Permission granted by Naval Postgraduate School, Center for Homeland Defense and Security, 28 JAN 11.
Answer the following:
1.Why are refinery and storage stages more vulnerable than at other supply chain components?
2.IT-ISAC: Explain what this is and its role in IT and computer products.
3.“SCADA protection is scattered among governmental agencies and commercial groups.” Give some examples of overlap.
Assignment Expectations
Length: This Case Assignment should be at least 3 pages not counting the title page and references.
References: At least two references should be included from academic sources (e.g. peer-reviewed journal articles). Required readings are included. Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper
Organization: Subheadings should be used to organize your paper according to question.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Why Refinery and Storage Stages in Energy are More Vulnerable than at Other Supply Chain Components
Energy markets are known to be very complex, technically challenging and highly competitive. Improving the performance throughout the supply chain and more so at all levels of the operations could be at the top of all the agendas of all suppliers. The economic regulatory and the changing business dynamic pressures are continuously faced by the energy providers. Success can only be achieved in this area if the suppliers have responsive, flexible, and scalable strategies that could deliver the profits to the shareholders and the service and value to the consumers.
According to the National Research Council (NRC) and the US Global Research Program (USGCRP) assessments, it is clear that the US energy infrastructure is more vulnerable to the impacts of the range of climate particularly the infrastructure in areas that are prone to bad weather and shortages of water supply. The climate changes are most projected to affect the infrastructure throughout the stages of the energy supply chain thus increasing the risk of disruption (Andrews, 2008).
However, the key issues that affect the retail energy market include: the security of supply in the short and long term, the unit cost of energy and its increasing competition, simplification of the models of tariffs and setting the standards for billing of customers, the smart meters, the carbon reduction commitments and its effects on the energy bills, the micro generation, reduction and the removal of the fuel poverty, and finally the improvement of the energy efficiency at the level of consumption.
IT-ISAC
IT-SAC is known in full as the Information Technology Services Advisory Committee. It was established in the year 2002 to offer a forum say for the students as well as the IT staff in order to discuss the technology priorities and issues. It involves the membership including the representatives from the college and the members in general in order to discuss the current and the new IT initiatives and is mandated to submit a report each and every year (Basham & Campbell, 2009).
Role of IT-SAC in IT and Computer Products
The Information Technology Services Advisory Committee (ITSAC) is designed so as to advice the Vice Provost of the Information Technology and the CIO on the IT services that are provided to the community of the University by the Information Technology Services. Its deliberations are known to be informed by the advice from the respective administrative units, which have clear accounting for all the advisory committee recommendations and the commentary.
Simply, its primary roles include the making of recommendations on the levels of the services offered to IT and their costs in general. Secondly, is to review the budget involved in the Information Technology Services so as to ensure that the services that are provided to the University are carried out effectively and even more efficiently. Lastly, the IT-SAC is designed also for the purpose to provide advice and the input to the Vice Provost for the Information Technology and the CIO regarding the annual preparation and the presentation of the budget of the Information technology Services to the university Budget Advisory Committee (Shyh Chiuan Chia, 2005).
“SCADA protection is scattered among governmental agencies and commercial groups.”
With the SCADA international, consulting, project solutions and engineering are offered. Aside from that, they involve the execution of the Supervisory Control and data Acquisition (SCADA) systems within the renewable sector of energy. The clear structures and processes guide their work whether with the supply of an off the shelf solution or a project specific solution. They implement the best SCADA solutions to the market, make puzzle to get into place as well as the critical piece involving any good SCADA solution.
The SCADA systems are usually more complex with multiple components. They may be fully automated where there is full control performed by the computers, fully manual in the case where control is performed by the human operators or even a hybrid system. Many SCADA systems include the following in order to perform the above functions: The field Interface Devices which sensors the detecting and the reporting power levels, temperature, pressure, flow rates and the local control devices like the controls of motors, valve actuators and the control switchboxes.
In addition, they involve the operating equipment where the motors, automated factory, pumps and the valve are controlled by the SCADA network. They involve the management computers whereby the computer terminals with a Human machine Interface (HMI) are connected with the SCADA network. These computers have a provision of an interface for the operators to monitor and control the devices on the SCADA network. Other than that, they involve the interconnection to the business process systems. That is, the SCADA networks frequently are connected to the corporate networks so as to allow them to interconnect with the business process systems (Norman SCADA protection, 2012).
References
Andrews, C. J. (2008). Energy Conversion Goes Local: Implications for Planners. Journal Of The American Planning Association, 74(2), 231-254.
Basham, M. J., & Campbell, D. F. (2009). Introduction to the Special Issue on Best Practices in SACS Accreditation. Community College Journal Of Research & Practice, 33(8), 609-610.
Norman SCADA Protection. (2012). Pipeline & Gas Journal, 239(6), 85.
Shyh Chiuan Chia, C. (2005). Promoting independent learning through language learning and the use of IT. Educational Media International, 42(4), 317-332.
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Currently, people live in a world where the internet plays a major role in day-to-day lives, commonly referred to as the information age, which can be described as an era where economic activities are mainly based on information. This comes as a result of the development and use of technology. This article discusses the ethical questions related to the right to privacy of an individual that is threatened by the use of the internet. Specifically, it gives the challenges that these ethical problems pose to the information professional and the practical guidelines based on the ethical norms.
The Concept of Privacy and Ethics
Privacy is defined as a condition of life of an individual that is characterized by an exclusion from the public. This concept follows the right to be left all alone (Thierer, 2013). Such a privacy perception sets the course for passing the laws of privacy in the United States for the following years. Privacy could be regarded as a right that provides the foundation for the legal right. This is important because it is necessary for the fulfillment of other rights such as freedom and the personal autonomy, which are quite related. The respect of someone’s privacy acknowledges the person’s rights to freedom and recognizes that the person is an autonomous human being. Thus, respecting a person’s privacy is a duty that everyone is obliged to follow.
Categories of Private Information
According to Kauffman, Lee, Prosch, and Steinbart, (2011), privacy is usually expressed by means of information. This implies that it is possible to categorize privacy, namely; information that is related to the privacy of an individual’s body, private communications, information regarding a person’s possessions and other personal information.
The category of private communications concerns all the forms of personal communication, which one wishes to keep private. This kind of information is usually exchanged, for example, between the user and informational professional during a reference interview. The category of the privacy of the body normally refers to the medical information and enjoys a separate legal protection (Kauffman, Lee, Prosch, & Steinbart, 2011). This legislation defines the right of a person to be notified about the nature of an illness and the implications associated with it.
The category of personal information refers only to the information of a specific person. Examples of these kinds of information include name, address, which are the bibliographic data, and the financial information. All of these are relevant to the categories of the information professionals. Lastly, the category of the information about someone’s possession is known to be closely related to the right to own property (Thierer, 2013). A person has the right to control the information, which relates to his personal possessions in certain instances. A good example of this is the secrecy about the place where a person has kept his wallet.
Ethics
Ethical actions of a person are described as those actions, which are performed within the criteria of what is regarded as right. In terms of human actions, it relates to the question of what is good or bad. Its purpose is to help people behave in an honorable manner and attain the basic good that make them fully human.
The Influence of the Internet on the Processing of Personal and Private Information
Definition of the Internet in relation to Information Technology
According to Busch (2013), the concept of technology is defined as the process of gathering, organizing, storing and distributing information in different formats by the use of computer means and the techniques based on the micro-electronics. He defines internet as a form of technology that is a network of many computers, which he sometimes calls the Global Information Infrastructure (GII) (Busch, 2013).
Ethical Implications for the Use of Technology in Processing Information
The main ethical impact of technology relates to accessibility and inaccessibility and the handling or manipulation of information. Through its implications, it becomes easy to access the private information of an individual by many people. Other than that, the person may be excluded from necessary information in the electronic format by use of security formats such as passwords. This kind of manipulation of information by the use of technology refers to the integration of information done by the merging of documents, repackaging of information, which involves the translations and the integration of textual and the graphical formats, and the alteration of information by the means of computer electronics, thus, changing the photographic images.
The use of technology to process information is not regarded as ethically neutral. Technology has, however, changed the ontological status of a document while accompanying the ethical implications (Mingers & Walsham, 2010). This refers to the manipulation of personal information by the use of the internet as a form of technology.
The impact of technology use on the private lives of people manifests itself in a variety of areas. First, is the use of the electronic monitoring of people in the workplace. Research shows that companies justify their use of technology to the increase of their productivity. However, there are several ethical problems pertaining to it (Nunan & Di, 2013). People’s privacy in their workplaces are threatened by these devices, which could lead to fear and the panoptical phenomenon. Second is the interception and the access to the email messages of people. This is an ethical problem related to the private communication of a person. The reading of email messages is justified at workplaces because they get to see the technology infrastructure as usually a resource being to the company rather not to an individual. Aside from that, they get to intercept the messages so as to get to know whether their employees use the facilities for their own private and selfish reasons or for the right purposes of the job.
Thirdly, there is the merging of databases, which contain the private information known as the data banking (Nunan & Di, 2013). This shows the integration of personal information from various databases into one central database. The problem here comes up because the individual is not aware of his personal information that is being integrated in the central database, the purposes for that, and if truly the information gathered is accurate. Forth, is the buying of cards by the retail stores. These cards are buried with computer chips that record every item that is purchased together with the variety of information of the buyer which allows companies to do targeted marketing to people they may have known their personal information and their buying habits (Busch, 2013). Lastly, another threat to information privacy is the increase in the number of hackers and crackers, which break into the computer systems (Kauffman, Lee, Prosch, & Steinbart, 2011). This comes together with the shift in the ethical values as well as the emergence of the culture of the cyberpunk with the ‘information wants to be free’ motto.
Associated Effect
The use of technology affects the individual level in that it causes loss of dignity and spontaneity as well as a threat to the right of information privacy and freedom. Technology is viewed more as a cause of threat rather than personal freedom. Research conducted by one of the biggest credit bureau companies in the USA, Equifax, showed that approximately 79% of the respondents indicated that they were weary of the use of technology for the processing of personal information (Nunan & Di, 2013).
Technology also has effects on the economic and the social levels. The biggest effect is the growth of businesses such as the credit bureau and the telecommunication companies that specializes in the processing and trade of person related information. The legislation on the protection of information privacy on the internet of an individual is known to fall behind due to the rapidly changing world in terms of technology (Thierer, 2013).
Relevance to the Information Professional
Ethical Issues
Handling and processing of the categories of personal and private information is entitled with several ethical issues. First is the confidential treatment of such information which refers to the information that is gained from the reference interview. The main ethical problems regarding this could be the use of personal details obtained from the interview for other purposes rather than what they were gathered for. This involves the re-use of a search strategy of one user for another user and discussing the nature of the specific query with other people.
Second is the issue of accuracy of information, which is important in cases where an information professional is working with the personal information that could have a direct influence to a person’s life. Third is the purpose for using different categories of information. The question is whether an information professional will employ the categories of private information for other reasons other than the original reason and whether the person should be informed about it (Mingers & Walsham, 2010).
Last is the ethical problem of the rights of a person in the use and distribution of his or her personal information. The related questions to this is if the user has the right to verify the information held by the professional and what rights the person has regarding the correction of any wrong information. Other than that, it is necessary to question if the person has the right to know the person using his personal information and for what reasons.
Ethical Norms
It is necessary to formulate the ethical norms to address the ethical issues. The ethical norms that can be distinguished are freedom, truth and the human right. Truth has a dual application in ethics. It is a norm for factual correctness of information. It thus guides the information professional to accurately and correctly handle the private information of an individual.
An individual also has the freedom to make choices in terms of the freedom of privacy and the freedom from intrusion though it may not become absolutized. The human rights norm on the other hand means the juridical acknowledgement and protection of the right to privacy of a person. It protects an individual from the unlawful interference from the society in the private life of an individual.
Ethical Guidelines
The recognition of person’s autonomy and freedom together with the fact that the guidelines on information privacy do not give a complete framework for ethical actions of the information professional regarding handling an individual’s private information. Thus, it is important to have the following ethical guidelines in mind.
The information professional is required to act on the assumption that is regarded by the client as confidential. This implies that the information professional is obliged to acknowledge the right of the client to control any private information. Regularly, the client is obliged to have access to all the private and personal information that is used by the information professional. This helps the client to have the opportunity to verify if the information is accurate.
Merging of personal information of an individual into a different database should be done with necessary caution. This is applicable in certain situations where the client is not aware of the merging or rather its implications. The client should be informed about that and be given the right to access the information in the central database. Other than that, the client should be given the right to change the information in the central database if it could by any chance be incorrect. In addition it is the right of the client to know those people using the information and for what purposes.
It is necessary for the information professional to notify the client of any intended purpose of using the information. This implies that the client has granted permission to that. No unnecessary private information should be gathered. This is for both the logistics reasons and to prevent any unnecessary violation of the person’s information privacy. Aside from that, any personal information that is collected and is no longer necessary should be destroyed (Bush, 2013). This is based on the norms of freedom and the human rights. In addition, in case the rendering of a specific product or service is refused to an individual due to his or her personal information like the credit worthiness, it is necessary to inform the individual the reason for denial. This is based on the norm of truth and the human rights. Personal information must be given strict confidentiality. This is the security and the control of information regarding the right to access it and the right to change and add any necessary information to it (Thierer, 2013).
