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God’s existence Response Paper Assignment

God’s existence

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RESPONSE PAPER INSTRUCTIONS

Here you will respond to an article written by an actual atheist. This article titled “On Being an Atheist,” was written by H. J. McCloskey in 1968 for the journal Question. McCloskey is an Australian philosopher who wrote a number of atheistic works in the 1960s and 70s including the book God and Evil (Nijhoff, 1974). In this article, McCloskey is both critical of the classical arguments for God’s existence and offers the problem of evil as a reason why one should not believe in God.

Please note the following parameters for this paper:

1. Your assignment is to read McCloskey’s short article and respond to each of the questions below. Looking for a detailed response to each question.

2. The response paper is to be a minimum of 1,500 words (not including quotes) and must be written as a single essay and not just a list of answers to questions.

3. The basis for your answers must primarily come from the resources provided in the lessons covering the philosophy of religion unit of the course (Evans and Manis, Craig, and the presentation) and these sources must be mentioned in your paper. You are not merely to quote these sources as an answer to the question—answer them in your own words.

4. You may use other outside sources as well, as long as you properly document them. However, outside sources are not necessary. Each of the questions can be answered from the sources provided in the lessons.

5. While the use of the Bible is not restricted, its use is not necessary and is discouraged unless you intend to explain the context of the passage and how that context applies to the issue at hand in accordance with the guidelines provided earlier in the course. You are not to merely quote scripture passages as answers to the questions. Remember this is a philosophical essay not a biblical or theological essay.

6. While you may quote from sources, all quotations must be properly cited and quotes from sources will not count towards the 1,500 word count of the paper.

7. You may be critical of McCloskey, but must remain respectful. Any disparaging comment(s) about McCloskey will result in a significant reduction in grade.

?******Specifically, you must address the following questions in your paper****:

1. McCloskey refers to the arguments as “proofs” and often implies that they can’t definitively establish the case for God, so therefore they should be abandoned. What would you say about this in light of Foreman’s comments in his “Approaching the Question of God’s Existence” presentation?

2.On the Cosmological Argument:
a. McCloskey claims that the “mere existence of the world constitutes no reason for believing in such a being [i.e., a necessarily existing being].” Using Evans and Manis’ discussion of the non-temporal form of the argument (on pp. 69–77), explain why the cause of the universe must be necessary (and therefore uncaused).
b. McCloskey also claims that the cosmological argument “does not entitle us to postulate an all-powerful, all-perfect, uncaused cause.” In light of Evans and Manis’ final paragraph on the cosmological argument (p. 77), how might you respond to McCloskey?

3.On the Teleological Argument:
a. McCloskey claims that “to get the proof going, genuine indisputable examples of design and purpose are needed.” Discuss this standard of “indisputability” which he calls a “very conclusive objection.” Is it reasonable?
b. From your reading in Evans and Manis, can you offer an example of design that, while not necessarily “indisputable,” you believe provides strong evidence of a designer of the universe?
c. McCloskey implies that evolution has displaced the need for a designer. Assuming evolution is true, for argument’s sake, how would you respond to McCloskey (see Evans and Manis pp. 82–83)?
d. McCloskey claims that the presence of imperfection and evil in the world argues against “the perfection of the divine design or divine purpose in the world.” Remembering Evans and Manis’ comments about the limitations of the cosmological argument, how might you respond to this charge by McCloskey?

b. McCloskey specifically discusses the free will argument, asking “might not God have very easily so have arranged the world and biased man to virtue that men always freely chose what is right?” From what you have already learned about free will in the course, and what Evans and Manis says about the free will theodicy, especially the section on Mackie and Plantinga’s response (pp. 163–166) and what he says about the evidential problem (pp. 168–172), how would you respond to McCloskey’s question?

5.On Atheism as Comforting:
a. In the final pages of McCloskey’s article, he claims that atheism is more comforting than theism. Using the argument presented by William Lane Craig in the article “The Absurdity of Life without God,” (located in Reading & Study for Module/Week 6), respond to McCloskey’s claim.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

Topics in regard to Gods existence have resulted in ongoing battles that have lasted for quite a while. These topics have sparked several debates with some people agreeing with the existence of God while other refuting such claims (Boehme, 2014). However, the debates that pertain to the existence of God have intrigued several philosophical ideas with many people alleging that they being that God cannot be seen, his existence is debatable.

Other schools of thought also allege that if God exists and claims to be all powerful, then evil should not exist in this world. It is essential to note that there are several pieces of evidence that support the existence of God (Boehme, 2014). This paper, therefore, attempts to critic McCloskeys views in regards to the atheistic objections and also describes several arguments that establish his illusions of the existence of God including the opposing arguments against his existence.

Proofs Can’t Establish the Case of Gods Existence

To begin with, McCloskeys view implies that there are no proofs that can establish Gods existence and those allegations should be abandoned. In my view, McCloskey makes no effort to determine what evil is nor does he explain its existence. In other words, he attempts to discredit people’s belief in God by making allegations against the origin of their beliefs. However, McCloskey fails to address why the faith of a people may not be valid and whether they take the time to discover such evidence before they ascent to Christian theism (H.J. McCloskey, 1974). McCloskey views God as jaded, unforgiving, uncaring, and punitive and believes that the best proofs on the nonexistence of God can be depicted in the evil acts of his creation since morality has strongly subdued the proof of an intelligent creator designing the universe. For Christian, the expressions of truth are only found in Christ’s words in John 14:6 that He is the way, the truth and the Life.

The Cosmological Argument

The author of the article, “On Being Atheist”, opens by giving a description on the reasons theist believe in God. He purports that the grounds of such beliefs are inadequate and gives the reasons as to why the atheist do not believe in Gods existence. McCloskey in his article tells of a Christian friend who believed that philosophers place so much of importance on the proofs that regard to the existence of God as the foundation to their religious beliefs (H.J. McCloskey, 1974). In my view, in order for the universe to exists, there was its origin or something that created its existence. Nothing has the capacity to create itself and there is the need of an independent creator that existed before the universe.

In the book: Reasonable Faith, William Lane Craig, alludes to the fact that there must be a creator responsible for all the creation activities and the creator needs not a cause to do the things that have an origin. This, therefore, means that everything that exists needs a cause and saying that something has no beginning denies the existence of a predecessor. McCloskey also alleges that the Cosmological Argument does not give us the right to postulate an all-powerful case that he considers uncaused (H.J. McCloskey, 1974). In as much as this argument provides no proof of the existence of God , it supports the idea of a necessary being as the only responsible cause that erases the need for an infinite regressive cause. In my view, there is only one possible view that is compatible with other views on Gods existence, a factor that makes it an individual’s choice to desire learning about the existence of God.

The Teleological Argument

This argument is an argument from the design point of view that alludes to the existence of a maker of all the contingent objects. This argument in some way has some connections with the cosmological argument that implies that all the designs employ a greater designer, there is a designer in the world, and that the designer is the greatest (H.J. McCloskey, 1974). McCloskey as other philosophers claims that to believe that nature was designed; there is a need for indisputable examples.

In other words, this author claims that the evidence and examples on this must never be refuted and also contends that indisputable claims are essential and unreasonable in defining God. In my own view, a given example or evidence on the existence of God such as nature shows the indisputable possibility of a creator and there is nothing that can be disputed in this claim (H.J. McCloskey, 1974). In regard to McCloskey’s claim on the presence of imperfection and evil is an argument that is incompatible with the perfection of the Divine Creator since the creator set a perfection standard for goodness, but man as a sinful being made the imperfect evil possible.

On the other hand, McCloskey suggests that evolution should take the place of a Divine Designer. In my view, this would imply that everything that exists in nature is primarily motivated by chance, which would hardly be the case since everything in nature requires some guidance (Feser, 2013). This is a process since everything has a specific construction and certain functions. If there is not a Divine Designer then this would mean that everything in nature may function by chance, a factor that could see things happen in any manner. For example, the snows would come during summer since everything functions in no order.

