Prior to answering this week’s discussion, make sure you have completed the readings and can spend time fully examining the “Buying a Car” scenario.
In the car buying scenario, just like in real life, you were presented with an argument for making a different purchase than what you had originally intended. Think of a time recently where you were presented with an argument that was intended to change your opinion on something. Using that event, complete the following:
a. Present the argument in premise-conclusion form.
b. Identify whether or not it was inductive or deductive and evaluate it for quality. Be sure to speak in terms of valid/sound for deductive arguments and strong/weak for inductive arguments. Note that last week you were merely asked to present whether or not you found the argument convincing. This week you are being asked to use your new knowledge to evaluate the arguments based on validity, soundness, and strength.
c. Explain whether or not you were convinced by the argument.
d. Explain whether you were correct in your judgment of the argument.
Use the “Steps for Evaluating an Argument” template to help you structure your response. After you have completed the argument template, you will then be able to use that template to write out a response in which you cover all the elements that were included in the argument template.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Evaluation of an Argument
In this discussion, the presented argument intended to convince me to change my opinion concerning whether to go for my weekly outdoor physical exercises first or go to the shopping mall solely based on the prevailing weather conditions. It was on Saturday, and my schedule on this day usually involves doing two key activities such as going for my weekly outdoor physical exercises first followed by going to the shopping mall later. At the time of the argument none of the two activities had been executed, and outside weather was undoutedly not conducive for outdoor physical exercises since it was highly imminent that it was about to rain within minutes or an hour.
Usually, I have always been going for the outdoor physical exercises subsequent to going to the shopping mall, but based on the prevailing weather condition I opted to interchange the two activities by executing the one which is always done later first. However, my friend who had paid me a visit tried to convince me to stick to my usual schedule so that we can do the physical exercises together. I declined to that suggestion and went for shopping first because rainy weather conditions do not favor outdoor physical exercises, and for sure it rained within less than an one hour meaning that, if I had agreed to my friend’s suggestion I could not have had completed my outdoor physical exercises effectively which normally take a whole hour.
It is undoutedly evident that my argument was based on deductive reasoning since it began with a general statement/premise to arrive at a specific conclusion (Tripod, 2000). Based on the reasons I provided to my friend supporting my decision, it is evidently clear that the validity or soundness of my deductive argument is undisputable. Also I can succintly state that I was not convinced by my friend’s argument since by insisting that, I stick to my usuall schedule so that we can both take part in my weekly outdoor physical exercises in the presence of an imminent threat from unconducive weather was not logical (Tripod, 2000). This is because my friend was trying fit in my schedule irrespective of the prevailing unconducive weather conditions, while I had the ultimate right of deciding what to do. It is also obvious that I was correct in my judgement of the argument since the decision/conclusion I had made based on my premises eventually turned out to be correct.
For this paper, the writer has to pay attentions to all the details and respond diligently to all the points mentioned in the main questions. APA 6th edition has to be implored throughout the entire paper including the proper referencing of the reference list all in APA.
Outsourcing and the Extended Organization
As global businesses have become more complex and dispersed, effective coordination of activities and processes within and between organizations has become an ever more urgent priority. Imagine that you manage a company supplying educational resources to students studying online. Consider the potential advantages of outsourcing capabilities currently performed within your organization.
Develop an appropriate strategy to capitalize on these advantages and identify the key relationship goals. Then, go on to discuss the challenges of inter-functional and inter-organizational coordination. To what degree has information technology facilitated, or hindered, such coordination?
Resources
Articles
• Gottfredson, M., Puryear, R., & Phillips, S. (2005). Strategic sourcing from periphery to the core. Harvard Business Review, 83(2). Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
The authors contend that outsourcing is becoming so sophisticated that even core functions like engineering, R&D, manufacturing, and marketing can and often should be moved outside the organization.
• Gosain, S., Lee, Z., & Kim, Y. (2005). The management of cross-functional inter-dependencies in ERP implementations: Emergent coordination patterns. European Journal of Information Systems, 14(4). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This report presents primary data related to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementations at four large organizations representing different industries and implementation strategies.
• Chi, L., & Holsapple, C. (2005). Understanding computer-mediated interorganizational collaboration: A model and framework. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(1). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article takes a systematic view of collaboration between different organizational systems and offers an integrative model supported by empirical examples of key issues.
Kim, D., Cavusgil, S. T., & Calantone, R. J. (2006). Information system innovations and supply chain management: Channel relationships and firm performance. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 34(1). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article reports the effects of innovation in supply chain communication systems on channel relationships and market performance. The hypothesis is that certain innovations can enhance channel capabilities, and hence an organization’s market performance.
This paper puts forth a thesis exploring how to put into effect dynamically composed inter-organizational business processes.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Outsourcing and the Extended Organization
Given the expanding set of activities that take place within the modern organization, more and more companies are looking into subcontracting some of their operations to external firms. Outsourcing can encompass some or all activities of the organization, including but not limited to research and development, product design and manufacture, marketing and distribution, and after sales services (Kim Daekwan, 2006). In this case, outsourcing involves developing a bilateral relationship with an external partner, to undertake certain investments on behalf of the company, and to manufacture products that meet the company’s specific needs, whether on-site or off-site.
For an organization supplying educational resources to students studying online, outsourcing can mean huge cost savings for the organization among other benefits, and may occur for different activities within the whole value chain. In most cases, a company can experience serious problems with document handling and choose to outsource the services of an external company. These services will range from scanning and storing documents electronically to creating a central database where all users can easily access them.
There are several potential benefits to the outsourcing capabilities currently undertaken at the organization. For one, the organizations from which the products are outsourced are likely to enjoy economies of scale, which translate into huge cost savings for the organization. Second, through outsourcing, the organization benefits from cost restructuring that allow it to avoid certain fixed overheads associated with in-house production. Another advantage is that through outsourcing, the organization can concentrate on the quality of its products rather than support services through the expertise and technological capabilities of its external partner. Being that the outsourcing contract is fixed, the organization also avoids issues as financial risks, and price shifts.
The key to developing an appropriate strategy to capitalize on these benefits lies in the flexibility of the organization, capacity to carry out activities in-house and the available skill set. According to Harmon’s Process Strategy Matrix, all these depend on the complexity and dynamism of the process and its strategic importance. Outsourcing is not recommended where the process is of high strategic importance to the organization. In this case, the organization cannot outsource IT or similar technological services, as it is the backbone of its operations and a source of its competitive advantage.
Before the onset of the outsourcing, it is necessary for the organization and the external party to agree on expected outcomes to avoid misunderstandings. Since there may be no clear measure for comparing the outcome of outsourced products and those produced in-house, both parties should develop a standard that guarantee quality and value for money (Norta, 2007). These standards should consider process activity and information flow, performance, and management.
There are several challenges that arise because of inter-functional and inter-organizational coordination. The main challenge often is physical proximity to the external partner, but this has become irrelevant with increased globalization and technological advancements. For such functions as R&D, transaction processing and similar support services, the internet and improved telephone infrastructure has made work easier and cost effective (Mark Gottfredson, 2005). Because of information technology, the organization can carry out a majority of its transactions electronically at high speeds and minimum cost. Another challenge is the dynamic nature of the supply chain. Given that the needs and preferences of customers change with time, it is inevitable that this will have an impact on the supplier-distributer relationship. It is vital that both parties recognize that the bilateral relationship will also evolve and provide contingency measures for when this happen.
References
Kim Daekwan, T. S. (2006). Information System Innovations and Supply Chain Management: Channel Relationships and Firm Performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , 40-54.
Mark Gottfredson, R. P. (2005). Strategic Sourcing: From Periphery to the Core. Havard Business Review , 132-145.
Sanjay Gosain, Z. L. (2005). The management of cross-functional inter-dependencies in ERP implementations: Emergent coordination patterns. European Journal of Information Systems , 371-387.
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Reyna Grande’s The Distance Between Us will benefit young Latinos
Essay prompt 1
The memoir by Reyna Grande is basically the story about illegal immigration. Nonetheless, Grande also narrates other stories and illustrates the way they are all interconnected. It is particularly beneficial for young Latinos since it narrates how poverty forces young Latinos from school and into the ranch. It narrates how mothers abandon their young children and fathers who use alcohol until they end up being violent. In addition, the book narrates how young Latinos transcend their abuse, neglect as well as poverty to live out their dreams in El Otro Lado, or The United States.
Latinos who immigrate to the United States with promises to return back to their country with enough money sometimes find life in the United States very hard which makes them unable to fulfill the promises made. Grande states that the Other Side or El Otro Lado, which is the United States, took away her father when she was just 2 years old. It was in 1980 when recession in Mexico was the worst ever in 5 decades (Grande 6). Grande’s father had left her and her two siblings Carlos and Mago, along with their mother behind in Iguala, Guerrero, a village in Mexico, and dangerously trekked across the border to El Otro Lado. Grande’s father promised to come back soon from El Otro Lado with sufficient money to construct them a dream home wherein they can all live together. Their promises made by their father become harder to believe given that months turn into years. Their father had abandoned them in poverty in Iguala.
