Find an article in the University Library that contains a research study in the functional area of Youth Ministry or Catholic Religious Education as a Career.
Write a 700- to 1,050-word summary:
Describe the business research process followed in the study in the article.
•Identify the research problem and the research method used.
•Discuss how the research is solving the problem within the chosen functional area.
•Identify other potential applications using business research within this functional area or related areas.
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Current Events in Business Research
The article ‘The practice of youth ministry in a changing context: Results from an Australian scoping study’ is a study whose main aim was to come up with innovative strategies to reach out to the youth, and bring them back to the church, since it has been registered as a global trend that the population of youths in the churches is drastically reducing. As such, the Australian churches, which are the center-stage of this study, sought to find a solution (Singleton, Webber, Joyce, & Dorissa, 2010). It is a common thing across all churches to define key strategies to allure back their youths into the church. The study posits that different programs may be employed to change the perception or approach to the issue of youths, a question regarding their efficacy should be asked. As such, it is important to determine which approach has the elements of best-practice in the advent of youth ministry. Basically, this study connects the denominational role of the church in the lives of the youth, and the use of the church as a career opportunity by the youth, as one of the main ways of achieving their retention in the church.
The business research process followed in this article involved a scoping research, which was conducted in Melbourne, Australia, especially among the denominations that have struggled to maintain the youth. The scoping exercise had two main aims: to identify the various ministry styles that are being applied; and identify among the mentioned ministry approaches and styles, which ones represent best-practice when in a mission to ensure youth retention, social justice activities, and involvement of adults in liturgy, to create an environment of understanding and development. The method used here primarily aimed at providing a descriptive foundation upon which useful discussions regarding theological and sociological perspectives could be held. In all churches across the globe, the youth ministry is recognized as the invigorated theology discipline, that requires a series of activities and practical work to survive. In order to explicitly provide a manifestation of these practical approaches, the study employed a descriptive empirical task to tend to address in an amicable manner, the question, “what is going on?’
The method applied in this study can be best understood as a descriptive-empirical task in the bracket of practical theology. In addition, it is a social-scientific study, whose aims are to create a relationship between various theological perspectives and the problem of youth retention in churches today. This study strongly builds on the empirical base on which it is strongly instituted, which is used to explore the changes that need to be effected in the youth ministry and other facets of the pastoral ministry. In order to create a sense of reliability and authenticity for the study, the researchers instituted four innovative ways of penetrating into the minds and interest of the youth. For instance, they were presented with an interpretive task that involve surpassing the normal descriptions to understand the dynamics involved in the mix; normative task that inculcates deep reflections on the actions of God; and lastly, the pragmatic task, which involves taking a decision on the action implemented. This methodology and approach involved knowing and understanding the target customers, as well as identifying other players in the issue of youth retention.
As identified above, the research problem that is being addressed in this article is the high rate of youth attrition from modern churches, with a specific focus on Melbourne, Australia. It must be understood that this area would be assumed to act as perfect representative of the global trend in this issue. The study addresses the problem by testing and coming up with amicable suggestions and solutions to ensure youth retention in churches. The research recognizes that the functional area of the youth is one that is very elusive and difficult to predict. As such, it requires innovative processes and activities in order to work well. The research set out different strategies to woo youths back into the church, including entertainment, career choices, youth forums, and many other innovative processes that make the youth feel involved and wanted. At this time, the research recognized that the incorporation of such activities as retreats, fun-days, contemporary music, and multimedia worshiping are among the key strategies to allure the youth back to the church. More importantly, the study had one focal point that active engagement of youths in the church through solid employment opportunities is a good way of ensuring their retention. Particularly, the research is very pragmatic when it comes to identifying the needs of the youth in relation to the church. Inasmuch as the youth might view the church as apace of worship, it is also a social place, where they meet various individuals, get to connect, and create fruitful relationships that can be the basis of prospective career developments. It is this particular need that the study presented here aptly establishes, in a bid to address the research problem, which is the reducing number of youths in churches.
There are various other applications that can use a similar business research with the same functional area as discussed here, that is, the youth ministry. As identified above, youths are a very difficult group to work with, owing to the diverse and unique nature of their desires, likes, and dislikes. However, owing to its critical nature in the future development and life of a person, it is imperative that several programs be put in place to ensure they survival, safety, and continued support. A program such as a campaign to reduce the habit of smoking among the youth is an example. This campaign would involve basically the same business research as above. Secondly, a camping to create awareness among the youths and school going children to enroll into specific career choices that are facing a crisis of manpower shortage, such as the healthcare sector. Another example of a an application that would involve the same business research is creating brand awareness of a new product targeting the youth, for instance, cola drinks such as soda. Lastly, promotion of the use of protection during acts of intimacy may be a potential application that can utilize this business research. Summarily, a business research requires absolute understanding the needs of the target population, and streamlining strategies to address the problem of deficit identified.
Reference
Singleton, A., Webber, R., Joyce, M. R., & Dorissa, A. (2010). The practice of youth ministry in a changing context: Results from an Australian scoping study. Journal Of Youth Ministry, 9(1), 35-54.
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2. Factors leading to breakdown of relationships between members of the wheat supply chain
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3. Supply Chain Management Processes using SCOR model
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3.1. Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model
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3.2. Supply Chain Solutions that would have prevented the second contamination
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4. Importance of Collaboration in the Australian Agri-food market supply chain
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5. Justification of the robustness of the supply chain of Western Australian in grain suppliers
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6. Recommendations
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7. Conclusion
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References
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Executive summary
As global bulk grain markets continue to be dynamic and highly competitive, the respective supply chain management processes ought to make sure that the required quality standards threshold are always met prior to dispatching any vessel loaded with export whole grains or their finished products. This means that the supply chain management are among the concepts that presently dominate the debates with regards to companies, especially on the wake of operational effectiveness due to the previous shortcomings associated with supply chains among many organizations that have led to a myriad of challenges including those faced the Western Australian grain suppliers who supplies many destinations across the world probably Saudi Arabia and Japan. A magnitude problem resulted from neglecting essential supply chain management process since the Saudi Arabians required that their grains be added carmoisine a food additive as a preventative measure, whereas Japan forbidden carmoisine and classified it as an objectionable contaminant. This case study involves the study of how a company’s or port’s supply chain management processes can be appropriately handled, particularly using the SCOR model to ensure that all actors in the supply chain were satisfied. Hence, failure to adhere to this, Western Australia grain marketers and bulk handlers faced problems regarding to the unacceptable wheat grains delivered to Japan, an issue which was avoidable if proper quality standard measures within the supply chain were incorporated.
1. Introduction
As global bulk grain markets continue to be dynamic and highly competitive, the respective supply chain management processes ought to make sure that the required quality standards threshold are always met prior to dispatching any vessel loaded with export whole grains or their finished products (Rottig, Koufteros & Umphress, 2011). This is attributable to the fact that various countries have different quality standards and some elements that are obviously allowable in some markets are strict objectionable contaminants in other markets. Hence, for the purpose in ensuring that the needs of each market are effectively met without compromising the quality standards of the exported whole grains, the need for an appropriately operating supply chain management has become inevitable. In addition, the efficiency of the supply chain management is not only further stretched by the high threshold of quality standards in the global bulk grain market, but also due to the ever increasing demand for whole grains across the globe attributed to significant reductions in the whole grain production levels in some regions of the world probably due to climate change (Simchi-Levi, Kaminski & Simchi-Levi, 2008).
Therefore, it can be succinctly stated that climate change effects and consequences as well as the requirement for adoption of practices that significantly drive supply chain transformation. However, considering the robustness of the Western Australian supply chain robustness, it is essential to reflect on various factors for relationship breakdown in the supply chain using the actors in the supply chain. The factors could be operational, technological, cultural, food commodity as well as communication factors. Therefore, as a result of this case study and the repercussions that ensured in terms of tangible losses and intangible losses, the need for making that all actors within the Western Australian bulk grain supply chain collaboratively work together is obviously not in doubt if the export market for its whole grains, especially wheat has to be maintained. This is due to the fact that in this scenario, Western Australian whole grain (wheat) marketers had the responsibility of making sure that clients’ needs were satisfied without conflict with either by stringently adhering to the present export contract requirements.
Factors attributed to the breakdown of relationships between members of the wheat supply chain
In order to ensure that the relationship between all actors in any supply chain remain vibrant, there is need for trust, honesty and accountability among each of the actor. This is mainly attributed to the fact that, even though all other actors in the supply chain play their role effectively with exception of one, chances of conflicts to ensue are usually very high since a single mistake by anyone actor in a supply chain can result to unrecoverable losses (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012; Benton, 2013). For instance, it is evidently clear that in this case study not all actors in the supply chain contributed to the breakdown of relationships, but just a few mistakes of some actors and not all actors in the supply chain. Hence, this makes the need for collaboration between all actors in the supply chain highly essential for the avoidance of mistakes which could have permanently cost Western Australia a consistent customer as well as denting its reputation among wheat importers across the globe.
A critical consideration of this scenario, it is evidently clear that the factors that led to relationship breakdown in the supply chain from the perspective of the actors in the supply chain a varied since they include operational, technological, food commodity as well as communication factors. This can be attributed to the fact that, after the wheat cargo which had been shipped to Japan was eventually rejected after quality control tests confirmed the presence of carmoisine (a food colour additive) on the Western Australian’s noodle wheat a scuffle ensued between the supply chain actors, in particular the grain marker playing the role of selling wheat and the bulk handler at the port responsible for the cargo assemblage and loading. This incident was an eye opener among the supply chain actors for them to realise how important it was for them to work collaboratively for the protection of Japan customers who were definitely highly valued (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012; Benton, 2013).
From the perspective of these incidents, communication factors were significantly attributed to the relationships breakdown among the wheat supply chain members since a blame game ensued between the grain marketer and the bulk handler. In particular, the bulk handler blamed the grain marketer for not fully revealing the details of the contract of wheat export to Japan which strictly prohibited presence of carmoisine in its whole grains, while the grain marketer blamed bulk handler for carelessly handling and assembling wheat grain cargo resulting to presence of carmoisine traces in the wheat meant for Japan destination, which in the country is classified as an objectionable contaminant. Since carmoisine is not allowed in Japan and several other countries across the world mainly because various studies have attributed it to hypersensitivity in infants failure of effective communication between the grain marketer and bulk handler resulted to this problem considering the bulk handler was previously and the wheat cargo that eventually resulted to this scuffle. The bulk handler admitted that was not aware whether carmoisine in banned in Japan, while the grain marketer was privy of this information. This means that the bulk handler would have thoroughly cleaned the supply chain conveyors after handling and assembling Saudi Arabia cargo where carmoisine is allowable prior to handling the wheat cargo destined for Japan if the grain marketer has fully revealed the details of the contract.
This is attributable to the fact that there is addition of carmoisine to about 1% of whole grains exported to Saudi Arabia to alleviate black market grain market. Hence, in the case of Saudi Arabian wheat cargo in order to make sure that the grains are added the food additive which is red in colour is done by making sure that the supply chain conveyer belts are sprayed with the food additive in order to ensure that they are unique from those of the black market. However, the Saudi Arabian grain cargo was loaded the loading conveyer belts were not decontaminated or cleaned thoroughly and this led to the contamination of the wheat cargo destined for Japan by contacting the carmoisine on the conveyer belts, which is an objectionable contaminant in the country. The Japanese quality tests that are highly strict detected the presence of carmoisine eventually resulting to a huge scuffle with regards to Australia’s grain exports quality. Subsequently, the entire wheat grain cargo was rejected by Japan and led to significant demurrage costs as well as tangible and intangible losses on the side of Western Australia. The situation was even worsened more, when a second incident of similar nature occurred again within a short irrespective of the assurances offered to the side of Japan from Western Australia regarding quality of wheat grains, which worsened the trade relations between the two countries even though it was eventually resolved.
Operational factors were undoubtedly the other cause of the relationship breakdown in the supply chain from the perspective of the actors in the supply chain because the bulk handler was not supposed to assume the quality standards for various market destinations to avoid thorough cleansing and decontamination of the supply chain conveyor belts. It should always be a thumb rule for the supply chain conveyor belts to be thoroughly cleaned handling or assembling any cargo not its type or destination prior to handling any other cargo. Hence, there was an operational failure of the cargo handler to ensure that this procedure was adhered based on an assumption that the quality standards for the destinations of both cargoes of wheat were the same. This incident acted as an eye opener to them, to always prioritise the appropriate supply chain management processes which require thorough cleansing and decontamination of the supply chain conveyor belts after handling any batch of containing any additive that is not universally accepted among all the destination markets.
