How Is Globalization Affecting the Key Actors in the International System?

How Is Globalization Affecting the Key Actors
How Is Globalization Affecting the Key Actors

How Is Globalization Affecting the Key Actors

How Is Globalization Affecting the Key Actors

Order Instructions:

Essay 1 (2000 words)

Is global governance desirable and/or necessary?

Essay 2 (3000 words)How is globalisation affecting the key actors in the international system?

ASSESSMENT

Criteria

Ensure you analyse and critique rather than simply describing the topic. This involves

using an analytical framework; – Choose relevant examples to illustrate your argument.

Tie theoretical perspectives to real-world examples; – Demonstrate comprehension of the

subject and ensure factual accuracy; – Structure their argument clearly – ensuring that their

essay flows from one point to the next; – Ensure you use evidence to back up the points you

are making; – Use high quality, relevant primary and secondary source literature and

reference their sources using a standard referencing protocol; – Proof-read you work before

submission, write in short sentences, use proper punctuation and grammar.

SAMPLE ANSWER

How Is Globalization Affecting the Key Actors in the International System?

Introduction

Globalization basically has no precise definition. In actual fact, globalization is in danger of becoming the truism of the modern era. Even so, the word globalization encompasses aspects of an extensive perception that there is a widening, deepening and accelerating of global interconnectedness in virtually every aspect of life (Rourke & Boyer, 2000). At the core of globalization is a global shift; meaning, the globe being shaped by technological and economic forces, into a collective political and economic arena. The three main perspectives with regard to globalization include transformationalist, the sceptical, and the hyperglobalist viewpoints (Verma & Singh, 2010).

Hyperglobalists: those who hold this viewpoint maintain the world today is a more and more global world wherein countries are being subject to immense political as well as economic processes of transformation. These processes serve to erode and fragment countries and reduce the power of political leaders. In circumstances such as these ones, countries are becoming gradually more the ‘decision- takers’ rather than the ‘decision-makers’ (D’Anieri, 2011). The sceptical: those with this viewpoint strongly oppose the perspective of hyperglobalists and maintain that present-day global circumstances are not unprecedented. According to them, although there has been an increase in social and international activity in the past few years, this has served to reinforce and enhance the powers of state in a number of domains (D’Anieri, 2011). Transformationalists: those who have this view maintain that globalization is producing novel economic, political as well as social situations that are actually altering powers of the state and the context wherein countries operate. Transformationalists do not try to envisage the outcome (Popa, 2014). They maintain that it is uncertain – but assert that politics is not just rooted in nation-states.

 Globalization

Globalization can suitably be seen as a process which exemplifies a change in the spatial organization of social transactions as well as relations, resulting in interregional or transcontinental flows and networks of activities, interaction as well as power (Kilic, 2015). Globalization is typified by the following: integration of international/global economic decision-making, integration of international economic decision-making, exponential growth in global fiscal transactions, increases in global Non-Governmental Organizations and Activities (NGOs), and strengthened political International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) (Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2006).

Furthermore, globalization is typified by 4 kinds of change: (i) globalization entails a stretching of economic, political and social activities across political regions, frontiers, and countries. (ii) Globalization involves the intensification of interconnectedness as well as flows of migration, finance, investment, and trade. (iii) The increasing intensity and extensity of international interconnectedness could be associated with an increase of international processes and interactions, as the development of global communication and transport systems increases the rate of the dissemination of information, capital, people, goods and ideas (Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2006). (iv) The rising intensity, extensity and rate of international interactions can be linked to their increasing impact such that the effects of distant occurrences could be very considerable in other places. In fact, the most local events and occurrences could have considerable international implications. As such, the boundaries between international affairs and domestic matters can become more and more blurred. On the whole, globalization could be described as the broadening, increasing, accelerating and rising impact of international interconnectedness (Nederveen & Dasgupta, 2009). When globalization is thought of in this manner, then patterns of international relations and connections could be empirically mapped in all major domains of human activity.

Principal actors in international system

 In the international system, the key actors include country government, international organizations, non-government organizations, multinational enterprises, inter-governmental organizations, and transnational corporations.

State Actors

On the modern world stage, the state is certainly one of the oldest and universally recognized actors. A State refers to a political unit which has sovereignty over a territory and the citizens in that territory (Gaur, 2015). Examples of states include sovereign country governments such as Italy, Canada, USA, UK, and Egypt among other countries.

Intergovernmental Organizations

Even as States are still the leading and main actors on the global stage, other important actors also exist such as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). These are created by states, often through a treaty. The common IGOs are International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, International Criminal Police Organizations, and the World Bank Group. IGOs mainly do not have a way of enforcing state compliance with their decisions, perhaps except with the assistance of powerful nations (Kegley Jr. & Wittkopf, 2004).

Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)

Not every actor on the world’s stage has governmental roles. NGOs are essentially not-for-profit voluntary organizations which support public good or pursue it. These organizations are by and large involved in such things as economic development, issues pertaining to human rights, social welfare, as well as humanitarian assistance. Common non-governmental organizations are Greenpeace, the Amnesty International, Oxfam, and the Red Cross (Nederveen, & Dasgupta, 2009).

Multinational Enterprises

The other significant grouping of actors comprises multinational enterprises (MNEs). These are for-profit organizations with presence in more than 1 country. It is notable that some multinational enterprises such as Sony, General Electric, General Motors, and Wal-mart have very large amounts of monetary resources that equal or exceed the resources of smaller nations like Burundi, Fiji and Somalia. It is notable that an MNE’s interests do not essentially coincide with those of the countries wherein they do business, or even the MNE’s home country (Seitan, 2014).

Sub-state actors or domestic actors

These comprise groups of persons who have the same interests not beyond the countries which can affect the foreign policy of the State. Examples include tobacco sector and automobile sector in USA. These sectors, in essence, have interests in the country’s foreign fiscal policy so that they may sell automobiles or cigarette products overseas and decrease importations of competing products produced overseas. They can influence the decisions made with regard to their country’s laws with the aim of protecting the rights of workers (Antonelli, & Fassio, 2016).

 Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)

These are organizations whose members comprise at least 3 countries. These organizations are formed by countries to resolve common problems that give them authority of making collective decisions to deal with various problems and issues on the international agenda (Francioni, Musso & Vardiabasis, 2013). In IGOs, the representatives of country governments assemble to talk about issues which are of shared interests to member countries. There are 2 major kinds of Intergovernmental Organizations: the global Intergovernmental Organizations and the regional Intergovernmental Organizations. Global Intergovernmental Organizations are organizations with universal or nearly universal membership; this means that each country is a member such as the International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, and the United Nations. Regional Intergovernmental Organizations are essentially a subset of countries as members basing upon a certain interest or region, for instance the European Union and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (Kegley Jr. & Wittkopf, 2004).

There are several reasons that cause countries to create or join Intergovernmental Organization. As per liberal institutionalism, states form Intergovernmental Organizations since it is in their best interest to form. With Intergovernmental Organizations, some problems or issues could be resolved easily and cheaper than without them. In particular, liberal institutionalism is focused on collective problems, for instance the security dilemma, the appeal to execute competitive tariffs, as well as the difficulty in agreeing to protect the environment (Art & Jervis, 2011).

Countries should correspond with one another and oversee other countries in order to ensure that they are actually sticking to their commitments to acknowledge many of the problems. For instance, in the case of free trade, the World Trade Organization was created to coordinate the negotiation of tariffs and offer a mechanism for dispute resolution. Some of these tasks may be more complex and costly to implement without the Intergovernmental Organizations (Taylor et al., 2014). There are times in which Intergovernmental Organizations are not only formed to resolve problems but also to offer a platform for discussing crucial issues (Art & Jervis, 2011). The United Nations General Assembly has no predetermined agenda but offers a forum for countries to talk about and debate matters that come up. Likewise, one of the goals of the World Trade Organization is to organize meetings at which countries would negotiate to resolve major issues (Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2006).

 

Common Intergovernmental organizations and their functions

The United Nations: This is in charge of maintaining international peace and security. It also develops friendly relations amongst countries. It also seeks to accomplish international cooperation in resolving global problems. Furthermore, it functions as a center for harmonizing the actions of states. World Trade Organization: this organization manages disputes that arise from trading partners. It also monitors trade in agriculture and manufacture commodities. ASEAN: this organization promotes regional economic, social and culture cooperation amongst the nations situated in the Southeast Asia region (Vadlamannati, 2015). NATO: this organization is a system of joint defense in which the member countries agree to collective defense in response to a military attack by a country that is not a NATO member state.

 Transnational Actors

These are actors which function below the state level. However, they function across the state borders. The 2 sorts of transnational actors include nongovernmental organizations and multinational/transnational corporations. Multinational/Transnational Corporations: Multinational corporations are firms which have headquarters in one country but do business extensively in other countries. Such companies are based in one country but have divisions that operate in other nations (Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2006). Put simply, such a firm is a big organization operating globally in different nations at the same time, with fixed facilities and staff members in state.

Types of multinational companies 

Industrial corporations manufacture their products in production facilities in different states and sell them to businesses and clients located in different states. The biggest multinational companies operate in the automobile, oil and electronic industries. Virtually every multinational corporation has its headquarters in the Group of Seven countries. Examples of these firms include Sony, Honda, Toyota, BP, BMW, General Motors, Wal-Mart, Total and Apple. Financial institutions like banks: these do business globally but have more restrictions compared to industrial corporations (Mehrabanfar, 2015). Examples include international airlines like Asiana Airlines, Virgin Atlantic; Hilton Hotels & Resorts and Sheraton; and services like McDonald’s fast-food chain.