On the Problem of Evil

McCloskey also stresses in his articles on his objections on the problem of evil by alluding that no being that is perfect and claims of goodness could create the world in which there is suffering of the creatures. According to Feser (2013), the element of evil remains one of the conversant objections that have widely been presented by the atheists. The atheists tend to view why people should not believe in God as described. These objections are mainly posed by the frequent occurrences of suffering and evil that is presently seen. This remains the reason why many philosophers, as well as McCloskey, dismiss the claims on Gods existence basing their claims on the presence of evil. The theist approach of Gods view is in relation to His attributes that depict Him as omnipotent, omniscient and benevolent. On the other hand, the atheist believe that if all this attributes point towards God and He truly exists as He claims then he had the capacity to stop suffering and evil.

Other theists also take a stance on the concept to the of evil by leaning on the free-will defense, which alludes that God was the creator of human beings and was the same giver of the free will to choose what is right and wrong. This according to them is considered better since humanity has the freedom of choice than to haven none. According to this view, the evil that is prevalent in the world today exists since man chose the way of evil (Feser, 2013). Considering the fact that we have been granted the free will to choose what we opt right or wrong, humanity therefore needs to choose to believe in God, who needs to be worshiped, and praised. God has the capacity to mitigate the element of evil, but this means we may lack the free-will to choose. The coming of Christ to offer salvation to Humanity would not have made any sense if God chose to eliminate evil offer salvation.

Some theists respond to the problem of evil through a free-will defense in which God is stated as the creator of human beings with a free will since it is better to have the freedom to choose that to lack the freedom of choice (LeDrew, 2013). In other words, the evil that exist in the world is a result of the choice of a man to do evil. As free will beings, we need to believe in God, worship and praise Him. If God would have eliminated evil, then Christ should not have come to offer salvation and he would not have died for our iniquities.

On Atheism as Comforting

At the end of his article, McCloskey concludes by asserting that atheism is more comforting than theism. In his argument on this point, he uses the existence of evil and the sufferings that occur of the innocent to support his atheistic perceptions that a perfect being may not necessarily exist and allow evil things to occur (LeDrew, 2013). He also contends that people who follow theism are more likely to find cold comfort in believing religiously and that people need to find comfort and strength wherever they can find it inclusively.

Thinking about this, it is essential to note that people in many instances may need comfort, a factor that makes them seek for spiritual authorities to assist them in understanding things, both the bad and the good (LeDrew, 2013). A Biblical understanding of the element of comfort is encouragement which can be done through the use of words or the presence of an individual to help in the times of need. Comfort in this case as viewed by Christians remains in the ability of Christians o choose whether to believe in God or not, thus giving them the chance to know God more, understand him and commit to him truthfully.

Conclusion

McCloskeys view implies that there are no proofs that can establish Gods existence and those allegations should be abandoned. In my view, McCloskey makes no effort to determine what evil is nor does he explain its existence. McCloskey also alleges that the Cosmological Argument does not give us the right to postulate an all-powerful case that he considers uncaused (Boehme, 2014). In as much as this argument provides no proof of the existence of God, it supports the idea of a necessary being as the only responsible cause that erases the need for an infinite regressive cause.

On the Teleological Argument McCloskey as well as other philosophers claims that to believe that nature was designed; there is a need for indisputable examples, views that find to substantial backings. McCloskey also stresses in his articles on his objections on the problem of evil by alluding that no being that is perfect and claims of goodness could create the world in which there is suffering of the creatures and concludes by asserting that atheism is more comforting than theism (Boehme, 2014). In a nutshell, I believe that McCloskey provides minimal pieces of evidence on his claims that are aimed at supporting atheism and instead attempts to point out to the faults of Christians as a claim to refute the existence of God. The arguments of this theist, therefore, point out to the existence of God.

References List

Boehme, A. J. (2014). The Atheist’s Primer. Reviews in Religion & Theology, 21(1), 114-116. doi:10.1111/rirt.12286

Feser, E. (2013). The New Atheists and the Cosmological Argument. Midwest Studies In Philosophy, 37(1), 154-177. doi:10.1111/misp.12000

H.J. McCloskey (1974). “On Being an Atheist, “The Southern Journal of Philosophy – Vol. 15 – Issue 1 – pp. 101-111

LeDrew, S. (2013). Discovering Atheism: Heterogeneity in Trajectories to Atheist Identity and Activism. Sociology of Religion, 74(4), 431-453.

Thiessen, J. (2014). There Is No God: Atheists In America. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53(2), 453-455. https://www.doi:10.1111/jssr.12099

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Plato, Descartes, and the Matrix Essay Paper

Plato, Descartes, and the Matrix

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In Module/Week 5’s Reading & Study folder, there are 3 short readings. Your assignment is to read them and then write an essay of at least 600 words in current APA format addressing the questions listed below.

While you are free to quote from sources, quotations will not count towards the minimum word count.

A note about the readings: The first reading is a synopsis of The Matrix. If you have seen the movie, this will function as a review for you.

The second reading comes from Plato’s classic work, The Republic. It is in the form of a dialogue between Socrates and Glaucon, a brother of Plato, and contains the famous cave allegory.

The third and final reading is a section from Meditation I, from Meditations on First Philosophy by Rene Descartes, who offers some reasons to doubt his senses.

Questions to Consider

1. Compare and contrast The Matrix with the readings from Plato and Descartes. What are some similarities and differences?

2. Can we prove that the world we are experiencing is real? How do we know we are not dreaming, living in a Platonic cave, or trapped in some sort of matrix?

SAMPLE ANSWER

Plato, Descartes, and the Matrix

Question 1

Basically, the three readings, Descartes’ musings, Plato’s cave analogy, and The Matrix are similar in that they all focus on the reality that our senses experience. There is a concern regarding if this reality is objective and tangible or an illusion. The Matrix is all about the reality that the computer generates and at one point, Cypher thought that knowing the truth would result to an easier life, but later, there is the discovery that knowledge is really a weight burden. Therefore, he wants to erase memories so that he can attain the former state. Descartes’ reasoning is that at one point, people discover that the false opinions that were taken to be true are actually vague since everything based on the fails. Therefore, it becomes necessary to do away with them and adopt a new framework for a firm foundation. In cave analogy, there is an enquiry regarding if what people perceive as the reality really holds. Following this reasoning, Descartes continued speculating what higher power it was that had subjected people to such deception (Descartes, 1641). Although these three sources differ in some other concepts, they all speculate on if not or if our perceptions or senses can be trusted.

Second, there is an exploration of how real reality is in the three sources. However, there is an agreement that the reality that people presently perceive through their senses can only be replaced by alternatives that also perceived through the same senses. In The Matrix, the reality that is within people has been presented in the form of a computer that holds their minds captive and gives them many illusions. To Plato, the reality is just like the shadows (Plato, n.d.). However, the usual items to illustrate reality (stone statues, fire, stone wall, humans, and sunshine). Similarly, Descartes knew that for him to reach the higher enlightenment, it was necessary to use the power of the present reality including his brains and thinking abilities (Hasker, 1935). The sensory experience that relates to reality is so much into humanity such that they cannot think of reality that differs from it.

Question 2

For people to prove different things, the premises underlying these proofs would first need to be established. Many times, human beings are never content with the basic reality and, therefore, they have a tendency of seeking the explanations for this reality. However, there are no alternatives to the reality. And if those refuting this reality can offer at least an example of a person who escaped this reality and was enlightened in another reality, then their arguments would have weight. Nonetheless, trusting that evidence would be hard since it would not be sure it the enlightenment experience of that person was simply another delusion based on the sadistic computer mastermind. The only necessity is an external source originating from an entity which is not restricted to human dimensions. This entity should be divine as no human would manage escaping this reality to confirm its reality.