Furthermore, technological factors especially the absence of high edge and prompt techniques for the quality control and assurance was another factor definitely led to relationship breakdown in the supply chain from the perspective of the actors in the supply chain. This is attributable to the fact that, if the bulk handler had the top notch quality testing technologies, it would have been easier to detect the presence of carmoisine in the wheat cargo and avoid loading it to the vessel prior to confirming whether the additive was acceptable in Japan. This issue would have been amicably solved between the grain marketer, bulk handler and grain producers and avoid the eventual losses both tangible and intangible that ensued later (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012; Benton, 2013).
3. Supply Chain Management Processes using SCOR Model
Over several decades after the inception of the supply chain management, the appropriate alignment of the processes of the grain supply chain with respect to the SCOR model has been a crucial practice aimed at streamlining its operational functions. However, with respect to this project there is need to establish appropriate measures that would not only ensure that, the operations of the supply chain management are sustainable, but also effective especially from the perspective of an organization’s processes, services and products so that they can be aligned in ways that are responsible (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012; Benton, 2013; Hoejmose, Brammer & Millington, 2013). For instance, considering the supply chain between Western Australia and Japan, the supply chain demanded trust along with integrity amongst partners within the supply chain making the terms of business highly sensitive compared to the supply chains involving other partners (Amaeshi, Osuji &Nnodim, 2008).
3.1. SCOR model
Any supply chain consists of various participants who act distinctly, but are interrelated (Leppelt, Foerstl & Hartmann 2013). The activities that take place throughout the supply chain can be easily categorized using the SCOR model into planning, sourcing, creation or making, delivering as well as returning. This involves managerial operations’ aspects such as procurement, inventory, transportation, manufacturing, as well as orders. This means that the SCOR model offers a structure for the description of linked metrics and processes the supply chains operations and supervision towards more efficient activities through consistent evaluation (Amaeshi, Osuji &Nnodim, 2008).
Therefore, the SCOR model is considered to be the front runner in the world’s supply chain framework, which links performance metrics, business processes, as well as people skills and practices into a unified structure. This means that adoption of the SCOR model in this scenario could have significantly improved the supply chain operations by increasing the system implementations speed, improving inventory turns, as well as supporting organisational learning goals. However, the SCOR model processes includes: planning, sourcing, making, delivering, returning as well as enabling. Furthermore, the SCOR model metrics includes the perfection of order fulfilment, order cycle time fulfilment, flexibility of the upwards supply chain, adaptability of the upwards supply chain, adaptability of the downwards supply chain, as well as working capital and fixed assets of the supply chain returns (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012).
As a result, the SCOR model should have been embraced by the bulk loader and grain marketer for a more efficient operation of the supply chain which could have evaded the incident that eventually ensued. The figure shown below illustrates the SCOR processes framework in order to elaborate on essential supply chain management processes:
Figure 1: SCOR processes framework
Source: Supply Chain Council
The capacity to manage supply chain activities that are varied cost effectively has progressively continued to pose a challenge to many exporters in their attempt to remain competitive (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012). As a result, electronically-enabled supply chains (ESC) have been providing potential towards attaining the objectives of supply chain actors through improved operational efficiency (Majumdar & Nishant, 2008; Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012).
3.2. Supply chain solutions that would have prevented the second contamination
From the fact that, all actors of the supply chain were conversant with the Japanese regulations with regards to presence of carmoisine in grains from the first contamination incident, the subsequent contamination could have been effectively avoided (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012). Therefore, in order to make sure that the second contamination was avoided several measures could have been adopted such as:
A different supply chain loading conveyer belts should have been utilised for loading wheat cargo destined for Saudi Arabia and Japan in order to significantly reduce carmoisine contamination chances.
Thorough decontamination and cleansing of conveyor belts measures should have been implemented after every Saudi Arabian grain shipment is handled.
Appropriate quality standards testing to ensure that no traces of carmoisine are available in any cargo destined for Japan, which classified it as an objectionable contaminant.
4.Importance of collaboration among members of the supply chain
Collaboration in supply chain within the exportation markets involves the element of working together in unison among the actors (Morali & Searcy, 2013). According to Morali & Searcy (2013) a stakeholder is defined as the entity or individual affected by or may affect the operations of a firm. For instance, in the case of a supply chain, stakeholders involve farmers or producers, suppliers, regulators and clients. To start with, the supply chain section in Western Australia would have requested for the presence of Japanese officials in their port to monitor their commitment to high quality standards delivery. This is mainly because the upstream supply chain is of great significance. However, integration of suppliers entails vital competencies’ consideration associated to crucial suppliers’ synchronization. The objective of making sure that all members in a supply chain work together collaboratively is to ensure there is sustainable generation and delivery of product to the market (Majumdar & Nishant, 2008; Rottig, Koufteros & Umphress, 2011; Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012). As a result of this, it is important to note that through collaboration information sharing should be an essential component of making sure that all actors within the supply chain are working (Rottig, Koufteros & Umphress, 2011; Wolf, 2011).
Justification of the robustness of the supply chain of Western Australian in grain suppliers
An argument can be raised that Western Australian grain exporters had robust and effective quality management measures throughout its supply chain. This can be attributed to the fact that no quality standard problem which ha been detected over a long period without even a single occurrence of carmoisine contamination. Secondly, considering the trade scuffle which had ensued after the occurrence of the first contamination, it can be observed that the second contamination of noodles could have been purely accidental. Furthermore, the regulation of all the sectors of the supply chain as statutory authorities of the government including the quarantine services, railways, ports, grain handlers and grain traders as statutory monopolies in order to complement each other needs ensured that the supply chain operated optimally among all the Western Australian ports such as Albany, Fremantle, Geraldton as well as Esperance, which also ensured that the destination ports were highly efficient.
6.Recommendations
Embracing supply chain management processes in the conventional business environment conditions is unavoidable for any supply chain actor. However, some firms have adopted ineffective supply chains management processes, while others are yet to meet this urgent requirement. Thus, it is usually recommended that these companies adopt the following measures:
Companies must align their production to effective practices such as using processes that are cost effective.
Every firm must ensure that its supply chain actors adhere to the set effective practices (Tripathi & Petro, 2011; Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012; Benton, 2013).
While making sure appropriate supply chain management process are established, incorporation of the views of all stakeholders is of essence, which enables adoption of a strategy that do not conflict with other factors within the supply chain.
Technology adoption is of great essence to a company interested in the persistence of an effective supply chain management processes since technology ensures the assessment of issues such as efficiency and quality and quality (Rottig, Koufteros & Umphress, 2011).
7. Conclusion
In conclusion, Western Australian grain producers, grain marketers and bulk handlers faced numerous problems due to the ineffectiveness of their supply chain management processes. This mainly accrued from negligence since it not only happened once, but twice. As a result bulk grain handling and assembling as well as marketing companies are increasingly being required to adopt a effective supply chain management processes in order to keep up with the rapidly changing markets. Though some bulk grain exporting firms in the past deemed this to be an expensive endeavour presently all of them do not have any other choice, but to adhere with the norm in order to survive in business. This has over the recent past being making the stakeholders to increasingly put pressure on companies to ensure that effective processes of producing or delivering products are put in place. It is presently clear that many companies have adopted supply chain management processes that are effective in order to make sure that they continue to operate efficiently.
References
Amaeshi, K. M., Osuji, O. K., & Nnodim, P. (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility in Supply Chains of Global Brands: A Boundaryless Responsibility? Clarifications, Exceptions and Implications, Journal of Business Ethics, 81(1), 223-234. doi: 10.1007/s10551-007-9490-5
Benton, W. (2013). Supply Chain Focused Manufacturing Planning and Control. Sainsbury, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bolstorff, P., & Rosenbaum, R. G. (2012). Supply Chain Excellence: A Handbook for Dramatic Improvement Using the SCOR. London: CSR Press.
Handfield, R., & Nichols, E.L. (2012). Introduction to Supply Chain Management. New York, NY: Jr.Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-621616-1
Hoejmose, S., Brammer, S., & Millington, A. (2013). An empirical examination of the relationship between business strategy and socially responsible supply chain management, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 33(5), 589. doi: 10.1108/01443571311322733
Jørgensen, H. (2003). Strengthening implementation of corporate social responsibility in global supply chains (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: World Bank
Lambert, D. M. (2010). Supply Chain Management: Processes, Partnerships, Performance. New York, NY: Prentice Hall.
Leppelt, T., Foerstl, K., & Hartmann, E. (2013). Corporate Social Responsibility in Buyer-Supplier Relationships: Is it Beneficial for Top-Tier Suppliers to Market their Capability to Ensure a Responsible Supply Chain? Business Research, 6(2), 126-152.
Majumdar, S., & Nishant, R. (2008). Sustainable entrepreneurial support (in supply chain) as corporate social responsibility initiative of large organizations: a conceptual framework, The Icfai University Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 5(3), 116-124.
Morali, O., & Searcy, C. (2013). A Review of Sustainable Supply Chain Management Practices in Canada, Journal Of Business Ethics, 117(3), 635-658. doi: 10.1007/s10551-012-1539-4
Poluha, R. G. (2009). Application of the SCOR model in supply chain management. London: Cambria Press.
Rottig, D., Koufteros, X., & Umphress, E. (2011). Formal Infrastructure and Ethical Decision Making: An Empirical Investigation and Implications for Supply Management, Decision Sciences, 42(1), 163. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5915.2010.00305.x
Salam, M., (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility in Purchasing and Supply Chain, Journal of Business Ethics, 85(2), 355—370.
Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminski, P., & Simchi-Levi, E. (2008). Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies and Case Studies. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International. ISBN 978-0-07-127097-7.
Shreekant, W. S, & Palekar, A. (2012). Supply Chain Analytics with SAP NetWeaver Business Warehouse. New York, NY: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1-25-900608-1.
Spence, L., & Bourlakis, M. (2011). 11. Social responsibility in the supply chain: CSR or corporate social watchdogs? Business Ethics and Corporate Sustainability.164
Tripathi, S., & Petro, G. (2011). Evolving Green Procurement and Sustainable Supply Chain Practices in the Organizations: A Framework to Align Functional Strategy Implementation to Organization’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Objectives, Management Convergence, 1(1), 24-32
Wolf, J. (2011). Sustainable Supply Chain Management Integration: A Qualitative Analysis of the German Manufacturing Industry, Journal of Business Ethics, 102(2), 221-235. doi: 10.1007/s10551-011-0806-0
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One way of broaching the topic of ethics in professional practice is to focus on particular ethical dilemmas that arise in the research or practice that surrounds management activities themselves. For example, well-known ethical dilemmas exist in the field of human resources, and other dilemmas surround the handling of financial transactions and decisions.
Search the Walden Library for a scholarly or practitioner article in a peer-reviewed journal that deals with an ethical dilemma in a management context. How might you research the dilemma presented in the article? Would you examine causation, interventions, solutions, structural issues, or other aspects? Select one or two aspects of the issue presented, and think about how you might formulate a research-oriented approach that would benefit the larger professional practice.
Begin by presenting a brief overview of the article you found. Next, present the ethical dilemma, followed by your research approach and its potential practice-based benefits.
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With these thoughts in mind:
Respond by Day 5 to at least two of your colleagues’ postings, giving priority to those that have fewer than two responses so far. In your responses, be sure to do the following:
•Address the content of each colleague’s analysis and evaluation of the topic, as well as the integration of relevant resources.
•Address the question(s) posed by each colleague for further Discussion.
•Link each colleague’s posting to other colleagues’ postings or to other course materials and concepts, where appropriate and relevant.
•Include proper APA citations.
colleague 1 ( James Simon)
Overview of the Article
The article discusses the release of crude oil by Exxon and BP. The release of crude oil by both companies killed (a) birds, (b) otters, and (c) seals (Kling, Phaneuf, & Zhao, 2012). This destruction forced business leaders to examine the risk of oil usage (Kling et al., 2012). In addition, business leaders must examine the benefits of oil use (Kling et al., 2012).