He later sends for his wife to join him and Reyna, Mago and Carlos are taken to the household of their grandmother Abuelita Chinta. Grande says “similar to most immigrants, my father had left his native country with high hopes of what life in America would be like” (Grande 7). She adds that “as soon as reality set in and realized that money was not as easy to make as the stories told by people made it seem, he had to make a choice between sending for his wife or going back to his native country with his head held low” (Grande 7). Grande’s father chose to summon his wife with the expectation that both of them would be able to earn the money required for building the house he had been dreaming of and come back to Mexico with delight.
With both their parents gone to El Otro Lado and remaining alone and abandoned, Reyna, Mago and Carlos live with their grandmother who is strict and at times cruel. Reyna narrates dwelling in cardboard homes which flooded during the monsoon rains and scorpions creeping on the walls. Even so, what is more agonizing and distressing is her longing for her mother and father. In child-like, straightforward language, Grande writes: “I felt as if I had some type of scorpion within me that stung my heart repeatedly.” The poverty in the poor Mexican village of Iguala is unyielding and Grande, Mago and Carlos long for affection and love which their grandparents cannot give them. This depicts how young Latinos feel after their mother and/or father has left them for a better life in El Otro Lado.
In the end, their father returns from American and takes them away to El Otro Lado through illegal means and start a new life in this country with their father. They suppose that finally, their troubles are ended. To the young eyes of Reyna, Los Angeles is a magical and eccentric place with unbelievably speedy traffic. Nonetheless, the young Latinos – the Grande siblings – still face difficulties in El Otro Lado. They face discrimination not just from their classmates, but also from their educators. The children struggle to learn the English language and are worried about being deported back to Mexico. Moreover, at home, their father has another woman and Reyna, Carlo, and Mago really miss their mother who has since returned to Mexico.
He drinks and sometimes becomes enraged and beats the Grande children frequently using his fists and belt. In essence, the pain of Mexican memories serves to feed their father’s California dreams, as well as his drinking. In California, he works as a maintenance worker and pushes Mago, Carlos, and Reyna to never miss even a single day of school. When the children defy him, he threatens and disgraces them. He says: “I brought you to America so that you can get education and exploit the opportunities that America has to offer” (Grande 166). Their father added “the moment you walk through the door without As, I am taking you back to my mother’s house” (Grande 166).
As the book ends, Reyna Grande attempts to understand her father. She attempts to comprehend the abuse as well as poverty which he experienced in his childhood and the way it shaped him, and she forgives him. Eventually, her father is the person who really drives her into a better life. Her father tells Grande: “Just because we are illegal here does not imply that we cannot dream,” (Grande 231) and Grande sticks to that. Reyna goes to college and moves in with a college professor so that she can get protection. She is introduced by this professor to Chicano authors and she is not alone anymore.
This story by Reyna Grande is actually not unique. She states that 80% of children who are Latin American have been separated from their mother or father at some point during migration to America. The story gives emphasis to the several struggles faced by these young Latinos. As she depicts her journey through immigration, Grande speaks for young Latinos that grow up torn between 2 different countries; the United States and a Latin American country such as Mexico. Grande also speaks for young Latinos who grow up struggling with poverty, young Latinos who grow up neglected or abused by a parent or grand parent, and young Latinos who one way or another muster the strength to help them in rising out of all that.
Conclusion
In conclusion, after having read Reyna Grande’s Memoir, The Distance Between Us, I feel that the group who might benefit from reading it are young Latinos. This book will benefit young Latinos since they may be able to relate to Reyna Grande’s story, and how Reyna and her Siblings struggled with abandonment and poverty in Mexico with a parent in America. It also illustrates how Latino children who have illegally immigrated to America struggle to learn English as a second language. The memoir also depicts the discrimination faced by young Latinos in school from their teachers and fellow students. As such, this book matters a lot.
Work Cited
Grande, Reyna. The Distance Between Us, 2013. Print.
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Environmental impacts are the positive or negative effects that are used as symptoms to predict the environmental consequences of a policy, program, plan or project. Impacts usually help in the understanding of a projects potential benefits or harm to the immediate environment. Usually, the level or degree of the environmental impact or potential impact in relation to a project determines the cost and benefits related to the project. Halley (2009) identifies that the words impact and effects can be used hand in hand.
The impacts that are related to a project are usually measured through impact assessments to propose measures that can either adjust the impacts to acceptable levels or investigate new ways in which those impacts can be mitigated say through integration of new technological solutions. Four environmental impacts in relation to the future government project to expand the Camisea gas field of the San Martín reservoir will be discussed in this paper. They include the biological impacts of the project to human beings as well as other living things in the area, the impact of the project to the surface and ground water systems as well as the impacts to the lithosphere and atmosphere at large.
The impacts of the gas expansion project can also either is irreversible, synergistic, cumulative or positive in nature. Irreversible impacts are those that can never be changed ones they occur. Synergistic effects on the other hand are environmental impacts that arise between two or more factors or substances that produces an effect greater than the sum of their individual capacities. Mayes and Lewis (2012) define cumulative effects in environmental impact assessment as the net result of environmental impact from a number of projects and activities. Many environmental problems for example, such as increase in air pollution result from the cumulative effects of human activities or effects such as acid rain, loss of biodiversity and rapid climatic changes. Cumulative effects are therefore the combination of multiple activities.
According to Banqueri (2006), the biosphere is the zone of life on the earth as it is the combination of all ecosystems. It integrates all living things including plants and animals as well as microorganisms. In order to extract and transport natural gas from the Urubamba River area to major markets around the Americas, construction to place manmade structures such as pipelines required for the drilling of oil and gas can alter the traditional use of the land by the locals and home the local symbiotic relationships between the ecosystems. This harm could include the advent of soil erosion through the felling if trees in the forests for drilling infrastructure therefore affecting the wildlife ecosystems, their migration and breeding patterns as well as the destruction of the water catchment areas hindering the levels of both surface and underground water sources. This kind of alteration to the environment and soil structure is irreversible in nature and is therefore better prevented than cured (Thomashow, 2002).
When forests are destroyed to clear a site, the construction process also poses a threat with the erosion of minerals and harmful pollutants into streams affecting the river, lake, stream and sea ecosystems through sedimentation which as a result leads to aquatic contamination. Usually, deforestation is always a permanent exercise as nobody cuts trees and plants others. The threat of sedimentation because of deforestation is an indication to that the effects of these are synergistic in nature as the erosion of minerals from the soils also pollutes the water resources (Zelli, 2014). It is clear therefore that the individual impacts from a single factor in the examples given above may not be significant on their own as single entities but when combined with other impacts the effects become significant indicating that all these effects are not just irreversible, synergistic, cumulative or positive in nature but are intertwined and connected (Krzyzanowski, 2010).
The hydrosphere is also affected by the activities of oil and gas exploration through hydraulic fracking. In this process, various chemicals are mixed with a mixture of many gallons of water and sand and then injected into the wells with very high pressure. This fracking method however, has been seen by the locals around the Camisea field to pose threats to water, air, land, and the health of their community. Fracking sites in oil and gas extraction, according to Nagelhout (2014) have caused smog in rural areas over the years around the Camisea field and the San Martín area ecosystems in general. The locals experiences where oil and gas exploration is concerned and their value for the preservation of natural ecosystem services that they have been enjoying prior to the 1980s remain a source of concern for them to the point where it is difficult to convince them that the planned natural gas extension project in the Camisea area will have minimal negative impact. The cumulative effects of these factors to the eyes of the locals have resulted in their negative campaigns against the expansion of the project.
Documented cases of contamination of groundwater near oil and gas with fracking fluids as well as with gases, including methane and volatile organic compounds has also been noted by researchers (Ralph, 2012). Kessler (2005) also reveals that tropical regions such as Peru hold high methane concentrations increasing their probability and possibility of contamination to the environment as improperly constructed or failing wells allow gas to leak into groundwater. Cases of contamination for example have been documented in similar areas in the United States such as Ohio and Pennsylvania (Wilber, 2012).
Since drilling muds, diesel and other machinery fluid are used in the process, leaks and spills also spill at the surface creating permanent damage to the land making it unfit for use for agriculture in the future even when the natural gas deposits dry out. Since fracturing involves the use of a lot of water, the local water supplies may also be strained as a result of expansion of this project. Synergistic and cumulative effects are also bound to emerge when water becomes scarce. When water is scarce, agriculture and food production reduces and therefore the local food supply to the area also declines. A decline in the food supply results in an increase of food demand and therefore the prices of food are likely to increase in the area which will make the cost of living in the area increase. The irreversible impact of fracturing also is that most of the water used in the process is not recoverable.