There are different sources that advocate for true divine origins, including the Bible and Quran. However, presently, there are different movies which create awareness about divinity. One of these is ‘Heaven is Real’, and anyone who has ever watched it can agree that divinity is real. The young boy in the movie is able to perceive things that the parents had never told him about, and he says that Jesus informed them those things. This makes the dad very angry and confused. The boy was able to enter the realms and dimensions that are only accessible to the angles and Jesus Christ, and get answers on different things, and even meet his sister who had passed away on birth. The dad was in denial of what the son was experiencing since he declined using his senses to perceive the works of God in his son’s life (Dew & Foreman, 2014). However, with time, he realized how special his son was and his faith in God increased. Other people were also influenced immensely by this occurrence.

References

Descartes, R. (1641). Meditation I of the things of which we may doubt. In Descartes, R., Meditations on First Philosophy. Retrieved from Blackboard: http://www.learn.liberty.edu

Dew, J. K. & Foreman, M. W. (2014). How do we know: An introduction to epistemology. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.

Hasker, W. (1935). Metaphysics: Constructing a world view. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.

Plato. (n.d.). The allegory of the cave. In Plato, The Republic, Book VII (pp. 514A1-518D8). Retrieved from Blackboard: http://www.learn.liberty.edu

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God’s existence Research Paper Available

God’s existence

Order Instructions:

RESPONSE PAPER INSTRUCTIONS

Please note the following parameters for this paper:

1. Your assignment is to read McCloskey’s short article and respond to each of the questions below. Looking for a detailed response to each question.

2. The response paper is to be a minimum of 1,500 words (not including quotes) and must be written as a single essay and not just a list of answers to questions.

6. While you may quote from sources, all quotations must be properly cited and quotes from sources will not count towards the 1,500 word count of the paper.

7. You may be critical of McCloskey, but must remain respectful. Any disparaging comment(s) about McCloskey will result in a significant reduction in grade.

?******Specifically, you must address the following questions in your paper****:

4. 4. On the Problem of Evil:
a. McCloskey’s main objection to theism is the presence of evil in the world and he raises it several times: “No being who was perfect could have created a world in which there was avoidable suffering or in which his creatures would (and in fact could have been created so as not to) engage in morally evil acts, acts which very often result in injury to innocent persons.” The language of this claim seems to imply that it is an example of the logical form of the problem. Given this implication and using Evans and Manis’ discussion of the logical problem (pp. 159–168, noting especially his concluding paragraphs to this section), how might you respond to McCloskey?
?
b. McCloskey specifically discusses the free will argument, asking “might not God have very easily so have arranged the world and biased man to virtue that men always freely chose what is right?” From what you have already learned about free will in the course, and what Evans and Manis says about the free will theodicy, especially the section on Mackie and Plantinga’s response (pp. 163–166) and what he says about the evidential problem (pp. 168–172), how would you respond to McCloskey’s question?

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

Proofs Can’t Establish the Case of Gods Existence

The Cosmological Argument

The Teleological Argument

On the Problem of Evil

On Atheism as Comforting

Conclusion

References List

Boehme, A. J. (2014). The Atheist’s Primer. Reviews in Religion & Theology, 21(1), 114-116. doi:10.1111/rirt.12286

Feser, E. (2013). The New Atheists and the Cosmological Argument. Midwest Studies In Philosophy, 37(1), 154-177. doi:10.1111/misp.12000

H.J. McCloskey (1974). “On Being an Atheist, “The Southern Journal of Philosophy – Vol. 15 – Issue 1 – pp. 101-111

LeDrew, S. (2013). Discovering Atheism: Heterogeneity in Trajectories to Atheist Identity and Activism. Sociology of Religion, 74(4), 431-453.

Thiessen, J. (2014). There Is No God: Atheists In America. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53(2), 453-455. doi:10.1111/jssr.12099

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Care for a mental disorder&patient in acute care

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linked item M6A3: The comparison of collaborative care for a patient with a mental health disorder versus a patient with a medical disorder in the acute care setting Paper

Using APA format, write a six (6) to ten (7) page paper (excludes cover and reference page) that addresses the comparison of collaborative care for a patient with a mental health disorder versus a patient with a medical disorder in the acute care setting. The paper consists of three (3) parts and must be submitted by the close of week six. Each part must be a minimum of two (2) pages in length.

A minimum of three (3) current professional references must be provided. Current references include professional publications or valid and current websites dated within five (5) years. Additionally, a textbook that is no more than one (1) edition old may be used.

The following topics may be used for this paper:

Mental Health Disorders

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Bipolar
Depression
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Anorexia
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Alzheimer’s disease
Medical Disorders

Hypothyroidism
Addison’s Disease
Cirrhosis
Acute Pancreatitis
Chronic Renal Failure
Pylelonephritis
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Part 1

Select one (1) mental health disorder and one (1) medical disorder covered within the modules of NUR212 as a basis for your paper. (It must be a disorder that is covered in the content of this course. Other disorders will not be graded.) Compare the two (2) disorders demonstrating similarities and differences.
Discuss how the efforts and resources required to manage the disorders compare to one another. Is the burden a patient with a mental health disorder endures comparable to the burden experienced by a patient with a medical disorder? Explain your response.
Identify two (2) issues that may arise for the patient and/or family when caring for the patients with the identified disorders. Provide two (2) descriptive examples.
Part 2

Identify ethical and legal implications the RN considers when caring for patients with a mental health disorder and medical disorder.
Discuss similarities and differences in the RN’s approach to address the identified implications.
Part 3

Based on the disorders chosen above, adress the following:

Provide an example of how the interprofessional team members can provide collaborative and continuous care in the acute care setting.
Discuss the role of the professional nurse within the team and provide three (3) examples.
Describe how to ensure adherence to medication regimen and follow-up visits – Provide three (3) examples.
What measures would evaluate the effectiveness of the interprofessional plan of care?
How does the RN evaluate the interprofessional team efforts and identify modifications that might be necessary?
Any topic chosen that is not covered within the context of this course, will not be accepted.

Compose your work using a word processor (or other software as appropriate) and save it frequently to your computer. Use a 12 font size, double space your work and use APA format for citations, references, and overall format. Information on how to use the Excelsior College Library to help you research and write your paper is available through the Library Help for AD Nursing Courses page. Assistance with APA format, grammar, and avoiding plagiarism is available for free through the

SAMPLE ANSWER

Part One

Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong condition that affects the patient ability to regulate glucose levels. When a person ingests food, the body breaks down the food into carbohydrates and glucose. The glucose is used to fuel the cell activity. This process requires the use of insulin in order for a cell to convert glucose into energy. With diabetes mellitus, the body does not secrete enough insulin or the receptors become faulty and are unable to absorb the insulin. This causes glucose to build up in the blood, which causes damage to the other parts of the body including kidney, eyes, heart and the nervous systems (Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2014, 2013). The signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus include reduced appetite, increase urine output and general body weakness or fatigue. The diagnosis of this disease is done using glucose tolerance test and also testing of the glycosylated hemoglobin (Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2014, 2013).

According to NICE, patients diagnosed with diabetic are three fold likely to be diagnosed with depression. Depression is a mental disorder that affects a person’s health and their ability to self manages their healthcare condition. Research indicates that depression have great risk to suffering from episodes of diabetic burnout, which can effect their health adversely. Depression is the medical term that is used to describe people with the following symptoms. To start with, they have persistent anxiety, sadness and a prolonged feeling of hollowness. The patient feels helpless, powerless and hopeless. This makes them lose interests of activities that they perceived, insomnia, memory problems and weight changes (Ennis & Bunting, 2013).

The relationship between depression and other health complications is not fully understood. However, the rigors of managing the disease is not easy and could cause the condition to get worse, leading to more health complications. Depression can cause poor management of lifestyle decisions resulting to less exercise, drug use and binge eating. This affects the person abilities to perform their duties or even to perform their tasks as they used to. The non-therapeutic resources used to manage diabetes mellitus and depressions are similar. For instance the programs used to manage the two conditions include activities that will improve lifestyles, such as increase of fitness, weight management strategies, nutrition balance and exercises. These programs help the patient remain in good shape, which improves their self esteem and the patient diabetic condition (Ennis & Bunting, 2013).