Ethical Dilemma
One of the ethical dilemmas the oil industry has is truthful reporting (Kling et al., 2012). Employees have to put their reputation on the line to support the corporation. If an incident occurs, these employees are required to tell the truth. The oil industry is a billion dollar industry that produces a public resource (Kling et al., 2012). The money from the oil industry and public use makes the industry hard to shut down by the government. Employees struggle with the idea of telling the truth to support the corporation or risk losing their job (Kling et al., 2012).
Type of Research
I want to conduct a quantitative research for the oil spills of each company. I want to compare Exxon to BP. This comparison will allow me to define a relationship within the oil industry and the public. I want to know how many oil spills for each company for the last ten years. In addition, I want to know what is causing the oil spills. In addition, I will need to determine the benefit of allowing Exxon and BP to conduct business.
References
Kling, C. L., Phaneuf, D. J., & Zhao, J. (2012). From Exxon to BP: Has some number become better than no number? The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(4), 3-26. https://www.doi:10.1257/jep.26.4.3
Colleaque 2 (oladeyo oyo)
Ethical dilemma
This post features two articles dealing with ethical dilemma in the management context. In an article titled Confronting Ethical Dilemmas in the workplace, John Boatright a Professor of Business Ethics at Quinlan School of Business, Loyola University Chicago wrote that business graduates must be prepared for organizational challenges that will inevitably test their values, moral beliefs, and commitment to doing the right thing. In two studies of 30 Harvard University and 1000 Columbia University graduates, some had felt strong organization pressures to do things that they believed were unethical, illegal, had been rewarded for taking some action they considered to be ethically troubling or punished for refusal to act unethically. In short, many had faced the dilemma of acting unethically or doing the right thing. To research ethical dilemma in a particular organization, I would ask open-ended questions in an interview method to examine the types of ethical dilemma present, causation, how prevalent the ethical dilemmas were, structural issues, reward systems and interventions. I would also research the dilemma with survey questionnaires after understanding the ethical dilemma. I would be cognizant of informed consent, the need for privacy and confidentiality when required to protect sources and prevent retaliation.
There exists a dilemma between publishing research quickly, often and undertaking comprehensive research while following the conventions and ethical guidelines. An essay by Xiao-Ping Chen, Professor of Management in the Foster School of Business at the University of Washington and the Editor-in-Chief for Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes features the dilemma faced by authors between maximizing their publication possibilities and being truthful to data, to co-authors, and to editors. It features some ethical problems that authors face in the research and publication process including data reporting, co-authorship, selecting peer reviewers and dealing with review process. Pursuing the truth and the whole truth behind certain phenomenon is the ultimate purpose of scientific endeavor, (Chen, 2011). Two issues of concern are the overuse of the same data set in multiple papers and selection of peer reviewers in an ethical manner. Using the same data set in different papers or partial research results in different papers presents ethical problems. Using peer reviewers is a good strategy but such reviewers are eliminated from the formal review process. Some authors have used only negative reviewer or acknowledging only those who reviewed them negatively to the review committee to increase the probability that a paper receives positive reviews. A more credible research approach would benefit the author and the larger professional practice.
Research approach
My research design would comprise of the mixed methods of qualitative and quantitative inquiry. Qualitative interview methods including open ended questionnaire and quantitative would include solicited responses on mailed questionnaire/survey. Both should present a holistic mix of objective, subjective and inter subjective data (free of bias). The focus of research is to find the truth with fact based data, supported by evidence and ethical governance strictures of honesty, accurate representation of facts, transparency and probity.
There are many ethical issues, which may influence research and affect the findings. Researcher interaction biases affect a variety of methodologies, such as survey or experimental research, not just interview-based research, (Miyazaki & Taylor, 2008). The Institution Review Board IRB, may approve or reject research on grounds of ethics. Lincoln and Tierney (2004), note that IRB have rejected some qualitative research projects for being unscientific and not capable of generalization. Ethics code has the potential to enhance the reputation of management research and the professional status of its members, (Bell & Bryman, 2007). Ethics is integral to every aspect of management research rather than as a consideration in the exception, such as when researching sensitive topics (Lee & Renzetti, 1990). Strong ethical constructs has many implications including the protection of the researcher, subjects, institution/corporation, and the public.
Two key questions to consider are would a research outcome that indicates the hypothesis was wrong a failure also what methods would the researcher use to effectively analyze and synthesize the integration of qualitative interviewing and quantitative data gathering?
Conclusion
Management is responsible for effective internal controls, which includes good ethics training, reinforced with appropriate culture modeled by the leadership. In this context, ethical behavior should be rewarded and unethical practices discouraged and sanctioned. Beyond the ethical standards of many institutions and organization is the responsibility of the individual, the researcher and the author. Ethical values and practices are pivotal to character, reputation, self worth and professional success. An author must be mindful of how the research may affect others also the desired practice-based benefits from the work product. It is not enough to abide by or subscribe to a code of ethics. We should be ethical in all our undertakings and relationships always acting with trustworthiness and integrity.
References
Bell, E. & Bryman, A. (2007). The ethics of management research: An exploratory content analysis. British Journal of Management, 18(1), 63–77. https://www.doi:10.1111/j.1467- 8551.2006.00487.x
Miyazaki, A. D. & Taylor, K. A. (2008). Researcher interaction biases and business ethics research: Respondent reactions to researcher characteristics. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(4), 779–795. https://www.doi.10.1007/s10551-007-9547-5
******* please answer each colleague individually along with 2 references each !!!!!!!
SAMPLE ANSWER
Ethical Dilemmas
The first article discusses the release of the crude oil by BP and axon Valdez which killed sea animals and birds. The two cases are presented by numerous ethical dilemmas. BP and Exxon Valdez left a lot to killing of sea animals, destruction of environment and at the same time, the exploration of the oil is important for the countries in terms of income and resources. Additionally, truthful reporting of the cases has also been hidden since it can lead to the termination of oil exploration and also jeopardize the careers of employees.
The ethical questions addressed by the author in this article are: can people continue to explore the oil yet it jeopardizes animals, environment, and peoples live? The question can be well drawn from the article. This is because the author has given both the beneficial and harmful point of view of the oil exploration (Kimber, and Marilyn 200). As such, the point of ethical dilemma is drawn whether to continue oil exploration or not. The question can be set for further research on whether to stop or continue oil exploration. Therefore, this article has given out a clear picture of ethical dilemma.
According to Luke and Dennis (190) the ethical dilemmas are such condition that creates difficulty on which side to take especially when the potential threats have potential benefits. The author has demonstrated the idea as of ethical dilemmas as described by Luke and Dennis (197) since the source of money from the company makes it hard to stop or close oil exploration. Additionally, the author of this article has given relevant source of information that leads to the information given in the article.
The second article gives a description of two other articles that presented ethical dilemma. The first describes how some acts which were regarded as unethical went ahead to win awards. The second part of the essays talks of the publishing the research quickly without following the comprehensive ethical guidelines.
The first part of the essay clearly presents an ethical dilemma. After winning awards using unethical procedure, students are put in a situation to do unethical activities to win the awards. In this case, the students do not know which side to go: they need the awards and they need not to perform unethical acts. As such it has to determine which way to go. According to Mortari and Deborah (244) the ethical dilemma arises when part of the conscious directs one to something at the same time directs one not to do it. The author of this article clearly demonstrates that and the question to ask is: is it right for one to gain awards through unethical acts? However, the second part of the article, the author does not clearly demonstrate the ethical dilemma. Mortari and Deborah (244) say that the dilemma arises when cannot take side on and decide whether an action is bad or good. However, it is not hard to decide that production of article and research without enough evidence is bad. The comparisons of the two researches are not put in a well manner that demonstrates the ethical dilemma. The author of the article at this point has not clearly demonstrated a dilemma. None the less, the author has used relevant sources that clearly give information about the articles.
References
Cranenburgh, Katinka, and Daniel Arenas. “Strategic And Moral Dilemmas Of Corporate Philanthropy In Developing Countries: Heineken In Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal Of Business Ethics 122.3 (2014): 523-536.
Kimber, Megan, and Marilyn Campbell. “Exploring Ethical Dilemmas For Principals Arising From Role Conflict With School Counsellors.” Educational Management Administration & Leadership 42.2 (2014): 207-225
Luke, Melissa, Kristopher M. Goodrich, and Dennis D. Gilbride. “Intercultural Model Of Ethical Decision Making: Addressing Worldview Dilemmas In School Counseling.” Counseling & Values 58.2 (2013): 177-194.
Mortari, Luigina, and Deborah Harcourt. “‘Living’ Ethical Dilemmas For Researchers When Researching With Children.”International Journal Of Early Years Education 20.3 (2012): 234-243.
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Responsible and robust Organizational Performance in Logistics and supply chain management
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SAMPLE ANSWER
Responsible and robust Organizational Performance
Executive summary
Robustness in Logistics and supply chain management is among the concepts that are currently dominating the debates regarding companies. in order to maintain a competitive advantage and a good relationship towards clients firms must practice and adopt responsible supply chain management. On the wake of health issues as well as cultural differences global organization’s supply chains are being pressured to adopt responsible and robust strategies. Essentially the Western Australian grain suppliers serve both the Saudi Arabia and Japan. The Saudi Arabians require that their grains be added carmoisine a food additive whereas Japan forbids substances such as carmoisine. This case study involves the detection of carmoisine food additive on grains delivered to Japan. The Western Australia grain suppliers faced problems with regard to the ‘unhealthy’ grains delivered to Japan and which may have been avoided if proper measures were incorporated. Adopting robustness and responsibility in logistics and supply chain strategies entails taking into mind the needs of the client at all times.
Introduction
Responsible and robust Organizational Performance in Logistics and supply chain management points to the appropriate handling of a client’s cargo to ensure a continued good relationship with client companies by wholly adhering to their specifications and requirements. Additionally, responsibility calls for making sure that the end user is not negatively affected by the products. In this case study involving the Australian grain exporters and the Japanese importers robustness and integrity refer to supplying items which are cannot extend negative health issues to the consumer. If a product would make the consumer unwell then this product is unhealthy. Adopting fresh methods, for instance, innovative logistics and supply chain management methods, quality handling systems and emerging technology will definitely affect the various elements of supply chain management. The challenge of establishing a flourishing and responsible organizational performance supply chain through networked collaboration as well as remarkable innovation is a thorny issue. The Western Australian Suppliers had a duty to ensure satisfaction and adherence of each and every client product specification via improving their organizational performance..
Factors leading to a bad relationship between Australia and Japan
The detection of carmoisine (a food color additive) on Australia’s noodle wheat shipment towards Japan initiated the relationship breakdown between the two nations. Carmoisine is a food additive which is banned in Japan as well as other states such as the US for the reason that it increases infants’ hypersensitivity (Manuj, Omar & Yazdanparast, 2013). The issue surrounding the carmoisine additive concerns the shipment which was delivered to Japan containing that additive. The events leading to the contamination were that grains delivered to Saudi Arabia are usually added the carmoisine. The conveyer belts loading the ship are usually sprayed with carmoisine to make them unique and differentiate them from those of the black market. However, after loading the Saudi destined shipment the conveyer belts were not thoroughly cleaned or decontaminated, this lead to Japan’s shipment contacting the carmoisine on the conveyer belts. The stringent quality tests in Japan detected the additive’s presence which generated a huge row and lack of quality outcry regarding Australia’s exports. Consequently, Japan rejected the entire shipment leading to huge losses being experienced on the side of Australian exporters. To make the matters even after the assurances of Australia regarding their quality checks this incident happened again (Rai, Patnayakuni & Seth, 2006). Another shipment of noodle wheat was detected having the carmoisine additive; this incident worsened the relations between Japan and Australia.
Robust Organizational Performance in Logistics and supply chain management
Robust and responsible organizational performance in general refers to the organization’s ethicality in carrying out its operations by protecting the health and wellbeing of the product end user. Accountability in performance by any organization within the supply management calls for carrying out the activities in a diligent manner with the help of knowledgeable staff and technology. Thus, robustness will be defined as an organization’s processes, services and products being aligned in ways that are socially as well as economically responsible (Uvarov, 2011).
