Reflection Upon “Everyman” Research Paper

Reflection Upon "Everyman"
Reflection Upon “Everyman”
Reflection Upon “Everyman”

Reflection Upon “Everyman”

Order Instructions:

Reflect upon “Everyman” and share how this literary piece can be used as a Christian witness or salvific tool to fulfill the Great Commission.

Identify the title and character(s)this piece and begin with a cogent thesis statement; offer detailed support and show control over the topic.

http://dramageeks.astorialand.com/scripts/everyman.pdf

SAMPLE ANSWER

Reflection Upon

The main characters are the messenger who happens to be the writer, God and everyman who is anybody on earth. The discussion about the different sins committed by man on a usual basis is provided. Man is drowned in his worldly pleasures and death is send upon the earth by God to remind them on the importance of following the teachings of the Lord. The various traits that an individual is supposed to poses are also listed. The traits are good characteristics in order for individuals to avoid death. The traits are well set for individuals to forget the pain brought about by death. Through death, people are in a position to identify the basic importance of being well behaved within the society. The saving of people is made possible because of the fear odd death. Individuals will also greatly adhere to the teachings of the Lord (Tymieniecka, 2012).

It is possible that man incorporates a certain set of behavior. Among the listed good attributes is the importance o being kind, the need for fellowship, not being after material possession, the importance of good deeds, the importance of knowledge, the importance of confession, having the right strength, discretion and the five wits. Human salvation is all about the integration of the above factors. They need to play an integral part in the ultimate saving tool. The traits are also important in building the correct concept in building the right Christian witnesses. The right Christian witnesses will be essential in the fulfilling the great commission (Wasserman, 2008).

Conclusively, it can be accounted that the role played by having the right traits is critical in the human life towards Christianity. Death is the ultimate punishment that God sent in the world to set the correct human behavior (Carlson, 2008).

References

Wasserman, E. (2008). The death of the soul in Romans 7. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Tymieniecka, A. (2012). The fullness of the logos in the key of life. Dordrecht: Springer.

Carlson, J. (2008). Understanding our being. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press.

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Leadership theories Research Paper Available

Leadership theories
Leadership theories

Leadership theories

Order Instructions:

Order Request.
Submit an 8-page comprehensive scholarly analysis. 7 day work request.
Topic-: The role leadership plays in shaping an organizational culture.

To prepare:
1. Reflect on leadership and leadership theories. Transformational, Transactional, Situational theories.
2. Begin searching for scholarly references about the relationship between leadership and organizational culture.
3. Reflect on the leadership characteristics and skills that are useful in promoting a healthy organizational culture.
4. Consider the leadership styles that promote a healthy organizational culture.
5. Think about the impact on organizational culture of how a leader responds to specific situations, such as crises.
5. Reflect on how a leader might use power to promote a healthy organizational culture and how a leader can promote ethics in a healthy organization.
The “To prepare” is intended to aid in your reflection upon how the various leadership theories and other topics throughout the organizational leadership course relate to organizational culture.
However, you are free to analyze other facets of the relationship between leadership and organizational culture.
Submit an 8-page comprehensive scholarly analysis of the role leadership plays in shaping an organizational culture.
Your paper must contain ten scholarly resources. These can be a combination of the Learning Resources used throughout this course and new scholarly resources.
Your paper should strictly adhere to the APA Course

Thanks

SAMPLE ANSWER

Leaders are very important in running of any organization. They perform different critical organization roles that help in giving a sense of direction to enable an organization attains its long-term goals. Leaders help others in the organization to complete different task amid motivating each and every member to perform better (Tyssen, Wald & Spieth, 2013). Effective leaders often provide the vision and motivation to help attain a particular goal and objective. Many scholars agree with the notion that the definition of leadership is non-trivial in nature and that it depends on the broader conceptions of leadership (Komives, Dugan & Owen, 2011). On the other hand, Organization culture can be termed as a system of shared assumptions, beliefs and values that dictate the way people behave in an organization. The above mentioned shared beliefs have a strong control of the individuals in the organization and often dictate their mode of dress, action and how they perform their duties.

This paper discusses the role leadership plays in shaping the culture of an organization. The paper begins with a reflection on the different leadership and leadership theories, important leadership characteristics, and skills as well as leadership styles that promote a healthy organizational culture. It continues to look at the relationship between organization culture and how a leader responds to specific situations. And finally, how leaders might use the powers bestowed upon them to culture and promote a healthy organizational culture.

Leadership Theories

There are different approaches to leadership. Understanding the different leadership theories can help us to understand the different conceptions concerning leadership and the impact of leadership in an organization. There are quite some leadership theories and conceptions put forward by different scholars over the years.

Transformational Leadership Theory

Transformational leadership is based on the foundations of creating a vision and inspiring change to the people under the leader. In a transformational leadership situation, the leader is held responsible for the role of identifying the needed change (Pless & Maak, 2012). The leader conceptualizes the vision to provide direction and change through inspiration and implementing the change in unison with other committed members of the organization. Transformation leaders help enhance the morale, motivation and job performance of those below him/her by using different mechanisms. The conception of transformational leadership is founded based on the following different components;

Inspirational Motivation: transformation leadership promotes a consistent vision, mission, and goals of the group. Transformational leaders provide direction by coming up with a clear vision and articulating their ideologies to provide a sense of meaning and challenge to their followers (Blomme et al., 2015).

Intellectual Stimulation: Transformational leaders motivate and encourage others to be creative and innovative. Transformational leaders always encourage followers to come up with new ways of doing things and provide leadership opportunities for members to learn. Such leaders are often ready to change their ideas if they found them ineffective.

Individualized consideration: Transformational leaders often offer support and encouragement to individuals. They act as mentors and approve innovation and creativity among group members.

Idealized influence: Transformational leaders are often trusted and respected by their followers. Therefore, they idealize these notions bestowed on them because they often serve as role models. Such leaders often exhibit high standards of moral conduct.

Transactional Leadership Theory

Transactional leadership center of attention is the exchanges between leaders and the group. Transactional leadership is based on the behavioral approach to leadership founded upon a system of rewards and punishments (Tyssen et al., 2013). This system provides a way in which leaders can accomplish organizational goals such as completion of tasks, motivation, supervision and group performance. Leaders focus on the direct behavior of members and their efforts towards achievement of organizational goals, they emphasize on rewards and focus on means to improve organizational efficiency.

Situational Leadership Theory

Situational leadership is founded based on the contingency leadership theoretical framework. This theory suggests that leader’s effectiveness is based on the leader’s character traits about the diverse situational factors (Komives et al., 2011). Therefore, each type of task necessitates different leadership style. Hence, a good leader has to adapt his or her leadership to the specific goals and objectives to be attained in the situation. According to this theory, education, aptitude to take responsibility, and goal setting are imperative for a leader to be successful. The decision made by the leader is based on the leadership style of the leader and the maturity level of the followers. This decision follows dictates the leadership behavior that may include:

Telling: characterized by high leadership style and low supportive behavior of the followers.

Selling:  The leader exhibits high leadership style and the follower’s exhibit high, supportive behavior.

Participating: the leader exhibits low leadership style, and the followers have high, supportive behavior.

Delegating: both the leader and followers exhibit low directive and supportive behavior respectively.

Theoretical Concept of the Relationship between Leadership and Organization Culture

Culture is the medium by which an organization expresses its personality to the employees. The key concept of culture is founded based on the values that are not visible but are shared by individuals even when membership of the organization changes (Tsai, 2011). These shared values and norms enable the employees to channel energy on organizational priorities and provide a backbone for behavior and decision-making. An organization requires visionary leadership to drive change and improve organization performance. Some of the core values that define effective leadership include initiation, consideration and charismatic nature of the leader.

There are quite some scholars who researched on the relationship between leadership and organization culture. According to Moynihan et al (2012), leadership and organization, culture is strongly connected and shares a symbiotic relationship. Leaders play an imperative responsibility in shaping and upholding of the organization culture. Leaders mobilize attention towards the new vision. However, it is the organization culture that bestows authenticity on that vision.

According to Norhtouse (2015), great leaders often adjust their leadership behavior to be geared towards accomplishing the mission of the group resulting in motivation and employee satisfaction. A good relationship between leadership and employee result in a greater contribution to organization communication and teamwork. Therefore, motivating and encouraging each of the group members to work towards accomplishing the mission and objective assigned by the organization resulting in job satisfaction.

The functionality of organization culture is also indispensable for business success and development. Management role is also important to organization culture as it determines the leadership style depending on managerial decisions and orientation to internal policies or market policies (Stone, 2012). Leadership styles help influence on managerial decisions and determine employee reactions to such decisions. Leaders are also the communicators of change, they conceptualize vision and oversee the change process towards new and better organization and corporate culture.

Leadership Characteristics and Skills that Promote a Healthy Organization Culture

For leaders to be effective in their role in promoting a healthy organization culture, they should possess certain characteristics that help foster motivation, promote shared values and team spirit and teamwork (Dubrin, 2015). Some of the leadership qualities and skills include;

Passion for their work: Good leaders are often passionate about their work and take it to be their responsibility because of the importance attached. Such leaders motivate the employee to develop into a more productive human resource by sharing the passion and enthusiasm towards work. Appreciating employee’s performance often results in motivation and a healthy organization culture.

Good communication skills: Management ought to utilize open communication channels to create and maintain a positive corporate culture. Leaders ought to communicate effectively with staff at both higher and lower levels in the company. Leaders should be able to explain clearly tasks and project to the staff. On the other hand, they should communicate the importance of the projects to administrators serving as a bridge between different dimensions in the organization (Cummings & Worley, 2014).

Integrity: Leaders must be worthy of trust from their followers. Therefore, leaders should be honest and always striving towards making the right decisions for the company. Integrity in leaders creates an air of trust and help to promote a healthy corporate culture.

Flexible and Adaptable: Leaders should be flexible and adaptable to adapt to changes and situations within the workplace. They should always be ready for change and be able to help his/her followers accept and adapt change.

Decisive: Leaders are always relied upon in organizations to make a decision that are logical, correct and in a quick manner. Leaders should, therefore, understand the different dimension, scope of work, financial constraint and any other important factors that will enable them to make quickly committed and analytical decision.

Leaders Impact to Situations such as crises and Organization Culture

In a situation where an organization is facing serious crises, leadership is essential to help in providing direction through this phase to help attain organizational sustainability. It is paramount that leaders cannot simply repeat practices that have been accepted to be good leadership as this may have led to failures that resulted in crisis or inadequate respond to the crisis (Northouse, 2015). Therefore, leaders should conceptualize the situation and use leadership skills to steer the organization out of the crisis. That is the leader should utilize their cognitive power, available resources and precise strategies to help solve the crisis. It is imperative to note that crises often attract the attention of each and every individual in the organization. Therefore, a leader’s reaction in such a situation communicates much about the organization’s norms, values, and culture (Blomme et al., 2015). Thus, crises situations tend to bring out the core values of the organization and reflect the organization personality. The way in which leaders and other people in the organization respond to crises create new norms, values, and way of working, and reflects on the organization shared values. Crises generate attention and emotional involvement during the entire process. Because of these notions, crises expose deeper values of the group and thus the levels of culture are put into public scrutiny. Therefore, it is up to the leaders in the organization to influence organizational culture to promote strong moral and ethical behavior, and foster the creation of new organizational norms and values (Pless & Maak, 2012). Leaders are looked upon at this point to help in mentoring others, teach and coach the members into working towards solving the crisis in the best manner possible.

Ways in which Leaders Can Use Power to Promote Healthy Organization Culture

Leaders steer the organization using different styles, the level of skill, influence and characteristics. There are different bases of power that can be utilized by leaders to exert their influence. There exist five bases of power that are mostly used by leaders that are, expert, referent, reward, coercive, and legitimate power (Tyssen et al., 2013). Most leaders today believe in the notion that their groups can utilize varying bases of power. Leaders should utilize the bases mentioned above of power even when doing so with respect to servitude and humility. Leaders should seek to establish the moral nature of valuing the opinions of others rather than pushing their ideologies. Such leadership framework promotes ethical frameworks and corporate culture founded on moral high ground.

