) rank on top of the HRM list with a rating of 89.2% while appraisal of past performance, alignment of objectives and development of competencies are also on top of the list ranking closely at 88.9%, 75.5% and 56.6% respectively. At the bottom of the list are setting of performance objectives, retainment of caliber staff and change of organization culture and which were ranked as 2.4%, 27.55 and 28% respectively. The major traditional functions of the Human Resource Management (HRM) and Performance Management (PM) of dismissal, discipline, the retention of the high caliber staff and organizational change are no longer the prime responsibilities of the departments.

However, performance management (64%) is still favored as a management tool compared with other hybrid systems (21%) such as trait-based appraisal systems or the management by objectives (MbO) systems (7%). About 65% of the respondent confirmed consistent use of the PM system while almost 75% of all the PM have been  largely developed by the HRM specialists while only a paltry 12% are reported to be imposed by respective head offices.

According to Nankervis & Compton (2006) the trend towards modern, customized and sophisticated performance system that are effectively designed to align the goals of the organization and individuals including company objectives. However the satisfaction of performance management by HR Professionals has declined compared to the earlier studies that were carried out 1990. The ratings dropped and registered a range of 84% to 20% as highly effective while 49% registered as effective. The best systems of performance management are enshrined in ideal principles of organizational strategic alignment and individual employee goals whose outcomes are transparency, equity, consistency, friendliness in view of clear links of salary review and human capital development.

Strategic management elements have also been introduced on the PM systems to make more effective and powerful. The introduction of the Balanced Scorecard brought in fresh impetus to the system that was slowly becoming ineffective. By assessing the company’s values and mission, the targets and objectives of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) can be carefully articulated to reflect the needs of the company. However, only 25.5% of the total respondent who took part in the survey had implemented the BSC in there PM system. According to those respondents who have implemented the BSC system, 95% of them are satisfied with the performance of their PM systems as the systems are now consistent and focused towards the attainment of the organizations goal (Nankervis & Compton, 2006).

  1. Ineffective and less attractive systems reflect none of the qualities above and which suffer from inadequate communication systems, lack proper feedbacks or any technical training.

Nankervis & Compton (2006) states that “…satisfaction levels with present systems have deteriorated since the earlier studies, the training of system users has declined, and the involvement of employees in the review of their own and their team’s performance is not yet well implemented. The dissatisfying factors remain those of all previous studies, and indicate the guiding principles that HRM professionals should use in order to further develop their performance management systems – alignment, integration, commitment, collaboration, feedback, outcomes, and user-friendliness” (pg. 100).

The success of the Performance management system or its failure is greatly hinged on the attitudes and skills of the implementing officers together with the perception of the employees. Any form of bias or unfairness being perceived or otherwise, can ruin the whole purpose and objective of the performance management system. The level of commitment and decisiveness of the implementing officers in the HRM department is of utmost importance if the system is to succeed (Hedge and Teachout 2000). Recognition and other forms of rewards that accrue to best performing staff must be clearly outlined and the procedures effectively communicated to all the employees (Wilson 2001).

Nankervis & Compton (2006) concludes that “…section reports only the qualitative responses of the sampled HRM professionals of the perceived effectiveness of their present performance management systems. The study did not include quantitative measures. Although the majority of respondents (69%) report general satisfaction with their present performance management systems, ranging from 49 per cent ‘effective’ to almost 20 per cent which are ‘more than effective’(16%) or ‘highly effective’ (4%), more than 30 per cent are less than satisfied…” (Pg. 93)

The level of satisfaction for the PM is far above average and its effectiveness and application is what really matters.

To conclude, the performance management system has gradually changed from its previous roles of setting performance objectives to development and training of employees. Its success depends entirely on the attitudes of the implementers and the perception that the employees will have when implemented (Nankervis & Compton, 2006).The introduction of the Balance Scorecard into the system has added a new positive strategy in the management and implementation of the performance management. Its application is still limited but it has registered great success in all areas that it has been implemented. The performance of the PM system is effective if it’s implemented positively and fairly across the whole spectrum without any bias. The most effective systems of performance management should be protected under the ideal principles of organizational strategic alignment and individual employee goals whose outcomes are transparency, equity, consistency, friendliness in view of clear links of salary review and human capital development. These traits can only be recognized if the attitudes and behaviors of employees are positive and the system is free from any form of bias.

