Doctoral Study Proposal Draft: Your Research Problem and Social Change
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Doctoral Study Proposal Draft: Your Research Problem and Social Change
As part of your Doctoral Study Proposal, you will articulate the potential ways in which your proposed research project will positively affect social change. Keeping your goals in mind, and thinking about the literature that you have reviewed, you should be able to formulate a clear statement of the problem you have identified for your doctoral study research. Recall that a research problem worthy of a doctoral study must be broad enough to be significant to others outside your immediate school community. It must also be specific enough, however, that a research project can be designed to examine it.
•Discuss how your research problem is sufficiently significant to be of interest to leaders who have a goal of positive social change.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Research Problem and Social Change
Determining methods for leaders to motivate a multi-generational workforce
Research problem
In America today, 4 different generations in the place of work are working side by side. The existence of multi-generational labour force in business organizations presents unique challenges to business leaders of today. It is worth mentioning that a lack of understanding with regard to generational differences basically increases employee turnover, lowers productivity, and contributes to conflict in working relationships (Marston, 2010). Younger employees could become disenfranchised with well-established and ingrained hierarchical structures. Older employees could become aggravated by an apparently aloof younger generation. In addition, the leaders who have the responsibility of leading this broad labour force could become frustrated with everybody.
An important way of thriving in this intermingled labour force is to raise one’s awareness regarding the members of the other generations. Workforce of different generations can be classified as follows: (i) The Bridgers or Geneneration Y or NeXters are those aged twenty-five years and below. People in this group are confident and the most tech-savvy than any other group. In addition, they are early adopters of any online sharing platforms and technology. They have a more relaxed way of working which their more experienced workmates may interpret as disrespect (Hillman, 2014).
(ii) The Busters or Generation X are aged between twenty-five years and forty-five years. They are keen on using the most recent technology and utilize online information sharing sources in getting their work tasks done quicker and better. They often seek immediate esteem and recognition from their workmates. Their senior co-workers may consider them as arrogant and impatient (Hillman, 2014). (iii) The Boomers make up the biggest cohort and are aged between 45 years and 65 years. Individuals in this group are service-oriented and focused. Their weakness is that they could be easily left behind on technology. (iv) The Builders or traditionalists or veterans or the Silent Generation are aged between 65 years and 85 years. They are loyal and dedicated, which is their strength. Their weaknesses are their resistance to workplace changes and technology (Hillman, 2014). In essence, each of the aforementioned generation is characterized by different commonalities. Each of these generations is motivated by a different set of values, rewards, communication preferences, and work styles.
Therefore, it is important to determine ways in which leaders can motivate these multigenerational workers. Managers and business leaders should make decisions which are consistent with the culture of their organization and develop a work environment which engages staff members of dissimilar life experiences, education, goals, work styles, and age (Marston, 2010). Researchers have reported that individuals who are contented at the workplace are more productive and remain with their business organizations for a much longer time. Furthermore, individuals who are happy at the workplace have less sick days and utilize less healthcare services. Employees who are happy are also more satisfied in their personal lives compared to their work-weary counterparts (Pitt-Catsouphes & Matz-Costa, 2009). Therefore, it is clear that happiness at the workplace seeps into life outside of the workplace.
Each generation – Y, X, Boomers, and Traditionalists – usually exhibits diverse work ethics, learning styles, and communication styles, and has a dissimilar approach to decision-making and problem solving. The leader/manager should identify every sub-group so as to recognize these dissimilar needs as this would result in a happy and motivated team and a productive place of work (Pitt-Catsouphes & Matz-Costa, 2009). All in all, every generation has a specific way of working and seeks dissimilar things.
References
Hillman, D. R. (2014). Understanding Multigenerational Work-Value Conflict Resolution. Journal Of Workplace Behavioral Health, 29(3), 240-257.
Marston, C. (2010). Motivating the ‘what’s in It for Me?’ Workforce : Manage Across the Generational Divide and Increase Profits. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Pitt-Catsouphes, M., & Matz-Costa, C. (2009). The multi-generational workforce: Workplace flexibility and engagement. Community, Work & Family, 11(2), 215-229. https://www.doi:10.1080/13668800802021906
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The role-playing exercise completed during the first practical session is an example of a simulation game, called ‘Starpower’. In such exercises, a set of rules are created to regulate behaviour within what is in essence an artificial social world. Although such exercises are not ‘reality’, they can be extremely useful in illustrating a number of important points about interpersonal behaviour; it is for these reason that we began the practical program with such a simulation game. Here are some of the more important points that are relevant to understanding what happens in such simulation games.