Quality leaders should instill and promote ethics in healthy organizations. Ethics in the business context can be termed as a company’s attitude and conduct towards stockholders, customers, employees and community as a whole (Komives et al., 2011). Ethical Standards and practices are paramount as it is the fabric that keeps an entity from disintegrating. It is imperative to note that unethical behavior often results in losses and cause problems in the organization and also the entire industry in which the organization operates.

 

As such, it is critical for organization leaders to instill ethical framework to the organization and on the team by team basis. Leaders can achieve the goals mentioned above by establishing and creating a clear and open communication in the workplace. The management should also diversify the employees amid encouraging team building exercise to promote cohesiveness of the organization. Quality leadership implies that one should be able to monitor internal factors and diagnosing deficiencies in different groups within the organization. Leaders should also be ready to take remedy action that may lead to negative changes in the organization (Tyssen et al., 2013). More than often communication factors may delineate a leader connection activities with team members in terms of managing conflicts, promoting collaboration, coaching and commitment to objectives. Such leadership styles result in overall team effectiveness, organization performance, and organizational health.

References

Tyssen, A. K., Wald, A., & Spieth, P. (2013). Leadership in temporary organizations: a review of leadership theories and a research agenda. Project Management Journal44(6), 52-67.

Komives, S. R., Dugan, J. P., & Owen, J. E. (2011). The handbook for student leadership development. John Wiley & Sons.

Pless, N. M., & Maak, T. (2012). Responsible leadership: Pathways to the future. In Responsible Leadership (pp. 3-13). Springer Netherlands.

Blomme, R. J., Kodden, B., & Beasley-Suffolk, A. (2015). Leadership theories and the concept of work engagement: Creating a conceptual framework for management implications and research. Journal of Management & Organization21(02), 125-144.

Tsai, Y. (2011). Relationship between organizational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction. BMC health services research11(1), 98.

Moynihan, D. P., Pandey, S. K., & Wright, B. E. (2012). Setting the table: How transformational leadership fosters performance information use. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory22(1), 143-164.

Northouse, P. G. (2015). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications.

Stone, K. B. (2012). Four decades of lean: a systematic literature review.International Journal of Lean Six Sigma3(2), 112-132.

Dubrin, A. (2015). Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Cengage Learning.

Cummings, T., & Worley, C. (2014). Organization development and change. Cengage learning.

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The Change of the Laws Regarding DUI

The Change of the Laws Regarding DUI
The Change of the Laws Regarding DUI

The Change of the Laws Regarding DUI (driving under the influence)

Order Instructions:

Read through the list of research topics (located in the Appendix), or by clicking the link here, on which to write a research paper. Select three (3) topics that interest you most and identify two (2) credible sources for each topic. Note: This is one (1) of several parts that will build toward a final draft of your persuasive writing research paper.
Write a one to two (1-2) page paper in which you:
1. Explain the reason for selecting topic one (1), identify the audience, and provide a preliminary thesis statement.
2. Explain the reason for selecting topic two (2), identify the audience, and provide a preliminary thesis statement.
3. Explain the reason for selecting topic three (3), identify the audience, and provide a preliminary thesis statement.
4. Identify and document six (6) credible sources (two (2) for each topic) that you would expect to use. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting guidelines:
• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
• Recognize the elements and correct use of a thesis statement.
• Associate the features of audience, purpose, and text with various genres.
• Recognize correct APA documentation and reasons to document and avoid plagiarism.
• Write clearly and concisely about selected topics using proper writing mechanics.
• Use technology and information resources to research selected issues for this course.

SAMPLE ANSWER

The Change of the Laws Regarding DUI 

The primary problem with the DUI laws the prohibits drinking while intoxicated is that these legislations do not allow the arrest of drivers whose blood-alcohol contents are below 0.08 percent without further shreds of evidence on impairment (Macinko, & Silver, 2015). It is, therefore, essential to note that drivers have adopted an approach in considering the number of drinks they take to avoid penalties and jail sentence.

According to one state officer, people who are intoxicated at 0, 05 percent should also be convicted for driving under the influence of alcohol, a fact that should be debated in a court of law with the aim of changing these laws (Macinko, & Silver, 2015). It is essential to determine the fact that these laws should be changed since people react to alcohol intoxication differently. For some people, just a single drink may be one too many while the experienced drinkers may function effectively even above the legal threshold of intoxication.

Changing the laws on DUI would, therefore, favor an enforced law that deters drivers from intoxication during driving, a factor that has been the leading cause of reckless driving and accidents (McGuire, Dawe, Shield, Rehm, & Fischer, 2011). In line with this, it is, therefore, essential to developing a punishable act that focuses on road rules since singling out the use of alcohol for road users is an approach aimed at making the roads safer.

The Increase of Taxes on Alcohol and Tobacco to Pay for Rising Medical Bills

In line with this subject, it is essential to determine that taxes on alcohol and tobacco should be increased with the aim of counteracting the rising costs that have been realized in the health care sector. Since it has been discovered that both of this commodities add pressure to the economy of a nation, their lucrative sales should, therefore, see an increase in their prices (Metlay, 2013). In the event that alcohol and tobacco are charged slightly more, this would not only benefit the health sector under the assumption that funds would be channeled through this cause but would also deter people from using this substance, a factor that would lead to a healthy nation.

It is empirical to determine that high taxes on alcohol would decrease the DUI/DWI including the number of alcoholics in rehabilitation centers in the US. On the other hand, an increase in taxes on tobacco would decrease the rates of lung cancer contractions including the negative effects of this drug (Gruber, 2001). Funds derived from this initiative would, therefore, lower the health care costs for several citizens, a factor that would impact the health care systems of America.

The Change in Family and Medical Leave Act

The former President Bill Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act twenty years ago. This act allows workers and their family’s access a 12-week unpaid job-protected leave to aid them in recovering from medical conditions that are considered critical (Lindsay, & Moore, 2011). This legislation, therefore, remains essential in helping workers manage their responsibilities within their homes and workplaces.

In as much as this act is significant in the lives of the American employees, it has been determined as ineffective since it fails to cover the needs of most workers. Since this act is unpaid, many workers have complained about failing to afford to take leaves when they need due to financial reasons (Sandler, 2015). In this case, several workers abscond from taking this leave and work for close to 1350 hours in a period of twelve months, a factor that affects their job performance. It is, therefore, vital that a change be made in this bill to consider the welfare of the workers and their families.

References

Macinko, J., & Silver, D. (2015). Diffusion of Impaired Driving Laws among US States. American Journal of Public Health, 105(9), 1893-1900. https://www.doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302670

McGuire, F., Dawe, M., Shield, K. D., Rehm, J., & Fischer, B. (2011). Driving under the Influence of Cannabis or Alcohol in a Cohort of High-frequency Cannabis Users: Prevalence and Reflections on Current Interventions. Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice, 53(2), 247-259.

Metlay, G. (2013). Federalizing Medical Campaigns against Alcoholism and Drug Abuse. Milbank Quarterly, 91(1), 123-162. https://www.doi:10.1111/milq.12004

Gruber, J. (2001). Tobacco at the Crossroads: The Past and Future of Smoking Regulation in the United States. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(2), 193-212.

Lindsay, D. C., & Moore, L. M. (2011). State and federal leave laws: How recent legislative changes have complicated leave administration. Employment Relations Today (Wiley), 38(1), 77-90. https://www.doi:10.1002/ert.20335

Sandler, L. (2015). Taking care of our own. (Cover story). New Republic, 246(5), 32-41.

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Helping aboriginal communities and sustainability reporting

Helping aboriginal communities and sustainability reporting
Helping aboriginal communities and sustainability reporting

Helping aboriginal communities and sustainability reporting;Overview/background information of the industry/sector/context

Order Instructions:

topic of the assignment is “helping aboriginal communities and sustainability reporting”
Coverage:
(i) Overview/background information of the industry/sector/context
(ii) Reporting frameworks/standards/legislations relevant to the context given
(iii) Current practice of sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
(iv) Issues and Challenges of sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
(v) Future prospects for sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
(vi) Conclusion

SAMPLE ANSWER

Overview/background information of the industry/sector/context

Aboriginal Australians is a collective name coined by the British in reference to the native inhabitants of Australia who they found living there when they began colonising the continent in the late 16th century (Spencer, 2006). The aboriginal communities constitute a small percentage of the population composition in Australia comprising of about 3 per cent of the total population and living in either Australian mainland or the Tasmanian Island (Edwards, 2004). The Aboriginal communities have being inflicted by many catastrophes ranging from unfavourable weather conditions to outbreaks of diseases (Read, 2011; Warren, 2013). In addition, neglect and historical injustices bedevilled among them by their colonizers have also been attributed to their current woes (Madley, 2012). This implies that there is an urgent need to make sure that the Aboriginal communities are helped to successfully tackle the day to day challenges that have continued to hinder their progress both socially and economically (Schaltegger, Bennett & Burritt, 2006). As a result, through sustainability accounting it is highly possible to help the Aboriginal communities to overcome their challenges with regards to the prevailing accounting principles practiced across the globe (Blandy & Sibley, 2010; Global Reporting, 2015).

Reporting frameworks/standards/legislations relevant to the context given

Sustainability accounting as well as reporting are both essential because they enable organisations and/or corporations to consider and evaluate their impacts on a variety of sustainability issues, subsequently enabling them towards achieving more transparency concerning the opportunities and risks they face (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005). As a result, Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has developed Standards or frameworks that ought to help governments, businesses as well as other organisations to succinctly understand and disseminate the impact of their respective businesses on critical issues about sustainability. Some of the GRI standards that are distinctive include:

Multi-stakeholder input: This implies that various stakeholders have to be engaged in the entire process of accounting and reporting. This helps in ensuring that all the needs of report users and makers are adequately addressed to enable that there is production of a universally-applicable reporting guidance that has the potential to effectively meet the needs of all stakeholders (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015). As a result, creation of all elements of the Reporting Framework and its subsequent improvements are done using an approach that is consensus-seeking taking into consideration the interests of all stakeholders including sustainability reporting practitioners, business, accounting, investors, civil society, labour, academics, and governments (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005).

A record of use and endorsement: There are many global corporations currently using GRI’s Standards to prepare their sustainability performance reports and the list is continuing to grow. This is attributable to the fact that sustainability information has continued to attract more new audiences that before such as investors and regulators. As a result, a number of reporters in their annual growth are expected to continue to touch of strategy areas for better reporting (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005).

Governmental references and activities: Over recent past there has being more governments’ involvement in sustainability reporting through formulation of enabling policy which one of the key overall strategies of GRI (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005). Hence, more collaboration is adhered to between the governments, capital markets, and international organisations to further this agenda (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015).

Independence: There has been strengthening of reporting standards after the creation of the Global Sustainability Standards Board in 2014, as well as related changes in governance structure (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015). GRI works as a non profitable foundation in order to ensure that its funding approach ensures its independence.

Shared development costs: There is also sharing of the expenses incurred in developing GRI’s reporting guidance among many contributors and users. For organisations and companies, this negates the cost incurred to develop sector-based or in-house reporting frameworks (Norman & MacDonald, 2004).

Current practice of sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned

The prevalence of natural catastrophes that emanate from climatic change and other man-made activities the current practice of sustainability reporting has focused on issues that are more environmental (Norman & MacDonald, 2004). For instance, Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) reporting disclosures have become a law requirement in almost all parts of the world. This was informed by the previous environmental disasters that also made more companies and organisations to voluntarily disclose TRI’s in their annual reports (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015). As a result, in both Tasmanian Island and Australian Mainland inhabited by Aboriginal communities corporations and companies have embraced the practice of GRI reporting as a model of sustainability reporting in order to ensure that the is prevention as well as mitigation of the impacts of environmental disasters both to the company and the Aboriginal communities (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015).