The major difference is in therapeutic management process. This is because diabetes mellitus is managed using glycemic control including drugs such as Biguanides, Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), Meglitinide derivatives and insulin’s among others. The management of depression takes time but it can effectively be managed. The common treatments includes the Cognitive behavioral Therapy (CBT), a type of psychotherapy that helps change the negative mentality, as well as lifestyles that contribute to depression. The use of Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) is a therapeutic management that involves the use of antidepressants including the Celxa, Sertraline (Zoloft) and Prozac. Other types of antidepressants that can be used include the Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) among others (Ennis & Bunting, 2013).

Generally, mental health is more debilitating than the acute diseases. Research indicates that person diagnosed with depression is 50% likely to become disable than patients suffering from the chronic diseases angina, arthritis or even diabetes mellitus. This is because mental pain is real that and more severe than the physical pain. The hustle for mental illness is real as most of the mentally ill patients are not accessing care as compared to those with medical conditions. Approximately, three quarters of these individuals are not able to access care. This is especially so, because the NHS commissioners have not commissioned mental health appropriately. For instance, when people suffering from physical condition undergo treatment, their treatment usually include the treatment psychological therapy. Psychological therapy in physical treatment especially in chronic diseases is emphasized than in the mental disorders treatment (Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2014, 2013).

The main issues that arise during the management of these health disorders are financial burden. This is because diabetes and depression are long term diseases that require a lot of resources including attending of the lifestyle modification programs. This is a challenge considering that chronic disease and mental disorders are inadequately covered by the public medical covers. This could be costly to both the patient and the family (Ennis & Bunting, 2013). The other issue that could arise is lack of effective training on how to handle the patients. In most of the public hospitals, patients and the care givers are not trained on how to manage the transition from the healthcare facility. There are not told about what is available for their management of care and what is not. This miscommunication between the patients, caregivers/ families and healthcare providers is a huge challenge that must be addressed (Barr, 2010).

Part 2 Registered Nurse Ethical and legal implications

In these healths setting, the registered nurses have ethical and legal guidelines used during their practices. There are six ethical principles applied by RN when making ethical decisions about their care. These include respect for the patient. RN is expected to support the patient. This includes empowerment and respecting patient’s choice (Autonomy) (Perreault, 2011).

The decision made by the registered nurses must be with the aim of improving patient’s condition by doing well (beneficence) and with the aim of avoiding harm (nonmaleficence). The ethical decision must be made with fairness, truthfulness and equitably (justice). The registered nurse must remain veracious and faithful to their commitment. The registered nurse is expected to make their decisions during care as indicated by the American Nurses Association’s nurse’s code of ethics. These standards are delineated registered nurses across the settings (Barr, 2010).

Some of the ethical concerns that arises these care is balancing the nursing attitude care with compassion, and simultaneously recognizing as well as sustaining the patient-healthcare boundaries. Another ethical concern for registered nurses is to ensure that these patients can access care. The registered nurses have the responsibility of acting as patients advocates, especially in ensuring that their care directives are respected and also in elimination of the healthcare hindrances (Barr, 2010).

End of life care is also an ethical concern for the registered nurses. The registered nurses have the responsibility of ensuring that their patients die with dignity.

The legal implications of nursing include the issues of licensure as stipulated by the federal and states laws. These licensures have delineated registered nurse scope of practice as well as the public expectations. The nurse level of education and the licensure gives the framework by which the registered nurse is expected to practice. These frameworks are to ensure that their practice does not fall below the accepted and expected standards of nurse care, which could expose the RN to litigation (Perreault, 2011).

There are no differences in the ethical and legal implication for RN for the physical disorder (diabetes mellitus) and the mental disorders (depression). The basis for RN litigation is if the patient can prove that the nurse’s actions were due to negligence to perform what is expected of them by the ANA code of ethics and nurse practitioners standards. These includes acts of omission and commission could subject the RN to have their licensure reviewed and to litigation (Perreault, 2011). Regardless of the method or approach of care, the RN has legal as well as ethical obligation to respond to patient’s demands. This implies that the RN should attend to the patient, assess the patient’s demands and the magnitude of care demands. The RN should conduct the family health assessment and cultural health assessment to ensure that the care provided is culturally sensitive. Based on the data generated from the assessment of the patient, then the RN can determine the level as well as the type of interventions are required, develop a care plan and implement it. The RN should contact higher level of healthcare where necessary, including offering referrals (Barr, 2010).

Part 3

The inter-professional teams refer to the collaborations between the various healthcare staffs, with the aim of attaining the common goals of delivering quality and safe care. This is beneficial as the healthcare staffs divide their chores according to the scope of their practice. This reduced the events that the healthcare staffs become burnout. Additionally, inter-professional team facilitates the sharing of information. This coordination and supports ensures that the interventions proposed are ethical and legitimate (Axon et al., 2008).

Inter- professional team faces many barriers. This includes lack of understanding of the major roles, which reduces respect between the healthcare team. The nurses have a key role in collaborating between the healthcare inter-professional team. They are required to possess facilitation skills to ensure that they work collaboratively with the patients and the healthcare staff. This is to ensure that the teams have updated information about the patient and their preferences. For example, the nurses are the healthcare professionals who spend most time with the patients. Therefore, the nurses are expected to deliver around the clock care and record the observations (Pope & Casarett, n.d.).

The nurses are also responsible in ensuring that the physician’s directives are implemented. These include administering of medications and assessment of patients responses to the treatment plan. The nurses is also responsible for the evaluation of the patients medical plan efficiency and safety. They should interpret patient’s information to help the healthcare providers to make the appropriate decisions. Therefore, the nurses roles in the inter-professional team is to assess patient psychological, social, cognitive as well as spiritual needs , and to advocate for the patients wellness as well as facilitating optimal health for the patient. They are also responsible for patient education (Axon et al., 2008).

Through patient education, the patient understands the importance of adherence. There are five interacting factors if medication adherence that have been described by the World Health Organization (WHO). These include factors related to therapy, patient’s behaviors, socioeconomic factors and medical condition factor. Evidence based research identifies strategies to improve the medication adherence. The social and economic factors that can be addresses include lack of health literacy, communication barriers, low socioeconomic status and lack of medical cover. The nurse must learn the cultural beliefs to ensure that they can assist the patients (Axon et al., 2008).

Therapy related factors include complexity in therapy such as mastery of various techniques such as use of inhalers or injections. The unpleasant benefits, prolonged use and interferences are other causes of poor medication adherence. The patient related factors include the cognitive impairment and swallowing difficulties. The nurses need to address psychological issues such as confidence in following treatment, as well as making the patient understand the benefits of medication. Empowering the patient improves their confidence as well as the ability to follow their treatments despite the perceived risks (Pope & Casarett, n.d.).

Evidently, team effectiveness questionnaire is a tool that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of working as a team. This tool consists of about 25 items which evaluates the effectiveness of the interprofessional team I relation to four main dimension including communication, organizational efficiency, healthcare practices such as staff development, EBP and patient centered care. The interprofessional collaboration scale may also be used to assess the interprofessional’s perceptions including the nurses, physicians and the other relevant healthcare professionals. This tool is a 13 item scale that is adapted from the Nurses Opinion Questionnaire. Other evaluative techniques include the evaluation of quality healthcare indicators such as readmission rates, patient’s falls, hospital acquired infections and the length of hospitalizations. These strategies will help identify the gap in inter-professional team, leading to effective interaction between the healthcare staff (Axon et al., 2008).