The nature of role play: Simulation vs. reality. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of simulation games is that although we know that the rules that have to be followed are fairly arbitrary, and that the game has only a limited duration, nevertheless most of us find it very easy to quickly get involved in the alternative reality the game creates. It has been suggested that following rules is also an essential aspect of ‘real life’: human beings seem to be very good at playing social roles, and eventually, our attitudes and values are shaped by the roles we have to play. Indeed, we seem to be so good at role playing and do it so automatically, that often we become oblivious to the fact that our behaviour is in fact an act of role-playing. Writers such as Goffman (1959) suggest that all social behaviour can be understood as strategic role-playing: just like actors, people strategically set out to create particular impressions. Once they become competent in performing a role, it becomes ‘second nature’, part of their personality, and is no longer recognised as an alien role (Goffman, 1959).
Such an analysis is in direct contrast with the common tendency to believe that most people, most of the time (ourselves included) act the way we do because of internal, personality characteristics. Such assumptions – sometimes called the ‘fundamental attribution error’ by some psychologists (see below) – tend to ignore the influence of external influences and role demands on behaviour. The tendency to conform to situational pressures, and the demands of externally imposed role expectations on people’s behaviour has been dramatically illustrated by Phil Zimbardo’s prison simulation study at Stanford University, re-created in an improved form some years ago at this University by Prof. Sid Lovibond.
Zimbardo’s work showed that when well-adjusted, healthy individuals are assigned to play the roles of ‘prisoners’ and ‘prison guards’ in a realistic simulation, within a very short period of time exactly the same kinds of negative social behaviours emerge as can be observed in ‘real’ prisons. This study makes the convincing point that role-playing and ‘real behaviour’, games and reality are not that different from each other. In fact, it has been suggested that much of everyday social behaviour can be analysed as playing roles, and the roles that become familiar and automatic will eventually shape our personality. Social scientists typically analyse role-based behaviour in terms of concepts such as role expectations, role perception, role performance, and role conflict. Another example of role demands is the behaviour of subjects in psychology experiments: since the role implies almost unlimited obedience, simple commands may be sufficient to compel otherwise well-adjusted persons to commit extremely anti-social acts, as research by Milgram has shown. After reading the reference by Myers (1990) describing some aspects of role theory, you may want to think back and analyse your own behaviour in the simulation game.
The nature of power. A second point illustrated by this game is that having power tends to have very noticeable and predictable effects on most people. In this game, it invariably happens that those with power (the circle group) make rules which
are to a greater or lesser extent unfair, and favour their own interests. Is it a universal feature of human beings that given an opportunity, they will be corrupted by power?
Social psychological analyses of power suggest that there are a variety of different ways in which power can be accumulated and maintained. Thus, French & Raven distinguished between six different ways of exercising power based on an individual’s ability to punish (coercive power) or reward others (reward power), his or her special expertise (expert power), the position they occupy (legitimate power), and their personality or charisma (referent power) and informational power (cf. Vaughan & Hogg, 2008, p. 238). In this game, power was essentially acquired as a result of an arbitrarily manipulated procedure: the circles in fact were neither more skilled, nor more competent than others; they got their power assigned by the experimenter (an example of legitimate power). Yet not only were they happy to believe that their preeminent position was deserved, but were also more than willing to make rules that would entrench their privileges. You may want to think about why there is hardly ever an instance when the circle group, once given power, makes rules that are fair and equitable? Sometimes, it is possible for one kind of power to be converted into a different kind – for example, those having legitimate power, if using it wisely and reasonably, may acquire referent power or expert power as others will come to voluntarily rely on them for advice or guidance. Was there any evidence of this in your group?