Multinational corporations are becoming more and more powerful as autonomous actors. A lot of the industrial multinational corporations, Wal-Mart for instance, have yearly revenues of tens of billions of dollars annually. Multinational corporations can match most global companies in monetary resources as well as size. The biggest intergovernmental organizations, which is the United Nations, has an estimated two billion dollars annual revenue, which is really small in comparison to over 250 billion dollars for the largest multinational corporations. The biggest country economically, USA, has government revenues of over $2 trillion annually. This clearly demonstrates that the power of multinational corporations does not rival the biggest countries but in fact surpasses a lot of poorer countries (Francioni, Musso & Vardiabasis, 2013). Multinational corporations are viewed as citizens of the world and they are beholden to not any government. Head of Dow Chemicals Company once envisioned to purchase an island to construct the company’s head office. In such view, multinational corporations act internationally in the interests of their global stockholders. In actual fact, they do not owe loyalty to any country. Multinational corporations are motivated by the need to maximize profitability (Nederveen, & Dasgupta, 2009).

The operations of multinational corporations support an international business infrastructure linking a global community of businesspersons. For instance, an American manager who arrives in Tokyo Japan does not find a confusing and puzzling scene of strange customs, locations, as well as languages. Instead, this manager would be able to move through a known series of faxes and telephone calls, multinational hotels, airport lounges, business conference facilities, and international news broadcasts – most likely hearing the English language spoken in all of these (Mehrabanfar, 2015). Moreover, multinational corporations contribute to the development of their host country. As transnational companies operate in other countries, they create job opportunities for the locals in that country and in so doing help to stabilize the economy in that particular country.

 Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)

In the contemporary world, a lot of people find that by joining nongovernmental organizations, they may be able take part in the global system and lobby to influence international organizations. Most have joined as members of one or more nongovernmental organizations, which have roughly 30,000 members worldwide. Nongovernmental organizations are private global actors whose members are not countries, but rather volunteers from populations of 2 or more countries that have formed organizations to foster their common interests and ideals for the purpose of influencing the policies of intergovernmental organizations and country governments. Nongovernmental organizations handle many international issues and seek changes in the world for various causes like human rights, environmental protection and disarmament, among others (Nederveen & Dasgupta, 2009). Many nongovernmental organizations pursue objectives that are very much respected and positive, hence do not result in any controversies or a lot of resistance.

NGOs interact with multinational companies, nation-states, and sub-state actors, plus other NGOs. NGOs are increasingly becoming recognized in the UN and other forums, as real actors together with countries but are not equal to them. Some of the groups have a political purpose, some a humanitarian purpose, while others have an economic purpose. There are times in which nongovernmental organizations mix efforts by means of transnational advocacy networks (Antonelli & Fassio, 2016). By joining nongovernmental organizations, a lot of people learn that they may take part in the global system and lobby to influence multinational organizations.

Examples of nongovernmental organizations

A nongovernmental organization that particularly fights for human rights is the Amnesty International; a global movement of individuals campaigning for globally acknowledged human rights for everyone. They carry out research and generate actions aimed at preventing or ending serious human rights abuses and demanding justice for people whose human rights have been infringed. The main issues which have been campaigned include freedom of the press, welfare of children, protection of civilians during armed conflicts, rights of women, disability rights, rights of people with AIDS, human impact of pollution and environmental degradation among others (Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2006). The other sort of nongovernmental organizations is the religious movement. They are a politically active organization rooted in strong religious beliefs. Even though religious movements had a powerful influence in politics in the past decades for instance being able to cause a war between communities with different religious beliefs, religious movements these days are in fact peace makers between conflicting countries.

 Political Groups that Advocate Violence: Terrorists

Political factions which support violence or terrorism may really not refer to themselves nongovernmental organizations, but they operate in more or less the same fashion which is by interacting with countries and with relevant populations or institutions by means of violence and terrorist attacks. These groups have great power. They influence the international relations between different countries. One group that is currently active is the Islamic State group.

 International Criminal Groups

These actors are that are seen as transnational actors but they act in an illicit fashion. Most of these them have a great capacity of monetary resources which gives them the ability to influence the policies of the state (Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2006). Some international criminal groups can even threaten the security of the country. They are mainly operated secretly making it not easy for the authorities and the police to find them. These groups are largely involved in various crimes including human trafficking, drugs, prostitution, as well as firearms. Examples of international criminal groups include the Sicilian Mafia in Italy, Yakuza in Japan, and also Triads in Taiwan, Macau, and Hong Kong, Macau (Art & Jervis, 2011).

Impacts of Globalization

There are several effects that emerge from globalization which impacts different economies of the world. The production of goods and services is affected by different elements of globalization. This has also seen the development of different approaches of production such as capital and other inputs and labor that are primarily dependent on the levels of globalization. Additionally, competitiveness as seen in producing a good or service has resulted in the diffusion of technology that has resulted in the initiation of nations to other developed cities (Gaur, 2015). Having considered this, globalization is therefore ascribed as the force behind the efficiencies that have been experienced in affecting investment opportunities of different organizations within different nations and markets.

Investments are known to play a central role in technological transfer, formation of global investment and in industrial restructuring which have an effect in the national level (Luković, 2015). New technological advancements in different economies additionally remain an essential factor in globalization that stimulate competition and enhances the diffusion of nations through foreign direct investments.

Perception in world politics

Facts do not speak for themselves. Facts are organized by concepts, structured by theories, interpreted by worldviews and assessed in the light of individual and subjective value systems. Realism:  this view depicts the world’s political system as a disordered chaotic struggle for security and power amongst competing nation-states. There is no higher authority besides these countries (Verma & Singh, 2010). As such, countries individually, or alongside other countries, provide for their own defense. In essence, the only effectual way of assuring security is power. Idealism-Liberal Internationalism: this view maintains that there is reason to believe that the leading global role of countries may in fact be declining (Art & Jervis, 2011). Therefore, the world should be described not just in terms of country interactions, but also in terms of growing community.

Conclusion

In conclusion, even though countries remain as the most significant actors in the global system in today’s world, non-state actors have a growing power and influence in globalization. One of the biggest multinational enterprises has annual revenues which actually exceed some of the gross domestic product of poorer countries and this demonstrates their growing influences. As the world keeps globalizing, it would really not be easy to different between multinationals, states and other actors in a period of collapsing states and reemerging countries.

References

Antonelli, C., & Fassio, C. (2016). Globalization and the Knowledge-Driven Economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 30(1), 3-14. doi:10.1177/0891242415617239

Art, R. J., & Jervis, R. (2011).  International Politics: Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues (10th ed.). New York: Pearson Education.

Bourguignon, F. (2016). Inequality and Globalization. Foreign Affairs, 95(1), 11-15.

D’Anieri, P. (2011). International Politics: Power and Purpose in Global Affairs (Brief ed.). Stamford, United States of America: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.

Francioni, B., Musso, F., & Vardiabasis, D. (2013). Key decisions and changes in internationalization strategies: The case of smaller firms. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 21(3), 240-259. doi:10.1080/0965254X.2013.790466

Gaur, A. (2015). Impact of Globalization on Trade and Employment. International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Approach & Studies, 2(5), 110-113.

Goldstein, J. S., & Pevehouse, J. C. (2006). International Relations (7th ed.). New York, United States of America: Pearson Education.

Kegley Jr., C. W., & Wittkopf, E. R. (2004). World Politics : Trend & Transformation (9th ed.). Belmont, United States of America: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

Kilic, C. (2015). Effects of Globalization on Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis for Developing Countries. Economic Insights – Trends & Challenges, 67(1), 1-11.

Mehrabanfar, E. (2015). Globalization Streams in Futures Studies. Informatica Economica, 19(3), 96-106. doi:10.12948/issn14531305/19.3.2015.09

Nederveen P. J., & Dasgupta, S. (2009). Politics of Globalization. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications India Pvt., Ltd.

Popa, F. (2014). The Inference of Globalization from the Regionalization Process. Economics, Management & Financial Markets, 9(4), 486-493.

Rourke, J. T., & Boyer, M. A. (2000). World Politics: International Politics on the World Stage, Brief (3rd ed.). New York, United States of America: Dushkin/McGraw-Hill.

Seitan, S. (2014). Problems of the Impact which Globalization Has on the Macroeconomic Balance. Economic Insights – Trends & Challenges, 66(3), 49-57.

Taylor, P. J., Hoyler, M., Pain, K., & Vinciguerra, S. (2014). Extensive and Intensive Globalizations: Explicating the Low Connectivity Puzzle Of U.S. Cities Using A City-Dyad Analysis. Journal of Urban Affairs, 36(5), 876-890. doi:10.1111/juaf.12077

Vadlamannati, K. C. (2015). Rewards of (Dis) Integration: Economic, Social, and Political Globalization and Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining Rights of Workers in Developing Countries. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 68(1), 3-27. doi:10.1177/0019793914555851

Verma, S., & Singh, P. (2010). Organizing and Managing in the Era of Globalization. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications India Pvt., Ltd.