References

Axon, A., Hassan, M., Niv, Y., Beglinger, C., & Rokkas, T. (2008). Ethical and Legal Implications in Seeking and Providing a Second Medical Opinion. Dig Dis, 26(1), 11-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000109379

Barr, H. (2010). Understanding Interprofessional Working in Health and Social Care. J Interprof Care, 24(4), 470-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13561821003761465

Ennis, E., & Bunting, B. (2013). Family burden, family health and personal mental health. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-255

Perreault, K. (2011). BOOK REVIEW InterprofessionalÂ Teamwork forÂ Health and Social Care. Scott Reeves, Simon Lewin, Sherry Espin and Merrick Zwarenstein, Wiley-Blackwell (2010), 191 p. Physiotherapy Theory And Practice, 27(8), 595-596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09593985.2011.599052

Pope, T., & Casarett, D.(n.d.). Ethical and Legal Obligations of Hospice Staff When Their Patients Receive Aid in Dying. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2338095

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes–2014. (2013). Diabetes Care, 37(Supplement_1), S14-S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc14-s014

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Constructive criticism Assignment Paper

Constructive criticism

Order Instructions:

It is critical that the writer read the articles and give a very good constructive comments for this 2 articles. APA and in text citations must be use to complete the 2 responses.

The writer will have to read each of this post and react to them by commenting, analyzing and supporting with relevant articles. The writer will have to read carefully before giving constructive comments on the post. The writer should write a one paragraph of at least 150 words. APA and in text citation must be use as each respond to the two post must have in text citations. The writer will have to use an article to supports his comments in each of the article. Address the content of each post below in a one paragraph each, analysis and evaluation of the topic, as well as the integration of relevant resources.

I will email the details via email.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Constructive criticism

Article 1

The research article is relevant according to current needs. Based on the statistics provided by the writer, it would be important to tackle the problem of small businesses failing as they are vital to the economy in terms of employment creation and growth of the economy. Nevertheless, there are a few points worth noting about the article. One of the important things is the statistics (Collis, & Hussey, 2013). The writer in the background uses statistics for the United States of America when the research would only cover Texas. It would have been more accurate to narrow down the statistics to Texas. Some of the statistics are from three years ago and yet the research is on current issues. There is also much repetition in the article. Most of the information captured in the background is also in the problem statement and purpose statement. The pace used in this repetition would have been better used in giving a more detailed literature review (Tsang, & Frey, 2007).

Article 2

The research proposed in the report would tackle a relevant problem. It is, therefore, a meaningful article. However, the author fails to include a literature review that would tell the reader about any previous studies concerning the topic. Therefore, the work lacks enough information concerning the topic of interest. Some of the definitions as used in the articles are not accurate. For instance, corporate social responsibility has been defined to mean the commitment of the organization towards the quality of life of workers during economic development. On the other hand, CSR is usually the voluntary undertakings of an organization in a social, economic and environmental manner (Clapp, & Rowlands, 2014). It would be significant for the writer to consider revising some of the definitions, therefore. It would also be more accurate for the author to give the conventional definition of transformational leadership before defining it in context (Avolio, & Yammarino, 2013). The author also proposes to use two independent variables this would make it hard to test for the dependent variable due to the combined effect of the two independent variables.

References

Avolio, B. J., & Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013). Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead (Vol. 5). Emerald Group Publishing.

Clapp, J., & Rowlands, I. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility. Essential Concepts of Global Environmental Governance, 42.

Collis, J., & Hussey, R. (2013). Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Palgrave macmillan.

Tsang, E. W., & Frey, B. S. (2007). The As-Is Journal Review Process: Let Authors Own Their Ideas. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6(1), 128-136.

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Personal values and beliefs Essay Paper

Personal values and beliefs

Order Instructions:

Personal values and beliefs
examining your personal values and beliefs. Include the following:
1) Describe your personal values and spiritual beliefs using catholic and Conservative views.

2) Using the elements of cost, quality, and social issues to frame your description, differentiate your beliefs and opinions about health care policy. Give examples of relevant ethical principles, supported by your values.

3) Analyze how factors such as your upbringing (family oriented), spiritual or religious (catholic)beliefs/doctrine, personal and professional experiences, and political ideology (conservative)affect your current perspective on health care policy.

4) Examine any inconsistencies you discovered relative to the alignment of your personal values and beliefs with those concerning health policy. Discuss what insights this has given you.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guideline

SAMPLE ANSWER

Personal values and beliefs

The issue of spirituality is important in healthcare as it describes a person belief. It is the person’s construct of the way they communally identify and honour as sacred. According to Catholic beliefs, treatment and all medication are means of cooperating with the grace from God, to enhance healing and also relief. This is why most of patients will integrate prayers and religious rituals such as fasting and Holy Communion with treatment. We believe that we are equal before the eyes of God, which prompts to the call of protecting human dignity and rights. This is also the conservative the health policy should identify opportunities that can help the communities eradicate health challenges and to remain self-reliant rather than relying on government funds and provisions (Sorenson, Gusmano, & Oliver, 2013).

The health policy will be supported by most people in the USA if the policy supports personal beliefs, social values, self-interest and ideologies. From my perspective, I am largely dissatisfied with the current health policy. This is because very little reforms have been done since the proposed Clinton health care policy. To start with, the insurance model is done for the very unlikely events such that the insurance company are taking in than it is paying out. Additionally, most of these public health programs are very expensive and only few of the citizens can access quality care. This implies that the poor are left abandoned with poor care or no care at all as the current distribution of the healthcare services are not directly proportional to the medical demands of the community. The health policy is against the ethics of care including Beneficence and justice (Sparer, 2011).

Having been brought up in low socioeconomic status, I have experienced disparities in education and health care, which exacerbates the gaps between the rich and the poor. Most people from these regions are exposed to unhealthy environments. The housing quality is poor and people are increasingly being exposed to hazards associated with crowding and noises. Poor healthcare have resulted to increased rates of chronic diseases such as asthma, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes and obesity. However, these people are not well represented in the health policy, making the issue deteriorate (Sorenson, Gusmano, & Oliver, 2013).

According to my catholic faith, human being must be respected. The concepts of human rights are advocated by the Pope as we believe we are all children of God. The human dignity must be protected to ensure that their freedom is secured. However, the health policy doesn’t secure the basic needs of the community equitably, as the people with special needs and the vulnerable are neglected by the policy. As a conservative, we believe that there is need to focus on reduction of health inequalities, which will only occur through the strengthening of the community at family level to reduce mortality from preventable diseases. The health policy must be lead nationally, in order to link the advanced social psychology as well as the behavioural economics (Sparer, 2011).

Therefore, the responsibility for quality health to the community is the government’s key role, and the care must be decentralised to ensure that the local community are empowered individually rather than being controlled by the central government. According to my perspectives, the councils, independent healthcare providers must be supported in order to reduce the health crisis such as teenage pregnancies, alcoholism and chronic illness (Sorenson, Gusmano, & Oliver, 2013).

References

Sorenson, C., Gusmano, M., & Oliver, A. (2013). The Politics of Comparative Effectiveness Research: Lessons from Recent History. Journal Of Health Politics, Policy And Law, 39(1), 139-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-2395199

Sparer, M. (2011). Editor’s Note. Journal Of Health Politics, Policy And Law, 36(1), 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-1191081

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Terms of Endearment Research Paper Out

Terms of Endearment

Order Instructions:

Review the case study titled “Terms of Endearment”, where teacher Virginia Lawson is confronted with issues of racially insensitive name-calling in her classroom and struggles with handling the situation appropriately.

Write a five to seven (5-7) page paper in which you:

Take a position on whether or not Anthony’s explanation of why he was using the n-word made his actions less of a problem. Take a position on whether or not there are any circumstances in which it would be appropriate for someone to use the n-word or any variation of it in a classroom or school, and explain those circumstances. Provide a rationale for your position.
Suggest at least one (1) alternate way that Ms. Lawson might have decreased tension in the class following the incident instead of chastising Keisha and ordering her to sit down. Analyze how the way you suggested would have addressed Keisha’s comments, and the feelings underneath them, more effectively.
Examine at least one (1) other way that Ms. Lawson might have checked in with Reggie following the incident instead of calling attention to him in front of the whole class and causing him embarrassment. Analyze whether the way you chose would have more effectively allowed Reggie to express his true feelings.
Determine how you would handle the necessary task, after this incident, of addressing the use of the n-word with the class. Provide a list of steps that you would take, as well as a rationale for your response.
Use at least five (5) peer-reviewed academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and many Websites do not qualify as academic resources. Peer-reviewed academic resources refer to articles and scholarly journals that are reviewed by a panel of experts or peers in the field. View this video for more information on obtaining peer-reviewed academic resources through your Blackboard course shell.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Terms of Endearment

Did Anthony’s explanation of why he was using the n-word make his actions less of a problem?