Not all power can be used – sometimes, to use our powers would be more costly than the potential benefits derived. The concept of ‘usable power’ refers to that degree of power that is worth exercising once the costs have been considered. Note that the circles were given absolute power to run the game – they could in fact do whatever they wanted. Yet typically, they made rules that were only moderately unfair. Few attempts were made to completely dominate the game. The reasons for this are obvious: a reckless use of power would have brought with it very high costs, such as an inability to enforce rules, the non-cooperation of other groups, or else the destruction of the enjoyability of the game itself. Thus it is only the nominal power of the circle group that was unlimited – their usable power was severely restricted by the nature of the situation.
Another question you might want to think about is the extent to which those who wield power in ‘real’ society act in a similar manner, and are able to justify and perpetuate their position. If human beings are in fact intrinsically power hungry and unfair when in power, what does this imply about the way social and political power should be divided between groups? Are Western democracies effective in curbing and distributing power?
Intergroup discrimination. One of the remarkable things about the simulation exercise is how quickly people started to think about each other in terms of group membership – ‘circles’, ‘circles’, ‘us’ vs ‘them’, despite the obviously transparent and flimsy criteria on which group membership had been based. Being a member of a group can contribute to your sense of positive self-worth and identity only to the extent that your group can be seen as different from, and better than, similar other groups. People have a strong tendency to over-value their own groups, and undervalue others, even in extremely superficial and short-lived groups. Giving ourselves a positive sense of identity is one primary cause for using group power to make the difference between our group and others’ appear as great as possible.
Researchers into intergroup behaviour have found that even when people are assigned into groups in terms of clearly arbitrary criteria (such as the throw of a dice, or eye colour!), and even when the groups have no face-to-face existence, no past, and future, the mere use of a group label is by itself often sufficient to generate a significant bias towards favoring ‘ingroup’ members, and discriminating against ‘outgroup’ members. It has been suggested by Tajfel and others that people engage in automatic ingroup favouritism as a means of bolstering their own self-esteem and social identity: if my group can be made to be better than another group, that helps me to develop a more positive sense of my own identity (Vaughan & Hogg, 2008, p. 405). In fact Tajfel suggests that many instances on intergroup discrimination and prejudice in everyday life can be understood in these terms. In that sense, the simulation exercise can be regarded as a short-lived demonstration of the kind of pressures that usually lead to in-group favouritism. Do you think that the categorization of people into competing groups has contributed to intergroup discrimination and abuses of power?
Perceptions and attributions. In the simulation game a kind of social reality was constructed which was highly conducive to generating biased perceptions and attributions between people, and between groups. In forming judgments of others, we often need to simplify and categorise information, weighing different bits of information over others. Attribution theory raises the issue of whether we attribute the behaviour of people to external circumstances (situational attribution), or to internal motives (dispositional attribution). The fundamental attribution error mentioned above occurs when a behaviour clearly has an external explanation, but nevertheless an internal attribution is made by observers focussing on the actor, instead of the situation. An analysis of judgments made by the circles as against others clearly demonstrates such biased attributions, both here, and in previous games.
Most ‘circles’ participating in the game willingly believe that their success was due to their own efforts and ability, while ‘circles’ and ‘triangles’ usually blame circles for their unfair and unreasonable behaviour. Yet work with this type of game has consistently found that members of all powerful groups behave in a manner that improves their position – that is, the individual characteristics and personalities of those who become ‘circles’ have in fact nothing to do with their success or their selfish behaviour, since everyone behaves this way in a similar situation. Nevertheless, most of us observing the selfish behaviour of ‘circles’ are inclined to make inferences about internal, personal characteristics. This is a clear example of the fundamental attribution error. Did you find that the behaviour of individuals in the Circle group tended to be attributed to internal factors?
Group cohesion refers to the extent to which members of a group share the same norms and objectives, and have positive feelings toward each other and their group. People have particularly high group loyalties if the group goes through stressful situations together or if the group was particularly hard to join. Once a group is established and its norms are clear, the group values and group identity are often assumed by its members, even if they are relatively new. The more strongly a person identifies with a group, the more likely it is that his/her behaviour can be changed through group processes. Group cohesion, however, is not always beneficial. Whenever a group with high cohesion is forced to make decisions, the group often regards the maintenance of-group loyalty. and security as of higher priority by individual members than offering dissenting views. The process of behaviour within and between groups is also extensively studied in social psychology (cf. Forgas, 1985, pp. 293-302).