Where the impact to the lithosphere is concerned, agricultural practice can also be affected by the large quantities of chemicals such as hydrochloric acid, bactericides and friction-reducing chemicals. These chemicals are usually stored in a typical well pad and if not properly managed, leakages and spillages during transport could leak into agricultural land in the area causing massive irreversible losses. The cumulative effects to the atmosphere could include the development of smog should the natural gas be burned in large quantities because of the production of several nitrogen oxides with the air. However, these factors could lead to irreversible public health conditions and illnesses for people in the area because respiratory diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, heart disease and bronchitis have been linked to the said pollutants.
The Impact Evaluation
The impact evaluation seeks to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the processes of production, processing, transportation, storage and distribution of natural gas and oil to the Peru ecosystem. According to Gertler (2011), impact evaluation should be illustrated using the EIA operating principles of good practice such as scoping, examination of alternatives, impact analysis and mitigation. Scoping is involved with the identifying of impacts that are most important such as the benefits of the project to the local community and the mitigation of the worst possible risks that the locals are concerned about. An examination of alternatives as defined by McCabe (2003) is the establishment of the most preferred environmentally beneficial option for achieving the objectives of both parties where conserving the heritage of the area’s environment and safe and pollution free alternatives are found. Impact analysis involves the identification and the prediction of the related impacts to the most environmentally beneficial option. Impact management and mitigation involves establishing measures that are necessary to mitigate or even avoid completely the predicted adverse effects that would then be incorporated into an environmental management system (Cancilla, 2010).
Where production is concerned, the drilling of the wells and the clearing of forest for creation of the space to construct the central gathering unit that includes pipelines, liquid storage tanks, facilities will result into negative impacts such as increasing soil erosion and sedimentation, pollution of the land and air by the use of separators, pneumatic devices, chemical injection pumps, dehydrators and compressors. The processing unit will include the utilization of gas acid removal units that would help reduce the impact of acid pollution which is a positive impact. Where transportation and distribution of the natural oil and gas is concerned, pipeline networks will have to be build and many trees within the demarcated pipeline plan will have to be fell which would affect the water catchment areas and make the area prone to soil erosion. People living around these networks will also have to be evacuated and resettled for their own safety which might be an inconvenience to them. However, the presence of meter and pressure regulating stations as well as the gas facilities will ensure that general infrastructure such as electricity and roads will be built or upgraded which will speed up the development of that area. Another positive impact would be that jobs will be created as a result of the expansion of the project (Kandiyoti, 2008).
Environmental Management Plan
The environmental management plan will therefore include priorities such as demarcating sensitive lands and watersheds completely off limits to oil and gas production, curbing air pollution from drilling and production to distribution across the system by setting clean air standards that minimize methane leakage and prevention of smog-formation and cancer-causing toxic air pollution, mandating the use of drilling best practices, funding robust inspection and enforcement programs to protect the environment from pollution and setting up commissions and taskforces for the same, and making the local public or government a shareholder of the oil and gas companies ensuring that oil and gas companies post adequate bonds or other financial securities, disclosure of chemical information used in the processes, facilitating the transparency and public participation of regulatory processes associated with oil and gas development and restricting fracking through comprehensive zoning and planning (Montgomery, 2003).
Works Cited
Banqueri, Eduardo. The Biosphere Philadelphia: Chelsea House Pub., 2006.
Cancilla, Riccardo. Global Environmental Policies: Impact, Management and Effects. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.
Gertler, Paul. Impact Evaluation in Practice Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2011.
Halley, George T. Environmental Impact Assessments New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
Kandiyoti, R. Pipelines Flowing Oil and Crude Politics London: I.B. Tauris, 2008.
Kessler, John Daniel. Studies on Oceanic Methane: Concentrations, Stable Isotope Ratios, and Natural Radiocarbon Measurements. 2005.
Krzyzanowski, Judi, and Pedro Lara Almuedo. Cumulative Impacts of Natural Resource Development and Ecosystems and Wildlife an Annotated Bibliography for British Columbia Kamloops, B.C.: FORREX Forum for Research and Extension in Natural Resources, 2010.
Mayes, Linda, and Michael Lewis the Cambridge Handbook of Environment in Human Development Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
McCabe, Mary. Studies of EIA Practice in Developing Countries Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environment Programme, 2003.
Montgomery, Carla W. Environmental Geology. 6th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
Nagelhout, Ryan. Fracking New York, NY: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2014.
Ralph, Peter. Dirty Fracking Business Melbourne: Melbourne Books, 2012.
Thomashow, Mitchell. Bringing the Biosphere Home Learning to Perceive Global Environmental Change Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002
Wilber, Tom. Under the Surface: Fracking, Fortunes and the Fate of the Marcellus Shale. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012.
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SAMPLE ANSWER
Psychometrics is a field that explains survey development in conducting studies. Psychometric study checks if a survey accomplishes what it intends to measure. It strives to ascertain whether a certain variable accurately measures a given construct (like opinions regarding a certain area of study). Psychometrics is known to assist researchers and evaluators to choose appropriate surveys and identify whether their survey is performing as intended (Kumar, 2009). Techniques for measuring variables in a study involve levels of measurement, reliability and validity.
There are 4 levels of measurement which are associated with any outcome, and they include;
Nominal level data: This is data produced when a measure categorizes people but the outcome of the measure which is numbers does not represent any hierarchy.
Ordinal level data: The scores in this scale are arranged in order, ranging from the lowest to the highest. This is the main difference between ordinal and nominal scales. Ordinal scales provide a mechanism to compare the extent to which 2 subjects influence the dependant variable but do not have equal intervals.
Interval level data: It usually involves order between scores and equal intervals between units of measurement, and it does not have a true zero.
Ratio level data: This category involves order between scores and equal intervals between the measurement units, and it has a true zero (Kumar, 2009).
Reliability is a concept applied in measurement where one gains confidence that the outcome of a measure does not change and produces the same result each and every time when it is used. Although measures are not reliable in the entire period, a measure is assumed to be reliable for use only with a particular population under study. The reliability coefficient is the mostly used statistic when investigating the reliability of a test. The several types of reliability include;
Test-Retest Reliability: It refers to the test’s consistency in test results, especially self-report tests, when administered on more than one occasion. To determine the coefficient for this type of reliability, the same test is given to a group of subjects on at least two separate occasions
Internal Consistency: is a type of reliability used to test measures of outcome which usually test a single concept, and assesses the magnitude to which all items in the outcome measure address the same underlying concept
Intra-rater Reliability: It shows the consistency with which a rater performs and scores an outcome measure.
Inter-rater Reliability: It shows the consistency with which 2 raters come to a consensus when they administer and score a measure of outcome (Kumar, 2009).
Validity is the degree to which an instrument of measure achieves its intended purpose. The different aspects of validity include;
Face validity: It measures the magnitude by which a test seems to measure what is intended.
Content validity: It measures the degree to which a test brings on board all the items which should be included to represent the concept under study.
Criterion Validity: It can also be referred to as predictive validity because it measures the extent to which one variable or several variables can predict the outcome of other variables in study.
Construct validity: It strives to assess whether a test can measure the variables of interest in a study as required by a clinician or researcher (Kumar, 2009).
Robert (2013) conducts a study to investigate the “Psychological and Neurological Bases of Leader Self-Complexity and Effects on Adaptive Decision-Making”. Robert looks into the leader’s complex working environments and the need to change their decision making and behaviors to produce effective responses. The researcher uses techniques used in clinical and social psychology to make an index for psychological LSC (leader self-complexity). A multi method approach is used to form and test hypotheses of the study which states that psychological and neurological bases are both measures of LSC.
In conducting the study, the researcher tests the following hypothesis;
H0: Leaders who have higher levels of neurological LSC usually demonstrate higher levels of adaptive decision-making.
103 participants who volunteered were military leaders with their levels of experience ranging from low to high. The use of a self-reporting exercise(test retest reliability), and externally coded responses provides the multi method procedure which limits common method biases which may occur and hence increase the reliability and validity of the study. The study measurements on leadership attributes were conducted using a three point scale with the following units of measurement: not important = 0, important = 1 or very important = 2. The used scale provided for ordinal level data measurement.
Apart from measuring the leadership attributes of the military personnel, the researcher also conducted an adaptive decision making measure. The researcher studied the importance of LSC by taking adaptive decision making as a form of measuring adaptive leadership performance which was measured by placing the military personnel through a 4 part tactical military scenario. The soldiers’ responses were audio-recorded, transcribed and content-analyze. The researcher followed the process to ensure that the outcome of the adaptive decision-making tests administered on the military personnel.
A three point scale with the following units; “low = 1, moderate = 2, or high = 3” was created and then used to rate each of the three adaptable decision making aspects (situational analysis, decisiveness, and positivity) in the 4 part scenario exercise.