Issues and Challenges of sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned

According to Norman & MacDonald (2004) there are several challenges that relate to sustainability accounting with regards to the assigned area and they key one is making a decision on who is the audience. This is attributable to the fact that companies are required to describe their performance and approach on the issues of environmental, social and governance importance to their stakeholders including the surrounding communities (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005). For larger companies like Telstra in Australia employing thousands of people and with over a million stakeholders, this mean that almost everyone in the country is a stakeholder. The other challenge is that, irrespective of the merit in GRI frameworks as well as assurance standards, the compliance may result to reports that are very log and inaccessible. However, in to adhere to ‘best practice’ compilation of the reports requires immense organisational effort and commitment (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005). Furthermore, obtaining performance data that is valid and reliable from different parts of the organisation results to fragmented and immature data especially if it is for early reports the data collection systems (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015).

Future prospects for sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned

The future prospects of sustainability accounting and reporting are mainly going to be characterised by increased use of technology due to adoption of integrated reporting in conjunction with increased technological advancements and creative use of online communication and reporting platforms (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015). As a result, specific future prospects include: 1) extended reporting through the value chain, 2) the G4 guidelines and development is integrated accounting and reporting, 3) improved impacts measurements, and 4) increased mainstream role of sustainability accounting and reporting (Schaltegger, Bennett & Burritt, 2006).

Conclusion

In conclusion, the adoption of sustainability accounting and reporting will lead increased provision of sustainability information over time by corporations and organisations. This will reflect increased demands form a wide range of stakeholders as well as market and regulatory conversion of externalities into internalities. This means that sustainability accounting is a daunting task that requires input from all stakeholders in order to ensure that it benefits all of them including surrounding communities as noted in the discussion of this paper in context to Aboriginal communities in Australian mainland and Tasmanian Island.

References

Birrell, R., & Hirst, J. (2002). Aboriginal Couples at the 2001 Census. People and Place, 10(3), 27.

Blandy, S., & Sibley, D. (2010). Law, boundaries and the production of space. Social & Legal Studies, 19(3), 275–284.

Condon, J. R., Barnes, T., Cunningham. J., & Smith. L. (2004). Demographic characteristics and trends of the Northern Territory Indigenous population, 1966 to 2001. Brisbane: Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal Health.

Edwards, W. H. (2004). An introduction to Aboriginal societies, (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Social Science Press.

Fitzgerald, J., & Weatherburn, D. (2001). Aboriginal victimisation and offending: the picture from police records (PDF). NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. Retrieved June 2009.

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), (2015). Sustainability Reporting. Retrieved on 13th October 2015 from: https://www.globalreporting.org/information/sustainability-reporting/Pages/default.aspx

Hodge, R. (1990). Aboriginal truth and white media: Eric Michaels meets the spirit of Aboriginalism. The Australian Journal of Media & Culture, 3(3), 68-70.

Horton, D. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander History, Society, and Culture. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.

Lourandos, H. (1997). New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory. London, UK:  Cambridge University Press.

MacKnight, C. C. (1986). Macassans and the Aboriginal past. Archaeology in Oceania, 21(3), 69.

Madley, B. (2012). From Terror to Genocide: Britain’s Tasmanian Penal Colony and Australia’s History Wars. The Journal of British Studies, 47(5), 77.

Malbon, J. (2013). Extinguishment of Native Title-The Australian Aborigines as Slaves and Citizens, the Griffith L. Rev. 12 (2003): 310.

Norman, W., & MacDonald, C. (2004). Getting to the bottom of “Triple Bottom Line”. Business Ethics Quarterly, 14(2), 243-262.

Pardoe, C. (1991). Isolation and Evolution in Tasmania. Current Anthropology, 32(1), 1

Rasmussen, M. et al. (2011). An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 334 (6052): 94–98.

Read, P. (2011). The Stolen Generations: The Removal of Aboriginal children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969 (PDF). Department of Aboriginal Affairs (New South Wales government).

Ryan, L. (1996). The Aboriginal Tasmanians. London: Allen & Unwin.

Schaltegger, S., Bennett, M., & Burritt, R., eds. (2006). Sustainability Accounting and Reporting. Dordrecht: Springer.

Smith, M. S., Moran, M., & Seemann, K. (2008). The ‘viability’ and resilience of communities and settlements in desert Australia. The Rangeland Journal, 30(2), 123.

Spencer, S. (2006). Race and Ethnicity: Culture, identity and representation. Pg 33–34: Routledge.

Spooner, P. G., Firman, M., & Yalmambirra, J. (2013). Origins of Travelling Stock Routes. 1. Connections to Indigenous traditional pathways. The Rangeland Journal, 32(3), 329.

Sydney, B. (2013). Aboriginal People and Place. Barani: Sydney’s Aboriginal History. City of Sydney. Retrieved 1 August 2013.

Tatz, C. (2005). Aboriginal Suicide Is Different. Melbourne: Aboriginal Studies Press.

Taylor, R. (2004). Unearthed: The Aboriginal Tasmanians of Kangaroo Island. Melbourne: Wakefield Press.

Van der L. S., Adhikari, A. J. & Tondkar, R. (2005). Exploring differences in social disclosures internationally: a stakeholder perspective. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 24(3), 123-151.

Vos, T., Barker, B., Stanley, L., & Lopez, A. (2007). The burden of disease and injury in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples: Summary report, p. 14. Brisbane: School of Population Health, University of Queensland].

Warren, C. (2013). Smallpox at Sydney Cove – who, when, why?. Journal of Australian Studies, 38(2), 68.

Williams, G., Brennan, S., & Lynch, A. (2014). Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory (6th ed.). Annandale, NSW: Federation Press.

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Legal Responsibility in Preoperative Care

Legal Responsibility in Preoperative Care
Legal Responsibility in Preoperative Care

Legal Responsibility in Preoperative Care

Order Instructions:

http://leo.acu.edu.au/course/view.php?id=16631§ion=7

Hi pleaseclick on link above . And log in with my username  and u r required to read each module and assessment task Given at the end and write on it in relation my specialty area which was preoperative. And u need to cite whatever u write with peer reviewed articles or references . Make sure u read all the modules before u start writing assignment .
It’s 1000 words altogether (3 modules )

SAMPLE ANSWER

Module 1: legal responsibility in preoperative care

Personnel in the preoperative settings have numerous responsibilities in relation to the legal and ethical responsibilities. This is because their duty of delivering care is deep seated core within the nursing principles and code of conduct. In this context, the documentation of nursing care is a legal responsibility during preoperative care. This is the only proof they can use in their defense that they are not negligent (Litwack, 2010). The documentation process must meet the established practice of documentation. The records must indicates patients  preoperative assessment, care provided by the surgical team,  the outcomes and evaluation plan conducted as they are used to indicate the procedures that should be used  in primary care settings. One of the most important documentation processes in preoperative care is the informed consent (Lim et al., 2010).

The main element of quality care in preoperative department is the issue of informed consent.  The general legal principle of preoperative care is that the healthcare provider must obtain a valid informed consent from their patient, before any treatment intervention is put in place.  This principle is put in place to ensure that the patient enjoys the right to their health, and to decide what health care practice that takes place in their body. This right is entitled to every patient including the children, but the laws have specific rules that should be followed for these minors, or patient under critical care (Litwack, 2010).

Additionally, patient have right to confidentiality, unless they have allowed their health condition be shared in the consent form. This implies that the patient have a legal right that must be obeyed by the healthcare providers in the preoperative care, if the patient refuses presence of visitors during this phase. The healthcare providers have a legal responsibility of informing all the patient’s visitors and the contractors that the preoperative environment is a very confidential department, and that it is only chaperoned by the staff members assigned in these departments only. If the visitors are present for any reasons, it must be recorded in the theatre record for referencing purposes (Tilse and Wilson, 2013).

Module 2: Dilemma of providing patient information to carers

Patient privacy is important as it upholds patient’s dignity, which is a core nurse principle and fundamental aspect of care. The physicians are often face challenges as patients health deteriorates, especially when they have to deliver relevant information that can be used at home care. More often, doctors face criticism from family relatives and carers for not giving patients adequate information. This is because it is the physician legal obligation to respect and to protect patient information. Traditionally, patient privacy philosophy argues that patient identify the person who can be informed about their  health condition, and including if the information can be shared with the friends or the family (Gold et al., 2009).

This theoretical model, which focuses on patient centered care, is not always the clinical reality. The legal obligations demands that such information should be provided is there is explicit permission. This can create huge debate if a relative who have been at the center of delivering care of patient is denied the patient information. On the contrary,  if the patient condition does not permit  them to make decisions for themselves due to severe illness or dementia,  then the family or carer can be integrated in the decision making process. These two scenarios indicate divergent positions in the communication between the patient’s carers and the physicians. This indicates that the culture of patient centered care in some cases can create tensions in healthcare (Atkinson & Coia, 2012).

In reality, the family members and carers are always concerned about the patient health. This is especially important during transition of care from acute settings to homes. In this context, the patients discharged from the hospital are weak and will rely on caregiver for their daily activity. Research indicates that providing patient information to carer is beneficial because it reduces carer anxiety, improve competency, and improve the coping strategies that will facilitate the decision-making processes. These findings have been supported by one studies conducted in cancer patients. From this perspective, then it is true that the carers work is often unrecognized, and often overlooked due to the way the medical ethics and law protects the patient’s information. These individualistic ethics dominating the healthcare practice could be hindering quality care (Gold et al., 2009).

Therefore, it is important to empower the carer with clear and effective communication about the essentials as they undertake the quasi-nurse role. This is because the patient carer knows the patient best. The carer is the constant support in patient’s life, and over time, the patient builds trust. Research  indicates that the carer  are encouraged and feel appreciated when integrated in  decision making processes, as they become aware of the patients physical and psychological demands than when  denied access to patient information (Atkinson & Coia, 2012).

Module 3: Reflection

Patient perspective about illness, disease, dying and death is best explained by the Spoon theory developed by Christine Miserandino.  According to her, illness especially those diagnosed with chronic illness such as systemic lupus makes the patient have limited expendable energy.  This is because even a small activity makes a patient loose a spoon (energy), which is very difficult to retrieve back. Her perspective about systemic lupus and all chronic illnesses are that patients are weak to even to undertake simple daily activities such as taking birth, walking and feeding. This is similar to the daily incidences that we deal with at the perioperative care. Most of the perioperative patients lack the exact words to explain the way they feel or their worries.  This narration has helped me in understands the needs, the struggles and the services needed by the patients, especially those under preoperative care (Wagner et al., 2010).

From this narration, I have learnt that the most affected individuals during illness, dying and death are friends and the close relatives.  From the narration, it is evident that healthy people are usually distressed and have unimaginable fear about illness, especially in chronic illness such as lupus. For instance, the narration indicates that the patient friend got confused and may felt helpless during the treatment regimes. However, as indicated in Maggie’s case study of hope in recovery, it is important for the family to understand, and to find ways they can meaningfully participate in their patient’s recovery, and to understand that their acceptance positively impact the response of their loved ones. The family have crucial role especially in hospital settings. They must a way to advocate for quality care for the loved ones (Atkinson & Coia, 2012).

As indicated in Maggie’s story of hope in recovery case study and Christine’s story of the twelve spoons, the healthcare role in managing patients goes beyond offering quality care alone.  I have learnt that the healthcare providers have additional role to care giving which includes educators, advocates, and counselors. The healthcare staffs have the responsibility of helping the patients to understand the disease they are suffering from, and to ensure they understand and accept the management of their condition. This activity is important as it builds the gap between the healthcare providers and the patient. Additionally, it offers emotional support that will help the patient cope with the illnesses (Bennet et al., 2010).

References

Atkinson,J.M., & Coia, D.A. (2012). Responsibility to carers — an ethical dilemma. Psychiatric Bulletin 11/1989; 13(11):602-604. DOI: 10.1192/pb.13.11.602

Bennet, A., Coleman, E., Parry, C., Bodenheimer, T., and Chen, E. (2010). Health Coaching for Patients With Chronic Illness. Fam Pract Manag. 2010 Sep-Oct;17(5):24-29.