There are a number of additional points you may want to consider when thinking about this simulation exercise:
1) Which group had the highest cohesion and loyalty? Why?
2) When was group cohesion beneficial, and when was it not?
3) Under what conditions were cooperative strategies of negotiation employed? Under what conditions are competitive strategies used?
4) Did any group members display increased confidence for the actions and decisions of the group, which, in your opinion, would not have been displayed alone? Was this true of most group members?
5) To what extent did circles abuse their power? What factors contributed to such behaviour?
6) Would this have been any different if different individuals were chosen to be in the circle group? Would you have acted the same way?
7) Is everyone vulnerable to the temptation to abuse power?
8) To change behaviour, is it necessary to change the system in which that behaviour occurs?
9) What are the consequences of powerlessness on motivation and performance?
10) What influences the degree of ‘usable power’ available to a group in this situation?
11) Is there a tendency for people to accept behaviours by those in power as reasonable, when the same behaviours would not be tolerated from those out of power?
12) Is ingratiation an inevitable consequence of unequal power distribution?
13) Do those in power necessarily develop a different view of themselves and their subordinates than those out of power?
14) Does communication change with unequal power distribution? How was communication different within groups vs. between groups?
References
Forgas, J.P. (1985). Interpersonal behaviour. Oxford: Pergamon, p. 283; and pp. 293-302.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday. Myers, D. G. (1990). Social Psychology (3rd Ed.) (pp. 41-42, and pp. 174-180).
Vaughan, G.M. & Hogg, M.A. (2008). Social Psychology. (5th Ed.). Pearson: Australia.
SAMPLE ANSWER
PSCY2061 Social Assignment
Technology is the first issue discussed by basically considering the fact that can it be accepted in the cultures of the people across the world. Cultural issues emerge often whenever there is an interactivity activity. Technology being a current issue can play a crucial role in different cultures and therefore focusing on the positive impacts of new technology outweighs the negative impacts. For this reason, new technology needs to be accepted and be impressed in different cultures to ease many activities in various cultures. Some cultural practices look current and some outdated. Cultural practices that have no benefits to the people need condemnation since new technologies will be able to facilitate faster spread on information about such evil practices hence need to be impressed.
Technology will be basically be adopted when persuasive people volunteer to create awareness to various cultures about the use of these new technologies in their cultures. The persuaders should do this with the aim of influencing the leaders of different societies who have got profound role in such culture (Manuel, 2009). Therefore, by influencing them, clearly shows that people will be able to adopt the new technologies hence the new technologies will be accepted in cultures.
The fact considered is not only that new technologies being accepted but considerations on how it will change the cultures that harm people. After people empress the new technology, sharing of information will be faster and therefore certain issues in cultures that are very harmful will be condemned successfully. The new technologies will be used to spread information faster focusing on why the practices should condemned mainly by looking at the negative impacts of such cultural practices to the lives of the people hence giving people the sense (Bateman, 2010).
The next issue discussed is the influence of social media on the academic performance of students which most people thought that social media impacts more negatively on academic performance on students, the reverse is true after close interaction by a comrade who really appreciates social media on his performance based on the results after impressing social media. The sense was directly seen since the media is used for discussions of academic works for example the whatsapp (Ruckreim, 2009) platform where students have got groups, they discuss academic matters here, they update urgent classes on this platform which ensures that students are updated and therefore cannot miss such classes hence academic performance improved due to social media.
Students have various challenges in life where by some think that they have problems in life which are sources of stress that negatively impact to their academic performance. Sharing such issues make such students to discover they are not the only ones and their challenges they are facing look less serious as compared to others (Time Magazine, 2010). This encourages them and in the process the level of stress reduces enabling them to concentrate on their academic work. This is made possible due to use of social media platforms such facebook, instagram, twitter just to name a few where they update such information and comments from friends who have experienced more problems than the updated one offering advice how to overcome such issues.
From this, it is clearly true that social media has greatly impacted positively on academic performance of some students who have principles and adhere to them to the latter hence, cannot be mislead when they use social media. To those who do not have principles, social media can impact negatively to their academic performance since such people do not have control on when and how to use the media.
References
Bateman, R. (2010). Smartphone’s gives you wings: pedagogical affordances of mobile web 2.0.