Conclusion
In conclusion, the use of the internet in processing information has various important questions with regard to a person’s right to information privacy, which is directly linked to the freedom right and the human autonomy. These problems relate to the accessibility and the manipulation of information. It is, however, relevant to the information professional who deals with the private and the personal information. Their practical guidelines to handle the problems are formulated according to the truth, norms of freedom, and the human rights. In a world that is facing a rapid technological advancement, it is important that relevant sectors take appropriate measures to curb cases of cyber-crime, in order to protect the rights of users and ensure complete confidentiality. Otherwise, this piece of unprecedented innovation might as well become its own barrier.
References
Busch, T. (2013). Fair Information Technologies. The Corporate Responsibility of Online Social Networks as Public Regulators. University Of St. Gallen, Business Dissertations, 1-158.
Kauffman, R. J., Lee, Y. J., Prosch, M., & Steinbart, P. J. (2011). A Survey of Consumer Information Privacy from the Accounting Information Systems Perspective. Journal Of Information Systems, 25(2), 47-79.
Summary of Marx’s political philosophy. How Marx’s position related to Liberalism
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Summary of Marx’s political philosophy. How Marx’s position related to Liberalism
Please ONLY USE resources below as provided in uploads. Please reference these resources accordingly.
“Marx, Marxism and Liberalism” by R. Farrell
“The Communist Manifesto” by K. Marx and F. Engels
Marx, Economics and Morality (from SEP)
Defence of Marx by Ellen Wood
Vigor on Marx and Modern Capitalism.
SAMPLE ANSWER
How Marx’s position related to Liberalism
Karl Marx, one of the most influential philosophers in the history of human existence Karl Marx, one of the highly influential philosophers in the history of human existence, came up with a philosophical system. His works stand out from the work of other philosophers who contributed on the subject of human philosophy. The basic human history stuff according to Karl Marx consisted of the principles of exploitation and class. In the context of modern capitalism, there exists three classes in the sense of Marx’s world: those who employ labor; the employed ones; and those in the third class of a single person business (Vigor 2004). These groupings according to Marx were the most significant in the study of human existence, whereby the classes are viewed as united within itself due to the common economic pitting sense. Marx went on to breakdown his philosophic theory based on modern capitalism. Marxists theory can be reconstructed upon the basis of some significant tenets of liberalism. In the discussion of how the position of Marx relates liberalism, inherent tensions based on the premises of liberalism can be differently interpreted. This paper summarizes Marx’s political philosophy and analyses how Marx’s position relates to Liberalism.
Exploitation and inequality are mentioned to be the main tenets of Marx’s theory on modern capitalism. In argument, the full corpus of the philosophical by Marx can be correlated to three significant postulates according to Immanuel Kant, namely: freedom, equality and rational autonomy. Rational autonomy of people is the state where individuals use reason in making decisions regarding the way of life that a person deems fit, without reliance on cultural, social, intellectual or religious tradition- whereby liberal individualism is one of the core tenets of liberal individualism (Vigor 2004). The following is the discussion of both exploitation and inequality as the core tenets of Marx’s theory.
Inequality
The ideals of freedom, equality and rational autonomy standout as the core tenets of the ideals of Marx regarding ethics and justice. It is in relation to such a vision that Marx conducts evaluation of the human society. He discusses the empirical facts that constitute the human society through an examination of contemporary and past social-political systems whereby he discovered that the history of the society is a struggle between classes. The entire spectrum of the human history has been characterized by oppression; the human existence facts and the livelihood of most humans are not anything near the ideal. It is plagued by oppression, injustice, inequality and lack of autonomy as the characteristics of the existence of humans (Vigor 2004). In Marx’s view, regardless of the fact that the conditions of life for most humans had been improved through the improvement of conditions of life for most humans, there was still a ubiquitous existence of inequalities in the human life. In his analysis of the 19th-century societies, he mentioned that there was a system of two classes that was developing in Europe. One of them was Bourgeois, which was composed of a few people who owned the land and controlled mines, trade, factories. The other class was Proletariat, which was an ever-rising salary-earning working class who were under employment of the Bourgeois. A small number of the people, Bourgeois, had attained a status of rational autonomy since they could pursue their lives comfortably the way they deemed fit; but a large population, proletariat, did not enjoy rational autonomy privileges (Vigor 2004).
The justification according to Marx for this huge disparity was unjustifiable. In other words, the interests of the classes outlined according to Marx’s reasoning irreconcilable, and as such that was the reason why they were inevitable for every human society, like in capitalism where it exists as a struggle between classes that takes the shape of a continuous civil war, characterized by the misery, attendant waste, and frustration which the class struggle causes (Karl & Friedrich, 2005). The frustration and misery of the conditions of class-struggle are increased among the employees by the fact that they are subjected to inherent exploitation. There was a revolt tendency in the lower class that was intensified by this fact, coupled with the boom-slump cycle, as a sure characteristic of a capitalist society (Karl & Friedrich, 2005). Marx reasoned that there was a defect in capitalist functioning, otherwise referred to as the ‘over-population crises. Further, the struggle was intensified by the fact that the oppressed population could not sufficiently purchase what was produced.
Exploitation
After an argument that there was no justification for the discrepancies between bourgeois and proletariat led Marx to address the issue of whether such a discrepancy was evil or ethical. He based his argument on the dynamic origin of the division between the two classes (Karl & Friedrich, 2005).
Marx argued that the bourgeoisie and its exploitation of the world-market has resulted into a cosmopolitan character in regard to consumption and production everywhere in the world. Marx detailed how the bourgeoisie through the dramatic improvements of the various production instruments had extended their exploitation to the lower class. They had subjected the economy to the town ruling, creating bug cities resulting to increased population. He also mentioned that the bourgeoisie find their way around crises that they have created through dominance and insufficient purchase of what is produced through the conquest on fresh markets, and more through the exploitation of the old markets that have been enforced by a mass destruction pf the production forces for high quantities. He notes that no sooner is the exploitation of the worker by the manufacturer, so deep at an end, that the worker receives the cash salary, than he/she is beset by the various bourgeoisie proportions like the shopkeeper, landlord, or the pawn broker, among others (Karl & Friedrich, 2005). His philosophy was, therefore, centralized on this philosophy on the basis of the exploitation of the many by the few. His initial argument is, therefore, that capitalism is unfair because it is based on Marx’s observation that all the profit from the capitalist is a product of worker exploitation. It an absurd secret devoid of harmony and mutual benefit, but based in a system where the extraction of profit is systematically done unjustly. However, at a certain point, the description of capitalism by Marx is not conclusive as he incorporates such words as robbery, embezzlement and exploitation – he believes that capitalism is unjust but he doesn’t belief that he believes it is unjust (Wolff, 2003).
Relation of Marx’s position to Liberalism
Karl Marx is still regarded to be the strongest of the critics of liberalism in the history of western political thought. In his analysis, he argues that liberalism is made up of manifold different political movements and outlooks, and goes on to argue that is underlined by the principled commitment to equality and the freedom of individuals (Wolff, 2003). His critique of Liberalism can be viewed through his dismissal of rights as illustrations of the egoistic and estranged individual of the society ruled by bourgeois in his sentiments regarding “On the Jewish Question”. In his arguments, it can be deciphered that he views human rights only as barriers rather than bridges to the freedom of the human. In his ancient assessment of human rights which is considered as the most mature assessment of rights, he is inherently negative (Robert, 2011).
The consensus surrounding the negative depiction of rights and rights by Marx, as well as their irrelevance historically in regard to communalism, are not confined to Marxists as it is confined for the case of Pushakanis. He even mislead the numerous scholars who adopted his arguments regarding rights and rights, whereby they echoed his arguments that the end of domination by one-class will also imply the end the rights and rights concept. It is clear that Marx had little patience for the considerations of bourgeois in the liberated society. There is good reason to confirm that the approach Marx took regarding this issue criticized the conventional liberal interpretation on the abolition of rights and rights in a community that is based on communism (Wolff, 2003).
The earliest appraisal of “on the Jewish Question” in regard to Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is a starting point that appropriately points out the earliest proof that Marx had a disdain for liberalism, and rights and rights. “On the Jewish Question” which was written in 1843, it was a time when Marx wasn’t conversant with the decisive role that was played by political economy historically (Ellen, 2011). In his recount, Marx mentions that when he was requested by the Jews to support a parliamentary petition so as to grant equal political and civil rights to the Jewish Community in Prussia, which is an initiative he endorsed positively. “On the Jewish Question” Marx does not agree with Bruno Bauer, who was formerly his mentor on the issue that Jews have to be granted political and civil rights until the renunciation of religion for Judaism. In his revelation of flaws that Bauer commits, it is clear that he is strangling liberalism. It is noteworthy here that political emancipation is a reference to the liberal state of the constitution that is not bound to private or religion property at the political level. The fact that he refutes these claims proves that he does not support liberal state of the constitution (Ellen, 2011).
In the outline of his theory, Marx proceeds to show that the unchallengeable rights of security, property, liberty and equality cannot exceed the bourgeois civil society contradictions. His arguments are that the right to liberty equals to not more than the protection of the competitive and atomistic individual from the dangers of the individuals they are in competition with. This is not to imply that Marx could not figure out any positive way to put rights into use. Actually, he embraces political emancipation by mentioning that it was a step in the required direction towards the human emancipation struggle, by stating that it is the last representation of huge progress towards human emancipation – it is a final human emancipation form in the framework of the social order that is prevailing (Ellen, 2011).
Fat forward, in Capital Marx manages to demonstrate that the equality and freedom of individuals in the exchange arena in challenged by capitalist approach to production, whereby capital domination over the level of labor triumphs under the realms of equality of rights. He argues that equality of rights and freedoms results to freedom and inequality in the capitalistic approach to the production sphere. Later on in Capital he argues that an equality of rights to all persons is actually a mere ‘deceptive semblance’ in the context of capitalistic approach to production (Robert, 2011). Therefore, in regard to liberalism, the assessment of rights by Marx assume two different dimensions. The first one is whereby he outlines the right of individuals as an advance historically, while on the other one he identifies that these individual rights also portray exploitive production relations in a community that claims to operate in an equal and free society. The point he eminently dwells on in Capital is that the abstract individual is viewed as a owner of commodities, whereby he proceeds to address independent producers of commodities, who socially relate in an environment meditated by community exchange at the marketplace (Robert, 2011).
In conclusion, exploitation and inequality are mentioned to be the main tenets of Marx’s theory on modern capitalism. In argument, the full corpus of the philosophical by Marx can be correlated to three significant postulates according to Immanuel Kant, namely: freedom, equality and rational autonomy. The ideals of freedom, equality and rational autonomy standout as the core tenets of the ideals of Marx regarding ethics and justice (Robert, 2011). It is in relation to such a vision that Marx conducts evaluation of the human society. Marx argued that bourgeoisie and its exploitation of the world-market has resulted into a cosmopolitan character in regard to consumption and production everywhere in the world. Karl Marx is still regarded to be the strongest of the critics of liberalism in the history of western political thought. In his ancient assessment of human rights which is considered as the most mature assessment of rights, he is evaluated to be inherently negative (Robert, 2011).
It is critical that the writer follow APA 6th edition for this papers as the Prof is very particular about that , I am already loosing a lot of points for that in my previous papers of last week. so I have also uploaded a document he send to guide us on how to use APA 6th edition to complete this assignments
Mini-Case Study: The MBA Decision
For this assignment I have attached the case study mentioned below in the question for the writer to use in completing this paper. The prof took me a lot of points for the previous paper because of the APA which he said was very bad. I will also upload a document which he send to me indicating how the paper has to be using APA 6th edition.
In this case study, found on page 134 of your course text, an individual is making a decision on what is the best option for pursuing an MBA and has asked for your advice. After reading the case study, briefly answer the six questions at the end of the study ( 3 sentences minimum each).
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Graduating from an MBA class is mostly related to success and good living associated with high paying jobs. But making the final to quit from a secure job and taking the chances to move up the ladder maybe one of the hardest decisions that most potential students experience. These paper looks at the process of determining the best decision to take considering all the quantifiable and the non quantifiable factors.
Financial Factors that Ben Bates must consider
The age of Ben is relevant when estimating the number of years that he can work. For example if his age is currently 30yrs, and if he is expected to retire after reaching the age of 55yrs then his remaining working life would be 25yrs.
The other non-quantifiable are the increased taxation that is progressive, the bonus that’s payable once and the other medical health benefits that are offered while studying for post graduating degrees.
Benefits from the current job
Interest
C
Years
rate
PV Annuity
Tax
After Tax
Annuity due
1.03
65,000
40
0.03
1547533.98
402358.84
1145175.148
Formula
C * (1.05^-n-1)/0.05) *1.05
Benefits
After
MBA
Graduation
Interest
C
Years
rate
PV Annuity
Tax
After Tax
Annuity due
1.04
110,000
38
0.04
9,835,006.50
3048852.02
6,786,154.49
Formula
C * (1.05^-n-1)/0.05) *1.05
Future Value (After MBA graduation)
Years
Present value
Interest
FV
38
110000
1.04
488269.5
Future Value (Current Job Benefits)
Years
Present value
Interest
FV
40
65000
1.03
212032.5
The future values are not for periods over 30 yrs and the interest rates are lower than 10% it would be better to calculate the options using the annuities due.