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China the New Japan Essay Paper Available

China the New Japan
China the New Japan

China the New Japan

Order Instructions:

Aims of Assessment:

There are two central aims of assessment via presentations. Firstly students have to engage in serious in-depth research on a, for most of them, novel topic. Aim is that the research can be done in a way, which allows the production of well-written supporting documents from which then a presentation can be derived. Secondly the presentations challenge students to deliver in a concise and appealing matter. Each student required to give one 20 minute (maximum) presentations

Critical Essay – 2, 500 words

Assignment Topic

CHINA THE NEW JAPAN.

Students have to engage in serious in-depth research on a specific topic from the course content. It is advised that the topic of the essay is in some relation to the presentations. Thus module leader and peer feedback can be taken into consideration. It is important that students learn to use a variety of high quality academic resources, including monographs, academic journals and databases. Students will learn how to write in a good academic style including correct referencing, citations and working with secondary sources. Novel ideas in research are strongly encouraged. Students will learn how to organise their overall workload, find solutions how to organise the time between research and writing and meet deadlines.

Assessment Criteria

– Viable research question/hypothesis

– Clear organisational structure

– Application of appropriate theoretical and methodological framework

– Excellent research skills

– Identification of relevant scholarly debates

– Clear, appropriate and critical application of theory to practice

– Persuasive communication of appropriately academic arguments

– Broad literature base

– Good understanding of the academic literature, including demonstrated capacity to provide relevant evidence

– Critical analysis

– Demonstrated understanding of how to reflect and the need to do so

It is strictly forbidden to use any free collaborative web-based encyclopedias such as Wikipedia, ask.com etc. Non-compliance results in a severe deduction of marks.

The essay should demonstrate that you are able to do independent research using the available academic literature (periodicals, monographs) and assess it critically and analytical. It is not recommended to use textbooks and non-academic online resources.

SAMPLE ANSWER

China the New Japan

Introduction

The paper evaluates the current economic power that China wields across the world; however, it equally establishes whether China’s rosy performance on the global stage will dwindle away just like Japan’s economic boom disappeared as a result of financial malpractices. Moreover, the article looks at some of the failures that led to the falls of Japan’s economic boom, while at the same time demonstrate that China has adopted the same policies that led to Japan’s demise. By and large, the paper outlines the historical performance of both economies with respect to their macro-policies. Political systems that have shaped the vibrancy that may have shaped both economies over time are also deliberated. Technology is another factor that features prominently in this paper. Ultimately, the paper adopts a critical analysis to argue facts home.

Learning from Japan’s Mistakes

The issue of whether or not China will become the next Japan is hard to tell. This is largely informed by the vitality of markets, so anything is expected.  Three decades after a severe economic slump, Japan has lost its financial status to China.  Regardless of the convoluted historical connection, China has imitated Japan in its strategy of economic growth.  For instance the proper strategy of opening markets that presented a basis for internal foreign investment. Deng believed that such an attempt could contribute to the loss of management by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) following several years of economic decline and political anarchy. To adopt failed economic policies of Japan is a gravest of mistakes that China is doing. The world of finance is unpredictable and China may be in for serious financial woes if it does not take caution. While Japan seven decades ago, utilized a considerably low-wage workforce to produce goods so as to get foreign exchange for expanding the economy, it led to the overproduction of products which lacked the buyers. In this new age, China may take advantage of cheap labor and Taiwanese firms’ technology to establish industries and train employees with the sole goal of developing the economy.  However, the overproduction of products may turn around to hurt the economy instead.

In this perspective, China’s real economic growth started with opening up markets to a level that politics permitted following its total grasp of Japan’s three and a half decades development from a conflict-loser to an economic giant (Zheng & Hu, 2006).  Whereas, Japan was a nation that made efforts to grow from poverty to development, China was an agrarian economy that should take cautiously before attempting to emulate Japan holistically.

On the other hand, China could learn from strategies that worked for Japan. In any given stock market, the investor’s goal is being propelled back to the commencement of the biggest bull markets. For instance, envisage being in the United States two decades ago with full understanding regarding the way technological bubble could span out or 100 years back with a similar understanding of such a bubble. On Japan, there was a pre-bubble market, which is important to understand in this respect. This is followed by the nation remarkable economic development in the 1950s and 60s that was as a result of a strong exporting mechanism that contributed to a growth of more than 9% p.a during that period.

 

 

The Fate of the Economic Bubble

In addition, Japan was in a position to reach a pre-war gross domestic gross product (GDP) rate in 1955, and it had a spectacular short period when the number of the Bank of Japan increased to more than 15% p.a (Breton, 2015). Obviously, this was worrying- during the onset of the 1960s there were inadequate investment infrastructures (currently, it appears strange but previous Japanese spend less on transport facilities among others), overcapacity in iron and steel sector; and taking chances that the nation could be forced into liberalizing business activities (Zheng & Hu, 2006). However, the economy continued to soar; GDP increased by roughly 8% annually for the better part while the world was a little worried.

However, the main issue is for the goal of being wealthy there was no point going to Japan in the 50s and 60s. This is because; to a certain degree the stock market overlooked economic growth. Economic growth declined to about 4.2% in the 70s to 80s. On the other hand, the stock market increased suddenly. It increased four times in the beginning then the decades and ten times subsequently. Japanese stock market was out of control following its overreaction to American suspension of the gold guideline by “insistently printing money” to lower the yen while pumping credit into financial institutions. Any particular stock market where million business accounts are opened on a regular basis and has reached 100% within a year deserves being viewed with suspicion. In that view, all these bring into perspective China, a nation where economic development is collapsing; stock market as increased two times within a year with the decline.

In addition, a country where foreigners significantly underestimate the stock market regardless of its position in the global economy; liberalization initiatives are in progress and where the population prints money. While it can be that China is different from Japan, it’s in debt as well as an appalling corporate structure. The scenarios in both nations recognized, however, Japan’s stock market was rather terrible in the 70s and shareholders were poorly treated, as such there was nothing good about such market. Japan was able to attain a booming bull market that resulted into one of the well-known and largest bubble with no approval of shareholder value. China may follow suit. Nevertheless, this does not suggest that one goes overboard and invests in China’s stocks. Although, if China follows Japan’s trend, then investors have to deal with volatility, then there about 800% to go (Chenggang, 2015).

Stock market volatility in Japan acted as a platform for a breakthrough, though features that can be expected in a nation which is at a point of economic crisis. This does not imply trite, but in a global context; Japan is not the next Greece; rather it’s the third biggest economy worldwide. Moreover, its largest financial institutions are at the same level as the United States. It is also a worldwide power in business as well as business finance. While Japanese yen has a reserve status, it has two out of six biggest corporations worldwide and about 71 biggest 500, outshined by only United States and ahead of China, with about 46.  Furthermore, even combining largest corporation in the Asian region with China’s, the total cannot outshine Japan’s. If Japan takes a risky economic approach, it provides a significant effect on other nations globally, because the worldwide growth relies on Asia.

Japan has already presented an approach that historians will write as the momentous international currency conflict since 1930. Japan believes that it is a leader in all areas. There is a likelihood of enormous economic challenges as the country attempts to address their issues, and unfortunately, the challenges will not be restricted to Japan.  These will be the actual assessment of neo-Keynesianism theories. Japan will continue printing, monetize and expanding significantly.

Japan and China Economic Situation Evaluated

Following the collapse of the largest economic bubble in 1989, Japan continues to be mired in a two and a half non-recovery. In 2011, the nominal GDP was similar to 20 years before. Approaches to assessing nominal GDP demonstrates limited growth, however when compared China, its growth has been paltry. You can find other ways to measure nominal GDP that indicate limited growth; but compared to the US and China, nominal growth in Japan has been insignificant. Such lack of increase takes an extraordinary significance since when determining a nation’s debt to GDP, nominal GDP is regarded as the denominator. In cases where GDP is increasing while the economy is constant, the debt to GDP can increase at a remarkable rate.

In the recent past, Japan’s immeasurable and increasing debt was unsustainable, and low confidence in its finance adversely affected the economy. Major problems increased following Abe’s government efforts to drag the country from several years’ deflation using aggressive economic as well as financial stimulus (Valentine, 2014). Furthermore, the government unveiled USD 109 billion to spend and to depend on the Bank of Japan to acquire its asset, a technique considered as spend and print (Du, Fang & Jin, 2014). Much as the government’s bond has been stable, the debt to GDP increased to about 245% something that is not only considerably high but also strange (Du, Fang & Jin, 2014). There are about two years of growing an economy. On one hand, a country can increase its working people or enhance productivity on the other hand. Japan lacks the option of growing its working people, and it’s essentially intricate to an industrial market to increase productivity. If the population is in reality reducing while productivity increase is below 1%, the actual GDP increase is impossible (Hsieh & Klenow, 2009).

Besides facing enormous trade surplus for several decades, it’s currently witnessing massive trade deficits. If a country runs into at trade and economic deficits, requires private investment to fill the difference or central bank to print more money. In essence, this is an accounting identity, there are other options. Deficit massive monetization means using all the available savings. However, Japan should grow so as to address its monetary and financial mess.  Implicitly, there is a desperate need for additional exports, because its elderly population cannot provide substantial increase in consumer expenditure. If anything, Japanese aging population are hoarders as well as savers (Dobrzański, 2014). The Abe administration and Bank of Japan purposed to ensure that inflation was at about 2%. With a nominal GDP increase at 3.6%, Japan was still in deflation. The country has been attempting to generate inflation for about two years. To get an inflation of 2%, it’s necessary to increase the price of its imports. However, the challenge is that Japan imports approximately 16 percent of its GDP, which implies that to achieve an inflation of 2% then its currency should reduce by roughly 15 to 20 percent on a yearly basis. The yen has significantly reduced in the recent past.