“Coding of the content was done through the assistance of 2 independent military personnel outside the research team, each former military officer with significant experience and expertise with the type of tactical situation used in the scenario (content validity). A training session was conducted to familiarize each rater with the indicators and to practice on sample participant responses. Practice coding protocols were discussed and more refined coding rules were developed to eliminate ambiguity in the coding rules (content validity). Each rater then independently coded each of the participant transcripts in randomized order. After initial coding produced a mean Cohen’s kappa = .73, reflecting substantial inter rater reliability, discrepant scores between raters were identified, discussed and resolved using a consensus approach in a second iteration, ultimately achieving 100% reliability”.
After conducting a correlation test, both psychological and neurological markers of LSC were positively associated with demonstrated levels of adaptive decision-making on a complex leadership task, as rated by expert coders. More complex leaders portray higher adaptive thinking, decisiveness, and positivity in decision making as they sorted daily task needs and made leadership decisions in response to an evolving, four-part leadership scenario that escalated in complexity in each part according to the results of the regression analysis conducted.
From the first correlation test conducted, the ordinal measurement scale used was not the best method for providing scores to be analyzed since a Regression analysis and Pearson Correlation tests use interval or ratio data so as to obtain more powerful results (Gay, et al, 2009). Triangulation employed during data collection enabled presentation of valid and reliable data.
References
Gay, L, R., Mills, E. G., & Airasian, P., (2009). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (10th ed.)
Kumar, R. (2009). Research Methodology: A step-by-step Guide for Beginners. Greater Kalash: Sage Publications.
Robert, W, T. (2013). Journal of Applied Psychology. American Psychological Association, Vol. 98, No. 3, 393–411 https://www.doi.10.1037/a0032257
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SAMPLE ANSWER
One sample Chi-square Test
This test is conducted on variables which consist of two or more categories and it investigates if the proportions of scores/observations which appear in categories of a variable are equal to expected values. The table below shows Kristen’s variables which were used in conducting a research study on the method of cooking and the taste of chips.
Table 1: Variables in Kristen’s Study of Cooking Methods and Taste of Chips
Variables
Definition
Taste
Taste has 3 categories
1 = potato chips fried in Animal Fat
2 = potato chips fried in Canola oil
3 = Baked potato chips
Hypothesized Taste
Taste has 2 categories
0 = potato chips fried in Canola oil
1 = potato chips fried in Animal Oil or Baked
Question 1
Creating a weighted data file
To add weight to the data file, SPSS was used and the following procedure was followed. After loading the file into SPSS, click on Data from the menu bar. A drop down menu appears from where you choose `weight cases’. Then a dialogue box appears where you click on the radio button for `weight cases by’ then from the variable box on the left hand side, select “number who preferred each type of chip” and move it to the right hand side box for frequency variables and eventually click ok (Kumar, 2009).
Question 2
Conducting a one-sample chi-square test to study if the cooking method used to fry potato chips affects the resulting taste. From the output, identify the observed frequency for potato chips fried in canola oil, the p value and the chi-square value.
The procedure for conducting a one sample chi-square test in SPSS is described below. Load the data into SPSS then from the menu bar click analyze and choose non parametric tests then choose chi-square from the legacy dialogue box which appears. A chi-square dialogue box appears where you select the following variables from the left window; “method of cooking potato chips” and “number who preferred each type of chi” and move them to the right side window and eventually click ok. The tables below present the output obtained after conducting the test.
Table 2: Method of cooking potato chips
Observed N
Expected N
Residual
Fried in animal fat
7
16.0
-9.0
Fried in Canola oil
33
16.0
17.0
Baked
8
16.0
-8.0
Total
48
Table 3: Number who preferred each type of chip
Observed N
Expected N
Residual
7
7
16.0
-9.0
8
8
16.0
-8.0
33
33
16.0
17.0
Total
48
Table 4: Test Statistics
Method of cooking potato chips
Number who preferred each type of chip
Chi-Square
27.125a
27.125a
df
2
2
Asymp. Sig.
.000
.000
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5.The minimum expected cell frequency is16.0.
After conducting the test, the observed frequency for potato chips that have been fried in Canola oil is 33 as shown in table 2 in the second column. Table 4 above presents the test statistics obtained after conducting the test whereby the chi-square value was 27.125 at 2degrees of freedom and test was significant at a p value of 0.000.
Question 3
The expected frequencies obtained for the 3 categories of potato chips are shown in table 3 above in the third column where 16 individuals were expected in each case. The study has a sample size of 48 individuals which is relatively large and it is expected that all the individuals are allocated randomly (Gay et al, 2009)
Kristen states that individuals seem to likely prefer potato chips that are fried in canola oil over those that are fried in animal fat or baked. The following hypothesis was formulated to conduct the test;
H0: Individuals likely seem to prefer potato chips that have been fried in Canola oil over those fried in animal fat or baked.
Vs
H1: Individuals do not likely seem to prefer potato chips that have been fried in canola oil over those fried in animal fat or baked.
A follow up test was conducted using expected frequencies which are not equal following the procedure explained above and the obtained output is shown in the table below.
Table 5: Test Statistics
Number who preferred each type of chip
Method of cooking potato chips
Chi-Square
6.750a
6.750a
df
1
1
Asymp. Sig.
.009
.009
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 24.0.
Question 4
A results section of the conducted analyses
A one-sample chi-square test was conducted to investigate whether individuals prefer potato chips in canola oil over those fried in animal fat or baked. The results of the test were significant, = (2, N = 48) = 27.125, . The proportion of individuals who prefer potato chips fried in canola oil was greater than the hypothesized proportion while the proportions of potato chips fried in animal fat and baked were less than their hypothesized proportions. A follow up test indicated that the proportion of individuals who preferred potato chips fried in canola oil did not differ significantly from the proportion of individuals who preferred potato chips fried in animal fat or baked,= (1, N = 15) = 6.750, . The results suggest that individuals did not prefer potato chips fried in canola oil over those fried in animal or baked.
Two Independent –Samples Test: The Mann-Whitney U Test
This test is used to investigate if median scores of a variable being tested appear to be different between 2 groups. The table below shows the variables studied in Billie’s test.
Table 6: Test variables
Variables
Definition
Weight
Weight is the grouping variable;
1 = Over weight
2 = Normal weight
Time in seconds
It is the test variable and it shows the time taken by an individual to complete a meal
To carry out Billie’s study, the following test was conducted via SPSS. After loading the data file into SPSS, click analyze from the menu bar, click non-parametric tests, and click legacy dialogue box and then click 2 independent samples. A 2 independent samples tests dialog box appears where you pick time in seconds from the left window and post it to the test variable list then select weight (1,2) and post it to the box for the grouping variable. Click define groups where you type 1 in the group 1 box to show the over -weight cases and 2 is inserted into group 2 box to show normal weight and click continue. Move to the test type section and check the Mann-Whitney u box then click ok to conduct the test (Kumar, 2009). The tables below indicate the results obtained from the test.
Table 7: Ranks
weight
N
Mean Rank
Sum of Ranks
Time in Seconds
overweight
10
8.30
83.00
normal weight
30
24.57
737.00
Total
40
Table 8: Test Statistics
Time in Seconds
Mann-Whitney U
28.000
Wilcoxon W
83.000
Z
-3.811
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]
.000a
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: weight
Question 1
The Mann-Whitney U test conducted shows that the mean rank obtained for normal weight individuals is 24.57 as indicated by results from table 7 above. The p value for the test is .000 and the Z value for corrected ties is -3.811.
Question 2
Comparison between the p value for the Mann-Whitney U test and the p value obtained from conducting an independent samples t test. After conducting an independent samples t test, the p value obtained was 0.000 which was similar to the p value obtained from conducting the Mann-Whitney U test hence no difference was noted (Gay, et al, 2009). The results table for the independent samples t test is shown in the appendix section as table 12.
Question 3
A Mann-Whitney U test was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that overweight individuals tend to eat faster than normal weight individuals. The results of the conducted test were as expected and significant, Z = -3.811, Overweight individuals had an average rank of 8.30 while normal weight individuals had an average rank of 24.57 as shown in tables 7 & 8 above.
Question 4
The box plot named figure I from the appendix section shows the distribution of the time taken by both the overweight and normal weight individuals. The graph was generated through SPSS by following the procedures from the menu bar and graphs to box plots then defining axis variables (Kumar, 2009).
Conducting the K Independent-Samples Tests: The Kruskal-Wallis Tests
Marvin conducted a research study to test the effect of hair color on social extroversion. The table below indicates the variables used in the study.
Table 9: Research variables
Variable
Definition of Terms
Hair Color
1 = Blond
2 = Brunet
3 = Red Head
Social Extroversion
A measure of social extroversion
Question 1
A Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to investigate the presence of a relationship between the 2 variables under study. The procedure similar to Mann-Whitney U test was followed and the results of conducting the test are shown below (Kumar, 2009).