The Present value of the benefits he receives from the current employment are;
PV of all salary payments in 40 years
1,145,175.15
Taxes
-297,746
Total benefits
847,429.61
MBA Course $70,000 per yr for 2yrs
140,000
Books
6000
Taxes
2103707.89
Total Exp
2,249,708
Bonus
20,000
MBA Job income for 38yrs
6,786,154.49
Savings
4,556,446.59
The total benefits to be derived from the job offers are much more than the current benefits from the current job. The MBA offer has a net benefit of $4,536,446.59 on getting a job after completion. While the current job offers a total of 867,429.60. (Ross, Westerfield & Jaffe, 2013, p.175).
Ben would need a salary of; $4,556,446.59 – 847829.61 = 3,708,617
The present value of 3,708,617 at 3% interest for 40 years = 1,136,902 per year which is equivalent to $94,741.83 per month;
PV =
Years
Future value
Interest
PV
PM
40
3708617
1.03
1136902
94741.83
6. PV of all salary payments in 40 years
1,145,175.15
Taxes
-297,746
Total benefits
847,429.61
MBA Course $70,000 per yr for 2yrs + interest
150,675
Books
6000
Taxes
2103707.89
Total Exp
2,260,383
Bonus
20,000
MBA Job income for 38yrs
6,786,154.49
Savings
4,545,771.59
Discussion
The present value of the total benefits that Ben bates can possibly earn from his employment in the next forty years is $1,145,175.148 at a growth of 3%. The other benefits that he can derive from his employment are the low taxes that are chargeable because of low salaries. The amounts receivable after graduating from the MBA class are very high compared to the benefits that Ben Bates receives from his current employment even after factoring all the expenses incurred while seeking the MBA degree course. I certainly would recommend to him to take the MBA class.
Conclusion
The option to take an MBA degree course is a good decision compared to the current job undertaking. It would be profitable for Ben Bates to quit the current job and enrolled at the Ritter College of Business Studies at Wilton University. The cost of the tuition, books and also the loan interests are still affordable given the outcome of the MBA degree course.
Find an article in the University Library that contains a research study in the functional area of Youth Ministry or Catholic Religious Education as a Career.
Write a 700- to 1,050-word summary:
Describe the business research process followed in the study in the article.
•Identify the research problem and the research method used.
•Discuss how the research is solving the problem within the chosen functional area.
•Identify other potential applications using business research within this functional area or related areas.
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Current Events in Business Research
The article ‘The practice of youth ministry in a changing context: Results from an Australian scoping study’ is a study whose main aim was to come up with innovative strategies to reach out to the youth, and bring them back to the church, since it has been registered as a global trend that the population of youths in the churches is drastically reducing. As such, the Australian churches, which are the center-stage of this study, sought to find a solution (Singleton, Webber, Joyce, & Dorissa, 2010). It is a common thing across all churches to define key strategies to allure back their youths into the church. The study posits that different programs may be employed to change the perception or approach to the issue of youths, a question regarding their efficacy should be asked. As such, it is important to determine which approach has the elements of best-practice in the advent of youth ministry. Basically, this study connects the denominational role of the church in the lives of the youth, and the use of the church as a career opportunity by the youth, as one of the main ways of achieving their retention in the church.
The business research process followed in this article involved a scoping research, which was conducted in Melbourne, Australia, especially among the denominations that have struggled to maintain the youth. The scoping exercise had two main aims: to identify the various ministry styles that are being applied; and identify among the mentioned ministry approaches and styles, which ones represent best-practice when in a mission to ensure youth retention, social justice activities, and involvement of adults in liturgy, to create an environment of understanding and development. The method used here primarily aimed at providing a descriptive foundation upon which useful discussions regarding theological and sociological perspectives could be held. In all churches across the globe, the youth ministry is recognized as the invigorated theology discipline, that requires a series of activities and practical work to survive. In order to explicitly provide a manifestation of these practical approaches, the study employed a descriptive empirical task to tend to address in an amicable manner, the question, “what is going on?’
The method applied in this study can be best understood as a descriptive-empirical task in the bracket of practical theology. In addition, it is a social-scientific study, whose aims are to create a relationship between various theological perspectives and the problem of youth retention in churches today. This study strongly builds on the empirical base on which it is strongly instituted, which is used to explore the changes that need to be effected in the youth ministry and other facets of the pastoral ministry. In order to create a sense of reliability and authenticity for the study, the researchers instituted four innovative ways of penetrating into the minds and interest of the youth. For instance, they were presented with an interpretive task that involve surpassing the normal descriptions to understand the dynamics involved in the mix; normative task that inculcates deep reflections on the actions of God; and lastly, the pragmatic task, which involves taking a decision on the action implemented. This methodology and approach involved knowing and understanding the target customers, as well as identifying other players in the issue of youth retention.
As identified above, the research problem that is being addressed in this article is the high rate of youth attrition from modern churches, with a specific focus on Melbourne, Australia. It must be understood that this area would be assumed to act as perfect representative of the global trend in this issue. The study addresses the problem by testing and coming up with amicable suggestions and solutions to ensure youth retention in churches. The research recognizes that the functional area of the youth is one that is very elusive and difficult to predict. As such, it requires innovative processes and activities in order to work well. The research set out different strategies to woo youths back into the church, including entertainment, career choices, youth forums, and many other innovative processes that make the youth feel involved and wanted. At this time, the research recognized that the incorporation of such activities as retreats, fun-days, contemporary music, and multimedia worshiping are among the key strategies to allure the youth back to the church. More importantly, the study had one focal point that active engagement of youths in the church through solid employment opportunities is a good way of ensuring their retention. Particularly, the research is very pragmatic when it comes to identifying the needs of the youth in relation to the church. Inasmuch as the youth might view the church as apace of worship, it is also a social place, where they meet various individuals, get to connect, and create fruitful relationships that can be the basis of prospective career developments. It is this particular need that the study presented here aptly establishes, in a bid to address the research problem, which is the reducing number of youths in churches.
There are various other applications that can use a similar business research with the same functional area as discussed here, that is, the youth ministry. As identified above, youths are a very difficult group to work with, owing to the diverse and unique nature of their desires, likes, and dislikes. However, owing to its critical nature in the future development and life of a person, it is imperative that several programs be put in place to ensure they survival, safety, and continued support. A program such as a campaign to reduce the habit of smoking among the youth is an example. This campaign would involve basically the same business research as above. Secondly, a camping to create awareness among the youths and school going children to enroll into specific career choices that are facing a crisis of manpower shortage, such as the healthcare sector. Another example of a an application that would involve the same business research is creating brand awareness of a new product targeting the youth, for instance, cola drinks such as soda. Lastly, promotion of the use of protection during acts of intimacy may be a potential application that can utilize this business research. Summarily, a business research requires absolute understanding the needs of the target population, and streamlining strategies to address the problem of deficit identified.
Reference
Singleton, A., Webber, R., Joyce, M. R., & Dorissa, A. (2010). The practice of youth ministry in a changing context: Results from an Australian scoping study. Journal Of Youth Ministry, 9(1), 35-54.
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2. Factors leading to breakdown of relationships between members of the wheat supply chain
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3. Supply Chain Management Processes using SCOR model
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3.1. Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model
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3.2. Supply Chain Solutions that would have prevented the second contamination
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4. Importance of Collaboration in the Australian Agri-food market supply chain
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5. Justification of the robustness of the supply chain of Western Australian in grain suppliers
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6. Recommendations
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7. Conclusion
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References
17
Executive summary
As global bulk grain markets continue to be dynamic and highly competitive, the respective supply chain management processes ought to make sure that the required quality standards threshold are always met prior to dispatching any vessel loaded with export whole grains or their finished products. This means that the supply chain management are among the concepts that presently dominate the debates with regards to companies, especially on the wake of operational effectiveness due to the previous shortcomings associated with supply chains among many organizations that have led to a myriad of challenges including those faced the Western Australian grain suppliers who supplies many destinations across the world probably Saudi Arabia and Japan. A magnitude problem resulted from neglecting essential supply chain management process since the Saudi Arabians required that their grains be added carmoisine a food additive as a preventative measure, whereas Japan forbidden carmoisine and classified it as an objectionable contaminant. This case study involves the study of how a company’s or port’s supply chain management processes can be appropriately handled, particularly using the SCOR model to ensure that all actors in the supply chain were satisfied. Hence, failure to adhere to this, Western Australia grain marketers and bulk handlers faced problems regarding to the unacceptable wheat grains delivered to Japan, an issue which was avoidable if proper quality standard measures within the supply chain were incorporated.
1. Introduction
As global bulk grain markets continue to be dynamic and highly competitive, the respective supply chain management processes ought to make sure that the required quality standards threshold are always met prior to dispatching any vessel loaded with export whole grains or their finished products (Rottig, Koufteros & Umphress, 2011). This is attributable to the fact that various countries have different quality standards and some elements that are obviously allowable in some markets are strict objectionable contaminants in other markets. Hence, for the purpose in ensuring that the needs of each market are effectively met without compromising the quality standards of the exported whole grains, the need for an appropriately operating supply chain management has become inevitable. In addition, the efficiency of the supply chain management is not only further stretched by the high threshold of quality standards in the global bulk grain market, but also due to the ever increasing demand for whole grains across the globe attributed to significant reductions in the whole grain production levels in some regions of the world probably due to climate change (Simchi-Levi, Kaminski & Simchi-Levi, 2008).
Therefore, it can be succinctly stated that climate change effects and consequences as well as the requirement for adoption of practices that significantly drive supply chain transformation. However, considering the robustness of the Western Australian supply chain robustness, it is essential to reflect on various factors for relationship breakdown in the supply chain using the actors in the supply chain. The factors could be operational, technological, cultural, food commodity as well as communication factors. Therefore, as a result of this case study and the repercussions that ensured in terms of tangible losses and intangible losses, the need for making that all actors within the Western Australian bulk grain supply chain collaboratively work together is obviously not in doubt if the export market for its whole grains, especially wheat has to be maintained. This is due to the fact that in this scenario, Western Australian whole grain (wheat) marketers had the responsibility of making sure that clients’ needs were satisfied without conflict with either by stringently adhering to the present export contract requirements.
Factors attributed to the breakdown of relationships between members of the wheat supply chain
In order to ensure that the relationship between all actors in any supply chain remain vibrant, there is need for trust, honesty and accountability among each of the actor. This is mainly attributed to the fact that, even though all other actors in the supply chain play their role effectively with exception of one, chances of conflicts to ensue are usually very high since a single mistake by anyone actor in a supply chain can result to unrecoverable losses (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012; Benton, 2013). For instance, it is evidently clear that in this case study not all actors in the supply chain contributed to the breakdown of relationships, but just a few mistakes of some actors and not all actors in the supply chain. Hence, this makes the need for collaboration between all actors in the supply chain highly essential for the avoidance of mistakes which could have permanently cost Western Australia a consistent customer as well as denting its reputation among wheat importers across the globe.
A critical consideration of this scenario, it is evidently clear that the factors that led to relationship breakdown in the supply chain from the perspective of the actors in the supply chain a varied since they include operational, technological, food commodity as well as communication factors. This can be attributed to the fact that, after the wheat cargo which had been shipped to Japan was eventually rejected after quality control tests confirmed the presence of carmoisine (a food colour additive) on the Western Australian’s noodle wheat a scuffle ensued between the supply chain actors, in particular the grain marker playing the role of selling wheat and the bulk handler at the port responsible for the cargo assemblage and loading. This incident was an eye opener among the supply chain actors for them to realise how important it was for them to work collaboratively for the protection of Japan customers who were definitely highly valued (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012; Benton, 2013).
From the perspective of these incidents, communication factors were significantly attributed to the relationships breakdown among the wheat supply chain members since a blame game ensued between the grain marketer and the bulk handler. In particular, the bulk handler blamed the grain marketer for not fully revealing the details of the contract of wheat export to Japan which strictly prohibited presence of carmoisine in its whole grains, while the grain marketer blamed bulk handler for carelessly handling and assembling wheat grain cargo resulting to presence of carmoisine traces in the wheat meant for Japan destination, which in the country is classified as an objectionable contaminant. Since carmoisine is not allowed in Japan and several other countries across the world mainly because various studies have attributed it to hypersensitivity in infants failure of effective communication between the grain marketer and bulk handler resulted to this problem considering the bulk handler was previously and the wheat cargo that eventually resulted to this scuffle. The bulk handler admitted that was not aware whether carmoisine in banned in Japan, while the grain marketer was privy of this information. This means that the bulk handler would have thoroughly cleaned the supply chain conveyors after handling and assembling Saudi Arabia cargo where carmoisine is allowable prior to handling the wheat cargo destined for Japan if the grain marketer has fully revealed the details of the contract.