Even though, this has to be done yearly, on business-weighted basis will all its business partners. On the other hand, as China growth declines after years of significant historical rates, the slowdown as well as stock market slump is leading to more uncertainty regarding the worldwide financial backdrop.

China’s Plummeting Economy

According to the Asian Development Bank, China growth has been growing at 7% in the last 25 years. However, pundits are concerned about the real GDP, which is likely to be lower compared to official reports. On the other hand, other analysts project the real GDP to be more at about 4-5%. Observers are also taking into account the country’s reducing use of copper, oil and other products and the declining demand for electricity- as a further depiction of a falling economy.  China is largely significant to the well-being of the worldwide economy, for example, it contributed almost 40% to the global economic development (Du, Fang & Jin, 2014). However, the decline in the Chinese product demand is influencing a broad spectrum of firms as well as countries that supply China with raw materials. According to a previous study demonstrates that the present worldwide growth in GDP of 3.3% can decline to about 0.5% China’s demand decreased considerably (Chenggang, 2015). The economic crisis in China is partly a result of its attempt to change from several years of growth reliant on exports, manufacturing and savings to the economy driven by rapidly increasing middle-class consumers.

Also, this change is directly impacting the economy of United States. Although, heightened concerns regarding China’s economic growth with other emerging markets have contributed to notable volatility in stock markets. The decreasing of materials could be adverse to the economic outlook of US.         In spite of the increasing middle-class population, China’s growth has been weak particularly household that industrial. Without doubt, Chinese GDP share attributed to private use has been reducing for many years while 35 percent of GPD is low compared to other nations with related income levels. Additionally, its private use lags behind other fast developing markets like Japan. Scores of scholars allege that the administration must provide minimum growth of 7 to 8 percent to avoid adverse challenges to CPP political interests’ (Zheng & Hu, 2006).  The failure to maintain this minimum growth proves to be risky in industry closing, joblessness, public demonstrations, which many experts believe that the CPP considers the risk to its influence as well as control. Regardless of the investment boom a few years ago, China’s economic development began to fall steadily, to the degree of less than 7-8 percent steady revenue.

According to Zheng, Hu, & Bigsten, (2009) China is a country that has witnessed necessary monetary resources (energy, food, and raw material) while declining supply of public facilities (education, health care, and housing). Ironically, such inadequacies have been minimized as growth occurred; continuous growth strangely is likely to enhance the demand for resources, assuring their long-term shortage in future. China’s large financial institutions have been recapitalized by capital infusion by the administration before going public. Financial institutions led to corporations, municipalities, enterprises among others. The administration issues reserved debt while non-government borrowings, depict debts of other establishments, municipalities and households, has increased remarkably. China’s total debt was approximately USD 28 trillion, nearly three-fold its yearly economic productivity. Of these funds, nevertheless, the non-governmental debt was roughly 227 percent of the GDP; from 116 percent eight years ago (Guo & Jia, 2005). Like Japanese growth period, substantial leverage was used in the economy via the financial institutions. Leverage, though, is associated with the risk that designated by the institution’s management and endorsed by regulators.

In spite of the significant growth in the institutions loans during a declining growth, Chinese financial institutions have reported reduced non-performing loans instead of increasing, as a percentage of the overall asset. Like contemporary China, the Japanese economy was previously seen to be an economic citadel that would only challenge the United States. Its rapid economic rebound and development following the destruction suffered in WWII was dubbed as the Japanese Miracle. Japan’s economic vibrancy implied the nation’s Corporation had the ability to procure some notable American assets such as the Rockefeller Center and the Pebble Beach golf course. Such dealings brought about animosity against Japanese investors. Before long, an overflow of equity and the simmering real estate alongside the economic slump and price deflation ushered in an era of Japan’s Lost Decade.  Japan’s historical financial uncertainties paint an exact picture of where China’s economy could be heading.  However, the Japanese story may not necessary spell doom the China’s.

Socio-economic Variables between the two countries

Regarding surface area, Japan is tiny in comparison to China, with one of the highest living standards than China. While Japan’s internal markets are more flooded, China has unsaturated markets (Du, Fang & Jin, 2014). The living standards in China come with more opportunities regarding improvement, which implies more prospects for national fabrication and sell of household gadgets. An aging Japanese populace is another limiting factor that limits the country’s capacity to gyrate the economy. Moreover, China and Japan have rather dissimilar economic post-war histories. While Japan was an industrialized economy that soared after the Second World War, China was then an agrarian economy. At the present, China is experiencing internal migration where millions of people move into the city for employment.

Conclusion

In reality, China is really faced with a completely different issue. To use Japan as a case study is to look in the wrong direction, except the fact that a nation can only grow is fast as the rate with which its population and technology grow (Dobrzański, 2014). Nonetheless, irrespective of all the market frills, capitalist economy, and China’s central government and autocratic at its best has entered the unfamiliar territory, in a bid to ensure it puts the economy under control. With strong facets of a command-and-manage economy, China can turn around pieces as opposed to Japan. In the end, China can overcome the challenges that led to the fall of Japan now that they manufacture substandard and less durable products. In a nutshell, it translates into a never ending demand for products that seem to wear out so fast.

Bibliography

Akerlof, G. A. 1970. ”The market for ”lemons”: Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism.” The quarterly journal of economics84 (3): 488−500.

Breton, T. R. 2015. Human capital and growth in Japan: Converging to the steady state in a 1% world. Journal of The Japanese And International Economies, 3673-89.doi:10.1016/j.jjie.2015.03.001

Chenggang, X. 2015. China’s political-economic institutions and development. CATO Journal, 35(3), 525-548.

Corsetti, G., P. Pesenti and N. Roubini. 1999.”What caused the Asian currency and financial crisis?“ Japan and the world economy11 (3): 305−373.

Demirgüç-Kunt, A. and E. Detragiache. 1998.”Financial liberalization and financial fragility. Working “ World Bank Working Paper98/81.

Dobrzański, P. 2014. The government’s role in Asia-Pacific market economies. Japan vs. china. Research Papers Of The Wroclaw University Of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego We Wroclawiu, (370), 138. doi:10.15611/pn.2014.370.10

Du, J., Fang, H., & Jin, X. 2014. The “growth-first strategy” and the imbalance between consumption and investment in China. China Economic Review, 31441-458. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2014.09.002

Durdu, C. B., E. G. Mendoza and M. E. Terrones. 2009. ”Precautionary demand for foreign assets in Sudden Stop economies: An assessment of the New Mercantilism.” Journal of Development Economics89 (2): 194−209.

Eichengreen, B. and C. Arteta. 2002.”Banking crises in emerging markets: presumptions and evidence.” Financial policies in emerging markets: 47−94.

Falcetti, E. and M. Tudela. 2006. ”Modelling Currency Crises in Emerging Markets: A Dynamic Probit Model with Unobserved Heterogeneity and Autocorrelated Errors.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics68 (4): 445−471.

Gelos, R. G. and S.-J. Wei. 2002.”Transparency and international investor behavior, National Bureau of Economic Research.” NBER Working Paper9260.

Guo, Q. and Jia, J. 2005. “Estimates of total factor productivity in China: 19792004”, Economic Research Journal, Vol. 40 No. 6, pp. 51‐60.

Hsieh, C.T. and Klenow, P. 2009, “Misallocation and Manufacturing TFP in China and India”,    The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 124 No. 4, pp. 1403‐48.

Stiglitz, J. E. 2000. ”Capital Market Liberalization, Economic Growth, and Instability.“ World Development28 (6): 1075−1086.

Tornell, A. and F. Westermann. 2002.”Boom-bust cycles in middle income countries: Facts and explanation.“ National Bureau of Economic Research.

Valentine, S. V. 2014. The socio-political economy of electricity generation in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 32416-429. http://www.doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.017

Whalen, C. J. (2001). ”Integrating Schumpeter and Keynes: Hyman Minsky’s Theory of Capi-talist Development. “ Journal of Economic issues35 (4): 805−823.

Williamson, J. and M. Mahar. (1998). ”A survey of financial liberalization.“ In Essays in Inter-national Finance 211. Princeton. University International Economic

Zheng, J. and Hu, A. 2000. “An empirical analysis of provincial productivity in China:19792001”, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 221‐39.

Zheng, J., Hu, A. and Bigsten, A. 2009. “Can China’s growth be sustained? A productivity perspective”, World Development, Vol. 37 No. 4, pp. 874‐88.

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Global Capitalism from an Anthropological Perspective

Global Capitalism from an Anthropological Perspective Order Instructions: 1. How anthropologists understand and explain the issue.

2. Discuss how the anthropological perspective aids in understanding the issue.

Global Capitalism from an Anthropological Perspective Sample Answer

Global Capitalism from an anthropological perspective

Throughout my study in the University, I concentrated much into carrying out research about the global and local business. Capitalism has remained to be the most crucial and central part of all the business activities in the whole world.

Global Capitalism from an Anthropological Perspective
Global Capitalism from an Anthropological Perspective

Due to its huge impact towards business, capitalism has remained to be a center of scrutiny among many researchers and philosophers around the world. There are those great thinkers who have publicly discredited capitalism, and still a good percentage of people accredit capitalism. However, anthropologists have always written and put up front their justification toward capitalism ideals, hence the focus of this discussion.