References

Hillgren, J.S., & Cheatham, D.W., 2000, Understanding Performance Measures: An Approach to Linking Rewards to Achievements of Organization Objectives, Scottsdale, AZ: Worldatwork.

Hedge, J., M. Teachout, 2000, Exploring the concept of acceptability as a criterion for evaluating performance, Group and Organization Management 25(1): 22–44.

Lawler, E., 1994, Performance management: The next generation. Compensation and Benefits Review 26(3): 16–20.

Nankervis, A.R.  & Compton, R. L., 2006, Performance Management: Theory in Practice? Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol. 44 (1)

Schuler, R.S., 1992, Strategic Human Resource Management: Linking People with the Needs of the Business, Organizational Dynamics, 22, 19 – 32.

Pulakos, E.D., 2004, Performance Management: A Roadmap for Developing Implementing and Evaluating Performance Management Systems, SHRM Foundation. Retrieved May 30 2015 from https://www.pdri.com/images/uploads/Performance_Management.pdf

We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!

Network solutions Case study Paper Available

Network solutions
Network solutions

Network solutions case study

Order Instructions:

Dear Admin,

Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached then answer the following questions:

Which features of the system implemented at Network Solutions correspond to what were described in the selected weekly reading as ideal characteristics?

Identify characteristics that are missing from the system at Network Solutions.

Also,
1) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.

2) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,

3) Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.

4) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.

5) Turnitin.com copy percentage must be 10% or less.

Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached

Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper

Best regards

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

The choice of the methods to be adopted in performance measures that would be used to evaluate the performance of employees is critical to the management as it affects the attitude of the employee when perceiving issues of fairness, job satisfaction and also organizational commitment. Non financial rewards systems have over the years resulted in more positive response from employees. These include improved attitude, job satisfaction and increased productivity.

  1. Ten are present while four are not.
  2. a) Inclusiveness – Employees participate in the process of creating the system by providing input on how performance should be measured.

Employees should be allowed to have an alternative on the performance rating that should be allowed to apply in their evaluation processes. Some systems maybe perceived to be biased and may result in reduced staff morale and high staff turnover. The major purpose of performance evaluation is to increase individual employee production and create an environment for optimal performance.

Lack of participation in the process of creating a performance system may result in staff apathy for the system as what the management may take as motivation may be considered by the employees as beyond their reach and the management is set out to get rid of them. The expectancy theory clarifies that motivation is mostly affected by three factors. The first factor is the perception that the management efforts are directly correlated with performance. The other is instrumentality which is concern with employee expectation that all the rewards are also connected with performance. The third factor is called valence and it involves how much the employees value the rewards offered. The only way that the management can give the highest reward according to employees is if they are consulted during the formation stages so that their views are also included in the reward system for the performance based system (Sloof and Praag, 2005). Hence imperfect performance measurement remains one of the greatest reasons that result in dis enchantments of employees.

  1. b) Correctability – There is an appeals process, through which employees can challenge unjust or incorrect decisions.

The appeal process creates an environment of fairness among the employees. Those who have been evaluated and failed in performance measurements should be allowed to appeal in the processes that they may feel was unfair and unjust. Employees should be allowed to appeal for their cases to be reviewed again.

  1. Strategic Congruence – Individual goals are aligned with unit and organizational goals. When individual employee goals are aligned with individual goals it results in high performance. Most individual goals target financial rewards while most companies target performance and production rates. When the company decided to align individual employee goals with their own then it must have also considered that majority of employee goals is also to achieve financial satisfaction while also attaining the requisite training and vertical growth in the company’s organization structure. According to Kaplan and Norton (2004) the most effective linkage in high level strategy in performance management in individual reward programs especially where the Balanced Scorecard is involved. The major goal of this linkage is that it focuses the attention of the employee to the organization’s strategic priorities hence providing extrinsic motivation when rewarding employees after the organization has achieved its target. The company gains when employees have been rewarded hence it provides motivation on both sides.