Anthony explained that he was using the n-word because it was a term of endearment. This explanation does not make his actions less a problem due to the fact that the perceived consequences of the n-word to Reggie. Even though it may sound humorous and the other students may laugh at the mention of the word, the n-word is racist in character and it has an effect of causing pain to any African-American individual. This is because of the historical implications of the word and the manner in which it was used in the past to dehumanize African-Americans.

A few researchers have indicated that the n-word may be justified depending on the person using the word (Vera & Feagan, 2007). It can be regarded as a term of endearment in a conversation involving only African-Americans. However, the word is a pejorative, no matter the circumstances in which it is being used, and it should be avoided as much as possible. In practice, complexities have are noticeable in line with its use by African Americans, as it can be used pejoratively, politically, and affectionately. However, it is strictly considered as abusive when used by white people. Nevertheless, it does not matter whether it has been used in a serious or ironical sense, wrongly or rightly, or on the ground of necessity or the need to bring out comedy. African Americans do not like to hear or read the word, despite of the book or play having been written by an African American. This is because of the fact that the n-word usually reflects the bitter years of struggle and insult for the people of color in America. The n-word can never be used to refer to a friend, when in real sense it imposes contempt on African Americans as an inferior race (Cherry, nd).

Are there any circumstances in which it would be appropriate for someone to use the n-word or any variation of it in a classroom or school?

Although the word seems to have gained more acceptance in youth culture over the recent years, with others arguing that the word could be defused through reclaiming it, many adults are of the perception that the word is offensive and harmful. In the classroom setup, there is no room for the use of the word, unless it is being discussed by the help of teachers on its harmful character and the reasons why it should not be used whatsoever. In a situation where students have not been addressed in the classroom concerning the word, it changes everything, as the African American student has to keep on reassessing himself or herself and other students also keep reassessing the African American student.

The responses and feelings of the students is dependent on the students’ population demographics. In schools dominated by African Americans, students seem to have more ease with the word. However, students in that class may still feel uncomfortable if used repeatedly by white students in a ‘classic’ manner (Schulten, 1999). When African Americans form the minority of the class, the word usually causes embarrassment to them and they feel singled out. As in the case of Ms. Lawson’s class, it is evident that Reggie was called the n-word in the minority in a class dominated by other racial groups. This had the potential of hurting Reggie and causing him to feel uneasy. This also explains the reason to why Reggie’s friends laughed when the word was mentioned by Anthony. Nevertheless, the n-word should not be used regardless of whether the class is homogenous or racially mixed.

Although Anthony’s defense of terms of endearment is not acceptable, he can be forgiven in using the words on the ground of ignorance as to the effects and historical attachments African Americans have towards the word. Under the circumstances, it can be seen that the class had not been taught about the historical meaning and the pejorative nature of the word and Anthony did not see any problem with his action.

One (1) alternate way that Ms. Lawson might have decreased tension in the class following the incident instead of chastising Keisha and ordering her to sit down.

The word is handled differently by different teachers. Some teachers prefer not to ever mention the word, and they cannot allow any student to use it. Like Ms. Lawson, some teachers skip over the word and only refer to it using a euphemism. For instance, a white teacher may show more reluctance towards using the word than a teacher of color, irrespective of the demographics of the students’ population in the class. Keisha, an African American student, felt bitter when she heard the n-word being mentioned by a white student towards her fellow African American. Thus, she saw the need to intervene in the issue by condemning Anthony for claiming that he had used the n-word as a term of endearment. She believed that the use of the word was racist and that the teacher should have punished Anthony for calling Reggie the word. Instead of chastising Keisha for her actions, Ms. Lawson should have empathized with the young lady and empowered her to open up and discuss with the class what she knows about the word and the effects it has on her and other African American students. After hearing her out, she would then have arranged for a lesson with the class to explore the n-word with the students (Seeman, 2009).

One (1) other way that Ms. Lawson might have checked in with Reggie following the incident instead of calling attention to him in front of the whole class and causing him embarrassment.

The fact that Reggie formed the minority of the class and that Anthony had been calling him the n-word several times implies that the environment could not allow him to communicate comfortably with the teacher about how he felt, when everybody in the classroom was staring at him. Thus, Ms. Lawson should have called Reggie to a private place with him, tried to empathize with the student, and created an open environment (Seeman, 2009) for Reggie to discuss the issue with her. If Reggie continued to show discomfort in discussing the issue, it would have been proper for Ms. Lawson to give him a chance to put down his viewpoints as a journal entry or letter and give it to her. This would have given Reggie the chance express his true feelings.

Determine how you would handle the necessary task, after this incident, of addressing the use of the n-word with the class. Provide a list of steps that you would take, as well as a rationale for your response.

In deciding the most effective way to handle the n-word, it is important to determine the manner in which its use in the classroom, whether reading it aloud or reading in silent would affect the students. Most educators are of the view that the word need to be said and discussed openly. Thus, I would facilitate an open environment in which the word could be discussed by the students. It is important for a teacher to prepare students to exercise critical thinking in order to see the intent of the authors (Jones, 1984). I would take up the following steps in order to introduce the word to class and inform the students about its historical meaning and psychological impacts:

Prepare the students by explaining to them that we are going to study a pejorative word.
Introduce students to a text or play in which the n-word has been used.
Establish ground rules for the discussion, including respect for all perspectives, no put-downs, and no name-calling.
To create an open environment, I would ask the following key question: “How should we deal with literary works such as Huck Finn containing the word ‘nigga’?”
Open up to students about my own feelings and illustrate to them the reason for exploring the subject.
In case the class shows reluctance to discuss the topic, I will give them an opportunity to express their feelings through anonymous responses, free writing, or journal entries.

Using readings that contain the word ‘nigga’ or ‘nigger’ is the most effective way for initiating discussion. It is good to ask the students how the word changes the reading. Students can go further to write a small version of the reading in which they narrate a story of how someone insulted them, the word, phrase or gesture that was used and how they felt. This would make it easier to bring the students to the consciousness of the word. From there, I would discuss the historical meaning of the word, the manner in which it hurts African Americans and the need to refrain from using it (Alberti, 1995).

References

Alberti, J. (1995). The nigger Huck: Race, identity, and the teaching of Huckleberry Finn. College English, 919-937.

Cherry, A. (nd). Learning “the N-Word”. Retrieved from: http://www2.oakland.edu/oujournal/files/18_nword.pdf

Jones, R. S. (1984). Nigger and Knowledge: White Double-Consciousness in” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”. Mark Twain Journal, 28-37.

Seeman, H. (2009). Preventing Disruptive Behavior in Colleges: A Campus and Classroom Management Handbook for Higher Education. R & L Education.

Schulten, K. (1999). ” Huck Finn” in Context: A Teaching Guide.

Vera, H. & Feagan, J. R. (2007). Handbook of the Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations. Springer Science & Business Media.

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Performance Management Research Paper

Performance Management

Order Instructions:

In your professional experiences, you may have encountered a number of different approaches to formal performance management. Do any of those past experiences stand out in your memory as having exceptional benefits, challenges or unintended consequences?

•Discussing the benefits and challenges of performance management for employee engagement and capability

•Sharing alternative perspectives on the benefits and challenges of performance management for line managers and other organisational leaders, including how performance management systems might interface with or relate to other aspects of business leadership

•Considering the potential unintended consequences of performance management systems

NOTE:

I work in Aviation company

SAMPLE ANSWER

Performance Management

The importance of people within an organization cannot go underestimated. The difference that people make within an organization is well covered in the different principles that make up sound studies of performance management and the effective use of human resources in an organization (Pugh and Mayle, 2009). The management should therefore put in the right efforts as they yearn to correctly deploy the human resources personnel within an organization. The correct use of the human resource within an organization is the main source of differentiate the business capabilities of any organization with the other. In an effort for companies to realize a competitive advantage over the other operators within the society, the company needs to deploy people with the right knowledge and skills to carry out the different functions of the business. Effective performance management is however faced with different challenges as well as benefits to the organization.