Business demands trust along with integrity amongst partners within a supply chain. Clearly the Western Australian Suppliers performed below expectations to upholding trust in collaboration between supply chain partners (Rai, Patnayakuni & Seth, 2006). Within the robust supply chain context, Western Australian Suppliers should seek to transform the practices of handling goods which seems to be informed by traditional reasoning. Therefore the phrase corporate social responsibility covers factors linked to ensuring a sustainable and viable organization (Grant, Wong & Trautrims, 2013). The sustainability organizational performance implementation within Western Australian Suppliers supply chain should comprise of the following:
Process innovation aimed at introducing fresh grain handling techniques along with conveyor belt cleaning improvements to match evolving market as well as consumer’s sustainability needs
Clean handling entails reducing or eradicating toxic as well as hazardous material, within during the handling and transportation of grain products
Reverse logistics entails planning, adopting as well as controlling or regulating the flow of products as well as associated information or data from the customer to the Western Australian Suppliers for proper disposal or value recapturing purposes (PAULRAJ, 2011).
Life cycle management or LCM supervises the potential negative impacts linked with a product, service or process, as from the level of grains harvesting, handling at the port all through to the transportation to the destination
Solutions That Would Have Prevented the Second Contamination
Owing to the fact that the Western Australian Suppliers were aware of the fact that Japan disallows carmoisine the second contamination was avoidable very much avoidable. Both the marketer and the bulk handler declined or failed to collaborate in order to prevent a second contamination (Omar et al., 2012). The two parties would have coordinated a more responsive and comprehensive approach to ensure that Japan’s cargo is never again contaminated. To start with, a separate loading conveyer should have been used to load cargo destined for Japan and the one destined for Saudi Arabia. This would have reduced the chances of carmoisine contamination. Secondly, thorough cleaning as well as decontamination measures should have been employed after every Saudi shipment is loaded. Other measures include (Grant, Wong & Trautrims, 2013):
a) Supply chain operations Reference or SCOR model
A characteristic production supply chain possesses numerous participants that comprise a number of distinct but interrelated operational as well as managerial activities, and within producers are invariably positioned centrally supervising the product flow, information, finance and material (Manuj, Omar & Yazdanparast, 2013). The Western Australian Suppliers activities may have been categorized into primary management processes namely: plan, source, create or make, deliver as well as return and which are sourced in supply chain process model or SCOR. SCOR processes extend as from supplier’s supplier up to customer’s customer within the supply chain. SCOR should have been adopted by the marketer as well as the bulk loader to adopt a more responsible supply of products by assessing the existence of any pollutants. The capacity of managing varying supply chain activities within a suitable along with cost effectual manner has become progressively more significant to producers so as to remain competitive within their markets (Grant, Wong & Trautrims, 2013).
The Western Australian Suppliers should also have used SCOR to establish procedures that the supply chain would not deviate; this would be done by clearly stipulating them. For instance, the hygiene issues should have been properly stipulated by SCOR; the steps used in decontaminating the conveyor belts should have been properly laid out (Omar et al., 2012).
The electronically-enabled manufacturing supply chains or EMSC provide potential to attain the objectives by allowing business partners within the supply chains to incorporate their information resources within varying supply chain points to improve efficiency as well as the firms’ competitiveness (Hult, Ketchen & Arrfelt, 2007). EMSC could also have been used to detect whenever the conveyer was insufficiently cleaned. It would have given the alert to the bulk handler that the conveyer is unsafe for handling the cargo to Japan. The blame game experienced in Australia resulted from communication breakdown; the EMSC would have bridged the gap to by enabling effectual information exchange between the marketer and the bulk loader. Thus with the ICT emergence along with its underlying structures EMSC is gradually but steadily being adopted by producers to make their supply chain more sustainable (Florian, 2013).
b) Organizational Responsibility Adoption as a Business Innovation
After the first carmoisine case was registered the Australian supply chain partners should have initiated the adoption of innovation as well as technology in handling cargo testing in order for addressing accountability issues. Adopting robustness within the supply chain’s enterprises introduces changes in supplier coordination along with a selection that may comprise establishing linked information systems between the Japanese and the Western Australian Suppliers along with reengineering the daily activities (Florian, 2013). To aid the Australian marketer as well as a bulk handler in generating right decisions throughout the whole resolution process the Innovation Diffusion Theory or IDT may be helpful. IDT stresses that the resolutions for adopting innovations is impacted by factors which lead to diverse effects hierarchy. IDT should have been used to ensure constant innovation is carried by Western Australian Suppliers. This innovation may have involved using cranes to lift the Japan’s cargo or inventing a machine that is able to detect carmoisine traces on the conveyor after cleaning it (Hult, Ketchen & Arrfelt, 2007.
Importance of collaboration in the international Agri-food market supply chain
Agri-food is the most sensitive industry since it directly impacts the health of the end-product user. This industry demands the top most possible collaboration between supply chain partners. Collaboration refers to the act of working together between the supplier and the client including all other stakeholders (Omar et al., 2012). A stakeholder in this case refers to any individual or entity that may affect or be affected by the firm’s operations. Stakeholders may involve suppliers, clients, regulators and farmers. To begin with the Western Australian Suppliers section of the supply chain would have requested that a Japanese official be stationed at their port as show of commitment towards quality goods delivery. The objective of working with suppliers is to be able to generate product as well as process sustainability innovation (Hult, Ketchen & Arrfelt, 2007).
After the first contamination the Western Australian Suppliers should have started to demand that the marketer and grain handler shares crucial information regarding their processes at all times. For instance, they may be requested to give information regarding the data acquired during the testing for contaminative substances as well as the methods used. Partnering and incorporating the Japanese supply chain partners views into the sustainable supply chain integration along with ensuring that they at all times conform with the set regulations then a firm will be able to adopt a lasting suitable and efficient supply chain. Better caution should have been observed, for instance before the ship moved out the Australian Port the Japanese officials would have been welcomed to make random tests of carmoisine existence (Gligor & Holcomb, 2012).
The impacts of a Supplier’s failure to adhere to an efficient supply chain
The impacts of the failure by the Australian suppliers to adhere to the agreed quality guidelines led to the loss of business as well as trust between the trading partners. The most crucial party in ensuring a responsible supply chain is the suppliers. This is because more than any other stakeholder the supplier’s materials may extensively damage the reputation of a firm. Research has confirmed that suppliers role within the supply channel is huge and thus there compliance as well as adherence to the set strategies is crucial. The Australian suppliers lost a lot cargo since it stayed at the Japanese port for days. a great volume of cargo went bad as a result, the remaining cargo was sold at a throw away price; the farmers lost revenue in billions. The fact that the carmoisine contaminated foods were located for the second consecutive time means that a clear carelessness of the Western Australian Suppliers (Hult, Ketchen & Arrfelt, 2007).
Contributions of the management in supply chain performance management
For performance to be successful the top management has a duty to support and foster its implementation. It is clear that Western Australian Suppliers management failed miserably. After the first contamination the management would have put better measures and extend clear guidelines to employees regarding the hygiene in cargo handling. Lack of support from the top management, means that the efficiency goal might not be attained. Additionally, healthy products delivery demand constant innovation of products that are efficient; this climate can only be extended by the top management. The Western Australian Suppliers management resolved to cling on the traditional methods of non-innovative supply chain management; the entire relationship breakdown with the Japanese and loss of revenue by farmers lies squarely on management (Omar et al., 2012).
Justification of quality for the Australian grain suppliers
It would be argued that the Australian suppliers had effectual and robust quality management measures. This is for the reason that the suppliers had for many years been observing the quality issue and not once did the carmoisine contamination occur. Secondly, after the first contamination occurred commitment was made to observe and prevent future contamination. And one may conclude the second contamination was by accident. Further, the contamination occurred in the process of ensuring quality for another client’s cargo. Thus the issue was not that Australian suppliers lacked proper quality standards, the issue was that quality definitions and expectations of the two suppliers conflicted (Gligor & Holcomb, 2012).
Recommendations
Adopting an efficient organizational performance in logistics and supply chain management in the contemporary times is inevitable for a supplier. Western Australian Suppliers clearly failed the test of a robust organizational performance in supply chain and logistics (Clark, Toms & Green, 2014). The following are recommendations for Western Australian Suppliers towards building a responsible organizational performance in supply chain logistics;
Western Australian Suppliers require incorporating incorporate all stakeholders’ views. This enables adopt a strategy that has no conflicts
Western Australian Suppliers must adopt technology as an essential aspect of assessing issues such as hygiene and quality of products
Western Australian Suppliers should make annual reviews of the performance of the available supply chain and logistics strategy to determine its success; such that if unsuccessful modifications should be effected
Western Australian Suppliers must collaborate effectively with their Japanese counterparts’ right from the port from cleaning the conveyer belts, testing the existence of carmoisine and also during loading the ship. This will create trust and reduce chances of contamination (Clark, Toms & Green, 2014)
All employees require training to ensure that their knowledge s aligned with that of responsible and accountable organization performance in supply chain and logistics. Clearly if the employees had enough knowledge the second contamination could not have been possible
Western Australian Suppliers may also consider creating a separate conveyer belt for transporting the grains headed to Saudi Arabia. This is because only grains headed to that country has that special requirement which would contaminate other grains.
Conclusion
The Western Australian grain suppliers faced numerous problems due to their inefficient organization performance in supply chain and logistics. This was as a result of negligence since it happened twice. Lack of proper communication between the grain handlers and the marketer led to huge losses of revenue and also loss of a reliable client. Lack of involvement of stakeholders views led to effectual robustness since it might be biased. It is imperative for the Australian suppliers incorporate the views and expectations of their consumers to safeguard other stakeholders such as farmers and the government from losses. Indeed the hygiene issue was a very minute element to take care of, however the mismanagement, staff negligence of Western Australian Suppliers did costs the company a lot of money. It is important that the top management is initially oriented with the importance of adopting the responsible and efficient supply chain to ensure its success since at all times employees look upon their superiors’ attitudes as well as behaviors. The Western Australia grain suppliers have a duty to satisfy the needs as well as demands of both their clients without offending the other. Client’s specification and demands should at all times be intricately associated with varying aspects of the supply chain. The awareness regarding such aspects is shown within the contemporary business setting. Companies are urged to adopt a comprehensive responsible and robust strategy that will incorporate views of all stakeholders. Adoption of technology by Western Australia suppliers would perfectly assure a reliable organizational performance in supply chain management; this would in a great way enhance relationships with all clients. The company also requires to at times examining the suppliers tendencies towards adhering to the robust set supply chain strategies.
References
Florian, G. L., 2013. PERFORMANCE BENEFITS OF HARMONIZING ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY WITH STRATEGY AT SUPPLY CHAIN LEVEL. Annals Of The University Of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 22(2), 581-586.
Manuj, I., Omar, A., & Yazdanparast, A., 2013. The Quest for Competitive Advantage in Global Supply Chains: The Role of Interorganizational Learning. Transportation Journal (Pennsylvania State University Press), 52(4), 463-492.
Rai, A., Patnayakuni, R., & Seth, N., 2006. FIRM PERFORMANCE IMPACTS OF DIGITALLY ENABLED SUPPLY CHAIN INTEGRATION CAPABILITIES. MIS Quarterly, 30(2), 225-246.
Uvarov, S., 2011. PROBLEMS OF LOGISTIC SYSTEMS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN DELIVERY CHAINS. Logforum, 7(4), 61-66.
Gligor, D. M., & Holcomb, M. C., 2012. Antecedents and Consequences of Supply Chain Agility: Establishing the Link to Firm Performance. Journal Of Business Logistics, 33(4), 295-308. https://www.doi:10.1111/jbl.12003
Hult, G. M., Ketchen, D. J., & Arrfelt, M., 2007. Strategic supply chain management: Improving performance through a culture of competitiveness and knowledge development. Strategic Management Journal, 28(10), 1035-1052.
Grant, D. B., Wong, C. Y., & Trautrims, A., 2013. Sustainable Logistics and Supply Chain Management : Principles and Practices for Sustainable Operations and Management. London: Kogan Page Limited.
Clark, J. W., Toms, L. C., & Green, K. W., 2014. Market-oriented sustainability: moderating impact of stakeholder involvement. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(1), 21. https://www.doi:10.1108/IMDS-04-2013-0194
Omar, A., Davis-Sramek, B., Myers, M. B., & Mentzer, J. T., 2012. A Global Analysis of Orientation, Coordination, and Flexibility in Supply Chains. Journal Of Business Logistics, 33(2), 128-144. https://www.doi:10.1111/j.0000-0000.2012.01045.x
PAULRAJ, A., 2011. UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INTERNAL RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES, SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY. Journal Of Supply Chain Management, 47(1), 19-37. https://www.doi:10.1111/j.1745-493X.2010.03212.x
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A supermarket has the following two offers on a particular brand of mature cheddar cheese.