Manuel, C. (2009). The rise of network society (2nd .ed) ,Oxford .(Retrieved online)
Ruckreim, F. (2009). Digital technology and mediation: A challenge activity theory (retrieved online).
Time Magazine. (2010). Social media. Retrieved form online.
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Stratification is about the inequalities that exist between individuals and groups. I also talked about social class. The concept of class is important for analyzing stratification for industrialized societies like the United States. A social class is a large group of people who occupy a similar socioeconomic position relative to wider society. I talked about five aspects of class: (1) Income (2) Wealth (3) Education (4) Occupation (5) Lifestyle. Some sociologists see class groups as identifiable not only according to economic or occupational factors but also on the basis of their consumption patterns, tastes, and leisure pursuits. All these possessions and attitudes end up leading to a particular kind of lifestyle. In the United States, the more money you have, the more you have freedom to pick and chose which consumer items to purchase which will fit in with the tastes of the social class you (believe you) belong to. Along these lines, there is nothing more basic than the food we purchase, or the restaurants where we eat.
That being said, this week’s writing assignment asks you to analyze the websites of two different restaurants in the Orange County/LA area. While thinking about social class distinctions, I want you to examine the restaurant website’s content. What is on their menus? What are the prices of the food and drinks they serve? What kind of vocabulary do they use to describe their dishes, cooking techniques, or concepts What is the restaurant’s overall style of presentation? Based on the website’s content, I want you to think about who are the restaurant’s ideal customers? Would you personally feel comfortable eating there, why or why not? In what ways does each restaurant’s website reflect a highbrow or lowbrow social class?Write 450-500 words for each of the restaurants you choose to examine. That means the total length of your essay should be between 900-1000 words. Please include visuals (screen shots of the restaurant’s homepage, menu, etc etc) in your write ups.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Stratification
Social stratification is a reality not only in the United States of America but throughout the world. There exists a variety of inequalities in the society which are generally based on amount of wealth, level of education, form of lifestyle, type of occupation and the like. These inequalities have led to division of the society into different social classes. By and large, the society is made up of people from the upper class, middle class and lower class. Despite their inequalities, nature dictates that all these groups of people must struggle to survive (Nadrag, Lavinia, and Monica, pg. 9). Of interest to this paper is an analysis of two restaurants within Los Angeles, looking at classes of people they target, the meals they provide and their overall image given that different classes of people are attracted to different restaurants depending on their affordability. The two restaurants selected are Ammo and Cha Cha Cha restaurants.
Ammo restaurant is of the reputable restaurants within LA. Meals offered here keep on changing depending on seasons and guests expected at various times. However, there are some meals that will always be present on the menu regardless of the season. Whenever you pass by this restaurant either for dinner or lunch you must always find different types hot soup, ranging from mixture of lettuces and radishes, that which is prepared from reggiamo, and a mixture of olive oil and lemon at a cost of $12.00. There are also other soups that have been prepared form clams, mussels and white wine, beans and chilli for $15.00.
Other dishes that are also provided by this restaurant include stinging nettle at $19.00, pappardelle at $18.00, Alexander’s brown rice at $18.00, orecchiette at $17, pizza which ranges from $14.00 to $17.00 depending on the type of dish it has been served with. The restaurant also offers sea bass, cherry tomatoes, baby artichokes and herb broth at a cost of $27.00 each. At Ammo restaurant, California grass is with beef at a cost of $18.00 whereas braised short ribs mixed with polenta and horseradish goes at $24.00. French fries, charred rapini and cauliflower are also available at a cost of $7.00 each. Special dishes for lunch at Ammo restaurant include radishes at $5.00, asparagus at $14.00, market lettuces at $10.00, lentil salad at $14.00 and Caesar salad at $14.00 only. Last but not least, all vegetables provided by at restaurant including sprouts, cucumber, tomatoes each sell at a price of $14.00.
Having looked at the menu, it notable the foods provided by Ammo restaurant as not very expensive and people from the middle class can easily afford. Any person who earns about $100.00 in a day can comfortably be served at this restaurant. Personally I would not comfortable eat at the restaurant given that I am still a student who hardly gets any income except for except allowances for my up keep and therefore I would rather go to other restaurants that are relatively cheaper. The restaurant reflects a lowbrow social class due to it is the simplicity and affordable nature of the foods provided.