 

  1. Strategic Congruence – Individual goals are aligned with unit and organizational goals. Majority of employee goals is also to achieve financial satisfaction through attainment of requisite training and consequently achieve vertical growth in the company’s organization structure. Network Inc is silently on the exact rewards of the employees and the process of rewarding the best performancers. Lately, there has been an increased emphasis on the application of non-financial performance measures in accounting for rewards due to the inadequacies of the financial measuring systems (Ittner and Larcker, 2001). Most financial performance measures that are applied in accounting are considered as late or take time to be made, are too aggregated, back-ward looking, inadequate and incomplete (Mia and Alam, 2001).

Due to these shortcomings and deficiencies in financial performance measurement most companies have shifted focus to non-financial measures that are literally broader, reflect on different aspects of long-term perspectives that also reflect on different dimensions of the performance by management. Hence the use of incentives systems that has non financial rewards result in more positive response and behavior from employees. These processes are perceived as fair and they offer better terms that increase job satisfaction and organizational commitment.

The company needs to understand how the various aspects of reward systems affect its employees. The reactions generated by the employees on non financial measures should be weighed against those that are generated from financial rewards and the appropriate system adopted.

To conclude, each company is unique and the performance measures that work successfully I one company may achieve different results when implemented in another company. Each company should adopt a system that works best for each individual case.

References

Hoque, Z., Mia, L., Alam, M. (2001), “Market competition, computer-aided manufacturing and use of multiple performance measures: An empirical study”, British Accounting Review, 33(1):pp. 23-45.

Ittner, C.D. and Larcker, D.F. (2001), “Assessing empirical research in managerial accounting. A value-based management perspective”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 32(1-3):pp. 349-410

Kaplan, R. S. and Norton, D. P. (2001) “Transforming the Balanced Scorecard from Performance Measurement to Strategic Management: Part I”, American Accounting Association, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 87-104

Sloof, R. and Praag, M. V. (2005) “Performance Measurement, Expectancy and Agency Theory”, Tinbergen Institute, Discussion Paper, No.026/1.

We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!

The role of accounting and finance Term Paper

The role of accounting and finance
    The role of accounting and finance

The role of accounting and finance

Order Instructions:

Dear Admin,

Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached then answer the following questions:

•Consider the role that accounting and finance play in organisations and how accounting and finance information can add to the value chain of an organisation.

Also,

1) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.

2) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,

3) Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.

4) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.

5) Turnitin.com copy percentage must be 10% or less.

Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached

Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper

Best regards

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

The role of accounting and finance

Accounting provides the basis for assisting managers in organizations, creditors, bond holders, suppliers, customers and many other stake holders make effective decisions.

The major role of accounting is to provide financial information in a way that it’s understandable to most stakeholders. Accounting provides financial information for the following three reasons,

  1. External reporting: Entails preparation of financial reports that are used by investors, government authorities, creditors among other stakeholders.
  2. Routine internal financial reports: These are reports that are generated periodically by the accountants to be used by the management of the company for making internal decisions.
  3. Non-routine internal reports: These financial reports are mostly generated to support decisions and other projects that need clarification when necessary. Accounting information is prepared in different formats depending on the users of the financial information

There are also three types of accounting information; Management accounting, Financial accounting and cost accounting. Management accounting focuses on financial information that

assists managers make decision in organization. The reports generated for the management are mostly routine but they can also fall on non-routine reports (Garrison, Noreen & Brewer, 2009).

Financial accounting generates reports, measures and also records all the business transactions according to the principles as set out by the policies and concepts of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Financial accounting generates information that are used by the creditors who need to know the financial leverage of the company before extending any loans or financial assistance to the company. This information can be derived from the statement of financial position of the company or the balance sheet. Investors need to know if the company is liquid or not. Companies that are insolvent find it difficult to find investors as their profitability is not guaranteed. Information on the company’s profitability is obtained from the company’s income statement or cash flows (Atrill & Mclaney, 2013).

Cost accounting on the other hand provides information that facilitates decision making for both financial accounting and management accounting. Cost accounting measures and reports financial and also non financial information in a company that is associated with the costs of acquisition, production and consumption of an organization’s resources. Managers require information to make certain decisions. The costs of manufacturing a product and the expenses involved in sales and distribution are added together to determine the products total cost per unit to facilitate calculations of breakeven costs and the contribution margins. Managers need this kind of information to make decisions on the minimum number of units to produce in order to breakeven. This is a situation where all the fixed costs and other expenses have been covered but no profits have been realized. Its critical because without the production of the minimum units required for the company to honor its fixed expenses and other basic costs then the company will be insolvent and finally file for bankruptcy.