This is attributable to the fact that there is addition of carmoisine to about 1% of whole grains exported to Saudi Arabia to alleviate black market grain market. Hence, in the case of Saudi Arabian wheat cargo in order to make sure that the grains are added the food additive which is red in colour is done by making sure that the supply chain conveyer belts are sprayed with the food additive in order to ensure that they are unique from those of the black market. However, the Saudi Arabian grain cargo was loaded the loading conveyer belts were not decontaminated or cleaned thoroughly and this led to the contamination of the wheat cargo destined for Japan by contacting the carmoisine on the conveyer belts, which is an objectionable contaminant in the country. The Japanese quality tests that are highly strict detected the presence of carmoisine eventually resulting to a huge scuffle with regards to Australia’s grain exports quality. Subsequently, the entire wheat grain cargo was rejected by Japan and led to significant demurrage costs as well as tangible and intangible losses on the side of Western Australia. The situation was even worsened more, when a second incident of similar nature occurred again within a short irrespective of the assurances offered to the side of Japan from Western Australia regarding quality of wheat grains, which worsened the trade relations between the two countries even though it was eventually resolved.
Operational factors were undoubtedly the other cause of the relationship breakdown in the supply chain from the perspective of the actors in the supply chain because the bulk handler was not supposed to assume the quality standards for various market destinations to avoid thorough cleansing and decontamination of the supply chain conveyor belts. It should always be a thumb rule for the supply chain conveyor belts to be thoroughly cleaned handling or assembling any cargo not its type or destination prior to handling any other cargo. Hence, there was an operational failure of the cargo handler to ensure that this procedure was adhered based on an assumption that the quality standards for the destinations of both cargoes of wheat were the same. This incident acted as an eye opener to them, to always prioritise the appropriate supply chain management processes which require thorough cleansing and decontamination of the supply chain conveyor belts after handling any batch of containing any additive that is not universally accepted among all the destination markets.
Furthermore, technological factors especially the absence of high edge and prompt techniques for the quality control and assurance was another factor definitely led to relationship breakdown in the supply chain from the perspective of the actors in the supply chain. This is attributable to the fact that, if the bulk handler had the top notch quality testing technologies, it would have been easier to detect the presence of carmoisine in the wheat cargo and avoid loading it to the vessel prior to confirming whether the additive was acceptable in Japan. This issue would have been amicably solved between the grain marketer, bulk handler and grain producers and avoid the eventual losses both tangible and intangible that ensued later (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012; Benton, 2013).
3. Supply Chain Management Processes using SCOR Model
Over several decades after the inception of the supply chain management, the appropriate alignment of the processes of the grain supply chain with respect to the SCOR model has been a crucial practice aimed at streamlining its operational functions. However, with respect to this project there is need to establish appropriate measures that would not only ensure that, the operations of the supply chain management are sustainable, but also effective especially from the perspective of an organization’s processes, services and products so that they can be aligned in ways that are responsible (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012; Benton, 2013; Hoejmose, Brammer & Millington, 2013). For instance, considering the supply chain between Western Australia and Japan, the supply chain demanded trust along with integrity amongst partners within the supply chain making the terms of business highly sensitive compared to the supply chains involving other partners (Amaeshi, Osuji &Nnodim, 2008).
3.1. SCOR model
Any supply chain consists of various participants who act distinctly, but are interrelated (Leppelt, Foerstl & Hartmann 2013). The activities that take place throughout the supply chain can be easily categorized using the SCOR model into planning, sourcing, creation or making, delivering as well as returning. This involves managerial operations’ aspects such as procurement, inventory, transportation, manufacturing, as well as orders. This means that the SCOR model offers a structure for the description of linked metrics and processes the supply chains operations and supervision towards more efficient activities through consistent evaluation (Amaeshi, Osuji &Nnodim, 2008).
Therefore, the SCOR model is considered to be the front runner in the world’s supply chain framework, which links performance metrics, business processes, as well as people skills and practices into a unified structure. This means that adoption of the SCOR model in this scenario could have significantly improved the supply chain operations by increasing the system implementations speed, improving inventory turns, as well as supporting organisational learning goals. However, the SCOR model processes includes: planning, sourcing, making, delivering, returning as well as enabling. Furthermore, the SCOR model metrics includes the perfection of order fulfilment, order cycle time fulfilment, flexibility of the upwards supply chain, adaptability of the upwards supply chain, adaptability of the downwards supply chain, as well as working capital and fixed assets of the supply chain returns (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012).
As a result, the SCOR model should have been embraced by the bulk loader and grain marketer for a more efficient operation of the supply chain which could have evaded the incident that eventually ensued. The figure shown below illustrates the SCOR processes framework in order to elaborate on essential supply chain management processes:
Figure 1: SCOR processes framework
Source: Supply Chain Council
The capacity to manage supply chain activities that are varied cost effectively has progressively continued to pose a challenge to many exporters in their attempt to remain competitive (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012). As a result, electronically-enabled supply chains (ESC) have been providing potential towards attaining the objectives of supply chain actors through improved operational efficiency (Majumdar & Nishant, 2008; Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012).
3.2. Supply chain solutions that would have prevented the second contamination
From the fact that, all actors of the supply chain were conversant with the Japanese regulations with regards to presence of carmoisine in grains from the first contamination incident, the subsequent contamination could have been effectively avoided (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012). Therefore, in order to make sure that the second contamination was avoided several measures could have been adopted such as:
A different supply chain loading conveyer belts should have been utilised for loading wheat cargo destined for Saudi Arabia and Japan in order to significantly reduce carmoisine contamination chances.
Thorough decontamination and cleansing of conveyor belts measures should have been implemented after every Saudi Arabian grain shipment is handled.
Appropriate quality standards testing to ensure that no traces of carmoisine are available in any cargo destined for Japan, which classified it as an objectionable contaminant.
4.Importance of collaboration among members of the supply chain
Collaboration in supply chain within the exportation markets involves the element of working together in unison among the actors (Morali & Searcy, 2013). According to Morali & Searcy (2013) a stakeholder is defined as the entity or individual affected by or may affect the operations of a firm. For instance, in the case of a supply chain, stakeholders involve farmers or producers, suppliers, regulators and clients. To start with, the supply chain section in Western Australia would have requested for the presence of Japanese officials in their port to monitor their commitment to high quality standards delivery. This is mainly because the upstream supply chain is of great significance. However, integration of suppliers entails vital competencies’ consideration associated to crucial suppliers’ synchronization. The objective of making sure that all members in a supply chain work together collaboratively is to ensure there is sustainable generation and delivery of product to the market (Majumdar & Nishant, 2008; Rottig, Koufteros & Umphress, 2011; Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012). As a result of this, it is important to note that through collaboration information sharing should be an essential component of making sure that all actors within the supply chain are working (Rottig, Koufteros & Umphress, 2011; Wolf, 2011).
Justification of the robustness of the supply chain of Western Australian in grain suppliers
An argument can be raised that Western Australian grain exporters had robust and effective quality management measures throughout its supply chain. This can be attributed to the fact that no quality standard problem which ha been detected over a long period without even a single occurrence of carmoisine contamination. Secondly, considering the trade scuffle which had ensued after the occurrence of the first contamination, it can be observed that the second contamination of noodles could have been purely accidental. Furthermore, the regulation of all the sectors of the supply chain as statutory authorities of the government including the quarantine services, railways, ports, grain handlers and grain traders as statutory monopolies in order to complement each other needs ensured that the supply chain operated optimally among all the Western Australian ports such as Albany, Fremantle, Geraldton as well as Esperance, which also ensured that the destination ports were highly efficient.
6.Recommendations
Embracing supply chain management processes in the conventional business environment conditions is unavoidable for any supply chain actor. However, some firms have adopted ineffective supply chains management processes, while others are yet to meet this urgent requirement. Thus, it is usually recommended that these companies adopt the following measures:
Companies must align their production to effective practices such as using processes that are cost effective.
Every firm must ensure that its supply chain actors adhere to the set effective practices (Tripathi & Petro, 2011; Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012; Benton, 2013).
While making sure appropriate supply chain management process are established, incorporation of the views of all stakeholders is of essence, which enables adoption of a strategy that do not conflict with other factors within the supply chain.
Technology adoption is of great essence to a company interested in the persistence of an effective supply chain management processes since technology ensures the assessment of issues such as efficiency and quality and quality (Rottig, Koufteros & Umphress, 2011).
7. Conclusion
In conclusion, Western Australian grain producers, grain marketers and bulk handlers faced numerous problems due to the ineffectiveness of their supply chain management processes. This mainly accrued from negligence since it not only happened once, but twice. As a result bulk grain handling and assembling as well as marketing companies are increasingly being required to adopt a effective supply chain management processes in order to keep up with the rapidly changing markets. Though some bulk grain exporting firms in the past deemed this to be an expensive endeavour presently all of them do not have any other choice, but to adhere with the norm in order to survive in business. This has over the recent past being making the stakeholders to increasingly put pressure on companies to ensure that effective processes of producing or delivering products are put in place. It is presently clear that many companies have adopted supply chain management processes that are effective in order to make sure that they continue to operate efficiently.
References
Amaeshi, K. M., Osuji, O. K., & Nnodim, P. (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility in Supply Chains of Global Brands: A Boundaryless Responsibility? Clarifications, Exceptions and Implications, Journal of Business Ethics, 81(1), 223-234. doi: 10.1007/s10551-007-9490-5
Benton, W. (2013). Supply Chain Focused Manufacturing Planning and Control. Sainsbury, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bolstorff, P., & Rosenbaum, R. G. (2012). Supply Chain Excellence: A Handbook for Dramatic Improvement Using the SCOR. London: CSR Press.
Handfield, R., & Nichols, E.L. (2012). Introduction to Supply Chain Management. New York, NY: Jr.Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-621616-1
Hoejmose, S., Brammer, S., & Millington, A. (2013). An empirical examination of the relationship between business strategy and socially responsible supply chain management, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 33(5), 589. doi: 10.1108/01443571311322733
Jørgensen, H. (2003). Strengthening implementation of corporate social responsibility in global supply chains (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: World Bank
Lambert, D. M. (2010). Supply Chain Management: Processes, Partnerships, Performance. New York, NY: Prentice Hall.
Leppelt, T., Foerstl, K., & Hartmann, E. (2013). Corporate Social Responsibility in Buyer-Supplier Relationships: Is it Beneficial for Top-Tier Suppliers to Market their Capability to Ensure a Responsible Supply Chain? Business Research, 6(2), 126-152.
Majumdar, S., & Nishant, R. (2008). Sustainable entrepreneurial support (in supply chain) as corporate social responsibility initiative of large organizations: a conceptual framework, The Icfai University Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 5(3), 116-124.
Morali, O., & Searcy, C. (2013). A Review of Sustainable Supply Chain Management Practices in Canada, Journal Of Business Ethics, 117(3), 635-658. doi: 10.1007/s10551-012-1539-4
Poluha, R. G. (2009). Application of the SCOR model in supply chain management. London: Cambria Press.
Rottig, D., Koufteros, X., & Umphress, E. (2011). Formal Infrastructure and Ethical Decision Making: An Empirical Investigation and Implications for Supply Management, Decision Sciences, 42(1), 163. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5915.2010.00305.x
Salam, M., (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility in Purchasing and Supply Chain, Journal of Business Ethics, 85(2), 355—370.
Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminski, P., & Simchi-Levi, E. (2008). Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies and Case Studies. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International. ISBN 978-0-07-127097-7.
Shreekant, W. S, & Palekar, A. (2012). Supply Chain Analytics with SAP NetWeaver Business Warehouse. New York, NY: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1-25-900608-1.
Spence, L., & Bourlakis, M. (2011). 11. Social responsibility in the supply chain: CSR or corporate social watchdogs? Business Ethics and Corporate Sustainability.164
Tripathi, S., & Petro, G. (2011). Evolving Green Procurement and Sustainable Supply Chain Practices in the Organizations: A Framework to Align Functional Strategy Implementation to Organization’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Objectives, Management Convergence, 1(1), 24-32
Wolf, J. (2011). Sustainable Supply Chain Management Integration: A Qualitative Analysis of the German Manufacturing Industry, Journal of Business Ethics, 102(2), 221-235. doi: 10.1007/s10551-011-0806-0
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One way of broaching the topic of ethics in professional practice is to focus on particular ethical dilemmas that arise in the research or practice that surrounds management activities themselves. For example, well-known ethical dilemmas exist in the field of human resources, and other dilemmas surround the handling of financial transactions and decisions.
Search the Walden Library for a scholarly or practitioner article in a peer-reviewed journal that deals with an ethical dilemma in a management context. How might you research the dilemma presented in the article? Would you examine causation, interventions, solutions, structural issues, or other aspects? Select one or two aspects of the issue presented, and think about how you might formulate a research-oriented approach that would benefit the larger professional practice.
Begin by presenting a brief overview of the article you found. Next, present the ethical dilemma, followed by your research approach and its potential practice-based benefits.
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With these thoughts in mind:
Respond by Day 5 to at least two of your colleagues’ postings, giving priority to those that have fewer than two responses so far. In your responses, be sure to do the following:
•Address the content of each colleague’s analysis and evaluation of the topic, as well as the integration of relevant resources.
•Address the question(s) posed by each colleague for further Discussion.
•Link each colleague’s posting to other colleagues’ postings or to other course materials and concepts, where appropriate and relevant.