Table 10
Ranks
Hair Color
N
Mean Rank
Social Extroversion
Blond
6
12.75
Brunet
6
10.25
Redhead
6
5.50
Total
18
Table 11
Test Statisticsa,b
Social Extroversion
Chi-Square
5.963
df
2
Asymp. Sig.
.051
a. Kruskal Wallis Test
b. Grouping Variable: Hair Color
The Kruskal-Wallis test indicates the presence of a significant difference in the medians= (2, N =18) = 5.963, . Since the test is significant, follow up tests should be conducted (Gay, et al, 2009).
Question 2
The effect size for the test is obtained by computing the formula below (Gay, et al, 2009);
A box plot was generated via SPSS to show the distribution of social extroversion among the three groups as shown in figure 2 from the appendix section.
Question 4
One way ANOVA was conducted for comparison of the results with those obtained from the Kruskal-Wallis test. The table below shows the output after conducting the test,
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: Social Extroversion
Source
Type III Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Partial Eta Squared
Corrected Model
24.111a
2
12.056
3.511
.056
.319
Intercept
249.389
1
249.389
72.638
.000
.829
hair
24.111
2
12.056
3.511
.056
.319
Error
51.500
15
3.433
Total
325.000
18
Corrected Total
75.611
17
a. R Squared = .319 (Adjusted R Squared = .228)
The ANOVA test conducted was significant at the 0.05 level of precision, F (2, 15) = 3.511, p = 0.056, ms error = 3.433 (Ghauri, et al. 2005).
Both the Kruskal-Wallis and the one way ANOVA tests conducted indicated that the test were significant at p values .051 and 0.56 respectively (Ghauri, et al. 2005).
Question 5
A Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to investigate the differences between hair colors on the median change in social extroversion. The test was significant, = (2, N =18) = 5.963, . The effect size for the relationship between hair color and extroversion was strong with hair color accounting for 35% of the variance in social extroversion.
References
Ghauri, P., Granhaug, K. and Kristianslund, I.,(2005). Research Methods in Business Studies: a Practical Guide.
Kumar, R. (2009). Research Methodology: A step-by-step Guide for Beginners. Greater Kalash: Sage Publications
Implementation of Teaching Plan and Critical Reflection
Implementation of Teaching Plan and Critical Reflection
Order Instructions:
Implementation of teaching plan and critical reflection. (this assessment is base on the last assessment order number is 112255)** Word count 2500
The assessment requires you to critically reflect on your teaching after conducting a session using simulation.
Write a critical reflection on the implementation of your teaching plan for this session including your teaching experiences and the evaluation strategies you implemented. The paper needs to 1. Identify the outcomes of your reflection; and 2. demonstration evidence of critical reading, synthesis and application of findings from the literature to underpin the critical reflection.
It requires:good use of a board range of relevant and recent literature. Some critical analysis but mainly description.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Implementation of Teaching Plan and Critical Reflection
Teaching is part of the obligation of the nursing profession and also a necessity for any nursing career. Therefore teaching is part of the mandate of nursing career. The teaching entails all the actions that are geared towards enhancing effective learning process (Oermann & Heinrich, 2005).The teaching process should therefore ensure that the targeted people are meeting their personal learning objectives. When the individual objectives are not met then the process of implementing the teaching plan is not met. The evaluation process then follows through the reassessment and replacement of all the teaching activities with other approaches (Beyea & Slattery, 2006).
Implementation of the teaching plan is a constantly changing process for both the nurse and the learner. This is simply because both parties exchange ideas and feelings. In most instances for any effective implementation of a teaching process, there should always be the establishment of a good relationship between the teacher and the learner (Jones & Lathlean, 2007). This is simply because the learner always recognizes the teacher as the person with all the knowledge required whereas the teacher respects the learner as the person required to meet the set down goals. As such, the interaction is only enhanced through exchange of ideas that are relevant and critical to the subject matter especially when there is trust and respect between both parties (Titler, 2008).
The main aim of teaching and learning is to ensure that there is active involvement in the health care and also adherence to the laid down procedures. The implementation of the teaching plan therefore ought to be respected by both the learner and the teacher. The moment the teaching commences, the whole process ought to continue smoothly without any interference until the objective is met or until a decision is made to alter the objectives (Burns & Grove,2001).
The implementation of the teaching plan exposed me to various challenges which gave me experience in the process of implementation of the teaching plan. Through critical reflection, I came to understand what the learner requires in order to understand what is being taught. All the learners’ requirements ought to be assessed critically before commencing any teaching process. This should be done through utilization of all the available sources of information about the student. Some of the reliable sources of information could be the background information from their former schools (Kern et al., 2014). Since some students are not sure about the skills they want to acquire, it is appropriate to identify those skills in order to make the learning process more effective and student friendly. Those who are adults need assurance that they are part of the teaching and learning process. This gives them the confidence and surety that what is being taught is every day happening( Montgomery & Bailey, 2007).
In addition, the ability of the students to learn and grasp information varies. It is therefore very critical that each student’s ability to learn is assessed. This is simply because the age of persons does not determine maturity. Both maturities psychologically and emotionally has to be assessed. This is also accompanied by assessing the student’s strengths. The strengths of a student therefore relates to the past academic performance. This is mostly enhanced through the adoption of the anticipatory guidance. In this case the student is psychologically prepared for any unfamiliar processes in the teaching event. This ensures that anxiety is eliminated hence the student is able to concentrate on the learning process (Drisko & Grady,2012).
The teaching plan is a very effective means of disseminating information to students. This is simply because time is well utilized hence enhances the students learning. For the implementation plan to be very effective therefore ought to involve development of both short term and long term objectives for each lesson besides coming up with an effective scale to measure the performance. As soon as the objectives are very clear, one needs to start from the most important objective. The development of the objective should in most cases include the students since they are the beneficiaries of the whole plan (McKimm $ Jollie,2003).
The teaching plan should therefore be so detailed in relation to what one wants to teach. The content in the teaching plan should be related to the teaching strategies and the activities that are intended to be carried out by the learners. This is due to the fact that, most students appreciate and relate well to the teachings that allow them to actively participate. The teaching should be well planned to fit within the limited time. Teaching for short hours and frequently gives the student’s opportunity to reflect on what they are taught in class hence eliminates boredom (Duff,2010).
The teaching approach varies from one instance to the other. The teaching could be individual based or group based. This is because some of the objectives may require individual student for easier understanding whereas other objectives require group discussion. This should be followed by a written contract with each student (Airasian et al.,2001). Despite the fact that the contract is not legally binding, it encourages and motivates both the teacher and the learner towards achieving the set down objectives. The contract simply outlines the responsibility of the teacher and the learner. However, the contract should not intimidate the student in anyway whatsoever but help to motivate them to work hard (Klein & Sorra, 1996).
Strategies for effective implementation of a teaching plan
The process of implementation of a teaching plan requires varied amount of time. Perhaps, the whole process of implementation requires one to use both the interpersonal skills and also good communication skills. It is discouraged to use very complicated language when handling the students in order to avoid students from developing negative attitude towards that course. The students ought to feel secure in order to enhance understanding. Therefore the environment should be friendly free from any external interference. External interference could include poor ventilation in the teaching room and the chairs that are not very comfortable. Teaching aids enhance understanding hence ought to be provided before any teaching commence (Burns & Grove,2001). Some of the teaching aids include posters. The teacher should also be able to disseminate the information to the students in an organized manner through various strategies that aid in teaching. The teaching process ought to be systematic to ensure that the student is not getting confused. Similarly, the teacher has to be flexible and willing to adopt new ideas. This should be done through the reevaluation of the whole teaching plan and adjusting here necessary (Caffarella & Merriam, 1999).
Evaluation of the strategies used in the implementation of the teaching plan.
The strategies used in the implementation of the teaching plan were very effective. The strategies involved ensuring that each student learning objectives have been realized. In order to achieve this, each student was observed in order to ascertain that everything taught is practiced. In some instances, the comments that come directly from the students are very critical, this is through stating whether the lesson was understood or not. Some patients were asked direct questions especially direct questions which beg for a response. This reflects the student’s level of understanding of that particular topic. The students were also required to practically perform all the processes taught in order to be sure that they are conversant with all the practical lessons (Raider-Roth, 2005)..
The teaching process besides learning was also very effective. As soon as each session ended, the effectiveness of the whole teaching process was evaluated. The main process was through ensuring that the implementation plan reviewed as soon as possible. This was done through identification of both the strengths and weakness of the whole teaching process. Afterwards, the student’s feedback was sort through the use of questionnaires (Bastable, 2003).
The teaching plan was eventually revised. This is because in some instances some areas required revision. The revision is part of the whole process hence does not symbolize failure in the implementation process (Caffarella, 2002). The revision was done through changing some of the information thus the teaching strategies due to unrealistic objectives. In some cases the information was so sophisticated hence could not be easily understood by the students. In cases where the time scheduled for learning was inconvenient for learning, it was rescheduled (Carr, 2005).