Capitalism is a term with varied meanings and is a times used to define the common social life systems that we all live in. Believed to have been in existence for quite a long period now, people have given numerous definitions of capitalism depending on the understanding of each. It can be said that capitalism is the social system that is now spread to all countries. The system spells that private individuals rather than the government or the public own all production and distribution of goods. Few people who own production plants, transport vessels, and other wealth are commonly referred to as capitalists (Fernand, 1979). This means that any economy  where industry and trade processes are under the control of  private corporations,  with the intention of accruing profits practices capitalism. In an economy of this kind, capitalists have the authority to decide the price at which to exchange their goods and services.

All Western countries apply capitalism as their economic system where all the productions and other key sectors remain under private ownership. According to the findings and research carried out by anthropologists, this type of system greatly opposes the socialist economy (Serge, 1996). Consumerism is the force that is pushing capitalism into success because it has given the masses a chance to benefit from their personal consumption as compared to capitalist profits.

This article is a presentation of details on the distribution of wealth and incomes in the United States, and it explains these distributions as indicators of power. I know some information that this proposal will reveal on the concentration of wealth distribution not known to many will be a surprise (Germain, 2000). Authority and power are as a result of wealth and economical influence. The capitalist who own the profit making projects and activities instead of the state remain to be the most powerful individuals. The power that capitalists have enables them to influence various facets of the society including social, economic, and political systems of a country. The powers that capitalist posses have in recent times been experienced after Obama proposals to adopt a progressive tax system where those will large incomes are taxed more. The criticism came from political leaders from different major political parties, hence a clear indication of the how power influences. Nevertheless, the government can still reduce the costs of living by increasing the minimum amounts of wages and salaries of lowest paid workers.  Global capitalism is one of the reasons why workers at lower level earn low pay (Serge, 1996). Bigger corporations and individuals have the opportunity to exploit workers across the world. It has become easy to export labour force form other counties where their minimum salaries are low. These workers use their skills, knowledge, and experience to increase production for the owners of the means of production. Therefore, it is on this premise, that it becomes important to have policies and laws to avoid exploitation orchestrated by global capitalist.

 Anthropologist pegs their definition and understanding of global capitalism on the   cultural, social, personal, and historical factors. The concept of global capitalism is understood from the historical trends of doing business.  Society keeps on changing as people adopt new styles of living and carrying on with their daily activities (Department of Anthropology, 2014). Nowadays, the space of doing business has expanded across borders. Those that own the means of production have devised ways to reach potential customers across the world to accrue huge profits and amass wealth.  Capitalism is therefore, a free market, having few rich people that own the means of production with many that render their services at low wages. Those that benefits from this relationship are the owners. Therefore, anthropologist perspective on globalism capitalism provides an insights and understanding of evolution ad functionality of global capitalists.

Anthropologists understand and explain the issue of global capitalism through various ways with most explanations being based on the foundational work of Marx, Engels, and Lewis Morgan among many other philosophers (Richard, 2007). Some of the ways anthropologists explains and understand the concept of global capitalism is through analysis of various aspects including, organization of social relations, physical reality of people, examination of the human nature of continuous praxis and lastly through investigating the importance of historical context of development (Department of Anthropology, 2014).

Society has evolved to its modern globalised status. The transformation has been experienced as the society has moved from primitivism to civilization. According to the Marxists version, this transformation has gone though different stages including, primitivism, communism, feudalism, capitalism and to communism. These stages have continued to evolve up to the current stage known as global capitalism where, across the globe, there exist capitalists.

To explain and enhance understanding of the concept of global capitalism these anthropologists also use modes of production as well exemplify in the stages of development that form the base of a society. Production modes determines structures such as governments, laws, political  apparatus and other legal bodies, and as well determines the ideologies such as  religions and philosophies held by people at different  period of time (Frieden, 2007). Example of this is the class struggle that served to advance these stages. As changes do occur, changes realign and this causes people to employ different strategies. For instance, ruling class always have vested interest and they will resist any change that appears to threaten their power. Therefore, the ruling class continues to use ideologies that lead to false consciousness of those at the lower cadre of the society. Such strategies therefore, have contributed to increase capitalized across the globes.

Anthropologist perspectives certainly help or aids in understanding the issue of global capitalism in many ways. One way it aids in understanding the issue is through explanation of what capitalism is. Capitalist is something that has existed for long period of time and it continues to revolve. People are self-centered and therefore, they work hard to accrue more profits. In most cases, they exploit those under them also those that work for them to accrue huge profits and retain their material wealth (Frieden, 2007). This trend is therefore, understood through appreciating the stages of development.

Furthermore, it is important to understand and appreciate that through politics and decision-making processes, policies and procedures are created that contributed to the global capitalism. Therefore, through anthropologist perspectives which interrogate historical developments, it helps to understand the issue deeper. People and even corporations make decisions every time and it is evident that, global capitalism is a product of these decisions (Haslett, 2000). People that have the financial power as well as leadership power have contributed to global capitalism. They make decisions, sign agreements to trade and through such programs, those that owns the means of production continue advancing their selfish interests across the world in expense of many or majority that earn little. Therefore, it is evident, that anthropologists have been able to provide clarification and precise information concerning global capitalist and how it is advanced in the society.

The leaders in society have the power and therefore can influence others very easily. They can do this through mystification of ideologies. Most of leaders that employ this strategy are interested in preserving their status quo. They are resistant to change and will remain defensive, especially in the circumstances that they feel threatens their position or status (Marcus, 2005). This is what is experienced in many of the counties across the world. The gap between the have and have-nots is wide and this has caused many negative social implications. For instance, poor leadership is advanced by ascension to power by people that are wealthy and this enables them to amass power.

Cultures and way of live is always changing as anthropologists do argue. This is not something that has begun today, but is something that has been there since time immemorial and is going to be experienced. Changes happen in all facets of ours society including, economic, social and political systems. Therefore, global capitalism can as well be understood as one or part of the changes that do occur in society (Barry, 1999). The changes in people lifestyle, changes in the technologies and ways of doing business have contributed to global capitalism. People actually, do learn from sharing information and emulating what others do. Those that accumulate wealth, use the same to influence others.

As I conclude, it is apparent that indeed anthropologist perspective on global capitalism is valuable to enhancing understanding of the issue. Global capitalism has come a long way; as it can be understood through closer look at historical events and the changes in social paradigms among others. Across the globe, capitalism has gained root as few wealthy people continues to own means of production and to command authority to poor majority. Capitalist are interested in making profit caring less about the minor households that earn less.

Global Capitalism from an Anthropological Perspective Reference list

Barry, S, 1999, Resisting McDonaldization, Sage: London.

Department of Anthropology, 2014, ‘Anthropological theories a guide prepared by students for    students’, Available at:    http://anthropology.ua.edu/cultures/cultures.php?culture=Marxist%20Anthropology

Germain, R, 2000, Globalisation and its Critics, MacMillan: Basingstoke.

Haslett, M 2000, Marxist Literary and Cultural Theories. New York; St. Martin’s Press.

Fernand, B, 1979, The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century,        Harper and Row.

Fletcher, J, 2004, Capitalism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford.

Frieden, J, 2007, Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century.  W. W. Norton     & Company; New Ed edition

Marcus, A 2005, ‘The Culture of Poverty Revisited: Bringing Back the Working    Class’, Anthropologica, vol. 47  no. 1, pp. 35-52.

Richard, RH, 2007, Global problems and the culture of capitalism, Boston: Allyn & Bacon.          Print.

Serge, L, 1996, The Westernization of the World, Polity: Cambridge.

 

Globalisation and Technology and its Effects

Globalisation and Technology and its Effects
     Globalisation and Technology and its Effects

Globalisation and Technology and its Effects to the Success of a Company

Order Instructions:

Dear Admin,

Please read the instructor feedback, the project proposal and the project outline in the email then modify the project

all the files I sent them by email. Please I need a very high quality paper as I got F grade last time.

Thank you,

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

The changes that have been realized in globalization and technology have many effects on the success of every company. This according to sources wholly depends upon the efficiencies in the planning of the process involved in all the activities of the organizations, having a team of motivated employees and efficient management of workers. Therefore, performance management is paramount to ensure that business activities are thriving, and employees are motivated to work towards achieving corporate sustainability. Employees and all stakeholders should work together in an effective and efficient manner to enable the company to meet its goals.

This can be achieved by aligning of performance measurement with human resource practices as well as the company’s strategic goals and objectives. A performance management system needs to be harmonized with organization Human Resource activities such as training, development, and reimbursement system for it to be efficient (Bhave & Brutus, 2011). This paper therefore seeks to underline the various approaches that can be employed by Wal-Mart with the aim of improving its competitive edge and efficiency over its competitors. The paper will also establish the essence of performance management for the company and the approaches that the company can employ in integrating an effective performance management approach into its initiatives.

WalMart Approach in Employing PM into its Operations

WalMart, an American company that is situated in New York, has more than 8000 branches in the US as well as the neighboring countries. It is a retailing international organization that deals with more than hundred million entrepreneurs each week with many employees all over the world. Nevertheless, its competitive policy has not been associated with its performance management systems. This also implies that its competitive plan is not linked with the Human Resource interior functions of the staff incentive compensation policies, training and development. In order to exploit its capability, Wel-Mart should develop its management strategies. It should make use of every chance that comes together with structured and proficient performance management systems.