•Include proper APA citations.
colleague 1 ( James Simon)
Overview of the Article
The article discusses the release of crude oil by Exxon and BP. The release of crude oil by both companies killed (a) birds, (b) otters, and (c) seals (Kling, Phaneuf, & Zhao, 2012). This destruction forced business leaders to examine the risk of oil usage (Kling et al., 2012). In addition, business leaders must examine the benefits of oil use (Kling et al., 2012).
Ethical Dilemma
One of the ethical dilemmas the oil industry has is truthful reporting (Kling et al., 2012). Employees have to put their reputation on the line to support the corporation. If an incident occurs, these employees are required to tell the truth. The oil industry is a billion dollar industry that produces a public resource (Kling et al., 2012). The money from the oil industry and public use makes the industry hard to shut down by the government. Employees struggle with the idea of telling the truth to support the corporation or risk losing their job (Kling et al., 2012).
Type of Research
I want to conduct a quantitative research for the oil spills of each company. I want to compare Exxon to BP. This comparison will allow me to define a relationship within the oil industry and the public. I want to know how many oil spills for each company for the last ten years. In addition, I want to know what is causing the oil spills. In addition, I will need to determine the benefit of allowing Exxon and BP to conduct business.
References
Kling, C. L., Phaneuf, D. J., & Zhao, J. (2012). From Exxon to BP: Has some number become better than no number? The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(4), 3-26. https://www.doi:10.1257/jep.26.4.3
Colleaque 2 (oladeyo oyo)
Ethical dilemma
This post features two articles dealing with ethical dilemma in the management context. In an article titled Confronting Ethical Dilemmas in the workplace, John Boatright a Professor of Business Ethics at Quinlan School of Business, Loyola University Chicago wrote that business graduates must be prepared for organizational challenges that will inevitably test their values, moral beliefs, and commitment to doing the right thing. In two studies of 30 Harvard University and 1000 Columbia University graduates, some had felt strong organization pressures to do things that they believed were unethical, illegal, had been rewarded for taking some action they considered to be ethically troubling or punished for refusal to act unethically. In short, many had faced the dilemma of acting unethically or doing the right thing. To research ethical dilemma in a particular organization, I would ask open-ended questions in an interview method to examine the types of ethical dilemma present, causation, how prevalent the ethical dilemmas were, structural issues, reward systems and interventions. I would also research the dilemma with survey questionnaires after understanding the ethical dilemma. I would be cognizant of informed consent, the need for privacy and confidentiality when required to protect sources and prevent retaliation.
There exists a dilemma between publishing research quickly, often and undertaking comprehensive research while following the conventions and ethical guidelines. An essay by Xiao-Ping Chen, Professor of Management in the Foster School of Business at the University of Washington and the Editor-in-Chief for Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes features the dilemma faced by authors between maximizing their publication possibilities and being truthful to data, to co-authors, and to editors. It features some ethical problems that authors face in the research and publication process including data reporting, co-authorship, selecting peer reviewers and dealing with review process. Pursuing the truth and the whole truth behind certain phenomenon is the ultimate purpose of scientific endeavor, (Chen, 2011). Two issues of concern are the overuse of the same data set in multiple papers and selection of peer reviewers in an ethical manner. Using the same data set in different papers or partial research results in different papers presents ethical problems. Using peer reviewers is a good strategy but such reviewers are eliminated from the formal review process. Some authors have used only negative reviewer or acknowledging only those who reviewed them negatively to the review committee to increase the probability that a paper receives positive reviews. A more credible research approach would benefit the author and the larger professional practice.
Research approach
My research design would comprise of the mixed methods of qualitative and quantitative inquiry. Qualitative interview methods including open ended questionnaire and quantitative would include solicited responses on mailed questionnaire/survey. Both should present a holistic mix of objective, subjective and inter subjective data (free of bias). The focus of research is to find the truth with fact based data, supported by evidence and ethical governance strictures of honesty, accurate representation of facts, transparency and probity.
There are many ethical issues, which may influence research and affect the findings. Researcher interaction biases affect a variety of methodologies, such as survey or experimental research, not just interview-based research, (Miyazaki & Taylor, 2008). The Institution Review Board IRB, may approve or reject research on grounds of ethics. Lincoln and Tierney (2004), note that IRB have rejected some qualitative research projects for being unscientific and not capable of generalization. Ethics code has the potential to enhance the reputation of management research and the professional status of its members, (Bell & Bryman, 2007). Ethics is integral to every aspect of management research rather than as a consideration in the exception, such as when researching sensitive topics (Lee & Renzetti, 1990). Strong ethical constructs has many implications including the protection of the researcher, subjects, institution/corporation, and the public.
Two key questions to consider are would a research outcome that indicates the hypothesis was wrong a failure also what methods would the researcher use to effectively analyze and synthesize the integration of qualitative interviewing and quantitative data gathering?
Conclusion
Management is responsible for effective internal controls, which includes good ethics training, reinforced with appropriate culture modeled by the leadership. In this context, ethical behavior should be rewarded and unethical practices discouraged and sanctioned. Beyond the ethical standards of many institutions and organization is the responsibility of the individual, the researcher and the author. Ethical values and practices are pivotal to character, reputation, self worth and professional success. An author must be mindful of how the research may affect others also the desired practice-based benefits from the work product. It is not enough to abide by or subscribe to a code of ethics. We should be ethical in all our undertakings and relationships always acting with trustworthiness and integrity.
References
Bell, E. & Bryman, A. (2007). The ethics of management research: An exploratory content analysis. British Journal of Management, 18(1), 63–77. https://www.doi:10.1111/j.1467- 8551.2006.00487.x
Miyazaki, A. D. & Taylor, K. A. (2008). Researcher interaction biases and business ethics research: Respondent reactions to researcher characteristics. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(4), 779–795. https://www.doi.10.1007/s10551-007-9547-5
******* please answer each colleague individually along with 2 references each !!!!!!!
SAMPLE ANSWER
Ethical Dilemmas
The first article discusses the release of the crude oil by BP and axon Valdez which killed sea animals and birds. The two cases are presented by numerous ethical dilemmas. BP and Exxon Valdez left a lot to killing of sea animals, destruction of environment and at the same time, the exploration of the oil is important for the countries in terms of income and resources. Additionally, truthful reporting of the cases has also been hidden since it can lead to the termination of oil exploration and also jeopardize the careers of employees.
The ethical questions addressed by the author in this article are: can people continue to explore the oil yet it jeopardizes animals, environment, and peoples live? The question can be well drawn from the article. This is because the author has given both the beneficial and harmful point of view of the oil exploration (Kimber, and Marilyn 200). As such, the point of ethical dilemma is drawn whether to continue oil exploration or not. The question can be set for further research on whether to stop or continue oil exploration. Therefore, this article has given out a clear picture of ethical dilemma.
According to Luke and Dennis (190) the ethical dilemmas are such condition that creates difficulty on which side to take especially when the potential threats have potential benefits. The author has demonstrated the idea as of ethical dilemmas as described by Luke and Dennis (197) since the source of money from the company makes it hard to stop or close oil exploration. Additionally, the author of this article has given relevant source of information that leads to the information given in the article.
The second article gives a description of two other articles that presented ethical dilemma. The first describes how some acts which were regarded as unethical went ahead to win awards. The second part of the essays talks of the publishing the research quickly without following the comprehensive ethical guidelines.
The first part of the essay clearly presents an ethical dilemma. After winning awards using unethical procedure, students are put in a situation to do unethical activities to win the awards. In this case, the students do not know which side to go: they need the awards and they need not to perform unethical acts. As such it has to determine which way to go. According to Mortari and Deborah (244) the ethical dilemma arises when part of the conscious directs one to something at the same time directs one not to do it. The author of this article clearly demonstrates that and the question to ask is: is it right for one to gain awards through unethical acts? However, the second part of the article, the author does not clearly demonstrate the ethical dilemma. Mortari and Deborah (244) say that the dilemma arises when cannot take side on and decide whether an action is bad or good. However, it is not hard to decide that production of article and research without enough evidence is bad. The comparisons of the two researches are not put in a well manner that demonstrates the ethical dilemma. The author of the article at this point has not clearly demonstrated a dilemma. None the less, the author has used relevant sources that clearly give information about the articles.
References
Cranenburgh, Katinka, and Daniel Arenas. “Strategic And Moral Dilemmas Of Corporate Philanthropy In Developing Countries: Heineken In Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal Of Business Ethics 122.3 (2014): 523-536.
Kimber, Megan, and Marilyn Campbell. “Exploring Ethical Dilemmas For Principals Arising From Role Conflict With School Counsellors.” Educational Management Administration & Leadership 42.2 (2014): 207-225
Luke, Melissa, Kristopher M. Goodrich, and Dennis D. Gilbride. “Intercultural Model Of Ethical Decision Making: Addressing Worldview Dilemmas In School Counseling.” Counseling & Values 58.2 (2013): 177-194.
Mortari, Luigina, and Deborah Harcourt. “‘Living’ Ethical Dilemmas For Researchers When Researching With Children.”International Journal Of Early Years Education 20.3 (2012): 234-243.
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Responsible and robust Organizational Performance in Logistics and supply chain management
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SAMPLE ANSWER
Responsible and robust Organizational Performance
Executive summary
Robustness in Logistics and supply chain management is among the concepts that are currently dominating the debates regarding companies. in order to maintain a competitive advantage and a good relationship towards clients firms must practice and adopt responsible supply chain management. On the wake of health issues as well as cultural differences global organization’s supply chains are being pressured to adopt responsible and robust strategies. Essentially the Western Australian grain suppliers serve both the Saudi Arabia and Japan. The Saudi Arabians require that their grains be added carmoisine a food additive whereas Japan forbids substances such as carmoisine. This case study involves the detection of carmoisine food additive on grains delivered to Japan. The Western Australia grain suppliers faced problems with regard to the ‘unhealthy’ grains delivered to Japan and which may have been avoided if proper measures were incorporated. Adopting robustness and responsibility in logistics and supply chain strategies entails taking into mind the needs of the client at all times.
Introduction
Responsible and robust Organizational Performance in Logistics and supply chain management points to the appropriate handling of a client’s cargo to ensure a continued good relationship with client companies by wholly adhering to their specifications and requirements. Additionally, responsibility calls for making sure that the end user is not negatively affected by the products. In this case study involving the Australian grain exporters and the Japanese importers robustness and integrity refer to supplying items which are cannot extend negative health issues to the consumer. If a product would make the consumer unwell then this product is unhealthy. Adopting fresh methods, for instance, innovative logistics and supply chain management methods, quality handling systems and emerging technology will definitely affect the various elements of supply chain management. The challenge of establishing a flourishing and responsible organizational performance supply chain through networked collaboration as well as remarkable innovation is a thorny issue. The Western Australian Suppliers had a duty to ensure satisfaction and adherence of each and every client product specification via improving their organizational performance..
Factors leading to a bad relationship between Australia and Japan
The detection of carmoisine (a food color additive) on Australia’s noodle wheat shipment towards Japan initiated the relationship breakdown between the two nations. Carmoisine is a food additive which is banned in Japan as well as other states such as the US for the reason that it increases infants’ hypersensitivity (Manuj, Omar & Yazdanparast, 2013). The issue surrounding the carmoisine additive concerns the shipment which was delivered to Japan containing that additive. The events leading to the contamination were that grains delivered to Saudi Arabia are usually added the carmoisine. The conveyer belts loading the ship are usually sprayed with carmoisine to make them unique and differentiate them from those of the black market. However, after loading the Saudi destined shipment the conveyer belts were not thoroughly cleaned or decontaminated, this lead to Japan’s shipment contacting the carmoisine on the conveyer belts. The stringent quality tests in Japan detected the additive’s presence which generated a huge row and lack of quality outcry regarding Australia’s exports. Consequently, Japan rejected the entire shipment leading to huge losses being experienced on the side of Australian exporters. To make the matters even after the assurances of Australia regarding their quality checks this incident happened again (Rai, Patnayakuni & Seth, 2006). Another shipment of noodle wheat was detected having the carmoisine additive; this incident worsened the relations between Japan and Australia.
Robust Organizational Performance in Logistics and supply chain management
Robust and responsible organizational performance in general refers to the organization’s ethicality in carrying out its operations by protecting the health and wellbeing of the product end user. Accountability in performance by any organization within the supply management calls for carrying out the activities in a diligent manner with the help of knowledgeable staff and technology. Thus, robustness will be defined as an organization’s processes, services and products being aligned in ways that are socially as well as economically responsible (Uvarov, 2011).
Business demands trust along with integrity amongst partners within a supply chain. Clearly the Western Australian Suppliers performed below expectations to upholding trust in collaboration between supply chain partners (Rai, Patnayakuni & Seth, 2006). Within the robust supply chain context, Western Australian Suppliers should seek to transform the practices of handling goods which seems to be informed by traditional reasoning. Therefore the phrase corporate social responsibility covers factors linked to ensuring a sustainable and viable organization (Grant, Wong & Trautrims, 2013). The sustainability organizational performance implementation within Western Australian Suppliers supply chain should comprise of the following:
Process innovation aimed at introducing fresh grain handling techniques along with conveyor belt cleaning improvements to match evolving market as well as consumer’s sustainability needs
Clean handling entails reducing or eradicating toxic as well as hazardous material, within during the handling and transportation of grain products
Reverse logistics entails planning, adopting as well as controlling or regulating the flow of products as well as associated information or data from the customer to the Western Australian Suppliers for proper disposal or value recapturing purposes (PAULRAJ, 2011).