Some of the visuals retrieved from of Ammo restaurants homepage as follows:
A delicious oven pizza prepared at Ammo restaurant.
Ammo restaurant has the ability to customer menus to suit customer needs in serein environment for guests.
This is just but a brief illustration on how to Ammo catering experts prepare a Maple Leaf Rag. The restaurant offers a wide variety of soft drinks ranging from lemon juice to Black Maple Hill.
The second restaurant found LA area to be analysed goes by the name Cha Cha Cha. For close to 20 years, this restaurant has kept on providing great meals as it is also known to for its outstanding hospitality. This restaurant began form a very humble background as a family affair business but since then it has kept growing to what it is today following various expansions and partnerships from the family members. It is one of the reckoned restaurants in LA.
Cha Cha Cha restaurant has a very rich menu most of which are known to appear in TV shows and Hollywood movies. At this restaurant, guava and goat juice goes at 5 dollars, the famous Jamaican chicken costs 25 dollars, a jerk pork dish is sold at 7 dollars, valenciana, shrimp, mussels, and fish dishes are sold at 18 or 36 dollars each. Shrimp cakes are sold at 7 dollars and this in most cases served with entrees, pastas or even salads. In some special occasions, customers at the restaurant may request for home-made Paellas. The restaurant also provides buffet jerk chicken, mango chicken, paella Verde, camarones Negros, bistec Argentin, salmon negro, curry shrimp for 27 dollars in every two choices per person and 30 dollars in every three choices for every person. In another group of foods, the restaurant offers garlic bruchetta, banana boasts, corn tamales, mushrooms, chopped Roma tomato, chicken sopes, quesadillas, coconut shrimp and brochetta de polo at a price of 15 dollars for every two choices per person and 20 dollars for every three choices per person.
From the analysis of Cha Cha Cha restaurant, it goes without saying that it is indeed a very executive place with only attracts prominent business people and celebrities. This restaurant portrays itself in a very classy way and as a student I would not feel very comfortable eating in this here because it is way above my class. There are so many restaurants that correspondent with my income and therefore I do not have any reason to go for Cha Cha Cha. Without a doubt, this restaurant reflects at the high classes because the meals are relatively expensive. Below follows some images the Cha Cha Cha web page.
Works Cited
Nadrag, Lavinia, and Nadrag Bala Monica,“Socio-Economic Stratification.” Economics, Management and Financial Markets 9.1 (2014): 362-9. ProQuest. Web. 17 May 2015.
Length: 2500 words (excluding references and cover page)
Task: Students should write a 2500-word essay on the following topics:
1) Analyse the statement, ‘ Mental illness is a social problem’ . To examine this question draw on one or two of the concepts of class, poverty, ethnicity, gender or race.
Preparation: Students should read widely prior to completing the essay. This includes all required readings but they should move beyond these to include some other sources. A bibliography is available on Learnline to help you with this process. For any essay of this length you will need to include 9-11 references. Majority of the references (7-9) should be based on journal articles, books, book chapters and peer reviewed papers. You can use websites but citations from Wikipedia are unacceptable.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Mental health is a social issue
Mental problems affect the way a person thinks and behave. There are many types of mental health disorders including depression- this mental disorder is associated with mood swings, this makes people feel hopeless, exhausted and unmotivated. This can also lower the person’s self-esteem. Lowering their appetite and the low spirits lowers the person’s daily activities and may sometimes affect the people’s physical health. In some cases, these diseases can be life threatening and could make the person feel suicidal. Anxiety is another form of mental disorders; which is described by unrealistic concerns about the various aspects of life. The clinical manifestations are comparable to the depression. Other forms of social disorders include obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), phobias, binge eating, bipolar disorders and schizophrenia (Bird Et al., 2013).
The main causes for mental disorders are childhood abuse such as trauma, neglect and violence. Other causes include; poor socioeconomic background such as homelessness, unemployment, genetic factors and physical causes such as head injury. Other medical issues include issues such as brain tumors could result to mental illness. This could also lead to social isolation due to discrimination. There exist different theories that describe the psychotic experiences including biochemical experiences, genetic factors, anatomical theories on the brain structure and environmental theories. Regardless of the causative agent for mental illness, mental health is public health threatening factor that must be addressed. To ensure that the issue is addressed, it is important to explore the concepts that make mental illness a public health and social concern. These concepts include ethnicity, gender and poverty (Wang Et al., 2013).