Offer (1) 30% off the usual price Offer (2) 30% extra free
The usual price for a 350 g pack of this cheese is £4.50, which works out at £1.29 per 100 g.
Calculate the price of a 350 g pack of this cheese under offer (1).
(ii) Calculate the price per 100 g of this cheese under offer (1).
Calculate the weight of a pack of this cheese if it costs £4.50 under offer (2).
Calculate the price per 100 g of this cheese under offer (2)
A rival supermarket introduces the following offer on a 350 g pack of this cheese that also costs £4.50.
Offer (3) Buy one, get another one half price
Find the price per 100 g of this cheese under offer (3).
Calculate the percentage decrease in price for this cheese under offer (3) compared to the usual price.
Compare these three offers from a shopper’s perspective. In your answer, you should summarise the above information by copying and completing the table below, and then consider both the price and the quantity to be bought to obtain the offers.
Offer 1
Offer 2
Offer 3
Quantity (in g)
Total cost (in £)
Price/100 g (in £)
Question 2
At the weekend, Callum walked 8 km on Dartmoor. He used a map with scale 1 : 25 000 to determine distances.
(a) On the map, the distance that Callum walked before stopping for lunch is 18.4 cm. Find the corresponding distance on the ground in km.
(b) (i) The complete walk of 8 km took Callum 2 hours and 15 minutes. Find his average speed in km/h.
(ii) Convert your answer from part (b)(i) into metres per second. Give your answer correct to two significant figures. [3]
(c) The map shows that the walk started at a height of 180 m above sea level, then dropped 60 m, climbed 250 m and finally dropped 150 m again. Let h represent the height above sea level in metres.
(i) Find the highest and lowest heights above sea level encountered on the walk.
(ii) Draw a number line to represent the interval of the heights above sea level encountered on the walk.
(iii) Use a double inequality to show this range of heights above sea level encountered on the walk.
(d) Callum has adapted Naismith’s Rule to estimate the time that he takes to walk up a scenic hill taking into account pauses to look at the views. The time is given by
T=_D__+_H___+_D___
5 600 25
where
T is the time for the walk in hours,
D is the horizontal distance walked in kilometres, H is the height climbed in metres.
On one section of his walk, Callum climbed 140 m over a horizontal distance of 2.6 km, with scenic views. Find the estimated time (to the nearest minute) that Callum’s formula gives for him to climb this hill.
QUESTION 3
(a) The following formula (known as the Carroll/Huntington Formula) is commonly used to estimate W, the body-weight of a horse in kg:
W= ____g2l_______
11800
where
g is the girth of the horse in cm,
l is the length of the horse in cm.
Estimate Quin’s body-weight, to the nearest 10 kg, when his girth measurement is 189 cm and his length is 161 cm.
In order to lose weight, each day an overweight horse should eat hay weighing 1.5% of its ideal body-weight.
(i) Using this information, copy and complete the table below.
ideal body weight of horse (I in kg) 200,300,400,500, 600,700,800
weight of hay (H in kg) 3 4.5 6
Draw a graph to illustrate this information. The vertical axis should show H, the mass of hay in kg, and the horizontal axis should show I, the ideal body-weight of the horse in kg. Mark the points clearly, and join them up with a line. You will find the tips for drawing graphs on page 84 of Unit 2 useful.
You can draw your graph either by hand (using graph paper) or using a computer.
(iii) Quin is overweight and being fed 6.5 kg of hay each day. Explain how you could use your graph to find his ideal body-weight to the nearest 10 kg.
(c) The farrier charges £65 to shoe a horse, £20 to trim an unshod horse’s hooves, and £10 for travelling.
(i) Ursula has two unshod horses and three shod horses. Calculate how much the farrier will charge on a visit to shoe the shod horses and trim the hooves of the unshod horses.
(ii) Construct a formula for the cost C, in £, for a visit by the farrier to shoe s shod horses and trim the hooves of t unshod horses.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Question 1
Prices under offer (1)
Therefore, the price is £4.50 – £1.35 = £3.15
Therefore, the price is £1.29 – £0.387 = £0.903
Prices under offer (2)
If 70% = 450 g
100% =?
100% = £1.29
70%
Prices under offer (3)
Buy one, get another one half price
One 450g pack = £4.50
Half of £4.50 = £2.25
So, two 450g packs cost = £4.50 + £2.25 = £6.75
Therefore,
If 900g = £6.75
Then, 100g =
Percentage decrease
£1.29 – £0.75 = £0.54
Comparison table
Offer 1
Offer 2
Offer 3
Quantity (in g)
540
742.857
1000
Total cost (in £)
5.403
5.403
7.29
Price/100g (in £)
0.903
0.903
0.75
Question 2
1 : 25 000
This means that 1 cm on the map represents 25 000 cm on the ground
Therefore, 18.4 cm represents:
18.4 cm x 25 000 cm = 460000 cm
This is equivalent to 460,000cm divided by 100,000cm = 4.6 km
(i)
Distance = 8 km
Time = 2.5 hours
(ii) 1 km/h = 0.277778 m/s
Therefore, 0.277778 x 3.2 = 0.89 m/s
(i) 180m – 60m = 120m
120m + 250m = 370m
370m – 150m = 220m
Highest height = 370m
Lowest height = 120m
(ii) Number line
(iii)
Naismith’s Rule
H = 140 m
D = 2.6 km or 2600 m
T = 520 + 0.23 + 104 = 624.23 minutes
Question 3
Hay eating table of an overweight horse
Ideal body weight of horse (in Kg)
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Weight of hay (H in Kg)
3
4.5
6
7.5
9
10.5
12
Graph
First is to pinpoint where 6.5 kg of hay is on the vertical axis and draw a straight line to join the line of the plot and then check the value of ideal body-weight of the horse of the horizontal axis.
(i) Charges
£65 = to shoe a horse
£20 = to trim an unshod horse hooves
£10 = travelling
Total charge = (2 x £20) + (3 x £65) + £10
Overall total = £40 + £195 + £10 = £245
(ii) Assume x = the number of horses to shoe
y = the number to trim an unshod hooves
C = 65 x + 20 y + 10
Reference
Magyari-Sáska, Z. & Dombay, Ş. (2012). Determining minimum hiking time using DEM. Geographia Napocensis (Academia Romana – Filiala Cluj Colectivul de Geografie). Anul VI (2): 124–9. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
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Assuming that all entities involved in these arrangements are Australian residents, discuss the income tax consequences to Xena, Lawless, Gabrielle and Gaby of each of the following alternatives.
Option A: Xena issues 500 convertible notes with a face value of $1000 that will convert to 10 ordinary shares in Xena in seven years. The coupon rate is 5% per annum.
Option B: Xena will issue the lender 5,000 preference shares with a face value of $100 each and a dividend rate of 5%. In 7 years they will revert to ordinary shares.
Option C: Lawless is not satisfied with Xena acquiring a minority interest and initiates a takeover bid for Gabrielle. It makes an offer to purchase all shares in Gabrielle, issuing a $10 share in Lawless plus $10 cash for each share in Gabrielle. It succeeds in acquiring 85% of the shares in Gabrielle. Gaby accepts the offer.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The Income Tax Implications of the Transactions
In Australia, income tax is the most important revenue to the government within the boundaries of the Australian taxation system. Usually, it is levied on three sources in the individual citizens, including personal earnings, capital gains, and business income. It is recorded that the three elements of tax levy amount to approximately 67% of the federal government revenue. The system of taxation in this country is designed in a way that those who earn more pay more, while those who earn less remit relatively lower levies.[1] However, company taxes are calculated at a flat rate of 30%, as opposed to individual incomes, which are subjected to various progressive rates.[2] In this regard, the tax system ensures that each and every individual or entity is justly taxed, depending on prevailing circumstances. The following analysis focuses on presented case studies to calculate the taxes that can be levied in each case, and the subsequent income tax implications.
Duncan
The decision by Duncan to take the share offer and exercise his right to a full allocation was a wise decision. At the time of the offer, Duncan was on an income of $75,000, thus, his tax bill was as follows:
0 – 18,200
0
18,201 – 37,000
3,571.81
37,001 – 80,000
15,921.675
19,493.485
By choosing to exercise the share purchase via the Employee Share Trust Duncan was able to spread his income tax liability and avoid it altogether. This was not done illegally, but legally. The Employee Share Trust allows Duncan to purchase the shares but have the purchase allowed in tax since contributions. By using the Employee Share Trust, Duncan is influenced by the tax system that allows him to save and for that is able to invest both for his own good and for the community. He has managed to find a balance between work, investment and savings. This has allowed him to develop since by the time he cashes his options, he will make a tidy sum. By increasing the overall level of resources available to the Employee Trust Fund, Duncan has ensured he does not have to pay for any gains the share makes. Technically, the shares do belong to the trust fund, thus for Duncan, his income tax bill remains the same. This allows for efficiency in the Australian economy. Proper reporting encourages and promotes investments that reduce inefficiencies in resource consumption.[3] It could be argued that taxation does affect savings negatively. This argument is based on the assumption that both savings and taxation compete for the same finite pool of individual resources. However, this is not the case. Contributions which are the repayments and regular contribution to the Employee Trust fund attract tax deductions, while any interest is not taxed. However, withdrawals are taxed fully.
When Duncan finally cashes in his options at $1.00 above the market price, he will have to pay the full tax on this transaction. This strategy allows Duncan to postpone the tax liability to when he exercises his option. Duncan is able to postpone income by choosing to have the option exercised via the Employee Trust Fund. It allows Duncan to defer some of his income. Were he to exercise his options personally, it would mean taking his taxable income to a higher tax bracket. Furthermore, it could lower his income making it easy to meet the 2 percent floor required for taking certain deductions. When considering miscellaneous itemized deductions, Duncan could easily meet the 2 percent floor required for taking certain deductions. This is because the miscellaneous itemized deductions will allow Duncan to adjust gross income (AGI) when amalgamated. Duncan has managed to postpone income in order to delay the payment of his tax liability for as long as possible. With the anticipated change of employer, Duncan choice of year to exercise his option makes him lower his tax burden. On the year he cashes his options, there is no salary to swell up the income. This works to reduce the tax bracket.[4] This allows Duncan to derive the greatest advantage from his deductions.
Debbie
Debbie has been enjoying benefits that allow her to pay her taxes in a progressive manner. She only gets to pay for taxes on what she has used. For example, when she does not drive, she does not to pay for it. Additionally, the company parking offered by the company is not a direct cost to Debbie. Thus given the tax – her taxes have morphed to consumption tax in their nature; she is able to operate on a level playing ground. With the current income tax system being referred to as a progressive tax system, it will allow Debbie to operate on a level playing field. Debbie is not a low income earner. As a high-income earner, Debbie will pay tax at a rate of 15 percent as opposed to 25 – 30 percent that is applicable to other Australians.[5] Though it may seem unprogressive, the strategy allows for necessities to be exempt of have their tax levied at a lower rate. On the face of it, it would seem Debbie is not saving. However, a closer focus at Debbie reveals one who understands that taxation will only apply to her when she spends. For Debbie, the tax code performs a very important function; that of modifying her behavior. It was governments’ foresight of the future of IRA – that there was going to be Social Security System death, that it took the initiative to encourage individual savings secondary to the system. It is the consumption tax that would carry on the build-in-form encouragement. It should be evident that Debbie will not like all the tax decisions taken. She may feel that the government was been against her position, but she must remember that the government only makes decisions that will benefit the masses. Thus, it has been presuppose that if consumers only paid tax on what they had consumed as opposed to what they had earned. This way, even earnings that are not declared get captured when the earnings are used to purchase goods and services. This way, loopholes stop being major influencers. For Debbie, she will gain great benefits by paying her taxes as they fall due. When this is not achieved, it becomes very crazy when they must prepare quarterly estimated tax payments. When tax liabilities cease to become a burden on Debbie, the she, together with a large percent of the population would avoid tax troubles and live within their means.[6] For Debbie, compliance will allow her to enjoy the privacy and freedom – the tenets of a free society. The Tax man need not come and confirm Debbie’s individual and itemized consumption as captured in her bank account statement. With the need for federal withholding eradicated, there would be a net growth in net pay. This extra income that Debbie would have at her disposal would then be used to pay for goods and services. For Debbie, instead of having to estimate the tax payments and having to withhold at the source, will now increase the amount of tax payable on account of additional products and services sold.