Gold, M., Philip, J., McIver, S., & Komesaroff, P. A. (2009). Between a rock and a hard place: exploring the conflict between respecting the privacy of patients and informing their carers. Internal Medicine Journal, 39(9), 582-587. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.02020.x

Litwack, K. (2009). Clinical coach for effective perioperative nursing care. F.A. Davis Company. Philadelphia

Lim, J., Bogossian, F., & Ahern, K. (2010). Stress and coping in Australian nurses: a systematic review. International Nursing Review, 57(1), 22-31. doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2009.00765.x

Tilse, C., & Wilson, J. (2013). Recognising and responding to financial abuse in residential aged care. The Journal of Adult Protection, 15(3), 141-152. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JAP-11-2012-0025

Wagner, G.,  Lorenz, K.A., Riopelle, D., Steckart, M.J., Rosenfeld, K. (2010). Provider Communication and Patient Understanding of Life-Limiting Illness and Their Relationship to Patient Communication of Treatment Preferences. Journal of pain and symptom management ; 39(3):527-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.07.012

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The impact of the ‘transpacific partnership (TPP)

The impact of the ‘transpacific partnership (TPP)
The impact of the ‘transpacific partnership (TPP)
The impact of the ‘transpacific partnership (TPP)

The impact of the ‘transpacific partnership (TPP)

Order Instructions:

Topic
Critically analyse the impact of the ‘transpacific partnership (TPP) agreement’ on Australia’s ability to achieve an ecological sustainable society.
Notes
1) You will need to discuss the implications of the TPP agreement (assuming it is implemented) using the material from Topics 1-5 and particularly the meaning of sustainability, how our society can achieve sustainability, the impediments to change and technological and institutional lock-in.
2) You will need to specifically make reference to ‘investor-state dispute clauses’ which are part of most free-trade agreements so there is a general literature on this.
3) You will need to engage with some published papers on the transpacific partnership agreement which has been proposed for many years and academics and others have discussed the general implications of the agreement as well as the environmental implications.
4) In addition, you should make reference to the leaks of components of the agreement and use the mainstream and non-mainstream press to help with your analysis. In terms of non-mainstream press you could source from Democracy Now, The Real News Network, The Conversation, and Crickey, amongst others.
Length is 1,500 words.
6) Due date is the Friday (25th April).
7) Submission requirements – Submission via Turnitin is required. This is available in the vUWS site under “Assessments”. Please see the general submission requirements in the Learning Guide for further information about Turnitin. Along with Turnitin submission, a hard copy must be submitted with a signed Assignment Cover Sheet on or before the due date (bring it to the lecture on the due date).
8) Marking standards and criteria. The essay will be marked according to how it meets the criteria below.
REQUIREMENTS
Title page Title page.

Introduction This section sets the scene for the report and should include the objective and scope, key research question (s) and the significance of the study. Your group should introduce the key issues you intend to discuss relating to the topic.

Addressing the question, discussion and analysis You must address the question, focusing on analysis rather than merely describing. For the same reason, do not quote at length in essays. You may use a few juicy quotes, however it is better to use your limited word allowance for explanation, proof and analysis. In some cases diagrams, tables and charts may be useful in conveying information in a structured format – however this is your choice and do not let diagrams and tables overshadow your explanations and discussion. Keep them to a minimum if you use them at all.

Critical assessment
Your essay must reflect awareness that the topic can be analysed in terms of different, sometimes conflicting theoretical frameworks. A very good essay will be able to explain how and why a particular framework, or no given framework, is satisfactory in terms of the topic considered. A very good essay is in this sense shows both an understanding of theories and an ability to critically assess them.

Originality and integrity
A brilliant essay shows some degree of originality with integrity– it shows ability or a manifest attempt to push beyond the conclusions and views of the major readings in some way. This is not something that we necessarily do always and everywhere. However, when it’s there, based on truth and extensive research, it is a rare and special thing. On the other side of the spectrum, plagiarism will not be tolerated. Please refer to the university’s policy here.

Bibliography/references
Referencing is important. Scholarly references should be drawn upon – that is, articles and books that have been subject to extensive academic peer review. Wikipedia and other unreviewed websites are not scholarly references. The exception to this is the use of a political or other policy document or media statement as a means of illustrating a particular political position or point of view. As a guide, select the “scholarly works” criterion on the library search engine under electronic resources. Please ensure to include the full references/links and the date that you accessed the sites/data bases.

Structure and clarity of expression
The introduction to an essay sets the scene and should include the objective and scope, key research question (s) and the significance of the study. You should introduce the key issues you intend to discuss relating to the topic. In a well structured essay, each paragraph introduces a major point, provide relevant evidence or analysis to support or explain that point, and then round off that point.
A strongly structured essay can use each opening paragraph to link the previous point to the one being currently discussed. In this way, the essay becomes a single, complex argument. By the time the reader reaches the conclusion, the essence of the argument should already be visible. Clear expression and correct spelling is required Please note that you will lose marks for poor spelling, improper referencing etc.

Research effort and where relevant additional reading This is a major piece of assessment. You are expected to both use the suggested readings and to go beyond these to find your own relevant readings.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

There exists a complex relationship between trade and environment, which has both challenges and opportunities. A good example is portrayed by Herman, & Swiss (2014), who in positive ways, states that trade leads to the development of countries productivity, increase in counties efficiency, and growth in general. On the other hand, some of the impending danger about economic growth is like increased use of non-renewable resources that may lead to its exhaustion. Also, there may be increased pollution, and worst of all lower the quality of water. On the other hand, trade is essential for the economic development achieved can be used to curb the environmental degradations Herman, & Swiss (2014). On that note, the primary focus of this paper will be to criticize the trans-pacific partnership.

The paper will examine the effects that impend the nations that will accept to sign the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA). In particular, it will address the sustainability of a country in relation to its definition, the impediment to change among other issues Hsueh, (2013). Thus, the objectives of the paper is to find out the implications of the TPP, to the countries involved.  On the same note, the research question that will act as a blueprint is; what are the impact of the ‘transpacific partnership (TPP) agreement’ on Australia’s ability to achieve an ecological sustainable society? This question will be the guiding tool in the whole research paper.

Implication of TPP to Australia

Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is an exceptionally large free trade agreement, which if pushed and signed will expand the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Thus, the TPP will have some adverse effect to not only economic sustainability in Australia, but also environmental sustainability will be interfered Hsueh, (2013). This is simply because, the TPP will only replicate and expand the NAFTA’s special methods of protection to the offshore U.S jobs. Nevertheless, developed countries like Australia will have a wider range of market for their produce and facilitated about 37.8% increase in their sales. This market will also help in the generation of income and also will offer cheaper labour and raw material from other countries in this trading block. Thus, the increased market scope will increase the production and conversely increase the revenue generated from the trade.

The TPP also has an important opportunity of developing rules that will keenly observe the conservation of the environment strategies, particularly forests. These rules will reduce the chances of deforestation in Australia, hence preventing devastating and irreparable effects of deforestation. This is because in the shipment of timber, logs, and timber product; there will be required documentation declaring of the price, quantity, and place of origin from the importers Leal-Arcas, (2013). Through this body, the Australian’s will be able to achieve the environmental sustainability.

In addressing the unsustainable exploitation of fish stock, TPP will put in place some measures that will strengthen disciplines on fisheries sector Leal-Arcas, (2013). These measures include the thorough prohibition of some of the forms/modes of fisheries subsidies, which contribute to overfishing and overcapacity. Leal-Arcas, (2013), also stresses on how the TPP will have an interest in this issue since it is a mixture of developed and developing countries. In Australia, where they have effective fisheries management regimes the TPP measures will be focused on sustainability and conservation. This is because, in Australia they observe and support strong discipline on fisheries subsidies.

In addressing the climatic change and other environmental challenges, TPP will help in achieving some of the environmental goals and not to affect its health. The Australian economy will increase access to and vast range of competing service provider, which is as a result of market liberalization. Thus, underpinning the shifting/change of the harmful environmental service industries to less and more efficient, environmentally friendly industries Meltzer, (2014). Through the TPP Australia will be able to access of green technologies at  a lower cost that will help in reducing some of the environmental problems like water, air and soil pollution. Furthermore, TPP will support Australia as its member in reducing the greenhouse gas emission Pejovich, (2012).

Australia participation to the TPP will not only offer access to the green and low-carbon economy, but also the access to the experts and engineers that will help in designing and running the facilities. In addition, some of the types of technologies that are being used to address the environmental degradation and its sustainability are changing with time. Thus, there is a need for continuous research on finding new ideal methods to curb this mess Holzer, & Cottier (2015). Through TPP union, the member country can and will be able to conduct research on this matter, which will be cost efficient since all the member states will contribute to its funding. Thus, this will point that TPP will need to reduce barriers to services trade. TPP will thus ensure that countries like Australia get services which will help not only in reducing the cost and economic development, but also that are environmental friendly Holzer, & Cottier (2015).

In the recent years, there Australian rate of unemployment has dropped up to about 6.1%, nevertheless, if the TPP is successfully executed these statistics are expected to reduce significantly. This will be as a result of globalization, which will greatly impact on the domestic prices of the products, making the prices converge to those in the international market. This impact will result to changes in relative prices within the Australian economy affecting some of the returns on different factors of production Thompson, (2015). Merely because, international trade majorly focuses on the returns to the factors of production base on the labour skills and the technological advancement. Thus, Australia will greatly enjoy this due to its developed technologies and skilled labour Thompson, (2015).

On the contrary, some of the effects of this union/agreement will be income inequity in Australia. Since the labour market wages and salaries will be harmonized in accordance with international standards. This is because there have been a widening gap in wages between the skilled and unskilled workers. Nevertheless, some of the technology innovations will be undertaken so as to suit the needs of the ever growing completion from the trade. This will lead to improvement in services and products. Eventually, some sectors in Australia will enjoy about 15% of technology upgrade as a result of completion Petri, et al. (2012).

In the past half a decade, Australia has been a technological shift/ change which has made some sectors like agriculture flourish. TPP will ensure that there is sustainable mechanical development that contributed to countries development like Australia experienced in 2009-10. This is because in that fiscal year it was estimated that Australia produces about £40-billion agricultural commodities Bell, & Moore (2012). This production does not only help in the sustainability of the population, but also the development of the economy at large.

Conclusion

In the literature, it can be noted that TPP will greatly integrate the current policies of different and come up with a masterpiece policy that will liberalize the market and help in the sustainability. This will greatly help in the change process, economic sustainability and also the environment at large. Thus, it will be a chance not to be missed by the Australia. Simply because it will greatly benefit from this free trade market, starting from cheap labour, large market, advanced skilled workers and technologies among others. Thus, Australia will be able to achieve its aims of ecologically sustainable society. To sum up all, this means that the research question has been fully answered, and it is positive to say that there will be more advantages of TPP to Australia than harm.

References

Hsueh, C. W. 2013. A Greener Trade Agreement: Approaches to Environmental Issues in the TPP Negotiations. Asian Journal of WTO & International Health Law and Policy, 8(2), 521-542.

Leal-Arcas, R. 2013. Climate change mitigation from the bottom up: using preferential trade agreements to promote climate change mitigation. CCLR, 34.

Meltzer, J. 2014. The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, the environment and climate change. Trade Liberalisation and International Co-operation: A Legal Analysis of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, Edward Elgar.

Holzer, K., & Cottier, T. 2015. Addressing climate change under preferential trade agreements: Towards alignment of carbon standards under the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. Global Environmental Change.

Thompson, H. 2015. Services Trade and Income Redistribution in the Trans-Pacific Partnership.

Petri, P. A., Plummer, M. G., & Zhai, F. 2012. The Trans-Pacific Partnership and Asia-Pacific Integration: A Quantitative Assessment (Vol. 98). Peterson Institute.