Cost Management

It’s an activity that is mostly carried out by the managers and it relates to cost control and planning.  Managers have to constantly make decisions regarding the cost of materials, production processes and designs. The items to be included on annual budgets that target annual costs and expenses must be generated through information generated by cost accountants during cost management activities. Cost management ensures that costs are incurred with expectation of profits in future. Cost accounting provides the different combinations of expenses and the expected profits for different purposes and projects (Dayananda, Irons, Harrison, Herbohn and  Rowland, 2002).

Cost management provides the system that managers require to record all the required information needed to make the right decisions. Cost management involves the production of such reports that are based on different formats and which have been prepared using different concepts such as absorption, marginal costing or activity based accounting. All these processes are applicable but certain concepts and procedures apply to different setups and conditions. Cost management determines the best method to be applied and also when to apply them.

Management Accounting

The main role of management accounting is to solve management’s problems, maintain the production scores and other costs while also directing the company to profitability. Scorekeeping maintains all the results that occur as a result of the actions of various managers and head of sections. These scores are also compared with the reaction of other companies in the same industry.

Value Chain

It’s the overall visualization of the entire business a series of activities that occur in a sequence of processes and activities that add value and usefulness to the services or products in the company and which are later sold. Management accountants are instrumental in providing decision support for each activity that is forms part of the value chain. The processes involved in value chain require careful analysis which can only be achieved through cost accounting to determine their profitability and other variable costs involved (Drucker, 1999).

Management accounting provides the various accounting reports for all the work in progress and finished goods. The various types of information that are required to maximize profits and minimize cost are generated by the cost accountants. The role of accounting in global business is critical as it provides a unified standard system for preparing financial statements in a way that is understandable by all accountants and auditors globally.

References

Atrill, P. & Mclaney, E. (2013) Accounting and Finance for Non-Specialists. 8th Ed. Harlow, UK: Pearson Publishing.

Dayananda, D., Irons, R., Harrison, S., Herbohn, J. and P. Rowland (2002) Capital Budgeting: Financial Appraisal of Investment Projects, Cambridge University Press. pp. 150.

Drucker P. F. (1999) Management Challenges of the 21st Century. New York: Harper Business.

Garrison, R., Noreen, W. & Brewer, P. (2009). Managerial Accounting, McGraw-Hill Irwin.

We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!

The international accounting profession assignment

The international accounting profession
The international accounting profession

The international accounting profession

Order Instructions:

Dear Admin,

Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached then answer the following questions:

Address the following issues/questions:
The international accounting profession has lost its way and is no longer serving the needs of different users of accounting information in a manner which is appropriate and meaningful for the global business environment of today.
Do you agree or disagree? Identify the different user groups who require accounting information and explain how this information is provided for them. Discuss how the status of the accounting profession, both in your country and internationally, has been impacted by financial scandals in the recent past and describe what measures have been taken to counterbalance the impact of these. Do you think that the measures have been successful?

Also,

1) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.

2) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,

3) Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.

4) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.

5) Turnitin.com copy percentage must be 10% or less.

Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached

Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper

Best regards

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

I disagree with the statement as the accounting profession is now more than ever before serving the needs of the global business environment and the contribution that the accounting profession has contributed to the global business environment is phenomenal and cannot be ignored, not even in the wake of the major financial scandals that rocked the financial markets in the last two decades. It’s true that some accounting professionals failed miserably in their responsibilities and which resulted in massive losses in the financial markets that brought most of the European countries including the US and UK to dire financial crises (Hermanson, 2008). The most notable financial scandal that shook the world economy was the Lehman Brothers in 2008, one of the largest investment banks in the US and it was also the largest financial institution in the US to collapse due to bankruptcy and the Enron scandal in 2001.

The most affected people were the shareholders, depositors and creditors. Most depositors had trusted the institution with all their life savings while shareholders invested their hard earned money in the hope of creating more wealth while the creditors were also hoping to gain financially by extending both long and short term loans to the bank (Atrill & Mclaney, 2013).