For maximum realization of the laid down objectives, all the processes involved in the teaching and learning were noted down. This is through documenting the fact that the learning process took place. In addition, any problem encountered or if the learning process failed to occur was also documented (Raider-Roth, 2005).
Factors which affect the teaching implementation plan
The factors which affect the teaching implementation process ought to be assessed in order to have a successful teaching strategy. Some students have past problems during their development process. A child who had problems either psychological or intellectual could transfer the same problem to class. Those students who are very young will have understanding problems as compared to their adult counterparts. This is simply because adults can easily relate things to their past experiences. The educational level of the student is also a key factor since it ensures that the teacher is aware of the student’s weaknesses (Caffarella, 2002).
Moreover, those students with very bad past experiences with learning are directly influenced in their learning process. Those students with physical challenges will not learn well unless those problems are handled. For those students with hearing problems of seeing challenges, the teaching has to be planned effectively to cater for their needs besides taking care of their emotional health problems. The emotional status of the students is very essential hence has to be stable for effective learning (Brookfield, 1995).
The economic status of the learner has a direct implication on how the students perform in class. The teacher has to ensure that the economic challenges being experienced by the learner are well sorted before any learning process. In addition, the students have to be taught on how to be responsible. They need to be taught on how to plan and also involved in the learning arrangement process. This encourages and promotes self responsibility and control. Some students have got very bad perception about themselves. They need to be helped to improve on how they perceive themselves before embarking on any teaching activity (Airasian et al.,2001).
Furthermore effective implementation of the teaching plan is directly affected by the student’s attitude towards learning. Despite the fact that the students attitude towards learning is challenging to measure, the students need to be encouraged on the importance of learning. This could be done through establishment of a good relationship that would improve that bad attitude. Some students are not well motivated towards learning (Brookfield, 1995). When this happens, the teacher has to discuss only those topics that will interest the student. In addition, the culture of the student is a very big factor in enhancing effective learning. Some cultures do not recognize education hence perceive it as a threat. The teacher should not attack any student because of the culture but rather appreciate each culture (Jones & Lathlean, 2007). Similarly, both the teacher and the student ought to have effective communication skills in order to enhance effective teaching and learning process. Before a teacher uses any printed material, they ought to be sure about the reading skills of the student. In addition, the level of English ability ought to be established (Kern et al., 2014)
Principles for effective implementation of a teaching plan
The principles are very relevant in meeting the needs of the students and achieving the desired goals of a particular teaching plan. For any sharing of information between the student and the teacher to be effective, there should be a good relation. This only occurs in situations whereby both parties have a common goal of exchanging and learning new concepts. This effective relationship is only realized through exchange of information. The exchange of ideas therefore ought to be continuous and in a constant manner in order to establish the good relationship between the teacher and the student. The teacher should be able to pass the information to the students in an effective manner for both small gatherings and huge gatherings (Jones & Lathlean, 2007).
The teacher has to be knowledgeable about the process of delivering the information. This ensures easier assessment of both spoken and nonspoken information. The process therefore enhances effective assessment of the students problems hence be able to come up with effective solutions. The whole process is only effective if the students are engaged in the formulation of the learning objectives. When the students are not involved, they tend to neglect and not value those objectives hence no learning would be realized. In some circumstances, the implementation exercise should involve different strategies including those that stimulate the sensory organs which are very essential in effective learning. In addition the materials being used for the learning process ought to be related to the past experience of the learner in order to enhance understanding. (Beyea & Slattery, 2006). Furthermore any proposal in terms of changing the behavior of the students has to be realistic especially relating to day to day activities. Since learning has to be flexible, more attention has to be put on management of time and also the surrounding which has a direct impact on the whole learning process (Jones & Lathlean, 2007). The laid down objectives are very necessary in ensuring that the whole learning process is effectively assessed. The moment the objectives of the learning process are not met, evaluation of the whole process ensures that new ideas are included for effective implementation (Oermann & Heinrich, 2005).
Conclusion
Implementation of the teaching plan is a measure of success in any teaching environment. For this to be effective one has to bear in mind all the available strategies for teaching in the initial planning stage. This implies that, one has to choose methods for teaching that are relevant to the student being targeted and for the teacher. The content is also important besides the type of learning that has to be adopted. This is basically determined by the laid down objectives of the whole course.
Moreover, the strategy adopted has to correlate with the individuals being handled. The strategy should also favor the teacher since the teacher is the main source of the information. Therefore when handling someone with reading challenges, then there is no need of using printed material. Students need is not supposed to be viewed as a drawback but rather as a challenge. It is a challenge that brings positive outcome; it should therefore be tackled by both the instructors and students from all tertiary institutions. Discussion on the other hand is not the best approach for instructing people with psychomotor skill rather one has to use a demonstration approach to relay the information. Those with seeing problems need one on one teaching. In addition, the teacher has to be very competent in order to use the discussion approach to relay information.
References
Airasian, P., Cruikshank, K., Mayer, R., Pintrich, P., Raths, J., & Wittrock, M. (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Bastable, S. (2003). Nurse as Educator: Principles of teaching and learning for Nursing Practice (Vol. 379). Sunburry, Massachusetts: World Headquarters Publishing.
Beyea, C.S., and Slattery, J.M. (2006). Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing. UK: HCPro Inc.
Brookfield, S. (1995). Becoming a Critically Reflective Teacher. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Caffarella, R. (2002). Planning Programs for Adult Learners (2nd ed.). San
Burns, N., and Grove, s. (2001). The Practice of Nursing Research: Conduct, Critique and Utilization. 4th ed Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.
Caffarella, M., & Merriam, S. (1999). Learning in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide (2nd ed., Vol. 2). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. (Original work published 1991).
Carr, D. (2005). Personal and Interpersonal Relationships in Education and Teaching:
Drisko, J., and Grady, M. (2012). Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Social Work. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Duff, B. (2010). Development and Evaluation of an Integrated Clinical Learning Model to Inform Continuing Education for Acute Care Nurses. 6(9) doi: 1685-1083
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Jones, L.T., and Lathlean, J. (2007). Belongingness: A prerequisite for Nursing Students’ Clinical Nursing. 24(3) doi: 469234-0002394
Keating, S. B. (2015). Curriculum Development and Evaluation in Nursing.
Kern, A., Montgomery, P., Mossey, S., and Bailey. P. (2014). Undergraduate Nursing Students’ Belongingness in Clinical Learning Environments: Constructivist grounded theory. 4(3) doi:10.530/jnep.v4n3p133.
Klein K.J., and Sorra, J.S. (1996). The Change of Innovation Implementation. The Academy Management Review 21(4) doi: 1055-1080.
McKimm, J., and Jollie, C. (2003). Facilitating Learning: Teaching and Learning Methods. London: London Deanery.
Montgomery, P., Bailey, P. (April, 2007). Field Notes and Theoretical Memos in Grounded Theory. Western Journal of Nursing Research. 29(1): 65-79.PMid17228061 http://dx.doi.org/101177/019345906292557.
Oermann, M. H., & Heinrich, K. (2005). Annual review of nursing education: Vol. 3, 2005. New York: Springer.
Raider-Roth, M. (2005). Trusting What you Know: Negotiating the Relational Context of Classroom Life. Teachers College Record, Columbia University. 0161-4681. pp. 587-628.
Titler, G.M., (2008). Patient Safety and Quality. US: Rockville (MD).
Virtue Ethical Perspective. British Journal of Educational Studies, 53(3), 255-271.
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Not giving bribes to corrupt governmental officials is a very laudable approach but does it yield results in terms of enhanced profitability etc? Might financial measures improve as a result of refusal to bribe? I can see costs being saved but in a wider context how might this relate to CSR? Mordi et al (2012) suggest that CSR in any country is open to various interpretations. How might you deal with this issue in your organisation?
Martin, K.D., Cullen, J.B., Johnson, J.L. and Parboteeah, K. P. (2007) Deciding to bribe: a cross-level analysis of firm and home country influences on bribery activity, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 50 Issue 6, p1401-1422
Mordi, C., Opeyemi, I.S., Tonbara, M., and Ojo, S., (2012), Corporate Social Responsibility and the Legal Regulation in Nigeria. Economic Insights – Trends & Challenges. Vol. 64 Issue 1, p1-8.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Corruption is one of the unethical practices in society. Many o government projects stall because of improper utilization of the available resources. Initiatives and strategies, as well as laws, exist to help deter corrupt practices.
Fighting corruption is laudable in every society as it helps to avoid misappropriation of resources. If the corruption is eliminated, the government retains enough money and resources enabling it to render better services to the members of the public. Government spent its revenues in providing resources and, therefore, absent of corruption means more developments (Martin et al., 2007). Profitability is also geared to improve as resources can be invested with an aim of increasing investments. Therefore, it is clear that corrupt affects profitability and the ability of the government to provide services.