Life cycle management or LCM supervises the potential negative impacts linked with a product, service or process, as from the level of grains harvesting, handling at the port all through to the transportation to the destination
Solutions That Would Have Prevented the Second Contamination
Owing to the fact that the Western Australian Suppliers were aware of the fact that Japan disallows carmoisine the second contamination was avoidable very much avoidable. Both the marketer and the bulk handler declined or failed to collaborate in order to prevent a second contamination (Omar et al., 2012). The two parties would have coordinated a more responsive and comprehensive approach to ensure that Japan’s cargo is never again contaminated. To start with, a separate loading conveyer should have been used to load cargo destined for Japan and the one destined for Saudi Arabia. This would have reduced the chances of carmoisine contamination. Secondly, thorough cleaning as well as decontamination measures should have been employed after every Saudi shipment is loaded. Other measures include (Grant, Wong & Trautrims, 2013):
a) Supply chain operations Reference or SCOR model
A characteristic production supply chain possesses numerous participants that comprise a number of distinct but interrelated operational as well as managerial activities, and within producers are invariably positioned centrally supervising the product flow, information, finance and material (Manuj, Omar & Yazdanparast, 2013). The Western Australian Suppliers activities may have been categorized into primary management processes namely: plan, source, create or make, deliver as well as return and which are sourced in supply chain process model or SCOR. SCOR processes extend as from supplier’s supplier up to customer’s customer within the supply chain. SCOR should have been adopted by the marketer as well as the bulk loader to adopt a more responsible supply of products by assessing the existence of any pollutants. The capacity of managing varying supply chain activities within a suitable along with cost effectual manner has become progressively more significant to producers so as to remain competitive within their markets (Grant, Wong & Trautrims, 2013).
The Western Australian Suppliers should also have used SCOR to establish procedures that the supply chain would not deviate; this would be done by clearly stipulating them. For instance, the hygiene issues should have been properly stipulated by SCOR; the steps used in decontaminating the conveyor belts should have been properly laid out (Omar et al., 2012).
The electronically-enabled manufacturing supply chains or EMSC provide potential to attain the objectives by allowing business partners within the supply chains to incorporate their information resources within varying supply chain points to improve efficiency as well as the firms’ competitiveness (Hult, Ketchen & Arrfelt, 2007). EMSC could also have been used to detect whenever the conveyer was insufficiently cleaned. It would have given the alert to the bulk handler that the conveyer is unsafe for handling the cargo to Japan. The blame game experienced in Australia resulted from communication breakdown; the EMSC would have bridged the gap to by enabling effectual information exchange between the marketer and the bulk loader. Thus with the ICT emergence along with its underlying structures EMSC is gradually but steadily being adopted by producers to make their supply chain more sustainable (Florian, 2013).
b) Organizational Responsibility Adoption as a Business Innovation
After the first carmoisine case was registered the Australian supply chain partners should have initiated the adoption of innovation as well as technology in handling cargo testing in order for addressing accountability issues. Adopting robustness within the supply chain’s enterprises introduces changes in supplier coordination along with a selection that may comprise establishing linked information systems between the Japanese and the Western Australian Suppliers along with reengineering the daily activities (Florian, 2013). To aid the Australian marketer as well as a bulk handler in generating right decisions throughout the whole resolution process the Innovation Diffusion Theory or IDT may be helpful. IDT stresses that the resolutions for adopting innovations is impacted by factors which lead to diverse effects hierarchy. IDT should have been used to ensure constant innovation is carried by Western Australian Suppliers. This innovation may have involved using cranes to lift the Japan’s cargo or inventing a machine that is able to detect carmoisine traces on the conveyor after cleaning it (Hult, Ketchen & Arrfelt, 2007.
Importance of collaboration in the international Agri-food market supply chain
Agri-food is the most sensitive industry since it directly impacts the health of the end-product user. This industry demands the top most possible collaboration between supply chain partners. Collaboration refers to the act of working together between the supplier and the client including all other stakeholders (Omar et al., 2012). A stakeholder in this case refers to any individual or entity that may affect or be affected by the firm’s operations. Stakeholders may involve suppliers, clients, regulators and farmers. To begin with the Western Australian Suppliers section of the supply chain would have requested that a Japanese official be stationed at their port as show of commitment towards quality goods delivery. The objective of working with suppliers is to be able to generate product as well as process sustainability innovation (Hult, Ketchen & Arrfelt, 2007).
After the first contamination the Western Australian Suppliers should have started to demand that the marketer and grain handler shares crucial information regarding their processes at all times. For instance, they may be requested to give information regarding the data acquired during the testing for contaminative substances as well as the methods used. Partnering and incorporating the Japanese supply chain partners views into the sustainable supply chain integration along with ensuring that they at all times conform with the set regulations then a firm will be able to adopt a lasting suitable and efficient supply chain. Better caution should have been observed, for instance before the ship moved out the Australian Port the Japanese officials would have been welcomed to make random tests of carmoisine existence (Gligor & Holcomb, 2012).
The impacts of a Supplier’s failure to adhere to an efficient supply chain
The impacts of the failure by the Australian suppliers to adhere to the agreed quality guidelines led to the loss of business as well as trust between the trading partners. The most crucial party in ensuring a responsible supply chain is the suppliers. This is because more than any other stakeholder the supplier’s materials may extensively damage the reputation of a firm. Research has confirmed that suppliers role within the supply channel is huge and thus there compliance as well as adherence to the set strategies is crucial. The Australian suppliers lost a lot cargo since it stayed at the Japanese port for days. a great volume of cargo went bad as a result, the remaining cargo was sold at a throw away price; the farmers lost revenue in billions. The fact that the carmoisine contaminated foods were located for the second consecutive time means that a clear carelessness of the Western Australian Suppliers (Hult, Ketchen & Arrfelt, 2007).
Contributions of the management in supply chain performance management
For performance to be successful the top management has a duty to support and foster its implementation. It is clear that Western Australian Suppliers management failed miserably. After the first contamination the management would have put better measures and extend clear guidelines to employees regarding the hygiene in cargo handling. Lack of support from the top management, means that the efficiency goal might not be attained. Additionally, healthy products delivery demand constant innovation of products that are efficient; this climate can only be extended by the top management. The Western Australian Suppliers management resolved to cling on the traditional methods of non-innovative supply chain management; the entire relationship breakdown with the Japanese and loss of revenue by farmers lies squarely on management (Omar et al., 2012).
Justification of quality for the Australian grain suppliers
It would be argued that the Australian suppliers had effectual and robust quality management measures. This is for the reason that the suppliers had for many years been observing the quality issue and not once did the carmoisine contamination occur. Secondly, after the first contamination occurred commitment was made to observe and prevent future contamination. And one may conclude the second contamination was by accident. Further, the contamination occurred in the process of ensuring quality for another client’s cargo. Thus the issue was not that Australian suppliers lacked proper quality standards, the issue was that quality definitions and expectations of the two suppliers conflicted (Gligor & Holcomb, 2012).
Recommendations
Adopting an efficient organizational performance in logistics and supply chain management in the contemporary times is inevitable for a supplier. Western Australian Suppliers clearly failed the test of a robust organizational performance in supply chain and logistics (Clark, Toms & Green, 2014). The following are recommendations for Western Australian Suppliers towards building a responsible organizational performance in supply chain logistics;
Western Australian Suppliers require incorporating incorporate all stakeholders’ views. This enables adopt a strategy that has no conflicts
Western Australian Suppliers must adopt technology as an essential aspect of assessing issues such as hygiene and quality of products
Western Australian Suppliers should make annual reviews of the performance of the available supply chain and logistics strategy to determine its success; such that if unsuccessful modifications should be effected
Western Australian Suppliers must collaborate effectively with their Japanese counterparts’ right from the port from cleaning the conveyer belts, testing the existence of carmoisine and also during loading the ship. This will create trust and reduce chances of contamination (Clark, Toms & Green, 2014)
All employees require training to ensure that their knowledge s aligned with that of responsible and accountable organization performance in supply chain and logistics. Clearly if the employees had enough knowledge the second contamination could not have been possible
Western Australian Suppliers may also consider creating a separate conveyer belt for transporting the grains headed to Saudi Arabia. This is because only grains headed to that country has that special requirement which would contaminate other grains.
Conclusion
The Western Australian grain suppliers faced numerous problems due to their inefficient organization performance in supply chain and logistics. This was as a result of negligence since it happened twice. Lack of proper communication between the grain handlers and the marketer led to huge losses of revenue and also loss of a reliable client. Lack of involvement of stakeholders views led to effectual robustness since it might be biased. It is imperative for the Australian suppliers incorporate the views and expectations of their consumers to safeguard other stakeholders such as farmers and the government from losses. Indeed the hygiene issue was a very minute element to take care of, however the mismanagement, staff negligence of Western Australian Suppliers did costs the company a lot of money. It is important that the top management is initially oriented with the importance of adopting the responsible and efficient supply chain to ensure its success since at all times employees look upon their superiors’ attitudes as well as behaviors. The Western Australia grain suppliers have a duty to satisfy the needs as well as demands of both their clients without offending the other. Client’s specification and demands should at all times be intricately associated with varying aspects of the supply chain. The awareness regarding such aspects is shown within the contemporary business setting. Companies are urged to adopt a comprehensive responsible and robust strategy that will incorporate views of all stakeholders. Adoption of technology by Western Australia suppliers would perfectly assure a reliable organizational performance in supply chain management; this would in a great way enhance relationships with all clients. The company also requires to at times examining the suppliers tendencies towards adhering to the robust set supply chain strategies.
References
Florian, G. L., 2013. PERFORMANCE BENEFITS OF HARMONIZING ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY WITH STRATEGY AT SUPPLY CHAIN LEVEL. Annals Of The University Of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 22(2), 581-586.
Manuj, I., Omar, A., & Yazdanparast, A., 2013. The Quest for Competitive Advantage in Global Supply Chains: The Role of Interorganizational Learning. Transportation Journal (Pennsylvania State University Press), 52(4), 463-492.
Rai, A., Patnayakuni, R., & Seth, N., 2006. FIRM PERFORMANCE IMPACTS OF DIGITALLY ENABLED SUPPLY CHAIN INTEGRATION CAPABILITIES. MIS Quarterly, 30(2), 225-246.
Uvarov, S., 2011. PROBLEMS OF LOGISTIC SYSTEMS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN DELIVERY CHAINS. Logforum, 7(4), 61-66.
Gligor, D. M., & Holcomb, M. C., 2012. Antecedents and Consequences of Supply Chain Agility: Establishing the Link to Firm Performance. Journal Of Business Logistics, 33(4), 295-308. https://www.doi:10.1111/jbl.12003
Hult, G. M., Ketchen, D. J., & Arrfelt, M., 2007. Strategic supply chain management: Improving performance through a culture of competitiveness and knowledge development. Strategic Management Journal, 28(10), 1035-1052.
Grant, D. B., Wong, C. Y., & Trautrims, A., 2013. Sustainable Logistics and Supply Chain Management : Principles and Practices for Sustainable Operations and Management. London: Kogan Page Limited.
Clark, J. W., Toms, L. C., & Green, K. W., 2014. Market-oriented sustainability: moderating impact of stakeholder involvement. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(1), 21. https://www.doi:10.1108/IMDS-04-2013-0194
Omar, A., Davis-Sramek, B., Myers, M. B., & Mentzer, J. T., 2012. A Global Analysis of Orientation, Coordination, and Flexibility in Supply Chains. Journal Of Business Logistics, 33(2), 128-144. https://www.doi:10.1111/j.0000-0000.2012.01045.x
PAULRAJ, A., 2011. UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INTERNAL RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES, SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY. Journal Of Supply Chain Management, 47(1), 19-37. https://www.doi:10.1111/j.1745-493X.2010.03212.x
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A supermarket has the following two offers on a particular brand of mature cheddar cheese.
Offer (1) 30% off the usual price Offer (2) 30% extra free
The usual price for a 350 g pack of this cheese is £4.50, which works out at £1.29 per 100 g.
Calculate the price of a 350 g pack of this cheese under offer (1).
(ii) Calculate the price per 100 g of this cheese under offer (1).
Calculate the weight of a pack of this cheese if it costs £4.50 under offer (2).
Calculate the price per 100 g of this cheese under offer (2)
A rival supermarket introduces the following offer on a 350 g pack of this cheese that also costs £4.50.
Offer (3) Buy one, get another one half price
Find the price per 100 g of this cheese under offer (3).
Calculate the percentage decrease in price for this cheese under offer (3) compared to the usual price.
Compare these three offers from a shopper’s perspective. In your answer, you should summarise the above information by copying and completing the table below, and then consider both the price and the quantity to be bought to obtain the offers.
Offer 1
Offer 2
Offer 3
Quantity (in g)
Total cost (in £)
Price/100 g (in £)
Question 2
At the weekend, Callum walked 8 km on Dartmoor. He used a map with scale 1 : 25 000 to determine distances.