Sources indicate that organizational strategy should be directly tied to performance management to help in achieving organization goals (Bhave & Brutus, S 2011). Performance measurement is imperative in enhancing the efficiency of strategic planning. Performance management offers vital data and controls for the human resource of Wal-Mart that enables the company to develop and implement strategic plans. Wal-Mart uses performance measurement as an instrument that assists to offer a sense of direction for the organization by directing on the distribution of capital based on the performance of different retail stores in various locations (Wal-Mart Stores, 2014). By properly allocating scarce resources appropriately in various Wal-Mart Stores, the company utilizes the limited resources to provide optimum services to customers and increase enterprise revenue.

The Importance of Performance Management to Wal-Mart

Performance measurement enables an organization to ascertain whether an organization meets the requirements of its customer (Jiang et al., 2012). Performance measurement allows Wal-Mart to assess and understand the customer’s tastes and preferences through evaluation of sales data, customer feedback obtained through customer complaints among other performance appraisal methods geared towards understanding the customer buying behavior. This information plays a significant role in letting the management know if the company is providing products that customers require (Hajmohammad et al., 2013).

Performance measurement also helps a management to identify areas that need improvement in the organization. Measuring performance from all spheres of the organization such as financial performance, employee performance, customer satisfaction and benchmarking against other organizations enables Wal-Mart to identify areas with weakness (Wolf, 2014). And develop plans that help in improving the organization standards.

Performance measurement also plays an important role helping Wal-Mart to converse and evaluate the progress of the company towards accomplishing its strategic objectives. Assessment of administrative performance through balanced scorecard and evaluation of staff by the human resource based on their job performance is necessary for Wal-Mart. In ascertaining that the company is working towards attaining it’s the strategic plan. Having a well prepared performance measurement plan helps in addressing the company and staff performance issues that are essential to develop an efficient and sustainable premeditated plan (Gruman & Saks, 2011).

Linking Performance Management with Human Resource Activities

Employees play an important role in ensuring that an organization achieves its strategic goals. Therefore, a well-motivated staff improves job performance enabling an organization to achieve the company’s goals and objectives resulting to corporate sustainability. Performance management is interconnected with human resource activities in various ways. Performance Management provides critical information for the Human resource to enable the department to plan activities such as the development of training systems, workforce planning, make recruitment and hiring decision as well as developing compensation and motivation schemes (Kehoe & Wright, 2013).

Performance management helps an organization to identify each and every employee strength and weakness. The Human resource department uses such information to develop efficient training programs to help improve employee skills and performance level. Human Resource of multinational companies such as Wal-Mart develops regular training schemes. These plans are tailored towards improving the employee’s knowledge base to help developing their skills and steer the organization towards achieving corporate goals.

Performance management is paramount for feeding the human resource department with important data for developing an efficient allocation plan for the workforce. It is the responsibility of the human resource department of Wal-Mart to allocate duties and responsibilities for all the employees. Data obtained from performance measurements such as performance review enable the human resource to make an important decision to allocate the employees where they are best suited to work.

Performance management provides critical performance appraisal data that enable human resource managers to develop effective compensation and motivation schemes. By and large, the goal of performance management is to achieve a fully engaged, productive and well-motivated workforce. Therefore, Performance management enables Wal-Mart Human Recourse managers to set performance expectation and evaluate the employees based on performance standards, organization goals. Wal-Mart can adopt competency models as a way of evaluating employee performance by articulating employee characteristics, skills, knowledge and other abilities that are imperative in helping the company attain its long-term strategic goals.

Thus, enable the organization to develop an efficient reward system that rewards employee performance rather than the outcome of employee actions. Human resource managers offer reward and recognition for good performance as a way of motivating employees to meet their targets and surpass them. The human resource requires developing fair and equitable reward systems based on the formal record of outstanding performance obtained through effective performance measurement systems.

In other organizations, some unmotivated and lazy employees receive performance quantity with a lot of doubts.. Such employees view performance management as an instrument used to divide and judge their performance negatively. On the contrary, some managers feel that performance management in a way brings division among the employees.

The relationship between performance management and strategic planning

The vision, the mission, and corporate values of Wal-Mart should be aligned with the organization strategic plan. On the same note, the performance management system should be developed and modeled in a way to reflect the corporate values of Wal-Mart. Strategic forecasting is basically a regimented effort geared to fabricate fundamental actions based on sound decisions that assists to provide direction to the organization. Consequently, performance measurement plays the significant role of improving individual performance to facilitate the overall perfection of staff. This propensity harmonizes strategic planning efforts to amplify the overall company efficacy.

Performance Management System in Wal-Mart is linked with strategic plans of the company to check that the organization’s strategic plan is adhered to at all levels of the organization (Wal-Mart Stores, 2014). Wal-Mart evaluates the managerial performance of the company’s branch managers through balanced scorecard and assesses all its employees based on their job performance. So as to ascertain if all the stakeholders of the company at all levels are working towards satisfying the customers in providing high-quality products and services all the time. Therefore, enable Wal-Mart to achieve organization strategic goals and business sustainability.

Performance management plays a central role in transforming policies into realistic plans. At Wal-Mart, directors build up overarching measurement scales to assist in tracking business activities through performance measurements (Hahn & Kuhn, 2012). Such measurement balances transform to the overall goals of the organization. Each department centers on particular performance measurement attribute to assist enhance departmental performance. For example, the marketing team at Wal-Mart is concerned more with sales made, suitable leads and translation rates at the section. The operation staff centers on assessing performance about delivery time, quality fulfillment and number of orders filled. On the other hand, the customer care department, measure performance based on customer satisfaction and feedback. These different performance measurement scales assist the organization in attaining the overall strategic goals by translating strategy into action.

Conclusion

Wel-Mart in its approach to achieving the requirements of performance management needs to blend the proponents of its employee’s goals and the components of performance management. The application of this method requires that the objectives and purposes of this company are designed in a manner that enhances the decision-making process for the development of employee relation.

This can be achieved through the use of the feedbacks gained from the PMS performed during transfers, promotions, pay increments and reductions and even terminations. Out of this, it is essential to determine that the performance management system needs to be harmonized with organization Human Resource activities such as training, development, and reimbursement system for it to be efficient. This apparently means that employees and all stakeholders should work together in an effective and efficient fashion to enable the company to meet its goals.

References

Bhave, DP., & Brutus, S 2011 A macro perspective to micro issues. Industrial and organizational psychology, 4(2): 165-168

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc 2014, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Marketline Company Profile, pp. 1-41, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 Jul. 2015

Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G., & Halligan, J. (2015). Performance management in the public sector. Routledge.

Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Han, K., Hong, Y., Kim, A., & Winkler, A. L. (2012). Clarifying the construct of human resource systems: Relating human resource management to employee performance. Human Resource Management Review22(2), 73-85.

Aswathappa, K. (2013). Human resource management: Text and cases. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

Hajmohammad, S., Vachon, S., Klassen, R. D., & Gavronski, I. (2013). Lean management and supply management: their role in green practices and performance. Journal of Cleaner Production39, 312-320.

Wolf, J. (2014). The relationship between sustainable supply chain management, stakeholder pressure and corporate sustainability performance.Journal of business ethics119(3), 317-328.

Gruman, J. A., & Saks, A. M. (2011). Performance management and employee engagement. Human Resource Management Review21(2), 123-136.

Hahn, G. J., & Kuhn, H. (2012). Value-based performance and risk management in supply chains: A robust optimization approach. International Journal of Production Economics139(1), 135-144.

Kehoe, R. R., & Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees’ attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Management39(2), 366-391.

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GLOBALIZATION AND GOVERNANCE Final Essay

Globalization and Governance
Globalization and Governance

Globalization and Governance

Complete essay for following essay outline.
1. Introduction paragraph should have more information about the topic, make sure that thesis statement are well explained. All important keywords should be explained in the paragraph
2. Conclusion paragraph should be at least one page long.
3. Make sure that essay is reflecting issues that are present today in the world, and that are current.
4. Use visual elements if necessary to explain the topic
5. reference should be taken only from peer read papers, therefore no Wikipedia sources allowed

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Globalization and Russia Research Paper

Globalization and Russia
Globalization and Russia

Globalization and Russia

Order Instructions:

By Day 4, post a brief summary on the effects of globalization on health in Russia. Discuss one change in quality of life in post-transition Russia. Also, explain one change in mortality in post-transition Russia. Provide examples for both. Expand on your insights utilizing the Learning Resources.

Use APA formatting for your Discussion and to cite your resources.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Globalization and Russia

Globalization has dramatically affected health in Russia. Much of the concern is on the international flow of capital on emerging infectious diseases to the opportunities provided by the new, unexpected influx of spending on defense against bioterrorism. There is a variety of emergent opportunities for enhancing infectious disease control such as global surveillance capabilities and the dynamic nature of the new Russian public health training programs (Cockerham, & Cockerham, 2010). According to Cockerham, & Cockerham (2010), globalization is showing itself in Russia by the increased morbidity of which food and commodities are diffused to all parts of Russia to control infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS. In fact, the rapid spread of human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) in Russia is an example of the profound globalizing forces on the emergence, distribution and the spread of infectious diseases.