As with any system of taxation, there is always the potential for abuse.[7] Levying a consumption tax in lieu of the income tax would give the responsibility to business owners and Debbie to collect and turn over the taxes. That is a lot of money to be entrusted to our nation’s companies. For Debbie, there is a very good answer to this quandary: She could embrace the use of a merchant branded card. When used for making purchases, the tax is paid directly without having to recalculate it item by item. That way the Debbie never has access to the funds and cannot abuse her position.
EW
EW’s choice of a share option plan as an incentive for employees is a cost-efficient and helps improve its overall business performance. When EW introduced the Employee share scheme, it was seeking to give valued employees an opportunity to own a part of the organization. To EW, the employee share scheme was an excellent commercial tool, that when applied assists in maximizing the intrinsic value of the organization.
EW granted each employee 1,000 ordinary shares at a discount of $1 per share below market value. Given the market value of the share was $5.30 at the time of implementing the strategy, each employee who took up the share option purchased the share at $4.30. With each employee having a choice between outright purchase or financing by EW Employee Share Trust, it is anticipated that the trust will recover the shares full price for the financed employees from the dividends received. To ensure that the share price is not vulnerable to speculative attacks, employees will be expected not to dispose the shares before three years have lapsed.[8] In exercising their option, Capital Gains Tax may be payable in gains exceed the employee’s annual tax free allowances. EW will be eligible for Corporation Tax Relief for the costs of establishing and administering the CSOP and the cost of providing the shares under the scheme.[9]
Practical Issues
To ensure the successful introduction and management of the employee share scheme, some critical issues will have to be addressed and laws adhered to in order to ensure that the distribution of shares abides by specific rules as spelt out with in the EW’s constitution and relevant legislation. These include the company’s Act 2006, the Financial Services and Markets Act and the listing rules of the Stock market, employees will be have restricted ability to dispose off their shares for three years if still employed o until they leave EW.[10] EW will also have to seek approval from the regulators to operate a tax-advantaged scheme as the one designed for EW. To ensure employees reap the maxim benefits from this strategy, there will have to be precise and specific communication with regards to the risks and benefits of the employee share ownership system. Adherence and fidelity to financial services regulations since the share schemes are financial and there are clear guidelines with regards to appropriate exclusions for scheme trustees and exemptions for their promotional materials. Finally, depending on the circumstances prevailing presently, there might be a need for a prospectus to be issued.
Addressingthetaxissues
The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) does considers that there are a number of acceptable methodologies for ascertaining the capital/dividend split, although not all have equal applicability in every case. Each share buy-back is unique and must be well thought-out to establish the most ideal methodology to address each cases. The ATO appreciates that there exists many methods of determining the capita component of a particular buy-back for tax purposes.[11] The Average Capital per Share method has emerged as ideally suited to the task. The suitability of this method is premised on its ability to identify the average capital for each share the company has on issue. It is this average amount that is the basis of determining the capital component for each of the shares bought back.
To get the average capital amount, the amount held in the company’s share capital account is divided by the number of shares on issue. When applying the formula for determining the average capital amount, some adjustment will have to be undertaken in response to the environment under which it operates. These adjustments will address the number of different share classes on issue, the number of partly paid up shares of issue and whether there has been a recent injection of capital in the organization.[12] When an organization does not consider the buy-back for market value consideration, it could very possible result in additional amounts being assessable to the exiting shareholder.
When implemented properly, a share buy-back allows the organization to effectively exit particular shareholders or reinvest surplus funds to a particular shareholder group.[13] Despite the tax bill that could be accrued, it can be petered over through application of methodologies that are recommended by ATO when determining the capital/dividend split.
Option A:
Xena issues 500 convertible notes with a face value of $1000 that will convert to 10 ordinary shares in Xena in seven years. The coupon rate is 5% per annum. Xena will have to generate enough resources to meet the interest obligations when they fall due. By choosing the convertible note, Xena is positioning itself for a productive future and wants the partner coming in to buy into the future of Xena. Despite it being a subsidiary of Lawless, it operates autonomously. The new debt will have an effect on the dividends payable to Lawless, which in turn will have an effect of the tax declared by Lawless. Gabrielle will have get a strong partner coming into its operations. The convertible notes will not only guarantee Xena can lock in the future dividends should Gabrielle continue on the current growth trajectory. Gaby should expect the transaction to result in value of the Gabrielle shares. From the current cost of $5, there should be significant shift. This will have to be captured in Gaby’s computation of her income tax.
Initial Recognition
The following accounting entries must be recorded upon initial recognition:
Dr – Cash/Bank
$500,000 (Total Proceeds)
Dr – Share Option (Premium)
$144,622 (Balancing Figure)
Cr – Liability
$664,622 (Note 1)
Note 1:
Present value of future interest payments and principal using 5%:
Year1:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05]
=
$47,619.0
Year2:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05^2]
=
$45,351.5
Year3:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05^3]
=
$43,191.1
Year4:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05^4]
=
$41,135.1
Year5:
$50,000 (interest)
X
[1/1.05^5]
=
$39,176.3
Year6:
$50,000 (interest)
X
[1/1.05^6]
=
$37,310.8
Year7:
$50,000 (interest)
X
[1/1.05^7]
=
$35,534.1
Year7:
$500,000 (principal)
x
[1/1.05^7]
=
$ 355,340.5
Total
$ 644,622.0
Subsequent Measurement
Interest expense will be charged using 5%. The difference between interest paid and interest charged will be added to the liability component as follows:
Interest Expense
Liability
$
$
Year1:
[664,622 x 5%]
33,231
[664,662 + 33,231 – 50,000*]
647,853
Year2:
[647,853x 5%]
32,392
[647,853 + 32,392 – 50,000]
630,245
Year3:
[630,245 x 5%]
31,512
[630,245 + 31,512 – 50,000]
611,757
Year4:
[611,757 x 5%]
30,588
[611,757 + 30,588 – 50,000]
592,354
Year5:
[592,345 x 5%]
29,617
[592,345 + 29,617 – 50,000]
571,962
Year6:
[571,962 x 5%]
28,599
[571,962 + 28,599 – 50,000]
550,561
Year 7
[550,561 x 5%]
27,528
[550,561 + 27,528 – 50,000]
528,089
*$50,000 is the 10% nominal interest.
Maturity
Following accounting entry will be required to account for the conversion of bonds into shares after three years:
Dr – Liability
$500,000
Dr – Share Options (equity)
$144,622
Cr – Share Capital
$500,000
Cr – Share Premium
$144,622
Option B:
Xena will issue the lender 5,000 preference shares with a face value of $100 each and a dividend rate of 5%. In 7 years, they will revert to ordinary shares.
The preference shares the best debt vehicle for a lender since the debt is secured and payment is preferred over other debts. Xena will secure the necessary funding needed to purchase a minority stake in Gabrielle. Xena must consider the loan and interest repayment when capturing its operational expenses. This will mean a reduction in the profitability of Xena, and by extension, reduced profitability to Lawless. Lawless as stated before will experience reduced profitability in the short run. In the long run, the investment will result in additional profitability and thus additional tax liability. Gaby will have their debt secured and preferred over any other debt in the organization. For Gaby, the periodic interest to paid out represent a regular income. This will have to be captured in order to determine the appropriate income tax liability. The
Initial Recognition
The following accounting entries must be recorded upon initial recognition:
Dr – Cash/Bank
$500,000 (Total Proceeds)
Dr – Share Option (Premium)
$144,622 (Balancing Figure)
Cr – Liability
$664,622 (Note 1)
Note 1:
Present value of future interest payments and principal using 5%:
Year1:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05]
=
$47,619.0
Year2:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05^2]
=
$45,351.5
Year3:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05^3]
=
$43,191.1
Year4:
$50,000 (interest)
x
[1/1.05^4]
=
$41,135.1
Year5:
$50,000 (interest)
X
[1/1.05^5]
=
$39,176.3
Year6:
$50,000 (interest)
X
[1/1.05^6]
=
$37,310.8
Year7:
$50,000 (interest)
X
[1/1.05^7]
=
$35,534.1
Year7:
$500,000 (principal)
x
[1/1.05^7]
=
$ 355,340.5
Total
$ 644,622.0
Subsequent Measurement
Interest expense will be charged using 5%. The difference between interest paid and interest charged will be added to the liability component as follows:
Interest Expense
Liability
$
$
Year1:
[664,622 x 5%]
33,231
[664,662 + 33,231 – 50,000*]
647,853
Year2:
[647,853x 5%]
32,392
[647,853 + 32,392 – 50,000]
630,245
Year3:
[630,245 x 5%]
31,512
[630,245 + 31,512 – 50,000]
611,757
Year4:
[611,757 x 5%]
30,588
[611,757 + 30,588 – 50,000]
592,354
Year5:
[592,345 x 5%]
29,617
[592,345 + 29,617 – 50,000]
571,962
Year6:
[571,962 x 5%]
28,599
[571,962 + 28,599 – 50,000]
550,561
Year 7
[550,561 x 5%]
27,528
[550,561 + 27,528 – 50,000]
528,089
*$50,000 is the 10% nominal interest.
Maturity
The following accounting entry will be required to account for the conversion of bonds into shares after three years:
Dr – Liability
$500,000
Dr – Share Options (equity)
$144,622
Cr – Share Capital
$500,000
Cr – Share Premium
$144,622
Option C:
Lawless is not satisfied with Xena acquiring a minority interest and initiates a takeover bid for Gabrielle. It makes an offer to purchase all shares in Gabrielle, issuing a $10 share in Lawless plus $10 cash for each share in Gabrielle. Lawless managed in acquiring 85% in Gabrielle. Gaby accepts the offer. Gaby will have to account for the new income that constitutes the offer price. This being a one off-payment will make the income tax bill to be big. Gaby can chose to declare the income in the next financial year thus reducing its tax burden. Gabrielle will have acquired a bigger partner. This strategy, however, has the risk of not determining whether the new owner will change things or leave operations as currently secured.[14] Lawless on its part will have to report on more income tax, since all the dividends declared by Gabrielle now belong to Lawless, its income tax will grow exponentially.
In order to reduce the influence of Tax consideration on how financial arrangements are structured, the organization will embrace Taxation of Financial Arrangements (TOFA). In its implementation, TOFA aims to align even closer the taxation recognition of gains and losses on financial arrangements with the resultant gains or losses being commercially recognized.[15]
Despite TOFA providing an overarching and comprehensive framework aimed at addressing directly the economic substance of arrangement, it does not exemplify a code so exclusive that covers taxation of gains and losses from financial arrangements. Consequently, TOFA will provide Xena with the basic framework that is principle-based and ideal for the taxation of gain and losses from financial arrangement based on their economic substance rather that legal form. These will more often than not be included in assessable income or allowed as a deduction on revenue account.
Bibliography
Balachandran, Balasingham, Dean Hanlon, and Hanghang Tu. 2013. “Tax-induced earnings management within a dividend imputation system.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 3: 555-582.
Dempsey, Mike, and Graham Partington. 2008. “Cost of capital equations under the Australian imputation tax system.”Accounting & Finance 48, no. 3: 439-460.
Eccleston, Richard. 2013. “The Tax Reform Agenda in Australia.” Australian Journal Of Public Administration 72, no. 2: 103-113.
Evans, Chris, and Jason Kerr. 2012. “Tax reform and ‘rough justice’: is it time for simplicity to shine?.” Australian Tax Forum 27, no. 2: 387-410.
Handley, John C., and Krishnan Maheswaran. 2008. “A Measure of the Efficacy of the Australian Imputation Tax System.” Economic Record 84, no. 264: 82-94.
Ikin, Catherine, and Alfred Tran. “Corporate tax strategy in the Australian dividend imputation system.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 3 (July 2013): 523-553.
Kalb, Guyonne, Hsein Kew, and Rosanna Scutella. 2005. “Effects of the Australian New Tax System on Income Tax and Benefits with and without Labour Supply Responses.” Australian Economic Review 38, no. 2: 137-158.
Lavermicocca, Catriona, and Margaret McKerchar. 2013. “The impact of managing tax risk on the tax compliance behaviour of large Australian companies.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 4: 707-723.
Thompson, William D. 2010. “Taxation Law: A Long-term Plan for Australian Tax Reform – the Henry Report and the Government’s Response.” Keeping Good Companies 62, no. 5: 305.d
Whiteford, Peter. 2010. “The Australian Tax-Transfer System: Architecture and Outcomes.” Economic Record 86, no. 275: 528-544.