(a) On the map, the distance that Callum walked before stopping for lunch is 18.4 cm. Find the corresponding distance on the ground in km.
(b) (i) The complete walk of 8 km took Callum 2 hours and 15 minutes. Find his average speed in km/h.
(ii) Convert your answer from part (b)(i) into metres per second. Give your answer correct to two significant figures. [3]
(c) The map shows that the walk started at a height of 180 m above sea level, then dropped 60 m, climbed 250 m and finally dropped 150 m again. Let h represent the height above sea level in metres.
(i) Find the highest and lowest heights above sea level encountered on the walk.
(ii) Draw a number line to represent the interval of the heights above sea level encountered on the walk.
(iii) Use a double inequality to show this range of heights above sea level encountered on the walk.
(d) Callum has adapted Naismith’s Rule to estimate the time that he takes to walk up a scenic hill taking into account pauses to look at the views. The time is given by
T=_D__+_H___+_D___
5 600 25
where
T is the time for the walk in hours,
D is the horizontal distance walked in kilometres, H is the height climbed in metres.
On one section of his walk, Callum climbed 140 m over a horizontal distance of 2.6 km, with scenic views. Find the estimated time (to the nearest minute) that Callum’s formula gives for him to climb this hill.
QUESTION 3
(a) The following formula (known as the Carroll/Huntington Formula) is commonly used to estimate W, the body-weight of a horse in kg:
W= ____g2l_______
11800
where
g is the girth of the horse in cm,
l is the length of the horse in cm.
Estimate Quin’s body-weight, to the nearest 10 kg, when his girth measurement is 189 cm and his length is 161 cm.
In order to lose weight, each day an overweight horse should eat hay weighing 1.5% of its ideal body-weight.
(i) Using this information, copy and complete the table below.
ideal body weight of horse (I in kg) 200,300,400,500, 600,700,800
weight of hay (H in kg) 3 4.5 6
Draw a graph to illustrate this information. The vertical axis should show H, the mass of hay in kg, and the horizontal axis should show I, the ideal body-weight of the horse in kg. Mark the points clearly, and join them up with a line. You will find the tips for drawing graphs on page 84 of Unit 2 useful.
You can draw your graph either by hand (using graph paper) or using a computer.
(iii) Quin is overweight and being fed 6.5 kg of hay each day. Explain how you could use your graph to find his ideal body-weight to the nearest 10 kg.
(c) The farrier charges £65 to shoe a horse, £20 to trim an unshod horse’s hooves, and £10 for travelling.
(i) Ursula has two unshod horses and three shod horses. Calculate how much the farrier will charge on a visit to shoe the shod horses and trim the hooves of the unshod horses.
(ii) Construct a formula for the cost C, in £, for a visit by the farrier to shoe s shod horses and trim the hooves of t unshod horses.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Question 1
Prices under offer (1)
Therefore, the price is £4.50 – £1.35 = £3.15
Therefore, the price is £1.29 – £0.387 = £0.903
Prices under offer (2)
If 70% = 450 g
100% =?
100% = £1.29
70%
Prices under offer (3)
Buy one, get another one half price
One 450g pack = £4.50
Half of £4.50 = £2.25
So, two 450g packs cost = £4.50 + £2.25 = £6.75
Therefore,
If 900g = £6.75
Then, 100g =
Percentage decrease
£1.29 – £0.75 = £0.54
Comparison table
Offer 1
Offer 2
Offer 3
Quantity (in g)
540
742.857
1000
Total cost (in £)
5.403
5.403
7.29
Price/100g (in £)
0.903
0.903
0.75
Question 2
1 : 25 000
This means that 1 cm on the map represents 25 000 cm on the ground
Therefore, 18.4 cm represents:
18.4 cm x 25 000 cm = 460000 cm
This is equivalent to 460,000cm divided by 100,000cm = 4.6 km
(i)
Distance = 8 km
Time = 2.5 hours
(ii) 1 km/h = 0.277778 m/s
Therefore, 0.277778 x 3.2 = 0.89 m/s
(i) 180m – 60m = 120m
120m + 250m = 370m
370m – 150m = 220m
Highest height = 370m
Lowest height = 120m
(ii) Number line
(iii)
Naismith’s Rule
H = 140 m
D = 2.6 km or 2600 m
T = 520 + 0.23 + 104 = 624.23 minutes
Question 3
Hay eating table of an overweight horse
Ideal body weight of horse (in Kg)
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Weight of hay (H in Kg)
3
4.5
6
7.5
9
10.5
12
Graph
First is to pinpoint where 6.5 kg of hay is on the vertical axis and draw a straight line to join the line of the plot and then check the value of ideal body-weight of the horse of the horizontal axis.
(i) Charges
£65 = to shoe a horse
£20 = to trim an unshod horse hooves
£10 = travelling
Total charge = (2 x £20) + (3 x £65) + £10
Overall total = £40 + £195 + £10 = £245
(ii) Assume x = the number of horses to shoe
y = the number to trim an unshod hooves
C = 65 x + 20 y + 10
Reference
Magyari-Sáska, Z. & Dombay, Ş. (2012). Determining minimum hiking time using DEM. Geographia Napocensis (Academia Romana – Filiala Cluj Colectivul de Geografie). Anul VI (2): 124–9. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
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Assuming that all entities involved in these arrangements are Australian residents, discuss the income tax consequences to Xena, Lawless, Gabrielle and Gaby of each of the following alternatives.
Option A: Xena issues 500 convertible notes with a face value of $1000 that will convert to 10 ordinary shares in Xena in seven years. The coupon rate is 5% per annum.
Option B: Xena will issue the lender 5,000 preference shares with a face value of $100 each and a dividend rate of 5%. In 7 years they will revert to ordinary shares.
Option C: Lawless is not satisfied with Xena acquiring a minority interest and initiates a takeover bid for Gabrielle. It makes an offer to purchase all shares in Gabrielle, issuing a $10 share in Lawless plus $10 cash for each share in Gabrielle. It succeeds in acquiring 85% of the shares in Gabrielle. Gaby accepts the offer.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The Income Tax Implications of the Transactions
In Australia, income tax is the most important revenue to the government within the boundaries of the Australian taxation system. Usually, it is levied on three sources in the individual citizens, including personal earnings, capital gains, and business income. It is recorded that the three elements of tax levy amount to approximately 67% of the federal government revenue. The system of taxation in this country is designed in a way that those who earn more pay more, while those who earn less remit relatively lower levies.[1] However, company taxes are calculated at a flat rate of 30%, as opposed to individual incomes, which are subjected to various progressive rates.[2] In this regard, the tax system ensures that each and every individual or entity is justly taxed, depending on prevailing circumstances. The following analysis focuses on presented case studies to calculate the taxes that can be levied in each case, and the subsequent income tax implications.
Duncan
The decision by Duncan to take the share offer and exercise his right to a full allocation was a wise decision. At the time of the offer, Duncan was on an income of $75,000, thus, his tax bill was as follows:
0 – 18,200
0
18,201 – 37,000
3,571.81
37,001 – 80,000
15,921.675
19,493.485
By choosing to exercise the share purchase via the Employee Share Trust Duncan was able to spread his income tax liability and avoid it altogether. This was not done illegally, but legally. The Employee Share Trust allows Duncan to purchase the shares but have the purchase allowed in tax since contributions. By using the Employee Share Trust, Duncan is influenced by the tax system that allows him to save and for that is able to invest both for his own good and for the community. He has managed to find a balance between work, investment and savings. This has allowed him to develop since by the time he cashes his options, he will make a tidy sum. By increasing the overall level of resources available to the Employee Trust Fund, Duncan has ensured he does not have to pay for any gains the share makes. Technically, the shares do belong to the trust fund, thus for Duncan, his income tax bill remains the same. This allows for efficiency in the Australian economy. Proper reporting encourages and promotes investments that reduce inefficiencies in resource consumption.[3] It could be argued that taxation does affect savings negatively. This argument is based on the assumption that both savings and taxation compete for the same finite pool of individual resources. However, this is not the case. Contributions which are the repayments and regular contribution to the Employee Trust fund attract tax deductions, while any interest is not taxed. However, withdrawals are taxed fully.
When Duncan finally cashes in his options at $1.00 above the market price, he will have to pay the full tax on this transaction. This strategy allows Duncan to postpone the tax liability to when he exercises his option. Duncan is able to postpone income by choosing to have the option exercised via the Employee Trust Fund. It allows Duncan to defer some of his income. Were he to exercise his options personally, it would mean taking his taxable income to a higher tax bracket. Furthermore, it could lower his income making it easy to meet the 2 percent floor required for taking certain deductions. When considering miscellaneous itemized deductions, Duncan could easily meet the 2 percent floor required for taking certain deductions. This is because the miscellaneous itemized deductions will allow Duncan to adjust gross income (AGI) when amalgamated. Duncan has managed to postpone income in order to delay the payment of his tax liability for as long as possible. With the anticipated change of employer, Duncan choice of year to exercise his option makes him lower his tax burden. On the year he cashes his options, there is no salary to swell up the income. This works to reduce the tax bracket.[4] This allows Duncan to derive the greatest advantage from his deductions.
Debbie
Debbie has been enjoying benefits that allow her to pay her taxes in a progressive manner. She only gets to pay for taxes on what she has used. For example, when she does not drive, she does not to pay for it. Additionally, the company parking offered by the company is not a direct cost to Debbie. Thus given the tax – her taxes have morphed to consumption tax in their nature; she is able to operate on a level playing ground. With the current income tax system being referred to as a progressive tax system, it will allow Debbie to operate on a level playing field. Debbie is not a low income earner. As a high-income earner, Debbie will pay tax at a rate of 15 percent as opposed to 25 – 30 percent that is applicable to other Australians.[5] Though it may seem unprogressive, the strategy allows for necessities to be exempt of have their tax levied at a lower rate. On the face of it, it would seem Debbie is not saving. However, a closer focus at Debbie reveals one who understands that taxation will only apply to her when she spends. For Debbie, the tax code performs a very important function; that of modifying her behavior. It was governments’ foresight of the future of IRA – that there was going to be Social Security System death, that it took the initiative to encourage individual savings secondary to the system. It is the consumption tax that would carry on the build-in-form encouragement. It should be evident that Debbie will not like all the tax decisions taken. She may feel that the government was been against her position, but she must remember that the government only makes decisions that will benefit the masses. Thus, it has been presuppose that if consumers only paid tax on what they had consumed as opposed to what they had earned. This way, even earnings that are not declared get captured when the earnings are used to purchase goods and services. This way, loopholes stop being major influencers. For Debbie, she will gain great benefits by paying her taxes as they fall due. When this is not achieved, it becomes very crazy when they must prepare quarterly estimated tax payments. When tax liabilities cease to become a burden on Debbie, the she, together with a large percent of the population would avoid tax troubles and live within their means.[6] For Debbie, compliance will allow her to enjoy the privacy and freedom – the tenets of a free society. The Tax man need not come and confirm Debbie’s individual and itemized consumption as captured in her bank account statement. With the need for federal withholding eradicated, there would be a net growth in net pay. This extra income that Debbie would have at her disposal would then be used to pay for goods and services. For Debbie, instead of having to estimate the tax payments and having to withhold at the source, will now increase the amount of tax payable on account of additional products and services sold.
As with any system of taxation, there is always the potential for abuse.[7] Levying a consumption tax in lieu of the income tax would give the responsibility to business owners and Debbie to collect and turn over the taxes. That is a lot of money to be entrusted to our nation’s companies. For Debbie, there is a very good answer to this quandary: She could embrace the use of a merchant branded card. When used for making purchases, the tax is paid directly without having to recalculate it item by item. That way the Debbie never has access to the funds and cannot abuse her position.
EW
EW’s choice of a share option plan as an incentive for employees is a cost-efficient and helps improve its overall business performance. When EW introduced the Employee share scheme, it was seeking to give valued employees an opportunity to own a part of the organization. To EW, the employee share scheme was an excellent commercial tool, that when applied assists in maximizing the intrinsic value of the organization.
EW granted each employee 1,000 ordinary shares at a discount of $1 per share below market value. Given the market value of the share was $5.30 at the time of implementing the strategy, each employee who took up the share option purchased the share at $4.30. With each employee having a choice between outright purchase or financing by EW Employee Share Trust, it is anticipated that the trust will recover the shares full price for the financed employees from the dividends received. To ensure that the share price is not vulnerable to speculative attacks, employees will be expected not to dispose the shares before three years have lapsed.[8] In exercising their option, Capital Gains Tax may be payable in gains exceed the employee’s annual tax free allowances. EW will be eligible for Corporation Tax Relief for the costs of establishing and administering the CSOP and the cost of providing the shares under the scheme.[9]
Practical Issues
To ensure the successful introduction and management of the employee share scheme, some critical issues will have to be addressed and laws adhered to in order to ensure that the distribution of shares abides by specific rules as spelt out with in the EW’s constitution and relevant legislation. These include the company’s Act 2006, the Financial Services and Markets Act and the listing rules of the Stock market, employees will be have restricted ability to dispose off their shares for three years if still employed o until they leave EW.[10] EW will also have to seek approval from the regulators to operate a tax-advantaged scheme as the one designed for EW. To ensure employees reap the maxim benefits from this strategy, there will have to be precise and specific communication with regards to the risks and benefits of the employee share ownership system. Adherence and fidelity to financial services regulations since the share schemes are financial and there are clear guidelines with regards to appropriate exclusions for scheme trustees and exemptions for their promotional materials. Finally, depending on the circumstances prevailing presently, there might be a need for a prospectus to be issued.