One of the benefits of performance management for the employee engagement and capability is the ability to arrange the different tasks within the workplace. A good workplace with the already set out plans of what need to be achieved will clearly set out the objectives of the organization in attaining the different targets (Cornellhrreview.org, 2015). The individuals that will be used in the attaining the different objectives will be known. The organization will also tailor the different tasks to individuals depending on the individual capabilities. Individuals will be informed on what they need to achieve within an organization. The well organization of activities within an organization makes it possible that the different targets will be met in an organization.

The management program will also offer an opportunity for appraising the performance of the different personnel within the organization. The level of performance of the different individuals will be assessed and the results assessed against the overall targets. The performance management is also faced with different challenges that include: the process of developing the right focus is challenging to the organization (Peoplestreme.com, 2015). The focus can be in the form of the personnel that will be needed within the organization so as the organization meets the different targets. The other challenge is in the creating of a connection between the operations of the employees and the outcomes of the organization. The process is a matching process that s specific in the meeting of the needs of the organization using the available expertise within an organization.

The performance management process relates to the different aspects of the organization. The challenges and benefits of the process can alternatives be approached e.g. through training of the personnel to provide a better focus on the different targets of the organization. The different personnel will be informed on their respective functions within the organization and the process will give sound process adoption within the organization (Pasher & Ronen, 2011). The focus among the different personnel will therefore be greatly enhanced.

The process of change management may lead to certain unintended consequences within the organization. The process may lead to high staff turnover. The case is common in the cases where the personnel within the organization are not informed of the planned changes prior to the changes. The human resource within the organization feel alienated with the management process that has been implemented within the organization (Cornellhrreview.org, 2015).

It can be evidenced that one o f the priorities that need to be set within an organization is the effective choice and implementation of a chosen performance management mechanism within an organization. The process has long-term benefits to the organization.

Reference list

Cornellhrreview.org, (2015). From Measurement to Ownership: the Evolution and Organizational Implications of Modern Performance Management — Cornell HR Review. [online] Available at: http://www.cornellhrreview.org/from-measurement-to-ownership-the-evolution-and-organizational-implications-of-modern-performance-management/ [Accessed 22 Oct. 2015].

Pasher, E., & Ronen, T. (2011). The complete guide to knowledge management. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley.

Peoplestreme.com, (2015). Explain What is Employee Performance Management ?. [online] Available at: http://www.peoplestreme.com/what-is-performance-management.shtml [Accessed 22 Oct. 2015].

Pugh, D. and Mayle, D. (2009). Change management. Los Angeles: SAGE.

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Strategic leadership and performance

Order Instructions:

Why do organisations implement formal performance management systems? What strategic or operational goals might such a system help the organisation accomplish? Strategic HR leaders may be in a position to assess their organisation’s environment, culture, capabilities and goals. They could also make a case for performance management within this context.
In this essay, you will explore the implications of a systems approach to performance management for organisational and staff outcomes.

•Write a 550 -word analysis of the intended strategic impact of performance management systems in an organisation. Also describe the impact of performance measurement for individual, team and organisational performance.

•In formulating your Key Concept Exercise, consider the following questions:

o Why do organisations implement performance management systems?

o What would be some potential issues with not having a formal performance management system in place? How might this have a negative – or positive – impact on the organisation and its staff?

o Consider the potential implications of performance management for staff, for leaders and for business outcomes.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Performance has been defined by many scientists and philosophers. Performance is the output of work since they provide the direct linkage to the strategic goals of an organization, measures economic contribution and even customer satisfaction (DE Martini C, (2013). Performance is a mark left behind by a person, and that exists apart from the intended purpose of that person. It is also something that depends on a variety of factors as it is multidimensional. Performance management, therefore, describes a process set by an organization by which it will ensure that employees are aware of what they are expected off and the level of performance expected of them and the role as well as any individual objective they will need to achieve to achieve overall organizational objectives. (Bourne M, and Bourne P, 2011).

Adoption of formal or informal approach depends on the size of the organization such that a small organization will adopt informal performance management approach. A large organization will tend to adopt formal performance management approach since a large organization needs a proper and effective management system.

One of the reasons why organizations should carry out and practice the implementation of formal performance management systems is to organize any training needs to be highlighted by the employees (Leonard, B 2011). In this case, it will ensure that each and every employee knows what he or she is expected of and takes part in the performance of the organization. The formal performance system also helps to rectify employee’s performance.

Formal performance management system helps strategic HR leaders to be in a position to assess their organization’s environment, culture, capabilities, and goals. Formal performance management systems, also, is of benefit since it enables the employees to understand their importance of their contribution to the organizational goals and objectives to the realization of Their success. If an organization implements the formal performance management systems, it will realize improved organizational performance, employee retention and loyalty, overcoming the barrier to communication, cost advantages and even improved productivity.

A well-organized formal performance management system that is well implemented and properly designed plays a crucial role in the performance of the organization. It is holistic in nature and a strategic tool that looks into every activity of the organization, individual management, team and also overall organizational performance.

Performance management establishes a culture that drives the company positively towards achieving its goals (Daniels A, 2014).Companies that fail to implement formal management performance may not be in a position to realize their performance. This is so because of the lack of proper individual and group management and also where every activity of the organization is not normally managed well. (Hope J, and Player S, 2012)

Upon conclusion, it is clear that, organizations that implement the formal performance management system, mostly achieve its goals and objectives, hence realizing a better performance in the global competition. Most of these organizations are big, unlike small organizations who use informal performance management. From my point of view, organizations should adopt formal performance management systems, as it helps in realization of its success.

REFERENCES.

DEMARTINI, C. (2013). Performance management systems: design, diagnosis and use. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36684-0.

BOURNE, M., & BOURNE, P. (2011). Handbook of corporate performance management. Chichester, West Sussex, Wiley.

LEONARD B. E. (2011). Antidepressants. Basel, Birkhäuser Basel. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8344-3.

DANIELS, A. C. (2014). Performance management, and changing behavior that drives organizational effectiveness.

HOPE, J., & PLAYER, S. (2012). Beyond performance management: why, when, and how to use 40 tools and best practices for superior business performance. Boston, Mass, Harvard Business Review Press.

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Apple International’s Distribution Strategy

Order Instructions:

submit an academic paper that covers the concept of distribution strategy. Choose Apple as the company to provide your analysis.

Your paper should discuss the overall distribution strategy of the company, clearly describe the distribution channels, and why you think the distribution strategy of your company of choice is effective and provides a competitive advantage.

You are to also provide possible alternatives to the companies distribution strategy in light of what you have learned thus far in the course. When providing alternatives, such should be well-founded, and based on appropriate research rather than simply stating an opinion without support.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Apple International’s Distribution Strategy

Introduction

Apple International provides services to a vast pool of consumers. These consumers come from sectors such as education, government, enterprises, and SMB markets. Therefore, there is reason to have a coordinated distribution strategy to ensure that products reach consumers efficiently (Mallin & Finkle, 2011). The distribution strategy used by Apple Inc. combines both concepts of marketing logistics and marketing communications. Therefore, the following discussion will indulge in discussing the distribution strategy used by the Apple Inc. in the move to make profits and achieve customer satisfaction. In addition, the discussion will give recommendations on how the company can best utilize its distribution strategy/channels.

Discussion

Apple Inc. is an American Corporation that deals with designing and marketing consumer electronics, personal computers, and computer software. It has the range of products ranging from iPad, iPhone, and iPod. Through its centrifuged marketing strategies, Apple Inc. has been able to make sure that its customers are satisfied beyond maximum efficiently (Mallin & Finkle, 2011). This correlates to the fact that the distribution medium used by the company ensures that products reach the consumer conveniently. Ina addition, the distribution strategy has enabled the company to create a unique reputation in the overall consumer electronics industry.