These groups of people require accurate and up to date information concerning their investments, savings and debt portfolios and payments. Investments accounts provide a range of investment portfolio that the institution has interest in and the amounts invested. The published accounts provide all the information regarding customer savings and the debts that the company has accumulated for a particular financial year. Specific financial statements that provide investment information are the company’s cash flow and the statement of equity. The balance sheet provides the total assets and liabilities that the company has for a particular financial period and it also shows the company’s leverage that most creditors and financiers require. The income and expenditure account provides information on the company’s revenue expenditure and sales. The creditors are mostly interested in this information as it proves whether the company is liquid or not. It provides the information that reflects the company’s liquidity.

The accounting profession in the US has been impacted negatively by the numerous scandals that have created a lot of financial crises in the corporate world. The confidence rating of the profession has been eroded and the public’s trust in the institution has waned. The US government reacted by introducing the Sarbanes Oxley Act that places criminal liability for certain acts of irresponsibility among company executives. The Act places a lot responsibility on the decisions made by company executives. Other institutions like the European union have been active in creating the Basel I, II and III that makes it mandatory for financial institutions to maintain certain ratios for protection of the depositors funds in case of liquidity problems (Sissell,  2006).

The US government also reacted by trying and jailing all the perpetrators of the financial scandals including reprimanding Ernest and Young, the accounting firm that was largely blamed for the collapse of the Giant Lehman Bros in 2008 while after the Enron scandal, Arthur Andersen, the accounting firm that assisted the company’s fraudulent activities was dissolved and most of the senior executives from the company were sent to prison together with Enron’s management team.

These actions have created more transparency and accountability in the accounting profession (Kuschnik, 2008). The number of scandals has significantly dropped since the introduction of the Sarbanes Oxley act in 2002 hence these measures have been fairly successful in tackling inefficiencies and fraudulent activities in the accounting profession (Hartman, 2005).

References

Atrill, P. & Mclaney, E., 2013, Accounting and Finance for Non-Specialists. 8th Ed. Harlow, UK: Pearson Publishing.

Hartman, T., 2005, The cost of being public in the era of Sarbanes-Oxley. Foley and Lardner

Presentation. June 2005. Hay, D.C., W

Hermanson, D. R., 2008, Fraudulent Financial Reporting: How Do We Close the Knowledge Gap? Retrieved May 29, 2015, from http://www.theifp.org/research-grants/IFP-Whitepaper-1.pdf. Center for Audit

Kuschnik, B., 2008, The Sarbanes Oxley Act: “Big Brother is watching” you or Adequate Measures of Corporate Governance Regulation? 5 Rutgers Business Law Journals.

Sissell, K., 2006, Committee to Recommend Changes to Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Chemical

Week 68, 31:

http://mym.cdn.laureate-media.com/2dett4d/UofLiverpool/KMGT/0712/01/mm/audio/index.html

We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!

Judicial discrimination against Aboriginals

Judicial discrimination against Aboriginals
Judicial discrimination against Aboriginals

Relationship between judicial discrimination against Aboriginals and their rates of re-offence

Order Instructions:

Create a research question that relates to Racism in Australia, explain why this research question is important (for example, why your case study area needs to be investigated in this way)

Explain what method or methods (i.e. interviews, surveys, observation/ethnography) you would use to study this research question, exploring its/their strengths and weaknesses; in order to do this, it might help to look at some research articles that use particular methods to study your case study area.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Judicial discrimination against Aboriginals

Relationship between judicial discrimination against Aboriginals and their rates of re-offending

Introduction

Previous research indicates that the representation of Aboriginals in Australian prison population is 17% but for the Northern Territory and Australia where the percentages are 84% and 43% (Creative Spirits, 2015). This is so, even when all Aboriginals account for only 5% of the Australian population, except in the Northern Territory where Aboriginal population accounts for 31.6%. Research further indicates that the rate of imprisonment for Aboriginals has increased 12 times compared to that of non-Aboriginals since 1989. Aboriginal juveniles make up half of the population of juvenile offenders. From 1992 to 2012, the number of Aboriginal prisoners had doubled from 15,000 to 30,000. Reports by the Bureau of Statistics indicate that as from 2002 to 2012, the rates of imprisonment for Aboriginals had grown from 1,262 to 1,914 prisoners in 100,000 of Aboriginal population. Comparatively, the rate of non-Aboriginals imprisoned had only risen from 123 to 129 non-Aboriginal prisoners in 100,000 adult non-Aboriginals population.