Bell, L. W., & Moore, A. D. 2012. Integrated crop–livestock systems in Australian agriculture: Trends, drivers and implications. Agricultural Systems, 111, 1-12.

Herman, A., & Swiss, T. 2014. The World Wide Web and Contemporary Cultural Theory: Magic, Metaphor, Power. Routledge.

Pejovich, S. 2012. The effects of the interaction of formal and informal institutions on social stability and economic development. Journal of Markets & Morality, 2(2).

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Analysis of Qualitative Research Assignment

Analysis of Qualitative Research
Analysis of Qualitative Research

Analysis of Qualitative Research

Order Instructions:

I will send the article to be used in completing this paper via email as you will see it is a continuations of previous papers written by your writers and the writer here will be evaluating another section of that same article. It is important that the writer pay attention to instructions and respond detail to all three questions pose below. Also the writer must incorporate media resources included below in the resource section below into the paper as he respond to the questions pose below.
For your selected doctoral study, evaluate the methods used for establishing quality. Incorporate appropriate references to this week’s media resource as well as the course readings about establishing quality. For all the questions below, remember to explain how you came to your conclusions. Support your answers with explanation or evidence drawn from the doctoral study and from course readings.
• Were the methods for establishing quality used appropriately for the qualitative tradition or research design (e.g., case study, ethnography, grounded theory, etc.)? Why or why not?

• Were all aspects of the methods for establishing quality described or justified sufficiently? If not, what could have the author said and why? If sufficient, explain why you think so.

• Do you think the author should have used additional methods to establish quality? If so, what other methods would you recommend and specifically why should they have been used in this particular study? If not, why not? This includes the methods of establishing quality as well as how they were conducted or implemented.
Add any additional comments for evaluation not addressed above.

Resources
• Course Text
Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches
• Chapter 10, “Standards of Validation and Evaluation”
This chapter discusses standards of quality in qualitative research.
• Chapter 8, “Data Analysis and Representation”
Review this chapter, which was first presented in last week’s Learning Resources. This chapter describes the data analysis strategies used in qualitative research and then provides information on how to represent that data.

Resources
Bernard, H. R. (2010). Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches, Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
• Chapter 4, “ Codebooks and Coding”

Readings on Qualitative Research Methods:
• Birks, M. J., Chapman, Y., & Francis, K. (2007). Breaching the wall: Interviewing people from other cultures. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18(2), 150–156.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides insights and techniques to improve interviewing techniques as well as provides some context for improving ethnographic culture analyses.

• Brent, E., & Slusarz, P. (2003). “Feeling the Beat”: Intelligent coding advice from metaknowledge in qualitative research. Social Science Computer Review, 21(3), 281–303.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article examines the coding processes and the uses of computer programs to potentially help in the coding and analysis process.

• Csordas, T. J., Dole, C., Tran, A., Strickland, M., & Storck, M. G. (2010). Ways of asking, ways of telling: A methodological comparison of ethnographic and research diagnostic interviews. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 34(1), 29–55.
Retrieved from ProQuest Central database.
This article provides insights and tools so you can better understand the practice of interviewing in qualitative research.

• Janesick, V. J. (2003). “Stretching” exercises for qualitative researchers (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
This book provides you with in-depth techniques to help improve qualitative research skills. It is highly recommended for DBA students planning qualitative research, and you may want to think about purchasing this during the first iteration of DBA 9000.

• LeVasseur, J. J. (2003). The problem of bracketing in phenomenology. Qualitative Health Research, 13(3), 408–420.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides insights on how you can improve phenomenological research, particularly with respect to the concept of bracketing.

• Merriam, S. B., & Associates. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
This book supplies you with in-depth techniques to help improve qualitative research skills.

• Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2005). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
This book provides you with in-depth techniques to help improve qualitative research skills. It is highly recommended for DBA students planning qualitative research, and you may want to think about purchasing this during the first iteration of DBA 9000.

Research Design Examples:
• Block, P. (1999). Flawless consulting, a guide to getting your expertise used (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.
This book looks at the appropriate skills to be a successful consultant.

• Ahn, Y., Park, S., & Jung, J. (2009). A case study on knowledge management of Busan Metropolitan City. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), 388–398.
Retrieved from Sage Premier 2010 database.
This article provides you with an example of an effective case study design.

• Bhalla, A., Henderson, S., & Watkins, D. (2006). A multiparadigmatic perspective of strategy: A case study of an ethnic family firm. International Small Business Journal, 24(5), 515–5 37.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides an example of an effective case study design.

• Edwards, P., Collinson, M., & Rees, C. (1998). The determinants of employee responses to total quality management: Six case studies. Organization Studies, 19(3), 449–475.
Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.
This article provides an example of an effective case study design

• Järvenpää, M. (2007). Making business partners: A case study on how management accounting culture was changed. European Accounting Review, 16(1), 99–142.
Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.
This article provides an example of an effective qualitative study that is related to ethnography.

• Smythe, E., & Norton, A. (2007). Thinking as leadership/leadership as thinking. Leadership, 3(1), 65–90.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides an example of an effective phenomenological research design.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Analysis of Qualitative Research

In the absence of rigor or quality, qualitative research becomes fiction and worthless, and its utility is also lost. Therefore, there is a great need for the researchers to pay particular attention to validity and reliability in all the research methods applied. The researcher used the methods through which quality is established in qualitative studies appropriately. The data collection method that the researcher used is well established in qualitative research investigations (Merriam & Associates, 2002). Both the data analysis and collection methods were derived from those which have been in use previously, and their use was successful. Second, regardless of the fact that the researcher selected the participants from people he knew professionally or personally, which might compromise quality, this often helps. As Birks, Chapman and Francis (2007) recommends, one of the ways of establishing credibility in a research is developing early familiarity with the participating organizations’ culture prior to the initial data collection dialogues.  Bernard (2010) noted that if there is a prolonged engagement between participants and the investigator, the researchers can acquire sufficient understanding about the different workplaces. Moreover, he can establish a relationship based on trust (Bernard, 2010).

The researcher promoted quality by using tactics aimed at ensuring honesty among the informants when giving their responses. Basically, every participant approached was given a chance to decline participation. Therefore, those who participated at last were genuinely willing to participate and they offered their data freely (Brent & Slusarz, 2003). The researcher also created the necessary rapport by appropriately introducing the participants to the research. The researcher’s credibility has also been established. Finally, the researcher did a detailed literature review whose aim was making the readers aware about the state of the subject.

The methods for establishing quality are justified and described sufficiently. In relation to the data collection method, the researcher used three stages to gather the required data. The final stage was basically aimed at assessing if the participants had changed the views they held earlier. The researcher had prior information and knowledge about the participants, and this was a way of ensuring that the trust between them to lead to quality data. Worth noting, the researcher gave the participants the opportunity of declining to participate since their consent was needed before the data collection started. The experience, qualifications, and background of the researcher were well introduced at the start of the paper.

Many academicians would agree that rather than using purposive sampling, the researcher should have used random sampling. Regardless of the fact that purposive sampling is mostly used in qualitative research, random sampling negates researcher bias charges in relation to participants’ selection. In the research, the researcher fetched the participants from Linkedin, and he knew them personally and/ or professionally. Therefore, there were high chances of the participants giving responses that would impress the researcher. As Janesick (2003) noted, using random sampling ensures that the ‘unknown influences’ get distributed evenly throughout the sample (Ahn, Park & Jung, 2009). Using purposive sampling was an inappropriate selection tactic since the investigator would not end up confident that the informants were typically members of the wider selected society. The sampling method used does not give assurance that the selected participants are representative of the bigger group.

Another way through which the researcher could have promoted quality and trustworthiness is by using triangulation. This involves using various methods when gathering data and eventually, the collected data is compared. The methods may include individual interviews, focus groups, and observation among others. However, the researcher only used interviews, which might compromise the data collected.

References

Ahn, Y., Park, S., & Jung, J. (2009). A case study on knowledge management of Busan Metropolitan City. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), 388–398.

Bernard, H. R. (2010). Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches, Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.

Birks, M. J., Chapman, Y., & Francis, K. (2007). Breaching the wall: Interviewing people from other cultures. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18(2), 150–156.

Brent, E., & Slusarz, P. (2003). “Feeling the Beat”: Intelligent coding advice from metaknowledge in qualitative research. Social Science Computer Review, 21(3), 281–303.

Janesick, V. J. (2003). “Stretching” exercises for qualitative researchers (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Merriam, S. B., & Associates. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

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Medical practice Research Paper Assignment

Medical practice
Medical practice

Medical practice

Order Instructions:

Assessment Task 3 – Essay Question

An Advance Care Directive (‘Living Will’) is a written statement regarding someone’s wishes for their future health care. An Advance Care Directive can be made by anyone who has the capacity to do so. An Advance Care Directive is only used if, at some point in the future, the person becomes incapable of making health care decisions for themselves (due to illness or injury) (Advance Care Directives, 2014).

Health care professionals are required to respect patients choices and gain consent (or, at least, assent) prior to providing treatment or care. They are also required to respect patient confidentiality. Based on what you have learned in this unit discuss the ethical issue of informed consent in relation to the following:

• What are the features of a valid (legal) consent; and how does this relate to an advanced care directive?

• Why does it matter ethically speaking that a patient’s choice be respected?

• Are there any expectations to the requirement to respect patient’s choices?

• Is Paternalism ever ethically justified in the provision of heath care?

• What is the role of the HCP in relation to advocacy for a patient’s wishes and in particular when an advance care directive is present?

• What are the legal and professional frameworks that guide a health care professional’s practice in Australia?

Consider the above question from the point of view of your own professional prospective and from the perspective of another health care team member. Respond to this question by drawing on what you have studied in this unit for example: relevant codes of conduct, ethics and practice and laws, theories, ethical concepts, principles and values.
Conversion and clarification from Lecture in Charge regarding this assignment

Dear Students,

I wanted to provide further assistance in preparation for the final assessment task. Ethics essay writing has some specific and key features. An ethics essay always presents an argument and as such has to be reasoned (ie supported with evidence), an ethics essay usually presents two sides of the argument and then the author will come to the conclusion as to what is the best position and why.

The Outline of the essay for the unit gives you six key areas to discuss in your essay. They are as follows.

1. What are the features of a valid (legal) consent; and how does this relate to an advanced care directive?
2. Why does it matter ethically speaking that a patient’s choice be respected?
3. Are there any expectations to the requirement to respect patient’s choices?
4. Is Paternalism ever ethically justified in the provision of heath care?
5. What is the role of the HCP in relation to advocacy for a patient’s wishes and in particular when an advance care directive is present?
6. What are the legal and professional frameworks that guide a health care professional’s practice in Australia?
Essentially the questions are centred around a person’s autonomy and the role of the health care professional in the implementation of an advanced care directive. So you may be able to combine these questions into themes and undertake the following in the formation of your arguments.

ANALYSIS – What do the experts state regarding the topic? Here you present the research you have undertaken and looking at different perspectives.

SYNTHESIS – What connections can I make regarding the research into expert discussions and ethical theories or principles, possibly professional codes of ethics or position statements, legal frameworks or national/international human rights charters.

EVALUATION – What conclusion do I come to after presenting the arguments based on my analysis and synthesis?

– It is important to note that this is an academic essay and should be written in the third person.
Paragraph and Essay Structure

– Each paragraph should have an introductory and concluding statement.

– Each paragraph should have a direct connection with the one prior and one after it. This allows the essay to flow.

– The introduction should provide the reader with a framework for the paper and what will be discussed.

– The conclusion should provide a summary of the key points presented in the essay.

– The definitions used in your essay should only use academic references (not online dictionaries)

– The essay should present at least 2 ethical theoretical perspectives and/or two ethical principles.

– The essay should present at Code of Ethics Framework or Human Rights Charter statement or make a connection to professional practice (this is where you could use a scenario as an example)

– There is no minimum requirements for the number of sources you use however as a general guideline an academic paper can have 1 source per hundred words. In regards to the currency of the references, it is generally expected that sources are within 5 years published age. However if you have sourced a reference that is older than this you must demonstrate how it is relevant in your writing. There are historical perspective in ethics hence it is likely that you might find an excellent source that is older than 5 years.