Despite the fact that a society draws its strength from its cultural diversity, racial, ethnic disparities and poverty has contributed to disparities across all the sectors, hitting hard the health sector. Ethnic minorities have been associated with the highest burden of mental health, which further affects the population growth as well as the society’s productivity. According to World Health Organization, the mental disorder is among the leading cause of disability in the world. The study also reported that 33% of people with disability cite mental disorder as the factor that contributed to their disability (Mental Health across Cultures, 2010). The main reason why social minorities suffer most from mental disorder includes the limited accessibility to quality mental care. This implies that the actual prevalence rate of mental disorder is that is equal to other major ethnic communities, the reduced utilization of mental health resource as well as poor quality of care implies that the ethnic minority have their healthcare demands inadequately provided. Statistics indicate that these minority groups are overrepresented in the society’s most vulnerable population including the incarcerated people and the homeless; and often present higher rates of mental illness as compared to the rest part of the population (Hinojosa, Knapp & Woodworth, 2014).
The greater disability and mental disorder among the ethnic minorities is an issue of concern to the public health because it contributes to reduced opportunities for the society to prosper. The factors that are attributed to reduced economic growth due to poor mental health includes; an increased cost of care, increased bias, fragmentation of the services as well as the societal stigmatization (Ocasio Et al., 2014). Other factors include reduced awareness to cultural issues by healthcare providers, language barriers and society’s fear and mistrust to the scope of healthcare. The cumulative weights of the aforementioned barriers are the main reason for mental healthcare disparities among the ethnic group. These factors contribute to broad day discrimination and stigmatization which affects the population even more. Existing data indicates that mental illness is a global burden. It is associated with burden of increased mortality rates and disabilities in the society. Despite the trend, mental disorders are ranked among the most under diagnosed disorder. Patients also are reluctant to open up to the professional care (Anakwenze & Zuberi, 2013).
Statistics indicates that 2 out of 5 people have mood anxiety and have psychological problems. One of the factors contributing to the widespread of this public health challenge is gender. Arguably, gender is an important determinant of health, especially mental health. This is because it influences various aspects of the society including; the socioeconomic position, society roles, status and ranks; which further affects the rates of accessing treatments. Therefore, gender is an important parameter which can be used to define either the susceptibility or exposure to mental health risks and illness (Goodman Et al., 2015). To understand the exact impact of mental illness in the society, it is important for a society to evaluate the concept of gender discrimination associated with gender based violence. This will facilitate the works of human rights in establishing aspects that requires justice to be readdressed, because it is these injustices which results to poor health and poor economic growth. Research indicates that most of the negative experiences and negative exposures of women increases gender based discrimination; leading to psychological disorders to predominates in women more than men. There has been an escalation of human-trafficking, particularly the women for sexual exploitation. This is a heinous human rights violation and is associated with multiple mental healthcare consequences (Verhulp Et al., 2013).
However, healthcare disparities for severe mental complication such as bipolar disease are inconsistent with findings of mental disparities and gender differences. The disparity is high in low prevalence mental disorders such as anxiety and depression. The general population analysis indicates that depression contributed the global burden of the mental health disease encountered in human health. Depression is experienced two folds higher in women than in men; and is projected to be the leading global health disease by 2020. There is overrepresentation of women in this healthcare disease, and it is ranked as the most contributing factor for disability in this age bracket. This is also characterized with high suicidal rates (Gagna, Vasiliadis & Praville, 2014).
It has been suggested that the development of cognitive function in women depends on the evolution of self-identity (self) and the relationship or interaction between her and the surroundings; and the understanding of truth and mind. A stable mentality requires developing equilibrium interdependence throughout their lives. Therefore, the nurses need to develop sensitive tools when evaluating women’s mental health, one which incorporates issues that seem to affect women and their experiences. The healthcare disparities affect women, in turn their productivity is lowered and in some cases, women could lose their employment. As a result, the society bears the burden of taking care for the family, her children and other basic needs. This becomes the society burden, thus it is important for the public health to identify and implement interventions which will reduce the prevalence of the disease. Clearly, mental illness is a society issue (Wang Et al., 2013).