If people refuse to take bribes, is an indication of improvements in the financial measures. Bribes affect the economy and, therefore, it is important that, financial measures undergo improvement to ensure that the rate of bribes reduces. Furthermore, this saves costs. Costs saving relate to corporate social responsibility issues. The business has a moral obligation for a company to work closely with the families, workers, and community. If the company has put in place appropriate measures that deter bribes, it reduces costs and the money channeled into their CSR initiatives uplifting economic level of the community members.
CSR in various countries is open to different interpretations. Therefore, it is important to understand how an organization deals with this (Mordi et al., 2012). In my case, I would treat CSR as the obligation of the organization to work closely with the community it operates in. Therefore, the organization will have a duty to ensure that it protects and uplifts the lives of the people through various ways.
References
Martin, K.D., Cullen, J.B., Johnson, J.L, & Parboteeah, K. P. (2007). Deciding to bribe a cross- level analysis of firm and home country influences on bribery activity, Academy of Management Journal, 50(6), 1401-1422.
Mordi, C., Opeyemi, I.S., Tonbara, M., & Ojo, S., (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility and the Legal Regulation in Nigeria. Economic Insights – Trends & Challenges, 64(1), 1-8.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Type of document: Annotated outline of the Final Project
IMPORTANT NOTE: Please follow the following instructions exactly one by one as each point is very important. And please don’t deviate from these points.
1)Prepare an annotated outline of your Final Project, briefly indicating :
2)The content you plan to include in each section of the report.
3)The concepts and techniques you plan to apply for analyzing any data and developing your argument.
4)The outline should not include detailed sections of the Final Project. Instead, it should be a specific and crisp overview of the contents that will comprise the final report, which will provide a detailed account of the six tasks listed below. In the other words, Ideally you should base your outline on the basis of the six tasks listed below:
1.Analysis and evaluation of Leader #1
2.Analysis and evaluation of Leader #2
3.Comparison of the leaders
4.Summary of significant findings and perspectives from journal entries
5.Analysis and evaluation of journal entries to chosen leaders
6.Conclusion
5)The annotated outline should address each of the tasks outlined above. You need to briefly describe what information you will include in each section of the report that will work to satisfying these requirements.
6)The report that will work to satisfying these requirements. The work that will be carried out in the outline should represent a higher-level view than the contents of the Final Project. As such, you must remain at this level to avoid reusing the same wording in the final document.
7)Your outline should be no longer than 1,000 words and in essence you should briefly give details of content you plan to include in the final submission.
8)Please remember to annotate your outline by making a detailed and structured list of elements you plan to include.
9)The following points is talking about the (attached proposal file) that need to be reviewed in the annotated outline as well:
10)There would need to be a little more detail in terms of how you may apply the theories you have selected which are not listed in your list of references. I presume they are cited in the references you have stated.
11)Your own situation would need to be defined more specifically in relation to both leaders and you would need to focus on this aspect in your upcoming journal entries.
12)Structure is good but in your outline please try to ensure you indicate how insights gained from theory and study of both leaders relate to your own experience.
13)The following sources MUST be used in the annotated outline and if you want to use extra sources you are most welcome:
The following are the data sources that I intend to use in this study.
Bass, BM 2009, From Transactional to Transformational Leadership. Albany, NY: Free Press.
Pasmore, W. (2014) Developing a Leadership Strategy: A Critical Ingredient for Organizational Success. White Paper, Centre for Creative Leadership
Marx, T 2013, ‘Teaching Leadership and Strategy’, Business Education Innovation Journal, Vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 12-19.
Lang, R, & Rybnikova, I. (2012). Leadership is Going Global.
Malcolm, G. (2002). The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Back Bay Books.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Sir Richard Branson, CEO of the Virgin Group and Sir Akbar Al Baker who is the current CEO of Qatar Airways has outstanding personalities that have propelled them to higher grounds throughout their entire careers. Their personalities can be explained based on various theories, which include Allport’s Trait Theory, Eysenck’s Personality Theory and Freud’s Tripartite Theory of Personality (Bass, 2009, p. 5). This annotated outline of my final project, therefore, tries to analyze and evaluate the personality of these two outstanding international leaders using these theories.
The personality of Sir Richard Branson can be assessed based on Freud’s Tripartite theory of personality into three main components namely the id, the ego and thirdly the superego. This is because these traits develop at different rates, and an individual’s overall personality can be defined as one of these depending on the most visible aspect of the person (Brain, 2002, p. 203).
Sir Richard Branson has a Healthy Psyche. Despite the fact that he faced so many challenges in life, he never gave up on his struggle for success. Throughout his career life, he is well known for having taken so many risks like setting a record using the balloon and the boat, he encountered so many challenges did not stop him from pursuing his goal in life. In fact, he took his challenges as stepping stones in his career. As a result, his failures led to his success. In some instances, the Virgin shop ran out of cash. He used tricks to evade paying taxes that eventually resulted in his arrest and faced criminal charges. While at school, he was arrested for violating laws after launching a student magazine. Luckily, he managed to get a good lawyer who secured his release. Despite his criminal record, Branson decided to reform and came up with a very successful airline.
In addition, his personality is explained by Eysenck’s personality theory. This theory adopts two dimensions namely extroverted and introverted as a means of categorizing the various possible personalities that an individual may present. Despite his dirty background, he came up with a new business new business strategy that he called branded venture capitalism. This enabled him to have control over so many businesses without having to risk his money. As a result, the Virgin Group is a well-established and fast growing company with so many shareholders (Beycioglu & Pashiardis, 2015, p. 300).
Furthermore, Allport’s Trait Theory analyzes individuals subjectively based on their in-born traits combined with the environmental dynamics that they have been exposed to as they were developing. Sir Richard Branson exhibited patience and creativity in order to ensure success. This is mainly associated with his family that cultivated in him the character of hard work and independence. This is specifically what he adopted in his business management hence success (Thomas & Segal, 2006, p. 120).
Sir Akbar Al Baker, who is the current CEO of Qatar Airways personality, is well explained based on Freud’s Tripartite Theory of Personality the man is so detailed about everything that he does. He ensures that all the activities that take place in the company are inspected including every plane that leaves the airport. In spite of being the boss and could delegate such duty, he does the job. In addition, his personality is explained by Eysenck’s personality theory. He does not believe in holding himself accountable to anything. However, he is very strict and keeps every person to the highest standards of accountability. He is a very straight man and always comments on everything the way he sees it. This has actually helped in growing the business to these heights (Malcolm, 2002, p. 9).
According to Allport’s Trait Theory, Sir Akbar Al Baker subjectively based on their in-born traits combined with the environmental dynamics that they have been exposed to as they were developing. This is simply because he is proud and enthusiastic beyond words. This is shown with the passion with which he loves Qatar Airways. Some people relate this airline to his life. The man is zealousness about the airline. This passion has therefore translated to his success in the company (Lang, & Rybnikova, 2012, p. 11).
There are significant similarities between the two leaders. The leaders exhibit authoritative style of leadership. This is seen especially in how they bring together their people towards achieving the set down goals. The authoritative style of leadership yields good results especially when the institution is after having a new vision especially when things have changed completely. Both leaders inspire business-working condition in the workers leading to vibrant enthusiasm for a particular goal (Marx, 2013, p. 4).
In addition, the leaders are affiliative since they work with the intention of uniting all the workers in the institution. Thus, the leaders value their subjects first before anything else. This form of leadership enhances healing and bonding especially when under stress. However, the leaders vary in their leadership style to some extent with Sir Richard Branson having the will to coach his subjects. This style of leadership empowers the subjects by ensuring that they are confident in everything that they do. This is unlike Sir Akbar Al Baker, who is the current CEO of Qatar Airways who is a pacesetter. He mostly concentrates on ensuring that people work very hard to achieve self-direction. This form of leadership is therefore very essential when the team being led is well experienced with the necessary skills and motivated (Pasmore, 2014, p. 6). In conclusion, a good leader ought to possess more than one trait in terms of leadership competencies. This is because there is more that leadership demands than just understanding the technicalities of sound leadership on how to manage people. Sound leadership therefore entails someone who is determined to deliver, a person who is very innovative by coming up with new ideas, focused on everything that they do and confident about it besides being trustworthy to both the workers and the clients. Furthermore, good leaders should be able to communicate well both orally and in written form.
Reference
Bass, BM 2009, From Transactional To Transformational Leadership. Albany, NY, Free Press.
Brain, C 2002. Advanced Psychology: Applications, Issues And Perspectives. Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes.
Lang, R, & Rybnikova, I 2012 Leadership is Going Global, in The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management: Thematic Essays (eds W. J. Rothwell and G. M. (Bud). Benscoter), Pfeiffer, A Wiley Imprint, San Francisco, CA.