I hope this has been helpful. I am planning another webinar to answer any final queries you may have. In the mean time please do not hesistate to contact me if you require further clarification.

Please include this one too
2000 words count with referencing
APA Referencing

At least 25 genuine references from 2010 to 2015 study based, 90 % references has to be research based Journal article AND books Australian and Newzeland based study article preferable.

Please have a look Rubric guideline for given topic, I need good grades in this assignment so please do me a favour and try to make a good essay

Regards

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

Medical practice is complicated today than ever because of the increased factors that have been impinging the physician patient relations. In the modern world, the patients are either well informed or ill informed about their health condition. The healthcare professionals are mandated to respect patient’s choices, and obtain consent from these patients when delivering care. Patient confidentiality must always be respected (Gergen, 2011). Informed consent refers to the process where patient’s gives permissions for the treatment to take place after being informed about the treatments procedure; the benefits as well as the risks associated the   treatment. This process is intertwined with many ethical issues. Additionally, there many barriers associated with the informed consent process, which includes communication barriers, cultural barriers and the religious dogmas between the service users and the service providers (Chong, Aslani, & Chen, 2013).

In this context, the ethical issues surrounding the informed consent will be discusses and the HCP roles when delivering care for patient with advanced healthcare directives. The two perspectives that will be discussed in this paper are the registered nurses and physicians perspectives. This will help empower the healthcare provider bearing in mind those patients demands are changing continuously throughout the illness course, and according to their changes in the patents mental and physical capacities. This paper will be drawn on relevant codes of conduct, theories, ethics laws and practice, principles and values of informed consent.

Features of valid and legal consent

The valid consent is more to a mere form where patients can append their written signature. For the consent to be valid, the following elements should be included, and understood by the patients. These elements include procedures that are to be carried out, benefits of the treatment, risks and alternative treatment available (Aasen, 2014). All information related to the patient’s circumstances must be specific, without any invalidating factors. This is particularly important in patients under advance care directive. An advance care directive refers to the process where a patient records their wishes when they are unwell to understand their medical health complication and treatment options available. This is a form where the patient communicates their wishes. ACD is not similar valid legal consent, and the two legal documents roles are different and should not be used interchangeably (Hamrosi, Raynor, & Aslani, 2014).

There few circumstances where this could pose ethical dilemma for the HCP. For instance, there have been many questions about end of life care attributed to the advancement in technology. There are cases where many patients are not willing to subject their relatives to prolonged suffering through prolongation of his or her life even where there is little hope (Heggland, et al., 2013). The best way to maintain control is this through use of ACD to record patient’s preferences as guided by the physician and the loved ones. However, the law supports the ACD directives as stipulated by the Patient Self Determination Act of 1990. However, the advance care directives are  valid at common law  if  the following conditions have been met; to start with the  patient capacity at the time of advance  care directive is done  is stable and the patient can communicate effectively (Randall, 2008).  The patient must have the capacity of weighing the information and make an informed choice between risks and benefits. The directives must be made voluntarily and of high specificity. There are no legal ramifications that the directives should be done in writing and under witness, but these are vital are necessary as they indicate that the directives have been done under the requirements (Korhonen, Nordman,  & Eriksson, 2014).

Respecting patient choices

 Informed consents and ACD are meant to value patient autonomy. This principle of autonomy is associated with the ability of patients to make their own choices about the healthcare treatment that they will receive. The main principles that arise when addressing patient’s autonomy are privacy, confidentiality, and fidelity and patients freedom of choice (Krishna, Watkinson, & Beng, 2014).

Several criticisms have been done about the principle of respecting patient’s autonomy. This is especially on the fact that patients must be informed about the healthcare treatments even if it would make the patient stand back from undertaking treatment. There are also concerns that respecting patient choice would impair clinical recognition. Beuchap and Childress illustrates that autonomy principle fails to protect the competent patients, but those who lack confidence, and are unsure or have conflicting priorities (Barlem, & Ramos, 2014).

However, respecting patient choices is important because it indicates that patient’s dignity is respected. This is important also because it discourages inappropriate paternalism, thus protecting the patient from unwanted interventions that they would consider burdensome other than of benefit. Additionally, respecting patient autonomy improves beneficence. This is because the patient is informed about the treatment benefits, risks and costs, and the patient is allowed to make informed choices that benefit them. The issue of non-maleficence is addressed as patient is adequately informed to enable them make decisions that makes patient avoid causation of harm. The harm caused by the treatment must disproportionate the treatment benefits. The distribution of risks and benefits as well as the treatment cost must be of justice (Cole, Wellard, & Mummery, 2014).

Nevertheless, patient wishes may not be respected all the time. This is especially if the patients  traditions or beliefs about treatment are proven to be inconsistent, untrue or inadequately informed.  In this contest, the HCP will be mandated to make decisions that are in best intention of the patient. This process is referred to as paternalism, which will be discussed later. The expectations to respecting patient choices include that patient mental capacity must be stable enough to make decisions independently. An informed patient must do the decisions voluntarily (Binder & Lades, 2015).

Paternalism in healthcare

The concept of paternalism begun with the Hippocratic ideals where he argued that the healthcare provider decisions must be aligned to patients best interests. For some reasons,   patient’s medical decisions may not be respected to ensure that the option picked is to benefit the patient (Lathrop, Cheney, & Hayman, 2013). For instance, an oncologist makes a decision for a patient scheduled for mastectomy in our healthcare facility. This is was because the patient laboratory findings indicated that the patient’s body was not in a position to recuperate. Despite the patient wishes, the healthcare provider supremely controlled the treatment process (Smith et al.,2015).

Paternalism can be categorized as hard or soft, narrow or broad, impure and pure. Soft paternalism occurs when the HCP believes that they make decisions, which would be done by the patient if the patient had the strength and capacity. The hard paternalist is done by the HCP when they believe that the patient could have been mistaken or confused, and thus not in a capacity to make their decisions. This is justifiable if the treatment choice made is advocated and accepted by the HCP as indicated by evidence-based research (Mccullough, 2010).

From the HCP perspective, most physicians prefer shared decision-making process. Research indicates that the older physician are more likely to practice paternalism that the younger. Physicians in the   surgical department are the least likely to practice paternalism as compared to physicians in the acute settings (Sjostrand, Eriksson, Juth, & Helgesson, 2013). However, as a registered nurse, I feel that paternalism should not be practiced, unless it is the only choice left. This is because it acts as false signal that the nurse knows about the person’s desires or their wishes. In my perspectives, these patients should be advised to write their ACD, or have their relatives make medical choices for them, as some choices could interfere with the patient’s psychological status, and diminish their self-esteem and morale (Lin, Huang, Chiang, & Chen, 2012).

The healthcare facility should gear their efforts towards a patient centered care. In most cases, the patient may be critically ill and unable to give consents. This is advisable for the healthcare providers to provide the patient with ACD, which can be conducted in presence of the patient relatives. This will mitigate the chance that the HCP will pressurize the patient to make independent decisions, which makes them feel overwhelmed. However, the healthcare provider must intervene to ensure that the patient does not go along with the family’s decisions, but they are allowed to make their own preferences (Baykara, Demir, & Yaman, 2014).

The HCP professional frameworks bind them in determining the patient best treatment based on their knowledge, experience, and judgment. In a case where a patient rejects treatment at the expense of the patient’s life, the HCP are bound by the ethical principle of beneficence (Wortley et al., 2015). The most vital aspect of the HCP frameworks is to establish a mutual relationship with the patients, and to maintain trust between them. This is important because it helps the patient understand that doctors will empathize with them, thus facilitating patient centered as well as a holistic care. In some cases, treatment modification can be done to ensure that the principle of non -maleficence is maintained. It is important for the HCP to value cultural competence to ensure that the care provided is just and holistic (Suzuki, Ota, & Matsuda, 2014).

HCP advocacy role in decision-making process

 The professional and ethical frameworks guide the HCP role in healthcare. The HCP delivery of care should be based on knowledge, experience, and sound judgment (evidence-based practice). The codes of ethics are set of principles that help HCP in delivering quality care. The main ethical issues in day-to-day ethics include treating patient with dignity, respecting the patient, fair treatment and supporting patient treatment preferences (Bradford, Caffery,  & Smith, 2015). This is accordance to the four ethical principles, which include autonomy, beneficence, justice, and non-maleficence. The ethical rules also guide the HCP in decision-making process, which includes veracity, confidentiality, fidelity, and privacy. The ethical theories that help in ethical decision-making processes are the theory of HCP accepting the consequences of their actions (consequentialism), basing the decision making process on set of principles (deontology) and applying decision-making processes based n the most prominent consequence theory (utilitarianism) (Valentine et al., 2013).

The HCP role in their practice is to support the patient’s decision-making about their treatment preferences. This is normally done using advance care directives, and it is the role of HCP to facilitate the initiation of ACD. This is due to the unique bond that exists between the patient and their caregivers. Their roles in advocacy for ACD are to reflect ethically if the patient’s beliefs and values support or are against patients. The HCP must be adequately be informed about the ethics of care, patients medical care status, and other socio-demographic dynamics that could influence the decision making processes (Tee et al., 2013).

For example, an elderly patient signs an ACD declining all treatment because the patient does not want to burden the family members. In scenario,’s where the   family disagrees on medical matter such as turning of life support machine, the HCP must educate the family on the importance of respecting patient dignity, and encourage them to support the ACD (Brodtkorb et al., 2014).  In this context, it is the nurse’s role to enter into discussions with the patient to discuss their values, beliefs and to make them understand the context of the status. The nurse role as an advocate of ACD is to teach the patient to express their ideas and wishes. The HCP are legally bound to ensure that the care provided is consistent with the client’s preferences, and is entitled to ensure that there is effective communication of the patient’s ACD to the other HCP team (Terlazzo, 2015).

Code of conduct for HCP in Australia

The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) outlines the legal frameworks and code of conduct for HCP in Australia. The summary of these legal frameworks and code of conduct provisions is that HCP must provide evidence based care, which shared decision-making processes. The HCP is expected to maintain their professional performance, and ethical conduct to minimize patient risks. Additionally, these codes of conduct are framed under the principles and frameworks of the United Nations “Universal declaration of Human rights, International covenant on Economic, social and cultural rights, and the international covenant on civil and political rights.” The provisions are also according to the World Health Organization’s constitution, which involves Health and Human rights (AHPRA, 2013).

The code of ethics are supported by the National competency standards for RN, NP and enrolled nurses as well as the code of professional conduct  for nurses in Australia. The codes are complementary to those of international council of Nurses (ICN), which stipulates that the nurses must deliver quality care to all. They must respect patient autonomy, value kindness and remain culturally competent.  Additionally, the nurses must value the socio-economical sustainability of a patient to ensure that health and patient’s wellbeing are promoted. The purposes of these legal frameworks and code of ethic is to guide the nurses with a reference point from where they can base their ethical decision-making (Mccullough, 2010).

Conclusion

Ethical decision-making process is complex and challenging. This is especially in advance care directs which is one of the good clinical practice feature. From the health ethics analysis, ACD carries significant ethically moral force and respect. There are legal binding directives but should not limit patients treatment preferences. The code of ethics includes quality nursing care, respect patient decision, value the patient diversity and the culture of safety. The informed choices about ACD must be done according to the ethical management frameworks.