There has been a phenomenal change in quality of life in Russia during the post-transition period. This change in quality is improvement in life expectancy especially in Romania. This happened by Romania starting to follow the path of improving adult mortality as seen in the 1990 (Cockerham, & Cockerham, 2010). This improvement in adult mortality was consequently followed by improvement in child mortality mostly to countries in the Eastern parts of Russia. In addition, there was a change in mortality in post-transition Russia. It is observed that there was decline in overall life expectancy in Romania during the post-transition period mainly because of the increased mortality in men, as female life expectancy at birth remained stable at about 70 years old (Cockerham, & Cockerham, 2010). This was mainly attributed to increase in disorders of the digestive systems and circulatory systems such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In Romania, there was a decrease in mortality from other causes, but HIV/AIDS played a key role in increasing mortality of women, children, and mean.

Reference

Cockerham, G. B., & Cockerham, W. C. (2010). Health and globalization. Cambridge: Polity Press.

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The Kindred Design on Globalization

The Kindred Design on Globalization
The Kindred Design on Globalization

The Kindred Design on Globalization

Order Instructions:

2,000-word essay with supporting visual documentation, accurate referencing. Describe and analyze an experimental design or designer’s work on exhibition at Feral Experimental at UNSW galleries, drawing on a theoretical framework discussed during the semester and critically engaging with design discourse on a contemporary issue, such as globalization, sustainability and consumerism.

SAMPLE ANSWER

The Kindred Design on Globalization

The Feral Experimental Exhibition describes several topics from different designers. The show therefore describes the content of the presentations alongside all the designs, the consequences to both the surrounding and the design itself. The topics areas addressed are the cooperative design, the design involving speculation the design that engages people through participation and the one through each person is involved.

The speculative design process does not concentrate on a given problem that needs to be addressed. The design focuses on a given starting point that is very influential upon which a given design emanates (Galeffi, 2009, 199-200).

Participatory design was initially referred to as the Cooperative design (Co-design) (Karakas, 2011). This design basically incorporates every player in a given field in the development of a particular design in order to ensure the outcomes are relevant. Those involved in this scenario include those who employee people, the general public, clients, partners and the consumers (Steen, 2013, 201).

Interaction Design addresses the issue of how people carry out themselves in a given field. It develops systems, services, information technology and the surroundings (Karakas, 2011, 199). This design mainly organizes the digital world to enhance its utilization by the people

Exploratory Experimental Design tries to solve a particular problem in research especially in areas with very limited or no research work having been carried out at all. The main aim is to come up with new ideas or add new information to the already existing one.

Kindred Spirits is a design that is a cooperative research project which was designed in collaboration with the people of the drug rehabilitation clinic in Netherlands (Matisoff & Edwards, 2014, 133). The design was developed by Susana CamaraLeret hence became part of the research project of the government. The project was intended to portray an imaginary clinical setting composed of a mixture of creatures with different characters. The design specifically tries to explain about a person who is self-centered and shares the attitudes, features, beliefs and feelings only with oneself. The Kindred spirit comes into two forms that include a crustacean with claws to handle anything and a trumpet-like creature that speaks to the hearts of the people. The crustacean offers a relaxing environment hence good to listen to. This is in relation to its brainwaves that offer that conducive environment which makes someone feel relaxed. On the other hand, trumpet-like creature is very cooperative and listens to every issue. This creature therefore influences the surrounding hence one is able to appreciate and give in to the every event

Therefore, Kindred spirits is the close relationship between the normal needs of every creature and the excellent and most appealing needs in our everyday life. Consequently, Kindred spirit project harmonizes both what people imagine about and what they desire in real life situation. It also develops hands on feeling in order to make people have other options in life in future. As a result of this design, people are made to reform especially in things that they are so used to.

The main agenda of this design is to influence how people think hence change their mindset. This is mainly achieved by making someone feel relaxed in the mind hence be able to influence others through conversation. The design involves contribution in the comprehension and development of very important roles for the designers in very many aspects.   With this approach, those involved especially the designers have to play a critical role in sorting out challenges in the society hence the beginning of the introduction of this design. Through this design therefore, the designers are well equipped with the necessary skills to come up with solutions to every problem. In addition, the designers are able to make the economy more competitive through the strategic role design. This eventually benefits both the designers and the society which becomes more flexible. Besides, the strategic designers will come up with new ways of solving problems that had never been imagined of.

Kindred spirit design is therefore applied in coming up with appropriate solution to globalization. According to Guy (1997), globalization sorts out problems in the society by offering a chance for enhancement in flexibility, improvement in quality and generation of better ways of designing liberalization of economic trade. He further states that globalization involves interaction of several aspects in the society especially in the advancement of information technology, advancement in the strategic moves especially in the manufacturing industry. Furthermore, he suggests that consumer culture results from the exponential growth of demand. The design profession is imbricated in this process because it creates a demand for its services through the excessive production typical of market expansion. In addition, he defends market expansion, rarely discusses the eco-effects of design innovation/over-production. Julier (1997) believes the consumer is a self-determining agent involved in the “exercise of private, personal choice within the market”, but he also concedes that consumerism “concerns the manipulation of needs and wants by dominant institutions”.

Rather than seeing inequality as the most apt term to describe how contemporary capitalism creates unequal relations between producers and consumers, Julier (1997) suggests that the concept of mutuality better characterizes the closeness that exists among the different form of economies that are present on earth. The varied views about reduction of the world into a very small village states that the world has to comply with the requirements of the multinational bodies in the whole world. The view of this idea is that such kind of ruling means that the developing countries are only being forced to adopt foreign values that do not belong to them. Therefore the big challenge is how to address the question as to whether reduction of the world into a very small village has any help to the third world countries. The argument is that, the reduction of the world into a very small village has only helped specific people.

According to Gui (1997), who was influential in the Design for Need and Appropriate Technology debates of the 1970s and 1980s, sees the effects of globalization on design as being a very important part towards improving people’s lives around the world. The writer therefore supports industrialization and designing as the means to bringing development in both the developed and the developing countries in the world. To begin with, Bonsiepe (1997) relates underdevelopment of most countries to the selfishness of some multinational organization whose interest is to exploit countries around the world. The writer further states that the reduction of the world into a very small village is the main reason as to why the developing countries are very poor. This also applies to some countries in the western nations. In addition, the writer reports that, reduction of the world into a very small village is the reason as to why there is increased rate of pollution of the environment. Therefore, these organizations embrace capitalism and always think that the resources are always present and should be exploited. In addition, they perceive environmental pollution as a very insignificant factor.

While Julier (1997) provides a useful description of how globalisation operates in design, he does not address the tensions and inequalities produced by globalisation. In contrast, Bonsiepe ( 1997) agrees that these approach of utilizing resources around the world due to the reduction of the world into a very small village is the main cause why people have no power to express how this move is affecting the environment. The writer is against all forms of this design especially the ones involved in promoting this ideology to the entire world. The writer further rubbishes the current move for different nations to associate in terms of what they consume. He further states that, independence beyond just choosing or deciding on what one wants to consume.

Market as a euphemism that obscures how corporations exert power over consumers, while exploiting the notion of consumer sovereignty for profit.  The main concern rising from the world reducing into a global village is whether the current move promotes independence among nations or just countries that depend on others for survival. The writer therefore relates this move to the artistic work in a theatre in that reduction of the world into a very small village is not beneficial to the common people but to the few who are in control of all the affairs. In further analysis of the fetishisation of designed objects he draws attention to design’s role in branding to penetrate world markets in globalisation.

Third, a key factor in the proliferation of design through branding, Foster argues, is the

expanded role of the media and computing in the promotion of consumerism. On this basis, he argues that the inflation of design creates passivity in citizens, moulding them as consumers whose social role is reduced to making choices.

Within a context of the design globalised world, Foster observes a recurrence of the past ways of doing business in the current society and that the people involved are not ready to change their ways of thinking. The writer does not see any positive thing about this move but rather exploitation of people, meaning they “exist in the shadow of old genres”, He argues spectral artworks suggest regret for what has been lost. He says that this works reconcile so many forgotten works of art  hence they  make someone remember about the past sufferings making someone see no meaning of advancement from the past into the present world., and according to conflicting perspectives products. Artworks that evoke historical precedents also prompt memories of alternatives to globalization, and thereby interrupt the totalizing impulses of globalisation. In other words, alternatives exist in historical references that, although incomplete, are available to develop as viable substitutes to the socio-cultural dominance of global capital.

Foster defines such options as a mix between the future and the present. He contends that unresolved issues of the past are revisited in contemporary spectral artworks. Although Foster concedes the spectral quality of such artworks may be a “weak critique”, he insists they question the concepts that underpin globalisation by recalling the “wish symbols” and “forfeited dreams” of the culture in which it occurs assumptions about the structural coherence of the field of visual art in relation to society in the contemporary context of globalization.

Bonsiepe (1997) and Julier (1997) perceive globalization differently thus, Bonsiepe relates the economic decline of some nations to certain multinational companies who have selfish interests. The author perceives reduction of the world into a very small village as a way in which people look at the different blessings of wealth that countries own in both the developing and the developing countries. He further observes that, globalization results into enhanced environmental mass wastage due to need for amassing wealth by every individual. To such people who exploit resources, their main agenda is utilizing the resources without caring about tomorrow especially the effect it has to the environment. While Julier (1997) provides a useful description of how globalisation operates in design, he does not address the tensions and inequalities produced by globalisation. In contrast, Bonsiepe (1997) contends that the design should always focus on responsible use of the resources in order to take care of the future generations and also how to conserve and preserve the environment.