There are numerous social effects of massive and discriminative imprisonment on Aboriginal population. In fact, it is evident that the discriminatory imprisonment increases from one year to another (Chua, 2011; Davis, 1999).

Re-offending in Australia is caused by many factors such as child abuse, low levels of education, high rates of unemployment, lack of services, and high levels of substance and alcohol abuse. Research shows that within two years, the re-conviction rates of non-Aboriginals in New South Wales was 74% and 86% for Aboriginals. In addition, juvenile re-offending is a very common aspect in a juvenile justice center. In Australia, 1 in 4 Aboriginal prisoners are said to be re-convicted within 3 months after their completion of jail term. Reports also indicate that about ¾ of Aboriginal prisoners have a previous imprisonment record. In contrast, only 48% of adult non-Aboriginals have a previous imprisonment record. Furthermore, with regards to women, the percentage of Aboriginal women who had a previous imprisonment record was 67% while that non-Aboriginal women was about 50%. The re-offending of women has been attributed to their lack of housing and support.

Racism in Australia is attributed to various factors including the legacy of colonialism, fear ignorance, and lack of understanding of cultural differences, and power and privilege (Cunneen, 2009). It has been suggested through various consultations that the manner in which women are affected by racism is different from men due to the intersections of racism and sexism (Australian Human Rights Commission).

Research question

The research question for this study will be: How does racial discrimination against the Aboriginals of Australia affect their levels of recidivism?

This study is carried out in line with concerns raised by the international organizations such as the UN Committee with regards to racial discrimination and racism, disadvantage and inequality. The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination reported in August 2010 that Australian laws, policies and practices were discriminative in all respects (Human Rights Law Centre, 2010). Accordingly, this study aims at exploring this issue of racism and racial discrimination and how it affects Aboriginals who are released from prison to an extent that they end up re-offending. The study will provide insight on the best laws, policies, and practices that should be adopted in the bid to reduce the rates of re-offending by Aboriginal populations.

Methodology

  1. Interviews

Interviews will be used on both adult Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal inmates who have been re-convicted to understand the reasons for their re-offending. Interviews fall amongst the most challenging but rewarding research methods. Interviews require adaptability as well as personal sensitivity, in addition to the researcher’s ability to restrain himself/herself to the limits of the designed protocol. Upon location of the respondents, it is important for the interviewer to motivate them to provide relevant information. This implies that the interviewer should have a good reason for the research and its implications. Interviewers can be done over the Internet or the telephone, face to face, or in a group setting (Arksey & Knight, 1999).

For aid purposes, an interview should have a guide, schedule or aide memoire containing issues, themes, or topics which are covered during the interview instead of a series of standardized questions. The interviewer needs to aim at maintaining flexibility and responsiveness in the course of the interview. Accordingly, the series of questions have the potential of changing, and the contents can also evolve. This allows the interviewer to inquire more deeply into preliminary responses for purposes of gaining a more ‘in-depth’ or detailed answers to the questions (Ritchie et al, 2013).

It is possible for interviews to vary considerably.  As such, the interviewer’s elicitation skills play a significant role with regards to the richness and quality of the data obtained from the interview. In the course of the interview, the data obtained has to be recorded, after which it will undergo transcription in order to provide text which is capable of being analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis. Generally, it is common practice to find the overall sample size of an interview being comparatively smaller than other research methods due to the fact that the amount of data which is generated from the interviews is great in depth and detail.

People acting as the random sample are limited and in choosing of the sample space, all entities are not assigned equal chances that is not same empirical probability considerations. As a consequence, only a theory can be developed from data obtained from interviews and no scientific calculations can be made. Thus, sociologists who are concerned with more of the response of their study population to an occurrence rather than the statistical data can apply the method comfortably. So, in categorization interviewing as a method of collecting statistical data can be applied in open-ended research which does not demand complex data representation. More for formulating hypotheses that are key in theory development for a certain case study (Yin, 2013).