[1] [1] Handley, John C., and Krishnan Maheswaran. 2008. “A Measure of the Efficacy of the Australian Imputation Tax System.” Economic Record 84, no. 264: 82-94.
[2] Balachandran, Balasingham, Dean Hanlon, and Hanghang Tu. 2013. “Tax-induced earnings management within a dividend imputation system.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 3: 555-582.
[3] Ikin, Catherine, and Alfred Tran. “Corporate tax strategy in the Australian dividend imputation system.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 3 (July 2013): 523-553.
[4] Lavermicocca, Catriona, and Margaret McKerchar. 2013. “The impact of managing tax risk on the tax compliance behaviour of large Australian companies.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 4: 707-723.
[5] Handley, John C., and Krishnan Maheswaran. 2008. “A Measure of the Efficacy of the Australian Imputation Tax System.” Economic Record 84, no. 264: 82-94.
[6] Balachandran, Balasingham, Dean Hanlon, and Hanghang Tu. 2013. “Tax-induced earnings management within a dividend imputation system.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 3: 555-582.
[7] Whiteford, Peter. 2010. “The Australian Tax-Transfer System: Architecture and Outcomes.” Economic Record 86, no. 275: 528-544.
[8] Kalb, Guyonne, Hsein Kew, and Rosanna Scutella. 2005. “Effects of the Australian New Tax System on Income Tax and Benefits with and without Labour Supply Responses.” Australian Economic Review 38, no. 2: 137-158.
[9] Evans, Chris, and Jason Kerr. 2012. “Tax reform and ‘rough justice’: is it time for simplicity to shine?.” Australian Tax Forum 27, no. 2: 387-410.
[10] Thompson, William D. 2010. “Taxation Law: A Long-term Plan for Australian Tax Reform – the Henry Report and the Government’s Response.” Keeping Good Companies 62, no. 5: 305.
[11] Dempsey, Mike, and Graham Partington. 2008. “Cost of capital equations under the Australian imputation tax system.”Accounting & Finance 48, no. 3: 439-460.
[12] Evans, Chris, and Jason Kerr. 2012. “Tax reform and ‘rough justice’: is it time for simplicity to shine?.” Australian Tax Forum 27, no. 2: 387-410.
[13] Eccleston, Richard. 2013. “The Tax Reform Agenda in Australia.” Australian Journal Of Public Administration 72, no. 2: 103-113.
[14] Balachandran, Balasingham, Dean Hanlon, and Hanghang Tu. 2013. “Tax-induced earnings management within a dividend imputation system.” Australian Tax Forum 28, no. 3: 555-582.
[15] Eccleston, Richard. 2013. “The Tax Reform Agenda in Australia.” Australian Journal Of Public Administration 72, no. 2: 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12019
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
For this essay (case study) you will need to read the following article:
Recruitment in the 21st Century (the article is included as an attachment)
After you have read the article, complete the following:
Identify and analyze the challenges in staffing, especially with regards to personnel selection practices. Identify the best approaches to successful recruitment.
The following conditions must meet in the paper
1) I want a typical and a quality answer which should have about 1100 words.
2) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
3) The answer must include examples from experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real companies.
4) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,
5) Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
6) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Challenges and Solutions to Effective Recruiting
Recruiting new employees is becoming more and more difficult among employers today. There are a variety of challenges attached to the recruitment exercise ranging from finding to attracting good talent. On the other hand, employees have become more and more aware of the need to identify employers who are more likely to accommodate them indefinitely and to give them a reasonable compensation while at the same time placing them under proper working conditions. This paper analyzes the major drawbacks to the recruitment process and provides viable solutions.
Challenges
Finding talent is one challenge that employers find rather difficult in the present age. In this regard, employees are becoming more and more likely to resist new employers if they are of high quality (Shafique, 2012). High quality employees also have restrictions as to who may employ them (Gberevbie, 2008). If the needs of the employer and the employee to not complement each other, then recruitment is made difficult.
Employers must also seem attractive for them to attract good talent. In this regard, for employers to get access to good talent, they must also be willing to go an extra mile while dealing with potential employees (Shafique, 2012). This includes giving feedback to unsuccessful candidates, planning for interviews swiftly and using a variety of platforms to advertise the company’s vacancies.
Another challenge to the recruitment exercise is selecting the right platform for advertising. While employers have recognized the need in utilizing multiple platforms, they have failed in regard to identifying the right partners in this regard (Hutchinson, 2010). On the one hand, they must identify companies that offer relevant personnel and on the other hand they must obtain one with a sufficient employee network.
Today, employers have had to change their staple from A-level to mainly graduate recruiting (Shafique, 2012). This is because present generations have come with a vast knowledge in technology coupled with a high level of education. With this regard, employers have found the need to accommodate the new developments in order for them to remain relevant to their field.
Another challenge in the industry is the problem of identifying individuals who will fit into the company culture (Sage, 2014). For certain companies such as Apple, identifying someone who will fit into the company culture is vital. The company culture at Apple requires creative people who are able to work in teams. Identifying such people is sometimes rather difficult. Consider the position of Head of Retail in the company. When it was left vacant after the resignation of Ron Johnson in 2011, the position was filled by John Browett. However, the new head of sales could not fit into the culture at Apple and was finally replaced. Currently however, the position has been filled by Angela Ahrendts. Angela fits perfectly in the culture of Apple (Gurman, 2013). The only issue arises in that the company had to search for a whole two years before finally settling on her.
Finally, there is the challenge of identifying the best candidate fast. Sometimes employees need to identify a good candidate fast. If they do, they are faced with the challenge of compromising on some of their values or doing devising alternatives of getting the roles performed. Both of these options may impact on the productivity of the company. It is therefore important that each of the roles be satisfactorily filled as soon as reasonably possible.
Solutions
With the many challenges that have been identified in recruitment, employers must devise suitable recruitment methods. A company should also be willing to look at various platforms before finally settling on any one. Alternatively, the company should identify various platforms and adopt as many as possible so as to get access to a wider number of potential candidates.
One very important aspect of recruiting today is using the internet. It solves most of the challenges above. First, it is often one of the swiftest recruitment methods. It comes with little effort and brings with it, a variety of options. The internet is also one of the most cost-effective methods (Shafique, 2012). Today, all major companies have identified the need to incorporate recruitment into their online company profiles. All major companies make sure that they advertise vacant positions on their websites. In most instances, employees who are motivated or interested in working for the company often look on the company’s website. Tapping the internet could therefore be a source of quality employees who are ready to jump ship.
Advertising is another important aspect of recruiting. Advertising vacant positions has always been part of most companies’ recruitment programs. It involves the company’s paying for advertisement services from another company in order to fill vacant positions (Walker, 2008). On doing this, the company must be willing to pay as well as explore various options. Some quality employees are only going to be reached on the internet while others are only going to be reached on newspapers or magazines (Haar & White, 2011). Posting advertisements on numerous platforms opens up the position to various candidates.
Once the position has been opened to the public, numerous applications will often be made. It is important for the company to identify methods of obtaining only the right candidate for the position. This involves eliminating all those who are unqualified and retaining only those who are potential candidates (Walker, 2008). The best method is to review the properties of each candidate individually and only retaining only those who will be suitable for the position. After this, the right candidate should be identified by interviews.
In the course of filling positions, companies can take advantage of the big number of applicants to identify talent (Shafique, 2012). Some candidates may not qualify for certain positions but be perfect for others. Analyzing each candidate independently helps the company to identify such talent and take advantage of them accordingly.
Once talent has been identified, it should also be retained. Retaining employees involves a variety of concepts. First, employers should be willing to go an extra mile and provide good compensation plans for its employees (Rostker, Hix & Wilson, 2007). If employees are not given attractive plans, they will keep looking. Employees who keep looking will be most likely moving to other companies if an opportunity arises. Proper working conditions should also be prioritized to ensure that employees prefer working there regardless of the pay levels.
In conclusion, companies usually must a have a continuous recruitment program to deal with its growth and the positions that are left vacant by exiting employees. Identifying the right talent is vital to the recruitment exercise. Employees who move the operations of the company should be retained at all costs. Getting such employees requires identifying a variety of strategies and employing as many as possible to ensure that the company never falls short of candidates to employ.
References
Shafique, O. 2012. Recruitment in the 21st Century. International Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(2), 887-901.
Gberevbie, D. 2008. Employee Retention Strategies And Organizational Performance. IFE PsychologIA, 16(2).
Haar, J. and White, B. 2011. Corporate entrepreneurship and information technology towards employee retention: a study of New Zealand firms. Human Resource Management Journal, 23(1), pp.109-125.
Hutchinson, I. 2010. People glue. Warriewood, N.S.W.: Woodslane Press.
Rostker, B., Hix, W. and Wilson, J. (2007). Recruitment and retention. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Gulf States Policy Institute.
Pros and cons of removing personal information prior to the screening and short listing of applicants for employment
Order Instructions:
Dear Sir,
I need a paper in the following subject:
Identify the pros and cons of removing personal information, such as age, gender, ethnic origin, and family or marital circumstances, prior to the screening and short listing of applicants for employment. Take a position for either removing or retaining such information.
The following conditions must meet in the paper
1) I want a typical and a quality answer which should have about 830 words.
2) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
3) The answer must include examples from experience or the web with references from
relevant examples from real companies.
4) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,
5) Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
6) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or research.
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Every employee has personal information with regards to age, ethnic origin, gender, and marital status that can possibly be captured, or left out prior to screening and shortlisting of employment application. Removing or retaining personal information has possible implications that should adequately be considered during shortlisting.
Mollick (2010) argues that the removal of the personal information helps a person to have maximum privacy in accordance to the Freedom Act and the Privacy Act that forbids a company from releasing an employee’s personal information.Some information like the payroll information in the case of federal agencies is exempted from the public disclosure and this can only happen when a person has declared his information to be released to the public (Iannarelli & O’Shaughnessy, 2014).The failure not to assess the employee’s personal information makes them have a complete trust on their employer since they are sure that such information will not be used in a biased manner against them. Most employees are free to release their personal information to their employers but they would not wish that this information be used against them for discrimination purposes in their workplace. In a case where trust is lost, employees tend swift to places where they are treated better such that their personal information is not necessary for employment purposes. Some people fail to avail their personal information since they think by doing that they will have invaded their personal liberty and this helps them not to reveal their background checks to their employer. A mistake done in the youth may affect a person in that they don’t get a certain job and if they do not disclose their personal information to their employees they secure the job at hand. Over the year, people have been discriminated in their workplace due to ethnic origin, religion, gender, and background. Concealing such personal information is the only chance that can help reduce such forms of discrimination.
The removal of personal information is useful since it helps one not to be able to sell another person’s information to unscrupulous persons that may use such information in unnecessary means. In the case of personal property like the driving licenses, it is important not to give such personal information to the employer for easy retrieval in case such documents get lost. Not disclosing personal information helps victims to be able to protect themselves from the thief’s who have intentions of hacking their systems or acquiring property from them through unauthorized means.The ability not to disclose personal information’s helps one to be sure that his information is not being misused or even it is not compromised by organizations or their employers for their own benefits and not issues related to their duties. Thorough background checkup protects the employers not to have problems in their future lawsuits with their employer.
It is advisable to have a specific person who receives company office calls since it is good to have one person who is trusted in safeguarding employee’s information (Blanpain, 2014). On the other hand, background checks are very expensive in terms of money since most employers tend not to carry thorough checks on the people they are about to employ since its highly expensive to do so.Litigation is evident in most companies since they failed to carry enough background check on the people they were employing, a good case example is Wal-Mart, which was involved in the negligence lawsuit in matters related to employees personal information (Teevan & Jones, 2006). The employer can highly be penalized by not dealing with private information or data that is provided to him in irresponsible manner and this may bring problems on the side of the employee. Carelessness of losing personal information may lead to heavy fines which may make the employers be compromised by the court to pay them.The company that gets access to personal information or even the doings of those persons and fails to handle it well may find itself in problems if such information was to get into the wrong hands; hence they need to be very sensitive on such information.According to Charters (2005), the extensive background checks carried out by company employers may be very crucial to a person’s livelihood and this explains why companies should not make errors while performing background checks.Terrorist attacks have contributed to the result of high security check since it is hard to get a job without undergoing serious security check for the employer to be sure of the type of a person he is dealing with.