Malcolm, G 2002. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make A Big Difference. Boston, Back Bay Books.
Marx, T 2013, ‘Teaching Leadership And Strategy’, Business Education Innovation Journal, Vol. 5 No. 2, Pp. 12-19.
Pasmore, W 2014. Developing A Leadership Strategy: A Critical Ingredient For Organizational Success. White Paper, Centre For Creative Leadership
Thomas, J. C., & Segal, DL 2006. Comprehensive Handbook Of Personality And Psychopathology Volume 1. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons.
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IMPORTANT NOTE: Please follow the following instructions exactly one by one as each point is very important. And please don’t deviate from these points.
1)Prepare an annotated outline of your Final Project, briefly indicating :
2)The content you plan to include in each section of the report.
3)The concepts and techniques you plan to apply for analyzing any data and developing your argument.
4)The outline should not include detailed sections of the Final Project. Instead, it should be a specific and crisp overview of the contents that will comprise the final report, which will provide a detailed account of the six tasks listed below. In the other words, Ideally you should base your outline on the basis of the six tasks listed below:
1.Analysis and evaluation of Leader #1
2.Analysis and evaluation of Leader #2
3.Comparison of the leaders
4.Summary of significant findings and perspectives from journal entries
5.Analysis and evaluation of journal entries to chosen leaders
6.Conclusion
5)The annotated outline should address each of the tasks outlined above. You need to briefly describe what information you will include in each section of the report that will work to satisfying these requirements.
6)The report that will work to satisfying these requirements. The work that will be carried out in the outline should represent a higher-level view than the contents of the Final Project. As such, you must remain at this level to avoid reusing the same wording in the final document.
7)Your outline should be no longer than 1,000 words and in essence you should briefly give details of content you plan to include in the final submission.
8)Please remember to annotate your outline by making a detailed and structured list of elements you plan to include.
9)The following points is talking about the (attached proposal file) that need to be reviewed in the annotated outline as well:
10)There would need to be a little more detail in terms of how you may apply the theories you have selected which are not listed in your list of references. I presume they are cited in the references you have stated.
11)Your own situation would need to be defined more specifically in relation to both leaders and you would need to focus on this aspect in your upcoming journal entries.
12)Structure is good but in your outline please try to ensure you indicate how insights gained from theory and study of both leaders relate to your own experience.
13)The following sources MUST be used in the annotated outline and if you want to use extra sources you are most welcome:
The following are the data sources that I intend to use in this study.
Bass, BM 2009, From Transactional to Transformational Leadership. Albany, NY: Free Press.
Pasmore, W. (2014) Developing a Leadership Strategy: A Critical Ingredient for Organizational Success. White Paper, Centre for Creative Leadership
Marx, T 2013, ‘Teaching Leadership and Strategy’, Business Education Innovation Journal, Vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 12-19.
Lang, R, & Rybnikova, I. (2012). Leadership is Going Global.
Malcolm, G. (2002). The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Back Bay Books.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Sir Richard Branson, CEO of the Virgin Group and Sir Akbar Al Baker who is the current CEO of Qatar Airways has outstanding personalities that have propelled them to higher grounds throughout their entire careers. Their personalities can be explained based on various theories, which include Allport’s Trait Theory, Eysenck’s Personality Theory and Freud’s Tripartite Theory of Personality (Bass, 2009, p. 5). This annotated outline of my final project, therefore, tries to analyze and evaluate the personality of these two outstanding international leaders using these theories.
The personality of Sir Richard Branson can be assessed based on Freud’s Tripartite theory of personality into three main components namely the id, the ego and thirdly the superego. This is because these traits develop at different rates, and an individual’s overall personality can be defined as one of these depending on the most visible aspect of the person (Brain, 2002, p. 203).
Sir Richard Branson has a Healthy Psyche. Despite the fact that he faced so many challenges in life, he never gave up on his struggle for success. Throughout his career life, he is well known for having taken so many risks like setting a record using the balloon and the boat, he encountered so many challenges did not stop him from pursuing his goal in life. In fact, he took his challenges as stepping stones in his career. As a result, his failures led to his success. In some instances, the Virgin shop ran out of cash. He used tricks to evade paying taxes that eventually resulted in his arrest and faced criminal charges. While at school, he was arrested for violating laws after launching a student magazine. Luckily, he managed to get a good lawyer who secured his release. Despite his criminal record, Branson decided to reform and came up with a very successful airline.
In addition, his personality is explained by Eysenck’s personality theory. This theory adopts two dimensions namely extroverted and introverted as a means of categorizing the various possible personalities that an individual may present. Despite his dirty background, he came up with a new business new business strategy that he called branded venture capitalism. This enabled him to have control over so many businesses without having to risk his money. As a result, the Virgin Group is a well-established and fast growing company with so many shareholders (Beycioglu & Pashiardis, 2015, p. 300).
Furthermore, Allport’s Trait Theory analyzes individuals subjectively based on their in-born traits combined with the environmental dynamics that they have been exposed to as they were developing. Sir Richard Branson exhibited patience and creativity in order to ensure success. This is mainly associated with his family that cultivated in him the character of hard work and independence. This is specifically what he adopted in his business management hence success (Thomas & Segal, 2006, p. 120).
Sir Akbar Al Baker, who is the current CEO of Qatar Airways personality, is well explained based on Freud’s Tripartite Theory of Personality the man is so detailed about everything that he does. He ensures that all the activities that take place in the company are inspected including every plane that leaves the airport. In spite of being the boss and could delegate such duty, he does the job. In addition, his personality is explained by Eysenck’s personality theory. He does not believe in holding himself accountable to anything. However, he is very strict and keeps every person to the highest standards of accountability. He is a very straight man and always comments on everything the way he sees it. This has actually helped in growing the business to these heights (Malcolm, 2002, p. 9).
According to Allport’s Trait Theory, Sir Akbar Al Baker subjectively based on their in-born traits combined with the environmental dynamics that they have been exposed to as they were developing. This is simply because he is proud and enthusiastic beyond words. This is shown with the passion with which he loves Qatar Airways. Some people relate this airline to his life. The man is zealousness about the airline. This passion has therefore translated to his success in the company (Lang, & Rybnikova, 2012, p. 11).
There are significant similarities between the two leaders. The leaders exhibit authoritative style of leadership. This is seen especially in how they bring together their people towards achieving the set down goals. The authoritative style of leadership yields good results especially when the institution is after having a new vision especially when things have changed completely. Both leaders inspire business-working condition in the workers leading to vibrant enthusiasm for a particular goal (Marx, 2013, p. 4).
In addition, the leaders are affiliative since they work with the intention of uniting all the workers in the institution. Thus, the leaders value their subjects first before anything else. This form of leadership enhances healing and bonding especially when under stress. However, the leaders vary in their leadership style to some extent with Sir Richard Branson having the will to coach his subjects. This style of leadership empowers the subjects by ensuring that they are confident in everything that they do. This is unlike Sir Akbar Al Baker, who is the current CEO of Qatar Airways who is a pacesetter. He mostly concentrates on ensuring that people work very hard to achieve self-direction. This form of leadership is therefore very essential when the team being led is well experienced with the necessary skills and motivated (Pasmore, 2014, p. 6). In conclusion, a good leader ought to possess more than one trait in terms of leadership competencies. This is because there is more that leadership demands than just understanding the technicalities of sound leadership on how to manage people. Sound leadership therefore entails someone who is determined to deliver, a person who is very innovative by coming up with new ideas, focused on everything that they do and confident about it besides being trustworthy to both the workers and the clients. Furthermore, good leaders should be able to communicate well both orally and in written form.
Reference
Bass, BM 2009, From Transactional To Transformational Leadership. Albany, NY, Free Press.
Beycioglu, K., & Pashiardis, P 2015. Multidimensional Perspectives On Principal Leadership Effectiveness. Available from: <http://Search.Ebscohost.Com/Login.Aspx?Direct=True&Scope=Site&Db=Nlebk&Db=Nlabk&AN=937773> [16 February 2015]
Brain, C 2002. Advanced Psychology: Applications, Issues And Perspectives. Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes.
Lang, R, & Rybnikova, I 2012 Leadership is Going Global, in The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management: Thematic Essays (eds W. J. Rothwell and G. M. (Bud). Benscoter), Pfeiffer, A Wiley Imprint, San Francisco, CA.
Malcolm, G 2002. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make A Big Difference. Boston, Back Bay Books.
Marx, T 2013, ‘Teaching Leadership And Strategy’, Business Education Innovation Journal, Vol. 5 No. 2, Pp. 12-19.
Pasmore, W 2014. Developing A Leadership Strategy: A Critical Ingredient For Organizational Success. White Paper, Centre For Creative Leadership
Thomas, J. C., & Segal, DL 2006. Comprehensive Handbook Of Personality And Psychopathology Volume 1. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons.
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