Strengths of interviews

  • Whereas people often give false data in online surveys, a face-to-face questioning ensures that the demographic data offered by the respondents is accurate as confirmation is part of the process and lying in such situation is limited.
  • In interviews the researchers can read from verbal and non-verbal cues such as body language, gestures to judge sensitivity of the questions and how ready the respondents are to give non falsified data.
  • The active interactions between the interviewer and the interviewee often keeps high degree of focus in the respondents as humor and mind involving conversations are part and parcel. So, distractions like boredom and side activities can be avoided.
  • Emotions towards a certain topic can be clearly elucidated and also consequent behavioral patterns interpreted. If a subject is embraced negatively in a region of study then care can be taken not to appear insensitive to the population’s feeling ensuring accurate data collection.

Weaknesses of interviews

  • Interviews are very expensive as personnel to conduct them have to be employed and since it is face to face, cost in terms of time is an issue. It involves asking questions to a respondent one at a time (Yin, 2013).
  • Some of the interviewing personnel might lack the natural ability to ask questions in a manner that gives them an upper hand in obtaining correct data from the respondents. Since it is a socially interactive process, then an individual’s limitations in socialization can act as a barrier in achieving purpose.
  • Responses are often recorded manually even in a case scenario where typed questionnaires are uses. This demands for paper and staff to do the manual data entry adding more cost to the costly process.
  • The interviewees have to be reached physically, hence the sample size is limited. To balance the probability and make the process more random means large area has to be covered interpreting to more staff hence higher cost.

Thus, from the foregoing, interviews, despite their few disadvantages, are the most effective method of research for this study. They will ensure that the interviewer freely interacts with prisoners and he/she can acquire very important information from the same.

  1. Surveys

Surveys involve collecting data using standardized questionnaires or interviews (Ritchie et al, 2013). This means that same questions are asked to each respondent and the data obtained is represented and analyzed. The surveys can either be manual or online where the questions are placed in a website in the internet. Incentives are often given to the respondents to encourage them to partake in the survey. For this study, manual surveys will be convenient due to the fact that respondents are prisoners who may have limited access to the internet.

Exploratory surveys are not for data collection but rather idea collection. Such are used in collecting business suggestions and are often placed as open ended questions online or in manual questionnaires. Descriptive survey on the other hand is well detailed and seek data that can be analyzed scientifically. It is deep covering all research aspects including emotional and behavioral attributes. Behavior change patterns are often examined over time using this survey. Casual survey is also detailed but often used in decision making in conclusive research. When the data obtained is used to explain a certain behavioral tendency and establish a relationship between different statistical variables then the survey falls under this category (Tourangeau & Plewes, 2013). Thus, descriptive surveys will be the most effective for our research. They will help us to gather information on the psychological and sociological effects of mass incarceration of Aboriginals and the manner in which these factors contribute to their re-offending.

Strength of manual surveys

  • Formulating the surveys is easy and many questions can be encompassed that collect enough data for scientific analysis. Standardization process on the surveys ensures elimination of errors thus accurate data can be achieved.

Weaknesses of surveys

  • Some respondents may choose not to answer some questions for personal reasons which the researcher may not know and have control over hence creating data irregularities when it comes to final analysis.
  • Interpretation of questions by some respondents may vary and since no explanations are involved, then inaccurate data may be collected. Also, customized surveys may contain errors.

Due to the fact that it is easy to use surveys on a large population, they will play a significant role in ensuring that respondents from prisons across Australia are given a chance to respond to this study. Interviews will be used on a few respondents, at least 5 Aboriginal inmates from 30 prisons across Australia. This will help to check on consistency of the data obtained in order to provide properly informed analysis. This approach is also different from most empirical studies which have only used either surveys or interviews.

References

Arksey, H. & Knight, P. (1999). Interviewing for social scientists: An introductory resource with examples. London: SAGE.

Australian Human Rights Commission. I want respect and equality – Racial Discrimination: National Consultations: Racism and Civil Society. Retrieved from: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/i-want-respect-and-equality-racial-discrimination-national-consultations-racism-and-civil-society

Chua, W. L. (2011). Racism in Australia: The Causes, Incidents, Reasoning, and Solutions. Balboa Press.