References

Aasen, E. (2014). A comparison of the discursive practices of perception of patient participation in haemodialysis units. Nursing Ethics, 22(3), 341-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014533240

AHPRA. (2013).  Codes, guidelines, policies. Retrieved from http://www.medicalboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Policies/Code-of-conduct.aspx

Barlem, E., & Ramos, F. (2014). Constructing a theoretical model of moral distress. Nursing Ethics, 22(5), 608-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014551595

Baykara, Z., Demir, S., & Yaman, S. (2014). The effect of ethics training on students recognizing ethical violations and developing moral sensitivity. Nursing Ethics, 22(6), 661-675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014542673

Binder, M., & Lades, L. (2015). Autonomy-Enhancing Paternalism. Kyklos, 68(1), 3-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12071

Bradford, N., Caffery, L., & Smith, A. (2015). Awareness, experiences and perceptions of telehealth in a rural Queensland community. BMC Health Services Research, 15(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-1094-7

Brodtkorb, K., Skisland, A., Slettebo, A., & Skaar, R. (2014). Ethical challenges in care for older patients who resist help. Nursing Ethics, 22(6), 631-641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014542672

Chong, W., Aslani, P., & Chen, T. (2013). Shared decision-making and interprofessional collaboration in mental healthcare: a qualitative study exploring perceptions of barriers and facilitators. J Interprof Care, 27(5), 373-379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13561820.2013.785503

Cole, C., Wellard, S., & Mummery, J. (2014). Problematising autonomy and advocacy in nursing. Nursing Ethics, 21(5), 576-582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733013511362

Gergen, K. (2011). FROM MORAL AUTONOMY TO RELATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY. Zygon®, 46(1), 204-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2010.01166.x

Hamrosi, K., Raynor, D., & Aslani, P. (2014). Enhancing provision of written medicine information in Australia: pharmacist, general practitioner and consumer perceptions of the barriers and facilitators. BMC Health Services Research, 14(1), 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-183

Heggland, L., Mikkelsen, A., Øgaard, T., & Hausken, K. (2013). Measuring patient participation in surgical treatment decision-making from healthcare professionals’ perspective. J Clin Nurs, 23(3-4), 482-491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12184

Korhonen, E., Nordman, T., & Eriksson, K. (2014). Technology and its ethics in nursing and caring journals: An integrative literature review. Nursing Ethics, 22(5), 561-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549881

Krishna, L., Watkinson, D., & Beng, N. (2014). Limits to relational autonomy–The Singaporean experience. Nursing Ethics, 22(3), 331-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014533239

Lathrop, B., Cheney, T., & Hayman, A. (2013). Ethical Decision-Making in The Dilemma of the Intersex Infant. Issues In Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 37(1), 25-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01460862.2013.855842

Lin, M., Huang, C., Chiang, H., & Chen, C. (2012). Exploring ethical aspects of elective surgery patients’ decision-making experiences. Nursing Ethics, 20(6), 672-683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733012448967

Mccullough, L. (2010). Was bioethics founded on historical and conceptual mistakes about medical paternalism?. Bioethics, 25(2), 66-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01867.x

Randall, F. (2008). The ethical basis of making decisions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Br J Hosp Med, 69(9), 504-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2008.69.9.31045

Sjostrand, M., Eriksson, S., Juth, N., & Helgesson, G. (2013). Paternalism in the Name of Autonomy. Journal Of Medicine And Philosophy, 38(6), 710-724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jht049

Smith, L., Anand, P., Benattayallah, A., & Hodgson, T. (2015). An fMRI investigation of moral cognition in healthcare decision making. Journal Of Neuroscience, Psychology, And Economics, 8(2), 116-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/npe0000038

Suzuki, C., Ota, K., & Matsuda, M. (2014). Information-sharing ethical dilemmas and decision-making for public health nurses in Japan. Nursing Ethics, 22(5), 533-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549879

Tee, M., Balmaceda, G., Granada, M., Fowler, C., & Payne, J. (2013). End-of-Life Decision Making in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients. Clinical Journal Of Oncology Nursing, 17(6), 640-646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/13.cjon.640-646

Terlazzo, R. (2015). Autonomy and Settling: Rehabilitating the Relationship between Autonomy and Paternalism. Utilitas, 27(03), 303-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820815000060

Valentine, S., Nam, S., Hollingworth, D., & Hall, C. (2013). Ethical Context and Ethical Decision Making: Examination of an Alternative Statistical Approach for Identifying Variable Relationships. J Bus Ethics, 124(3), 509-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1879-8

Wortley, S., Tong, A., Lancsar, E., Salkeld, G., & Howard, K. (2015). Public preferences for engagement in Health Technology Assessment decision-making: protocol of a mixed methods study. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 15(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12911-015-0176-0

We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!

Small business experience Assignment

Small business experience
Small business experience

Small business experience

Order Instructions:

The writer will have to read each of this post and react to it by commenting, analyzing and supporting with relevant articles. The writer will have to read carefully before giving constructive comments or criticism on the post. The writer should write a one paragraph of at least 150 words. APA and in text citation must be use as each respond to the 4 article must have in text citations. The writer will have to use an article to supports his comments and criticism on each of the article. Address the content of each post below in a one paragraph each, analysis and evaluation of the topic, as well as the integration of relevant resources. The writer cannot just say “I agree or disagree” the writer must constructively support and use relevant sources to support his point why expanding on the article.

I will send the details via email

SAMPLE ANSWER

 

The writer will have to read each of this post and react to it by commenting, analyzing and supporting with relevant articles. The writer will have to read carefully before giving constructive commentsor criticism on the post. The writer should write a one paragraph of at least 150 words. APA and in text citation must be use as each respond to the 4 article must have in text citations. The writer will have to use an article to supports his comments and criticism on each of the article. Address the content of each post below in a one paragraph each, analysis and evaluation of the topic, as well as the integration of relevant resources. The writer cannot just say “I agree or disagree” the writer must constructively support and use relevant sources to support his point why expanding on the article.

Article 1

The research question for the interview was as follows: What strategic human resource management practices contribute to the retention of employees in the business?

Based on the two interviews conducted, the following themes were present:

  • Small business experience
  • Motivation of employees
  • Marketing for employees
  • Training employees
  • Communicating with employees
  • Relationship building
  • Atmosphere of small business

Qualitative researchers create small categories based on text or visual data (Creswell, 2013). In developing the codes, I looked for common things related to human resources. Some of the themes I gathered from researching human resource practices. I looked for commonalities between the research and statements made during the interview. I listened and looked for patterns between the interviewees.

Small Business Interview 1 Transcript

Interviewer: Good morning. Thank you for taking the time to meet with me. Today, I would like to interview you regarding your small business. Your name and the name of your business will remain confidential. Is it okay if I record the session?

Participant 1: Yes

Interviewer: Okay, let’s get started. First, I would like to ask you some background information regarding your business.

Interviewer: What type of business do you own?

Participant 1:  I own a Plumbing Repair/Remodeling business which provides 24 hour service 365 days out of the year. I knew I wanted to go into business for myself at a young age. I didn’t know what type of business I wanted to own until I met my husband. He was going to school for plumbing and I was going to school for business. We made the perfect team. For the first few years, it was just the two of us. Over time, our team grew. Our team members are all licensed and highly skilled with many years of experience.  For over 30 years, we have always maintained superb customer satisfaction, affordable prices, and the highest quality products on the market.

Interviewer: How long have you been in business?

Participant 1: (Experience) We have been in business for 31 years.  We had  only two plumbers but after 2 years clientele increased beyond belief.  As a result, we made the business decision to expand and hire a crew of plumbers to support the expanding demand. We have one building located in the center of the metroplex. We decided to strategically locate in the center so it would be easy to service the entire metroplex.

Interviewer:  How many employees do you have?

Participant: As of right now we currently have 8 full time plumbers that work during the day and 3 on-call plumbers that assist with the overnight service calls. We recently made the decision to hire on 5 more techs that are currently going through the interview process.  We believe in the next five years we will have at least 15 full time plumbers.

Interviewer: What methods do you use to recruit employees?

Participant 1: (Marketing for employees)We rely heavily on social media. We recently opened a Facebook account and have over 300 followers.  We also use career websites to recruit such as Zip Recruiter and Career Builder.   Another marketing technique that we have found useful is to post recruitment flyers at all of the local supply stores.  Eventually, we would like to attend some of the career fairs that are held around town.

Interviewer: How do you motivate employees?

Participant 1: (Motivation) We have various contests throughout the year that are geared towards motivating our employees to reach certain goals.  Once these goals are reached they are rewarded with bonuses and pay increases. For example, we typically compete to see who successfully services the most clients in a specified time period. The plumbers have to complete the regular plumbing services within an hour and have no complaints for a year.

Interviewer: What type of human resource management training have you completed?

Paericipant 1: (Experience) I went through a community college and obtained a Management degree with a focus in HR.  I also participate in at least one HR training or seminar every year. I did learn a lot of things along the way. One day I’d like to complete my certification in human resource management.

Interviewer:  How do you help your employees understand the day-to-day operations of your business?

Participant 1: (Communication)We have weekly mandatory meetings where we discuss finances and our company goals.  We also keep all of our employees up to date on all training materials as well as policies.  The foundation of our company comes from employing qualified and expert plumbers who are trained to follow well-organized business procedures to provide the best experience and customer satisfaction.

Interviewer: What day-to-day practices do you use to retain your employees?

Participant 1: (Communication) We have an open door policy which allows all of our employees the opportunity to express any concerns with the owners. (Building relationships) I let all of my employees know that I appreciate them and how valuable they are to my company.  We also provide health benefits, vacation/sick time, and offer the opportunity to attend self-improvement trainings.

Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Include the one paragraph comments hear using a pear review article to support your comments. Also include in text citations in APA.

The article is clear and precise. I do agree that indeed qualitative research is suitable for conducting such an interview. Using interviews allows a researcher to obtain in-depth information that provides insights on the topic of focus (Creswell, 2013). Furthermore, a researcher has to use coding to better understand the key aspects of the study (Bailey, 2014). It is however, important that the researcher listen attentively when using interview. Recoding the interview is one of the best ways to ensure that nothing is omitted or misquoted. I therefore, find the article insightful and well organized. The themes selected are very important in any human resource department in human resource management and in retaining customers. For instance,   employees require motivation to remain focused and have a sense of belonging (Fratričová & Rudy, 2015). Relationships building and employee experience as well as training and communication in an organization play a key role when it comes to performance and employee retention.

References

Bailey, L. F. (2014). The origin and success of qualitative research. International Journal Of Market Research, 56(2), 167-184. https://www.doi:10.2501/IJMR-2014-013

Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Fratričová, J., & Rudy, J. (2015). Get Strategic Human Resource Management Really Strategic: Strategic HRM in Practice. International Journal Of Management Cases, 17(4), 149-155.

Article two

Small-Scale Qualitative Research Project—Conduct the Interview

The purpose of my proposed qualitative study is to determine the accounting skills small business owners use to achieve business sustainability beyond 5 years.  The primary research phenomenon under study is the relationship between accounting knowledge, managerial decision making, and small business failure.  The primary research goals are to explore strategies small business owners use to record accounting information and subsequently retrieve and analyze the data for decision-making purposes.

The targeted population will consist of owners of companies with fewer than 20 employees, inclusive of the owner, located in Juneau, Alaska that have been in business for more than five years.  I interviewed one participant for the small scale research project.  This interviewee owns and operates a small businesses in Juneau, AK  that has sustained beyond five years.  Furthermore, this interviewee meets the Walden University Institutional Review Board criteria for Minimal Risk.

Data analysis and interpretation within a qualitative study is time consuming and iterative (Creswell, 2013).  Along the data analysis spiral, researchers describe, classify, and interpret data into codes and themes (Creswell, 2013).  The researcher begins the process by identifying a short list of codes (Creswell 2013).  The investigator applies those codes to evidence thereby aggregating the information into categories (Creswell, 2013).   The examiner further analyzes the resulting categories to develop themes (Creswell, 2013).

Prior to coding the interview transcript, I identified four codes:  Processing; Decisions; Knowledge; and Assistance.  Table 1 includes the name and description of the codes used to analyze the interview transcript.

Table 1.  Code Names and Descriptions

Code Description
Processing Interviewee conducts accounting related transaction processing

 

Decision A managerial decision is made that is informed by accounting information

 

Knowledge Interviewee self-assessment of accounting knowledge, skill and ability

 

Assistance Small business leader relies on an outside accounting firm for assistance

 

Analysis Small business leader reviews accounting information

 

I developed the codes by keeping in mind the overarching research phenomenon and primary research goals under study.  In the next section, I apply the codes to the interview transcript of the interview conducted on October 1, 2015.