Conclusion

Designers and the public in particular develop their understanding of the world, the design of a toaster, and other people according to implicit theoretical frameworks. The world operates differently hence one need to understand different theories in order to comprehend these uncertainties. Planning in terms of designing therefore depends on having a fairly accurate understanding of the factors influencing a design situation.

In most cases, when researchers talk about a theory, they are actually talking about ideas that are relied on to understand a situation, but that have also been formalized in a philosophy or ‘capital-T’ theory. Externalizing implicit or unconscious theories is an important part of research because it makes ideas and assumptions open and available for questions to be asked about them without a formalized theory that pulls together many separate indistinct thoughts or assumptions. Therefore design researchers cannot really analyze or criticize their own and others’ designs and ideas.

In any research work, determination of the success of the design used is vital. Economic growth therefore based on productivity is the highest social value. This means that design success is evaluated solely within a quantitative framework according to economic measures. On the other hand, positivist refers to the fact the only information that is true is that information that has been researched through a scientific process.

Positivism follows scientific method in its rejection of all sources of data that cannot be backed up with empirical evidence. Positivist design analysis, therefore, holds that design, like science, can only be based on objective truths or universal laws. The focus on economic growth to evaluate a design’s success and the scientisation of design analysis rejects reflexivity in design practice and therefore the critical premises of experimental design (Fry, 1994, 89-100).

References

Benyus, Janine M., Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature (New York: HarperCollins,  2002). First published by William Morrow, 1997.

Bonsiepe, Gui, Interface: An Approach to Design, ed. Dawn Barrett (Maastricht: Jan van Eyck Akademie, Department of Design, 1999).

Draxler, Helmut, ‘Letting Loos(e): Institutional Critique and Design’, Art after Conceptual Art, ed.s

Fry, Tony, Remakings: Ecology, Design, Philosophy (Sydney: Envirobook, 1994). Winschiers-Theophilus, Heike & Bidwell, Nicola J. & Blake, Edwin, ‘Community Consensus: Design Beyond Participation’, Design Issues, Vol. 28, No. 3, (2012) 89–100.

Galeffi, A 2009, ‘Biographical and Cataloguing Common Ground: Panizzi and Lubetzky, Kindred Spirits Separated by a Century’, Library & Information History, 25, 4, pp. 227-246.

Karakas, F 2011, ‘Positive Management Education: Creating Creative Minds, Passionate Hearts,and Kindred Spirits’, Journal Of Management Education, 35, 2, pp. 198-226.

Matisoff, D, & Edwards, J 2014, ‘Kindred spirits or intergovernmental competition? Theinnovation and diffusion of energy policies in the American states (1990–2008)’, Environmental Politics, 23, 5, pp. 795-817.

McDonough, William, and Michael Braungart, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make

Steen, M, Arendsen, J, Cremers, A, De Jong, A, De Jong, J, & De Koning, N 2013, ‘Usinginteractive model simulations in co-design: An experiment in urban design’, Codesign, 9, 1, pp.2-16 .Things (New York: North Point Press, 2002).

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The Globalization of Health Term Paper

The Globalization of Health
The Globalization of Health

The Globalization of Health

Order Instructions:

HLTH 8050 Week 9 Discussion
The Globalization of Health
Cell phones, video cameras, and other technologies are changing the way we live today. It is difficult to avoid the stories and images of poverty, human rights abuses, disasters, diseases, and other tragedies that plague people in rich and poor countries alike.
It is not just communications technology that is making the world a “smaller” place. Globalization is also exerting a powerful effect on the conditions in which people live and work, (i.e., the social determinants of health) and, thus, on health itself.

Discussion questions:

  • A brief summary on the effects of globalization on health in Russia.
  • Discuss one change in quality of life in post-transition Russia.
  • Also, explain one change in mortality in post-transition Russia.
  • Provide examples for both. Expand on your insights utilizing the Learning Resources.

Articles:
• Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press.
o Chapter 13, “Dysfunctional Societies” (pp. 173–196)

• Averina, M., Nilssen, O., Brenn, T., Brox, J., Arkhipovsky, V. L., & Kalinin, A. G. (2005). Social and lifestyle determinants of depression, anxiety, sleeping disorders and self-evaluated quality of life in Russia: A population-based study in Arkhangelsk. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40(7), 511–518.

• Frieden, T. R. (2010). A framework for public health action: The health impact pyramid. American Journal of Public Health, 100(4), 590–595.

• Jones, C. P., Jones, C. Y., Perry, G. S., Barclay, G., & Jones, C. A. (2009). Addressing the social determinants of children’s health: A cliff analogy. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 20(Suppl. 4), 1–12.

• Perlman, F., & Bobak, M. (2008). Socioeconomic and behavioral determinants of mortality in post transition Russia: A prospective population study. Annals of Epidemiology, 18(2), 92–100.
Ray, R., Gornick, J. C., & Schmitt, J. (2010, July). Who cares? Assessing generosity and gender equality in parental leave policy designs in 21 countries. Journal of European Social Policy, 20(3), 196–216.

• Stuckler, D., King, L., & McKee, M. (2009). Mass privatization and the post-communist mortality crisis: A cross-national analysis. Lancet, 373(9661), 399–407.

• The PLoS Medicine Editors. (2010). Social relationships are key to health, and to health policy. PLoS Medicine, 7(8), 1–2.

• National Rural Health Mission. (2012). RSBY-Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojnab. Retrieved from http://www.rsby.gov.in/

• World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. (2009). Global health library. Retrieved from http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/php/index.php?lang=en

Note: In the Search box, enter “China health outcomes” to locate various articles on this topic.

Please apply the Application Assignment Rubric when writing the Paper.
I. Paper should demonstrate an excellent understanding of all of the concepts and key points presented in the texts.
II. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.
III. Paper should be well organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is fully consistent with doctoral level writing style.
IV. Paper should be mostly consistent with doctoral level writing style.

SAMPLE ANSWER

The Globalization of Health

Globalization influences not only trade, finance, science, and environment, but also health and medical care. Communicable diseases like HIV, SARS, H1N1, and swine flu are some of the examples of the diseases that have spread globally. All these spread due to changes in the environment and lifestyle, which is a sufficient evidence that lifestyles are also rapidly changing. Some of the unhealthy ways of living include smoking and obesity.  Other examples of globalization of health include international trade of health services, international movement of physicians and nurses, and movement of healthcare consumers (World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, 2009).

Globalization of health has directly affected the wellbeing of Russian population. From the onset, there are high rates of low mood and anxiousness among the Russian population. These health problems are as a result of poor nutrition due to low consumption of food and low payment of professionals. The depression is due to cigarette smoking and taking of alcohol in very large amounts. These health complications have greater influence on circulatory and gastrointestinal diseases (Averina et al., 2005). According to Frieden (2010), clinical interventions that need very small amount of interaction, day-to-day clinical care, health education, and counseling are some of the ways to sort out these health challenges.

The quality of life in post transition Russia has changed drastically. The people have developed poor eating habits. Most people depend on high levels of energy intake from fat. Consequently, this has resulted into increase in weight of individuals, hence, obesity in the older people. Health status of children is equally worrying, with most children having chronic malnutrition. This is also reflected in primary school going children whose health conditions are very poor. At birth, newborns develop disabilities and a high number of children are having physical complications. Poor quality of life is as a result of high poverty levels amongst the citizens. There is high inflation and decline in wages as a result of fluctuation in employment and income patterns (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2010). In order to address some of these challenges, Jones et al., (2009) give a summary of how to handle them. Perhaps, this problem could be solved by having improved health facilities and addressing both equity and factors that promote good health. Therefore, in order to realize low mortality rate post transition Russia ought to address the social determinants of health like empowering its citizens economically and also ensuring that there is equity. Equity involves improving the policies, practices, norms and values that control the distribution of resources. Furthermore, Jones et al., (2009) states that social determinants of health like poverty, automatically eliminate any health inequity.

There is a rise in mortality rate in post transition Russia due to income inequality, unemployment, labor turnover, migration, crime and divorce. These factors resulted into stress which is a major cause of death. Consequently, there was high death of men who were still very young and productive. Another factor that promoted increased death rate is huge increase the number of people and the amount of alcohol taken. The increased use of alcohol resulted into people killing themselves and some involving themselves in road accidents. The increased intake of alcohol is basically as a result of reduction in the amount of money used to buy the substance. According to Stuckler, King, & McKee (2009), the solution to high mortality rate is privatization of institutions especially in post Russian nation.

References

Averina, M., Nilssen, O., Brenn, T., Brox, J., Arkhipovsky, V. L., & Kalinin, A. G. (2005). Social and lifestyle determinants of depression, anxiety, sleeping disorders and self-evaluated quality of life in Russia: A population-based study in Arkhangelsk. Social Psychiatry and
Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40(7), 511–518.

Frieden, T. R. (2010). A framework for public health action: The health impact pyramid. American Journal of Public Health, 100(4), 590–595.

Jones, C. P., Jones, C. Y., Perry, G. S., Barclay, G., & Jones, C. A. (2009). Addressing the social determinants of children’s health: A cliff analogy. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 20(Suppl. 4), 1–12.

Stuckler, D., King, L., & McKee, M. (2009). Mass privatization and the post-communist mortality crisis: A cross-national analysis. Lancet, 373(9661), 399–407.

Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press. o Chapter 13, “Dysfunctional Societies” (pp. 173–196).

World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. (2009). Global health library. Retrieved from http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/php/index.php?lang=en

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