Creative Spirits. (2015). Aboriginal Prison Rates. Retrieved from: http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/law/aboriginal-prison-rates#axzz3bjH8m7qq

Cunneen, C. (2009). Judicial Discrimination. Aboriginal Justice Issues. Retrieved from: http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/proceedings/21/cunneen.pdf

Davis, B. (1999). The Inappropriateness of the Criminal Justice System – Indigenous Australian Criminological Perspective.

Human Rights Law Centre. (27 August 2010). Race Discrimination: UN Committee Releases Report and Recommendations on Australia. Retrieved from: http://hrlc.org.au/race-discrimination-un-committee-releases-report-and-recommendations-on-australia-28-august-2010/

Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., & Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage.

Tourangeau, R., & Plewes, T. J. (Eds.). (2013). Nonresponse in social science surveys: a research agenda.

Yin, R. K. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods. Sage publications.

 We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!

Strategic planning cycle Capstone Project

Strategic planning cycle
                 Strategic planning cycle

Strategic planning cycle

Order Instructions:

Capstone

SAMPLE ANSWER

A strategic planning cycle is used when there is a health issue to be addressed and there are various methods available for addressing this issue.  It aims at finding and implementing the most appropriate method that will last longer than any other method (Dunham-Taylor & Pinczuk, 2015, pg 555). The following are the concepts that affect the strategic planning cycle.

Involvement of the appropriate people

For an effective and strategic planning cycle, it is essential to involve an appropriate number of stakeholders. The number of participating members should also be a considerable and appropriate one. These members should also be relevant to the planning process. (Hood, 2013, pg 475)

Addressing of critical issues

A strategic planning cycle will require that all the critical issues are addressed before starting the planning cycle and during the process period so as to avoid the focusing on minor issues and ignoring the critical ones. This can be achieved through choosing a topic that is not too difficult for the members to comprehend and also choosing a manageable amount of issues. (Hood, 2013, pg 475)

Planning within an ethical time

The planning of the strategic planning process should be done within a framework of an appropriate time so as to ensure that enough amount of time is allocated to the implementation of the planning cycle. (Hood, 2013, pg 476)

Financial planning

An effective planning cycle will require adequate funding and this requires financial planning to be done before the starting of the planning cycle and the financial planning should not be done independent of the strategic planning. If this is not done then it is highly likely that the strategies may not be feasible (Penner, 2013, pg 54)

Flexibility of plans in relation to the dynamic environment

The plans set out in the strategic planning cycle should not be too rigid as it is required to encompass the dynamic changing environment so as to enable for the implementation of these plans. (Hood, 2013, pg 476)

Resistance to change

This can cause the derailment of the implementation of a critical issue thus it is important for any resistance to be addressed in a swift manner so as to avoid any effects that may be devastating. (Hood, 2013, pg 476)

In the strategic planning process, a nurse manager has important roles to play and these are as follows. (Roussel, 2013, pg 360)

Firstly, the nurse manager oversees the appropriate implementation of the financial planning that has been drafted for the strategic planning process.

Secondly, it is the work of the nurse manager to interpret the issues set out in the strategic planning concept to the other nurses and also prioritizes what might be seemed to be the most crucial issues. The nurse manager is also expected to oversee the addressing of these critical issues.

Thirdly, the nurse manager is expected to provide an environment that is conducive to the participating members of a strategic planning will work in during the implementation of the issues of the planning cycle. This works through continuous communication between the nurse manager and the participating members.

Fourthly, a nurse manager is required to choose the participating members of the health planning process. This is supposed to be done in a systematic manner so as to avoid the selecting of many or too few members or members who are irrelevant to the planning process.

Lastly, the nurse manager is expected to choose the method to be used in the planning process since strategic planning involves the choosing of an appropriate method out of a number of available methods to address a certain health issue.

References

In Dunham-Taylor, J., & In Pinczuk, J. Z. (2015). Financial management for nurse managers. Merging the heart with the dollar.

Hood, L. (2013). Leddy & Pepper’s conceptual bases of professional nursing. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

Penner, S. J. (2013). Economics and financial management for nurses and nurse leaders. Springer Publishing Company.

Roussel, L. (2013). Management and leadership for nurse administrators. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett learning.    https://www.worldcat.org/title/management-and-leadership-for-nurse-administrators/oclc/904787219

We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!