Interview for Participant #1, small business owner in Juneau, AK

Interviewer:  Thank you for agreeing to talk to me this afternoon.  As we spoke before, I’m interviewing you for my DBA my doctorate in business administration which I am seeking from Walden University and my main research topic is the relationship between accounting knowledge, managerial decision making and small business success.  As we talked before I am taping this interview and if you wish to look over the transcript after I transcribe it you are more than welcome to do that.  And in the report I will submit for my class, I won’t use your name or the name of the business you will simply be Participant #1, small business owner in Juneau.  OK?  So as I get ready to ask the questions to you have any questions for me?

Participant #1:  No, I don’t.

Interviewer:  Well, great. So the first few questions are just some initial background questions.  So how long have you operated your business?

Participant #1:  15 years

Interviewer:  15 years.  So even though I’m taping I’m going to jot down a few notes as we go.  Do you perform your own accounting?

Participant #1:  See I’m not that knowledgeable about what exactly what part is accounting. [Knowledge] I have an accountant [Assistance]. But I use QuickBooks.  So I do all accounting things.  I write paychecks, I pay all the bills, I balance the checkbook.  But I do that all month then they check it.  I give it to them once a month.  I also pay sales tax.  All those 730 forms, all those 130 forms – federal and city [Processing].  Then I give it to them at the end of the month.  They make sure it is balanced and that the checks are in there [Assistance].  I did not start with QuickBooks so now it is easier, obviously.

Interviewer:  Did you do it manually then switch to QuickBooks?

Participant #1:  Yes.  The previous owner did nothing on a computer.

Interviewer: OK

Participant #1:  So, they don’t do as much at the end of the month but they make sure I balance correctly [Assistance].  And then, they do the State employment taxes [Assistance] and make sure my 940s are submitted correctly.  I submit them [Processing] but then they make sure everything is correct.  Then at the end of the year, they do my taxes [Assistance].

Interviewer:  Is this a CPA firm?

Participant #1: Yes

Interviewer:  Ok, great.

Participant #1:  I do my basic accounting [Processing] and they do my taxes [Assistance].

Interviewer:  So it’s a mix of doing your own daily transaction work and then you hire an accountant to oversee everything and then do some reporting for you.

Participant #1:  Right.  I can’t stand finding that little mistake and it takes so much of my time it is not worth it [Assistance].  But it is worth my time to write paychecks and do all that [Processing].  The previous owner, didn’t even write paychecks and that is a piece of cake now day.

Interviewer:  With QuickBooks?

Participant #1:  Yes, that was a long answer.

Interviewer: No that is great.  And we have kind of hit several of the next questions.  You perform your own accounting [Processing] and yes you do hire an outside firm to help out with that [Assistance] and you use QuickBooks as your general ledge accounting system.

Participant #1:  Correct

Interviewer:  Have you taken any accounting courses?

Participant #1:  No, that is what I have wanted to do [Knowledge].  You said five years is kind of the cut off of who you would interview and at about five years I realized that Wow, I don’t really understand the basics or the terminology [Knowledge].

Interviewer:  Debit, credits?

Participant #1:  Yeah – all that stuff.  Like at the University but adding more night classes to a business that has night working hasn’t worked out, especially with kids [Knowledge].

To review the remainder of the coded interview transcript, please download the attached word document.   

References

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Include the one paragraph comments hear using ana pear review article to support your comments. Also include in text citations in APA.

The article is well organized and precise. Using qualitative research is recommended for researchers and I therefore, support the decision of the researcher to use this research design (Creswell, 2013). I do agree with the researcher and support the use of interviews as a technique of data collection. Despite the various alternatives of collecting data such as use of questionnaires and observation, interviews have benefits as well (Sandy, Beigi, Cohel & Nash, 2014). Using interviews allows the researchers to read into the emotions of the interviewees. The researcher can therefore make adjustments when asking questions to ensure that detailed data is collected. I also  agree  that when using interviews,  it was a good gesture for the researcher to request or seek informed consent from the interviewee on whether to record the interview or not. Embracing ethics in the study is a positive gesture that helps to increase the level of confidence among the users of the information. The themes adopted by the researcher to code the interviews suits the topic of study. I therefore, find this article constructive and reliable.

References

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Sandy, E. A., Beigi, R. H., Cohel, C., & Nash, K. C. (2014). An interview tool to predict disruptive physician behavior. Physician Leadership Journal, 1(2), 36-39.

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Managerial Accounting System Design

Managerial Accounting System Design
   Managerial Accounting System Design

Managerial Accounting System Design

Order Instructions:

Assignment #1 (2 pages)

Managerial Accounting System Design

Managerial accounting systems are quite complex in reality and require consideration of a wide range of issues, including how they must integrate with enterprise resource planning systems and financial reporting systems, and how managers and employees are evaluated and compensated based on performance.

For this Discussion, you will focus on the core theoretical aspects of managerial accounting systems, which can be viewed in a relatively simple way: an optimal managerial accounting system captures, reports, and analyzes data in a way that allows users to identify the causes of deviations from expected plan outcomes. As you will see, this requires a close correspondence between the data and information used in planning, and that used in control.

To simplify this Discussion, it will be helpful to isolate components of plans, outcome measurements, and controls, and analyze them separately. For example, when discussing a planning-control feedback loop for revenues, you might examine revenue forecasting/budgeting, accounting measurements, and performance variance analysis individually.

Discussion—Week 6 (D-W6)

Participants:

By Day 5 of Week 6, respond to the following in precise, well-defined terms, and with reference to this week’s Learning Resources:
•Analyze how an organization’s forecasts, budgets, revenues, costs and cash flows correlate with one another. What additional data should be captured and reported in a managerial accounting system? Why?
•Analyze the role planning factors play in driving profits. Explain how data reported by the managerial accounting systems can be turned into information relevant for adjusting future plans. In other words, how is the data used in developing information required to operate an organization’s planning-control feedback loop?

Assignment #2 (2 pages)

Dynamic Adaptation of Managerial Accounting Systems

Organizations, their objectives, and their economic environment have been undergoing increasing rapid change in recent years and there is no theory or evidence to suggest that this trend will change. Accordingly, consider how such changes influence the optimal design of a managerial accounting system, and begin applying your qualitative and quantitative research skills conceptually to your knowledge of managerial accounting systems.

For this week’s Discussion, it is important that you maintain both a theoretical and managerial economic perspective on the topic. The research methods covered this week will allow you to explore factors normally considered outside the boundaries of managerial economics, so you can frame your Discussion without any meaningful loss of generality.

By Day 5 of Week 8, all students will respond to the following in precise, well-defined terms, and with reference to this week’s Learning Resources:
•Analyze at least two causal factors for changes in organizational objectives, revenues, costs, and cash flows, using managerial economic theory.
•Explain how qualitative research methods can be used for identifying causal factors driving revenues, costs, and cash flows.
•Explain how quantitative methods can be used for identifying causal factors driving revenues, costs, and cash flows.
•Describe how the causal factors driving revenues, costs, and cash flows affect the optimal managerial accounting system design.

Please complete both assignments individually / separately and also follow instructions

SAMPLE ANSWER

Managerial Accounting System Design

A Managerial Accounting System is a system used to gather the information that is necessary for the administration to evaluate the performance of various organizational resources while satisfying the organization’s strategies. An accounting system design involves the process of planning and implementation of an accounting system that is used to record, store and access the organization’s monetary resources to implement organization strategies.

This existence of such a system is meant for the better and efficient administration of the accounts of a business organization with the motive of attaining the objectives of the organization.A Managerial Accounting System provides financial reporting systems and enterprise resource planning systems of how employees and managers are evaluated and managed based on their performance.

The information in these systems is important to managers as well as the involved stakeholders since it is used for the effective decision-making process and accountability purposes. The accounting information available is essential in providing security information and predicting the economic growth(Ward, K. 2012). It is also used for performance evaluation based on quantifiable evidence.

Therefore, planning and control of Managerial Accounting Systems should predict contracts in the design process and provide a theoretical explanation of why such contracts are incomplete under property organizations. Management control is the process of assuring that the company’s resources are obtained effectively in the accomplishment of the organizational goals. Managerial accounting systems provide necessary material in which the outcome of the decisions are measured through managerial accounting. A cycle of data is then created through analysis of the reported results. The analyzed report is then developed for the purposes of strategic planning of the organization where factors such as finance, tax, and social contests are put into consideration.

Managerial accounting systems are used in the provision of relevant information. These results are reported and analyzed creating a cycle of information. The outcome of the decisions is then measured through supervisory accounting(Bedford, D., 2015). It is necessary for these decisions to be developed within the premeditated planning of the organization and take into account other factors.

A noteworthy subject of managerial accounting costs examination. Implementing such a system would prove to be quite costly. However, the debate of cost efficiency is in contention theory. A simplified example of an ideal managerial accounting system is revealed by the secondary school accounting system. Schools handle school fees by distinguishing between adjustable and stable costs(Cadez, S., & Guilding, C. 2012).They also reveal more details in their cost study. In an outdated costing model, there were single cost drivers, but this model is now considered inadequate for the current rapidly changing business environment.

Dynamic Adaptation of Managerial Accounting Systems

For the purposes of quality managerial accountability, Managerial Accounting systems have to be well adapted to the business entity to meet the user requirements. These systems need to have a credible functionality and well suited in their functionality.

A managerial accounting system must therefore adapt in the rapid changes of the organization. This is meant for the organization’s existence and survival in the nearby future and its continuous growth and expansion. The major causes for the dynamic adaptation of these systems include globalization, customer preference and the changes in technology. Due to these reasons, companies strive to make the existent systems adapt to their existing businesses(Becker, J., et al 2013) Organization which fail to adapt to these changes face extinction in the ever competitive market.

It is for these motives that businesses try to meet the needs of the stakeholders in their entities to be able to subsist in the long run. Therefore, this means that the goals of the employees and stakeholders must be met for credibility purposes and to ensure that the business meets the market needs. To elaborate this, the organization should attempt to counter the reasons highlighted previously to meet its goals.

Changes in technology must be realized and swiftly adapted to meet the ever growing customer needs. This entails strategies of changing or updating the existing systems with respect to technological advancement to cater for customer needs. The invention and application of the internet enables businesses to interact with the customers and other parties that are associated with the organization.

This is essential in creation of rapport between the organization and important individuals that contribute to the growth of the organization. Moreover, communication links should not only be existent but efficient in their functionality. It is vital that these systems support good communication especially within the organization to meet its objectives(Yigitbasioglu, O. M., & Velcu, O., 2012)

It is important to note that for the survival of any system, customer needs must be met. This is usually prompted by customer preference which is bound to change with time due to the diversification of user needs. Therefore the accounting system should be quite flexible to meet the changes for the organization to realize its goals and meet it objectives(DRURY, C. M., 2013). The system should be able to keep record of these changes and maintain its credibility with the organizational specifications.

Globalization tends to have an impact on such a system in society. Accounting plays a big role in the business which aims in achieving its priority goals. A Managerial Accounting System measures the events of an organization in monetary value and is essential in predicting the market trends .It is through this that business transparency is realize

References

Becker, J., Kugeler, M., & Rosemann, M. (Eds.). (2013). Process management: a guide for the design of business processes. Springer Science & Business Media.

Bedford, D. S. (2015). Management control systems across different modes of innovation: Implications for firm performance. Management Accounting Research, 28, 12-30.

Cadez, S., & Guilding, C. (2012). Strategy, strategic management accounting and performance: a configurational analysis. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 112(3), 484-501.

DRURY, C. M. (2013). Management and cost accounting. Springer.

Ward, K. (2012). Strategic management accounting. Routledge.

Yigitbasioglu, O. M., & Velcu, O. (2012). A review of dashboards in performance management: Implications for design and research. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,Managerial Accounting System Design

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