Addressingthetaxissues
The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) does considers that there are a number of acceptable methodologies for ascertaining the capital/dividend split, although not all have equal applicability in every case. Each share buy-back is unique and must be well thought-out to establish the most ideal methodology to address each cases. The ATO appreciates that there exists many methods of determining the capita component of a particular buy-back for tax purposes.[11] The Average Capital per Share method has emerged as ideally suited to the task. The suitability of this method is premised on its ability to identify the average capital for each share the company has on issue. It is this average amount that is the basis of determining the capital component for each of the shares bought back.
To get the average capital amount, the amount held in the company’s share capital account is divided by the number of shares on issue. When applying the formula for determining the average capital amount, some adjustment will have to be undertaken in response to the environment under which it operates. These adjustments will address the number of different share classes on issue, the number of partly paid up shares of issue and whether there has been a recent injection of capital in the organization.[12] When an organization does not consider the buy-back for market value consideration, it could very possible result in additional amounts being assessable to the exiting shareholder.
When implemented properly, a share buy-back allows the organization to effectively exit particular shareholders or reinvest surplus funds to a particular shareholder group.[13] Despite the tax bill that could be accrued, it can be petered over through application of methodologies that are recommended by ATO when determining the capital/dividend split.
Option A:
Xena issues 500 convertible notes with a face value of $1000 that will convert to 10 ordinary shares in Xena in seven years. The coupon rate is 5% per annum. Xena will have to generate enough resources to meet the interest obligations when they fall due. By choosing the convertible note, Xena is positioning itself for a productive future and wants the partner coming in to buy into the future of Xena. Despite it being a subsidiary of Lawless, it operates autonomously. The new debt will have an effect on the dividends payable to Lawless, which in turn will have an effect of the tax declared by Lawless. Gabrielle will have get a strong partner coming into its operations. The convertible notes will not only guarantee Xena can lock in the future dividends should Gabrielle continue on the current growth trajectory. Gaby should expect the transaction to result in value of the Gabrielle shares. From the current cost of $5, there should be significant shift. This will have to be captured in Gaby’s computation of her income tax.
Initial Recognition
The following accounting entries must be recorded upon initial recognition:
Dr – Cash/Bank
$500,000 (Total Proceeds)
Dr – Share Option (Premium)
$144,622 (Balancing Figure)
Cr – Liability
$664,622 (Note 1)
Note 1:
Present value of future interest payments and principal using 5%:
Year1:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05]
=
$47,619.0
Year2:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05^2]
=
$45,351.5
Year3:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05^3]
=
$43,191.1
Year4:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05^4]
=
$41,135.1
Year5:
$50,000 (interest)
X
[1/1.05^5]
=
$39,176.3
Year6:
$50,000 (interest)
X
[1/1.05^6]
=
$37,310.8
Year7:
$50,000 (interest)
X
[1/1.05^7]
=
$35,534.1
Year7:
$500,000 (principal)
x
[1/1.05^7]
=
$ 355,340.5
Total
$ 644,622.0
Subsequent Measurement
Interest expense will be charged using 5%. The difference between interest paid and interest charged will be added to the liability component as follows:
Interest Expense
Liability
$
$
Year1:
[664,622 x 5%]
33,231
[664,662 + 33,231 – 50,000*]
647,853
Year2:
[647,853x 5%]
32,392
[647,853 + 32,392 – 50,000]
630,245
Year3:
[630,245 x 5%]
31,512
[630,245 + 31,512 – 50,000]
611,757
Year4:
[611,757 x 5%]
30,588
[611,757 + 30,588 – 50,000]
592,354
Year5:
[592,345 x 5%]
29,617
[592,345 + 29,617 – 50,000]
571,962
Year6:
[571,962 x 5%]
28,599
[571,962 + 28,599 – 50,000]
550,561
Year 7
[550,561 x 5%]
27,528
[550,561 + 27,528 – 50,000]
528,089
*$50,000 is the 10% nominal interest.
Maturity
Following accounting entry will be required to account for the conversion of bonds into shares after three years:
Dr – Liability
$500,000
Dr – Share Options (equity)
$144,622
Cr – Share Capital
$500,000
Cr – Share Premium
$144,622
Option B:
Xena will issue the lender 5,000 preference shares with a face value of $100 each and a dividend rate of 5%. In 7 years, they will revert to ordinary shares.
The preference shares the best debt vehicle for a lender since the debt is secured and payment is preferred over other debts. Xena will secure the necessary funding needed to purchase a minority stake in Gabrielle. Xena must consider the loan and interest repayment when capturing its operational expenses. This will mean a reduction in the profitability of Xena, and by extension, reduced profitability to Lawless. Lawless as stated before will experience reduced profitability in the short run. In the long run, the investment will result in additional profitability and thus additional tax liability. Gaby will have their debt secured and preferred over any other debt in the organization. For Gaby, the periodic interest to paid out represent a regular income. This will have to be captured in order to determine the appropriate income tax liability. The
Initial Recognition
The following accounting entries must be recorded upon initial recognition:
Dr – Cash/Bank
$500,000 (Total Proceeds)
Dr – Share Option (Premium)
$144,622 (Balancing Figure)
Cr – Liability
$664,622 (Note 1)
Note 1:
Present value of future interest payments and principal using 5%:
Year1:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05]
=
$47,619.0
Year2:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05^2]
=
$45,351.5
Year3:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05^3]
=
$43,191.1
Year4:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05^4]
=
$41,135.1
Year5:
$50,000 (interest)
X
[1/1.05^5]
=
$39,176.3
Year6:
$50,000 (interest)
X
[1/1.05^6]
=
$37,310.8
Year7:
$50,000 (interest)
X
[1/1.05^7]
=
$35,534.1
Year7:
$500,000 (principal)
x
[1/1.05^7]
=
$ 355,340.5
Total
$ 644,622.0
Subsequent Measurement
Interest expense will be charged using 5%. The difference between interest paid and interest charged will be added to the liability component as follows:
Interest Expense
Liability
$
$
Year1:
[664,622 x 5%]
33,231
[664,662 + 33,231 – 50,000*]
647,853
Year2:
[647,853x 5%]
32,392
[647,853 + 32,392 – 50,000]
630,245
Year3:
[630,245 x 5%]
31,512
[630,245 + 31,512 – 50,000]
611,757
Year4:
[611,757 x 5%]
30,588
[611,757 + 30,588 – 50,000]
592,354
Year5:
[592,345 x 5%]
29,617
[592,345 + 29,617 – 50,000]
571,962
Year6:
[571,962 x 5%]
28,599
[571,962 + 28,599 – 50,000]
550,561
Year 7
[550,561 x 5%]
27,528
[550,561 + 27,528 – 50,000]
528,089
*$50,000 is the 10% nominal interest.
Maturity
The following accounting entry will be required to account for the conversion of bonds into shares after three years:
Dr – Liability
$500,000
Dr – Share Options (equity)
$144,622
Cr – Share Capital
$500,000
Cr – Share Premium
$144,622
Option C:
Lawless is not satisfied with Xena acquiring a minority interest and initiates a takeover bid for Gabrielle. It makes an offer to purchase all shares in Gabrielle, issuing a $10 share in Lawless plus $10 cash for each share in Gabrielle. Lawless managed in acquiring 85% in Gabrielle. Gaby accepts the offer. Gaby will have to account for the new income that constitutes the offer price. This being a one off-payment will make the income tax bill to be big. Gaby can chose to declare the income in the next financial year thus reducing its tax burden. Gabrielle will have acquired a bigger partner. This strategy, however, has the risk of not determining whether the new owner will change things or leave operations as currently secured.[14] Lawless on its part will have to report on more income tax, since all the dividends declared by Gabrielle now belong to Lawless, its income tax will grow exponentially.
In order to reduce the influence of Tax consideration on how financial arrangements are structured, the organization will embrace Taxation of Financial Arrangements (TOFA). In its implementation, TOFA aims to align even closer the taxation recognition of gains and losses on financial arrangements with the resultant gains or losses being commercially recognized.[15]
Despite TOFA providing an overarching and comprehensive framework aimed at addressing directly the economic substance of arrangement, it does not exemplify a code so exclusive that covers taxation of gains and losses from financial arrangements. Consequently, TOFA will provide Xena with the basic framework that is principle-based and ideal for the taxation of gain and losses from financial arrangement based on their economic substance rather that legal form. These will more often than not be included in assessable income or allowed as a deduction on revenue account.
Bibliography
Balachandran, Balasingham, Dean Hanlon, and Hanghang Tu. 2013. “Tax-induced earnings management within a dividend imputation system.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 3: 555-582.
Dempsey, Mike, and Graham Partington. 2008. “Cost of capital equations under the Australian imputation tax system.”Accounting & Finance 48, no. 3: 439-460.
Eccleston, Richard. 2013. “The Tax Reform Agenda in Australia.” Australian Journal Of Public Administration 72, no. 2: 103-113.
Evans, Chris, and Jason Kerr. 2012. “Tax reform and ‘rough justice’: is it time for simplicity to shine?.” Australian Tax Forum 27, no. 2: 387-410.
Handley, John C., and Krishnan Maheswaran. 2008. “A Measure of the Efficacy of the Australian Imputation Tax System.” Economic Record 84, no. 264: 82-94.
Ikin, Catherine, and Alfred Tran. “Corporate tax strategy in the Australian dividend imputation system.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 3 (July 2013): 523-553.
Kalb, Guyonne, Hsein Kew, and Rosanna Scutella. 2005. “Effects of the Australian New Tax System on Income Tax and Benefits with and without Labour Supply Responses.” Australian Economic Review 38, no. 2: 137-158.
Lavermicocca, Catriona, and Margaret McKerchar. 2013. “The impact of managing tax risk on the tax compliance behaviour of large Australian companies.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 4: 707-723.
Thompson, William D. 2010. “Taxation Law: A Long-term Plan for Australian Tax Reform – the Henry Report and the Government’s Response.” Keeping Good Companies 62, no. 5: 305.d
Whiteford, Peter. 2010. “The Australian Tax-Transfer System: Architecture and Outcomes.” Economic Record 86, no. 275: 528-544.
[1] [1] Handley, John C., and Krishnan Maheswaran. 2008. “A Measure of the Efficacy of the Australian Imputation Tax System.” Economic Record 84, no. 264: 82-94.
[2] Balachandran, Balasingham, Dean Hanlon, and Hanghang Tu. 2013. “Tax-induced earnings management within a dividend imputation system.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 3: 555-582.
[3] Ikin, Catherine, and Alfred Tran. “Corporate tax strategy in the Australian dividend imputation system.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 3 (July 2013): 523-553.
[4] Lavermicocca, Catriona, and Margaret McKerchar. 2013. “The impact of managing tax risk on the tax compliance behaviour of large Australian companies.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 4: 707-723.
[5] Handley, John C., and Krishnan Maheswaran. 2008. “A Measure of the Efficacy of the Australian Imputation Tax System.” Economic Record 84, no. 264: 82-94.
[6] Balachandran, Balasingham, Dean Hanlon, and Hanghang Tu. 2013. “Tax-induced earnings management within a dividend imputation system.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 3: 555-582.
[7] Whiteford, Peter. 2010. “The Australian Tax-Transfer System: Architecture and Outcomes.” Economic Record 86, no. 275: 528-544.
[8] Kalb, Guyonne, Hsein Kew, and Rosanna Scutella. 2005. “Effects of the Australian New Tax System on Income Tax and Benefits with and without Labour Supply Responses.” Australian Economic Review 38, no. 2: 137-158.
[9] Evans, Chris, and Jason Kerr. 2012. “Tax reform and ‘rough justice’: is it time for simplicity to shine?.” Australian Tax Forum 27, no. 2: 387-410.
[10] Thompson, William D. 2010. “Taxation Law: A Long-term Plan for Australian Tax Reform – the Henry Report and the Government’s Response.” Keeping Good Companies 62, no. 5: 305.
[11] Dempsey, Mike, and Graham Partington. 2008. “Cost of capital equations under the Australian imputation tax system.”Accounting & Finance 48, no. 3: 439-460.
[12] Evans, Chris, and Jason Kerr. 2012. “Tax reform and ‘rough justice’: is it time for simplicity to shine?.” Australian Tax Forum 27, no. 2: 387-410.
[13] Eccleston, Richard. 2013. “The Tax Reform Agenda in Australia.” Australian Journal Of Public Administration 72, no. 2: 103-113.
[14] Balachandran, Balasingham, Dean Hanlon, and Hanghang Tu. 2013. “Tax-induced earnings management within a dividend imputation system.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 3: 555-582.
[15] Eccleston, Richard. 2013. “The Tax Reform Agenda in Australia.” Australian Journal Of Public Administration 72, no. 2: 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12019
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