However, disclosing the personal information of the employees also has some benefits (Iannarelli & O’Shaughnessy, 2014). Disclosing such personal information helps the HR department to prove to the management and the general public that they are fair in their recruitment and that all the demographic groups are incorporated. This is highly important in cosmopolitan zones and ethnically mixed population, whereby any form of discrimination is highly sensitive. In addition, displaying personal information enables the HR department to plan for necessary adjustments with the aim of ensuring that all the demographic groups are represented. A particular demographic group can be good in doing a particular task within the organization and thus, such personal information can be used by HR for their employee placement.
References
Blanpain, R.2014. Protection of Employees’ Personal Information and Privacy. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business
Charters, D. 2005.Managing employee personal information. CMA Management. Vol. 79 Issue 2, p14-15
Iannarelli, J. & O’Shaughnessy, M. 2014.Information Governance and Security: Protecting and Managing Your Company Proprietary Information. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1 edition
The four page typed book report over “The Day The Cowboys Quit“. The book report may be a general review of the material, a report on a particular topic of interest from the book, or the contributions of one or more significant characters from the story,
and must include at least two primary sources of information which are cited in the report.
Format Instructions:
1. Includes a cover/title page.
2. Begins with a standard introductory paragraph.
3. Typed/double spaced with a font no greater than 14.
4. One inch side margins, two inch top margin, one inch bottom margin.
5. Minimum of four pages excluding cover sheet and citation page.
6. Includes a minimum of two citations from primary sources.
7. No more than three direct quotations from the book (quotations must be cited).
SAMPLE ANSWER
The Day the Cowboys Quit
Introduction
The book ‘The Day the Cowboys Quit’ is a book written by Elmer Kelton that describes a strike that happened at Old Tascosa in the Texas Panhandle in 1883. The story is set against the background of the great Canadian River Cowboy strike of the 1883. This book is crucial to a reader by giving a benefit of thought of what was happening at this period. The book also brings forth the complexity and excitement of the main character in the story, Hugh Hitchcock. In addition, the book has an interest in describing a specific interest inside changing dynamic from the new West. The book represent on how cattle ranching was used by corporations and syndicates to make profits out of the cowboys. As reader goes through the book, elements of complexities in making both great and damaging choices will be seen mostly from the main character, Hitchcock. Therefore, the following discussion will engage in describing a general view of the book.
General review
The tale in ‘The day the Cowboys Quit’ is a true event that happened in the Texas Panhandle in 1883. The strike that is happening at this time by the cowboys was initially precipitated by activities that happened before in regarding the relationship between the rancher owners and the cowboys themselves. Elmer Kelton describes the cowboys as honest and true men who worked diligently to the ranch owners. Before even the strike was planned, the cowboys had the opportunity to own some cattle of which they had a huge turnover from them as they controlled cattle farming inside the American West. The rancher owners allowed cowboys to own cattle because they knew that cowboy’s job was a hard one, and there was a need to give bonuses to those who exemplified hard work and diligence (Kelton 54). In addition, the cowboys had the chance to own horses on their own. The cowboys also enjoyed the privileges of changing their owner’s brands to their own brand. However, these cowboys soon discovered that the ranch owners were not happy with the fact that they owned cattle. The source of the problem can be attributed to three men: the old time land rancher, the big rancher manager and Hitchcock who is seen trying to accumulate the most cattle. All these men have one thing in common: greed. The story goes that the ranch owners and managers were bitter with the cowboys as the cowboys managed more in the farming industry (Kelton 112). They therefore devised way of coming with laws to counteract this trend. . This is what made the cowboys angry and plotted a strike to deal with the cattle owners. The ranch owners started viewing the cowboys as pieces of larger puzzle of the ranch and not as people of worth and value. However, not all ranch owners were against the cowboys on owning the cattle. For instance, Charlie, a ranch owner, differed to Selkirk by arguing that the cowboys were good people, and there was no reason whatsoever to deny them these privileges. However, his position was changed immediately when Hitchcock informed him that Law, (hitch friend who is also a cowboy), stole his (hitch) cattle.
In the beginning, the cowboys were not very determined about the strike, but as time progressed, emotions and felling became increased in severity. Some cowboys were not interested in engaging in the strike, for instance, Hitch, working under Charlie, was against the strike. During all time, Hitchcock was an undercover to the other cowboys, and became its unofficial leader. As the leader of the group, Hitchcock proposed that the ranch owner (Charlie) to pay them fifty dollars a month and send each proposal to other rancher. However, this proposal was ignored as Serkik refused to receive the statement on payments (Kelton 145). This made the cowboys to become weaker and weaker as food issue became a problem. Problems were heightened when some strikers started leaving the group. In fact, Hitch himself decided to leave the group and become a small rancher. Later, Hitchcock was advised a fellow cowboy that Charlie was going to have the smaller brands declared illegal. Therefore, to act responsively on this statement, Hitch drove his cattle across the county line, but he was hit and his cattle were taken away. The spirit of rebellion was now rejuvenated in Hitch and as a result devised ways on how to get his herd of cattle back.
During this activities in searching his stolen cattle, Hitch was informed by a fellow cowboy that Law was about to be hanged by ranch owners for being found stealing cattle. He quickly sets to rescue his friend but found that Law had been already lynched by the time he arrived at the ranch. He opted to get assistance from sheriff who he found out that he had already quitted. The course of the strike changed by Hitch starting to campaign for the sheriff and as a matter of surprise he successfully won. He was now determined to avenge the death of Law, and consequently, he warranted for murder for person who hanged Law. However, his motive to punish the murderer was not meet as the jury listening to the murder case of Law had different opinion (Kelton 167). In the ‘court room’, one judge told Hitch that a retrial would of wasting time in getting justice to law, but reinforced Hitch’s statement that no vigilance justice would be tolerated. Revenge was manifested in the courtroom when Rascal (Serkirk’ cowboy) short Dodge, the new Sherriff, because his boss had not paid him what he owned him.
While Hitch is trying his best to evade new rules, the ranchers on the other hand are devising a strategic way to silence the strikers without using force. The officials of the ranchers started firing the cowboys on the spot. The rancher owners started luring the strikers to accept a slight increase in wages and fired those who declined the offer. To demonstrate that they were serious, the rancher owners continued with roundup plans by hiring replacement workers at temporarily increased wages (Kelton 234).The strike was now deeming to cease, as most of the replacement workers were actually the strikers who asked their respective bosses to resume work. In two months tome, the strike was much weakened due to many roundups occurred without incidents. Lack of enthusiasm and poor organization led the strike to finally fizzle out of its mission. It is observed that many cowboys went back to their actual stations while others drifted and got work at the less regulated outfits that still reigned farther to the south. The book ends dramatically with the workers left under the mercy of those who had earlier stripped their way of life
Works Cited
Kelton, Elmer. The Day the Cowboys Quit. New York: Forge, 2008. Print.
Kelton, E. The day the cowboys quit. New York: Tor. 2013. Print.
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Health threat is global and not national in nature
Health threat is global and not national in nature.
Order Instructions:
The international human right to health has been established through various international agreements and other documents, as depicted in “Table 12: Sources for the human right to health” (pp. 279–280). Among the principles that are asserted as human rights are the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality of public health and health care services.
In this Application Assignment you are asked to analyze a global public health problem using the international human right to health as a framework. In what ways would a human rights approach to the problem help to provide solutions to the health threat?
Begin by examining a global health problem, such as a particular infectious or chronic disease or type of injury. Alternatively, choose specific public health problems such as lack of access to medical or dental care, war, or a natural disaster. Research your topic by locating and reading at least three primary research articles.
Then, write a 3- to 5-page paper in which you address the following:
•Explain why your selected health threat is global and not national in nature.
•Using the international human right to health as a framework, describe the severity of this problem. Focus particularly on the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality of public health and health-care services related to your chosen global health threat. (Refer to Box 17, p. 281.)
•Do you think that a human rights approach is an appropriate and effective method for addressing this particular health issue? Take a stand and justify your position.
Your paper must provide APA-formatted references for all resources used and adhere to APA style and format.
References
Course Text: Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint by Gostin (2008) Chapter 7, “Global Health Law”
This chapter explores public health law on a global scale. It identifies the major intergovernmental organizations working on global health issues. It also examines how decisions are made to determine international public health emergencies with the global spread of disease.
In today’s world, accountability of the health centers has drastically increased where the services provided by the healthcare providers is carefully monitored by all rights guiding human rights. As a result, most of the health care systems have greatly worked in the expectation of human rights in the provision of their services. To avoid being held responsible of any adverse health situation of any individual, the government has ensured that there is availability of health services, safe and healthy working conditions of these systems. This is done in an attempt of coordinating well with human rights to health that have been protected by national and international bodies across the world. As such, this essay focuses on the human rights to health in regard to chronic diseases and how human rights can be used to control all health complications associated with chronic disease.
Chronic disease is a continuous health condition that cannot be cured but can only be controlled. According to the Center of Managing Chronic Disease (2011), chronic disease affects the largest population globally and being the leading cause of disability and deaths in the United States where it constitutes to the 70% of deaths in U.S. In addition, chronic disease is the leading cause of premature deaths across the world even where infectious disease are flourishing. However, despite these serious issues associated with chronic disease they are preventable as most of causes of this disease can be avoided as most of them are nutrition related causes. Consequently, this means that this disease is manageable and, thus, all the health organization bodies aiming at controlling this disease focuses on assisting patients in managing the disease by themselves.
Nevertheless, human rights to health can be used to prevent and reduce the rampancy of this disease. Human rights to health use several principles to evaluate the performance of a health care institution as well as the services they are providing. These rights argue that it is a right of every human being to achieve highest standards of mental and physical health that incorporates the ease of accessibility of medical services, health working condition, sanitation and a clean environment (Hunnicutt, 2010). According to human rights to health, there should be a universal way of accessing health care for everyone and it should be done on an equal basis. The accessibility right cuts across all forms of openness needed in a health facility. This includes the physical, information and economic accessibility (Hunnicutt, 2010). Chronic diseases can be prevented or contained whenever there is availability of healthcare services. It is through the availability of these services that will ensure that the bills associated in maintaining the sick people is reduced. Also, accessibility of these services will ease the availability of health education to the patients on how to manage their health conditions.
In addition, human rights stress that health care services should always be available. This right insists on the availability of enough health care infrastructures such as hospitals and trained health care professionals, services such as mental health and goods like drugs (Hunnicutt, 2010). Through the availability of services, chronic disease can be easily prevented as patients will be visiting these institutions severally and be attended to leading to early detection of this disease which is a key factor of controlling this disease. Moreover, the human right to health ensures that the health care providers and institutions are recognizing and respecting the dignity of human through the right of acceptability and dignity (Wolff, 2012). This right ensures that the appropriate services are offered by these institutions are taking into account the culture of the patient, gender and age. Through this right, chronic disease can be prevented amongst the old age as they are prone to these diseases. This right will ensure that the service providers extend their health education to the old age in an attempt of guiding them on the dietary issues. More so, the disparity of chronic disease is based upon the diversification of the ethnicity, education level and socioeconomic of different people. As such, this power governs the provision of health services to all the people equally while abiding with the code of ethics governing healthcare operations.
Correspondingly, human right to health uses the principle of quality to evaluate the quality of healthcare services provided in these institutions and their impact on the attended patients (Wolff, 2012). This principle argues that all health care must be of good quality and suitable to the serving of the patients. The right continues to argue that these services must be provided in time and in a safe manner. The right goes on and insists of the appropriateness of the of quality scientific and medical application in healthcare (Wolff, 2012). This can help reduce chronic liver disease that is an example of chronic disease by reducing the usage of the antibiotics by the patients.
All these rights combined can help reduce and prevent chronic diseases as they govern how the health care facility and providers handle patients. Similarly, these rights ensure that there is accessibility of the available healthcare services that in turn help in early identification of the chronic disease. Equally, the rights evaluate the quality of the services provided by clinicians while attending to patients affected by this disease as well as acceptability of all the patients without any biasness in basis of age, gender, ethnic and education level.
Conclusion
In a conclusive voice, therefore, human rights to health are a crucial issue in evaluating the performance of a healthcare institution and in enhancing provision of better services by these institutions. Additionally, these rights can help in preventing and managing chronic diseases in that they ensure equal servicing of these patients as well as provision of high-quality service. Lastly, these rights ensure that health care services are enough and easily accessible anywhere, anytime by all patients.