The distribution strategy used by the Apple Inc. is meant to counteract intense completion from such players as Google, Microsoft, and other companies (Rimac, Borst & Walid, 2008). In emphasis, the distribution strategy used by Apple Inc. is entirely a selective distribution strategy. This strategy ensures that the company gets the right medium for its distribution. It makes sure that the channel shows a complete combination of effective marketing communication and marketing logistics (Homburg, Vollmayr & Hahn, 2014). In addition, the selective distribution ensures that it exclusively limit market reach. Furthermore, the selective distribution strategy ensures that Apple Inc. control over distribution by authorizing sellers to sell on their behalf. Apple Inc. uses four distribution channels to reach its consumers. These channels range from online stores, retail store, direct sales force, and third-party wholesalers (Sahoo, 2012). The company distributes its products and resells third-party products to most major markets. This ensures that there is a direct selling of products to the consumers.

In addition, the company uses indirect distribution channels to reach its consumers. These channels comprehensively comprise retailers, value-added resellers, and wholesalers who are mainly third-party cellular network stakeholders (Sahoo, 2012). Both direct and indirect distribution strategies are characterized by pros and cons. All the distribution channels are meant to make the company continue to gain competitive advantages in the market. The company has some retail stores. The large network of stores gives the company a major advantage in the distribution (Rimac, Borst & Walid, 2008). Apple Inc. understands the preferences it customers clearly. Thus, its distribution channels are crafted to meet all brand-touch points. The company is increasingly improving its distribution capabilities by opening its retail stores in important cities around the globe (Sahoo, 2012). The retail stores have potential customers have direct experience of the company’s brands. The environment in the stores enables the customer experience a stimulating environment characterized by no-pressure setting that gives them opportunities to discover more about the Apple fraternity. The retail staff is composed of trained and helpful people whose enthusiasm lures customers to come and shop again at the stores. Homburg, Vollmayr & Hahn (2014) argue that distribution is an important ingredient of the marketing mix. It usually takes the place of ‘place’ in the mix.

Online store selling is another form of the direct distribution channel. Through online, there is no presence of intermediaries. The consumers are made to observe the product feature through the Apple Website. In addition, the customer requests and purchase the products selected through online (Sahoo, 2012). These channels are important became it is convenient and cost friendly on the part of the company. This is because it can induce the customer to engage in impulsive buying by just observing features of the products through online efficiently (Mallin & Finkle, 2011). However, this channel has been criticized by Sahoo (2012)to bring shortcomings due to a lot of unnecessary information on the websites that make the customers unable to purchase products and prefer to visit the stores themselves.

The company also uses retailers in the distribution strategy. With the use of retailers’, Apple Inc. ensures that the retailers buy smaller quantities of products from them (Sahoo, 2012). Therefore, this form of indirect distribution channels ensures that the presence of the retailers does not have many costs as compared to when both retailers and wholesalers are present. Using such retailers as Waymart And Best Buy, Apple Inc. is bale to eliminate the presence of wholesalers in the channels (Rimac, Borst & Walid, 2008). This ensures that products reach the final consumer on time, and at the same time, realizing the projected profits by the company.

To improve marketing communication, Apple Inc. uses telecom companies such as Verizon and AT& T to ensure that communication within the distribution channel is enhanced. All the four distribution channels are interconnected with various communication models efficiently (Mallin & Finkle, 2011). This ensures that an emergent information is communicated easily to the retail stores, online stores, retailer, and the wholesalers. It is observed that the telecom companies are also authorized to sell iPhone units.

The company is said to use third-party wholesalers as a part of the distribution strategy. The third-party wholesalers, used by the Apple Inc., offer products to consumers through their businesses. The company usually makes quality products. However, the third-party wholesalers sell these products independently (Samaha, Palmatier, & Dant, 2011). The Apple Inc. is responsible for manufacturing products before they are distributed to their wholesalers. The problem with this channel is that the customer cannot get experienced Apple specialists to assist them with their new products. This, therefore, forces the customers to opt to go to the direct stores where they can get the experienced specialist to advise them on how to use new products. Rimac, Borst & Walid (2008) as companies giving fulfillment services, refers the third-party wholesalers. Apple Inc. uses fulfillment services from firms such as eBay and Amazon.com for Apple Inc to sell their products. The third-party wholesalers ensure that consumers are not supplied by Apple-related products directly, as this type of distribution strategy make products be shipped at least two times (Chu, Chintagunta & Vilcassim, 2007). However, use of a third-party wholesaler is still a convenient way for Apple Inc. to reach its consumer despite the channel associated with certain drawbacks.

Lastly, Apple Inc. uses direct sales forces as one of the distribution channels. The direct sales force gives the customer an experienced technical staff. Observably, for instance, it is easier for a customer to buy two or more computers from Apple. However, it becomes difficult for a company to purchase, for instance, two hundred computers. Therefore, the direct sales force gives the buyers confidence that they are purchasing from the right distributors (Samaha, Palmatier & Dant, 2011). They deliver the purchased products to the buyer’s premises, in addition to providing consultations to the buyers on how to deal with software and hardware. Notably, the use of direct sales force is a direct form of distribution strategy.

Recommendations

Weaknesses of the selective distribution strategy used by Apple Inc are that it has a policy of exclusivity. This has been approved by the discussion above that Apple Inc. selectively authorizes sellers of its products. Yu, Cadeaux & Song (2013) warn that such an exclusive distribution strategy limits Apple Inc.’s market reach. The second and final recommendations to improve the distribution strategy of Apple Inc. are to ensure the indirect stores have specialized consultants. This move will decrease the number of people avoiding to purchase from the third-party wholesalers to go to the direct stores. Chu, Chintagunta & Vilcassim (2007) argue that congesting customers in one place do not mean improved profits when its subsidiaries have less number of customers visiting the places. Therefore, ensuring that the subsidiaries have consultants and other assisting agents, more customers will buy from the indirect stores thus improving services and services to the corporation.

Conclusion

In summary, it has been observed that Apple Inc. majors in using the selective distribution strategy. This strategy involves the company selecting its authorized retailers. This enables the corporation to leverage its functions. However, this strategy prohibits further market reach. Therefore, Apple Inc. needs to use an inclusive distribution channel to increase its market reach.

References

Chu, J., Chintagunta, P. K., & Vilcassim, N. J. (2007). Assessing the Economic Value of Distribution Channels: An Application to the Personal Computer Industry. Journal Of Marketing Research (JMR), 44(1), 29-41. doi:10.1509/jmkr.44.1.29

Homburg, C., Vollmayr, J., & Hahn, A. (2014). Firm Value Creation Through Major Channel Expansions: Evidence from an Event Study in the United States, Germany, and China. Journal Of Marketing, 78(3), 38-61. doi:10.1509/jm.12.0179

Mallin, M. L., & Finkle, T. A. (2011). APPLE INC.: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS. Journal Of The International Academy For Case Studies, 17(7), 63-74.

Rimac, I., Borst, S., & Walid, A. (2008). Peer-assisted content distribution networks: performance gains and server capacity savings. Bell Labs Technical Journal (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), 13(3), 59-69. doi:10.1002/bltj.20323

Sahoo, D. (2012). Strategic Change of Campaign at Apple Inc. Vidwat: The Indian Journal Of Management, 5(2), 38-48.

Samaha, S. A., Palmatier, R. W., & Dant, R. P. (2011). Poisoning Relationships: Perceived Unfairness in Channels of Distribution. Journal Of Marketing, 75(3), 99-117. https://www.doi:10.1509/jmkg.75.3.99

Yu, K., Cadeaux, J., & Song, H. (2013). Distribution Channel Network and Relational Performance: The Intervening Mechanism of Adaptive Distribution Flexibility. Decision Sciences, 44(5), 915-950. doi:10.1111/deci.12040

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