The healthcare disparities are also associated with the social class. The growing amount of research indicated that there is a link between mental health and poverty. People in the society with low incomes suffer more likely to succumb to mental illness. This is associated with inability to afford the clinical services or to manage the psychological disorder early enough. These people are more likely to experience poverty due to fall in financial care and social position because when the person is unwell, it becomes more difficult for the person to get higher education qualifications (Angantyr Et al., 2015). Additionally, it also gets difficult to get a job due to the heavy stigmatization that exists in the society. Research indicates the increased reluctance for employers to employ people with the history of mental illness or due to disability. This is because they argue that it is more difficult for such people to hold down a job, because they are unpredictable and require more time to concentrate on treatment than they need for getting their jobs done. Employers fear this unreliability concept (Mental Health across Cultures, 2010).
A study conducted on mentally ill people and how they manage their finances indicated that the major concern for mentally challenged individuals is how they live their daily lives. The source for personal finance is the major problem and the main source of distress. One of every three mentally ill person is more likely to be in debts. This also affects the young people from a poor economic background. Study indicated that children from such families are more likely to suffer from Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), self-harming behavior and autism diseases. This is attributable to poor general health events due to emotional distress (Angantyr Et al., 2015). Half of the diagnosed mental health complications are for children who are under 14 years, this implies that children to suffer from mental disorder, particularly if they face traumatic events or live in environments with mental stressors. According to world health organization, poverty is the most ruthless cause of suffering for mankind on earth. This is because poverty is multidimensional as it encompasses a person’s ability to satisfy basic needs, reduced control over resources, poor education and also poor health (Botswick Et al., 2013).
Poverty is identified as the intrinsic factor which impact development and sustenance of psychiatric, emotional and behavioral health of a person directly or indirectly. This indicates that poverty implication into mental illness is immense and it is important to distinguish between the different levels of poverty and how they differently impact mental health of individuals in the society. To start with, the gap between the rich and the poor is widening at an alarming rate. Poverty and social inequality is affecting the society’s physical well-being and mental capacity of individuals in the society. This is because poverty is the main source of psychosocial distress which results to mental health deterioration and increased rates for suicides. People who dwell in these underprivileged community experience poor health because their healthcare infrastructure are underdeveloped; this causes stress and frustrations which could result to disruption of the society due to increased rates of homicide, violence and gender based violence (Angantyr Et al., 2015).
Research indicates that the main cause of mental health complications among the poor is that these people live in environments that possess high level of threatening environmental conditions. For instance, the individuals could be working in unrewarding environments such as depersonalizing work, unrewarding environments and or live in environments that lacks adequate amenities to support their mental health treatment. The exposure to more stressors of life, the increased adoption of maladaptive behavior and the increased vulnerability results to long-term health problems such as increased mental disorders and increased mortality rates(Wang Et al., 2013). Stigmatization is very rampant among people with mental illness, particularly in developed countries. The increased social rejection and discrimination associated with it make it even more difficult for these people to integrate in the society. Yet, mental health complication is continuing to thrive in the society. Statistics indicates that about one in every seventeen Americans suffer from mental illness. The mental health condition is particularly affecting the young generation, and most of them are not accessing care they need. Healthcare systems have made great steps in the management of the healthcare; but towards a wrong direction. Mental health care is still underfunded and this is only continuing to put the populations to more risks (Gagna, Vasiliadis & Praville, 2014).
Mental illness strikes to all members of a population regardless of class, religion or culture. However, the magnitude of the problem is only felt most in the underprivileged community. This is attributable to the reduced access to affordable mental healthcare because most of the individuals are uninsured. Although hidden, mental healthcare economic toll is huge on the economic system. The U.S. spends over $100 billion taxpayer’s money to manage the disease, which excludes the economic costs due to reduced productivity. In this case, the government should explore other strategies which could minimize social challenges such as funding more local clinics and hospitals to ensure that mental health care is accessible even among the underprivileged in the society. Schools should hire even more psychologist to help the deal with the children facing traumatic events or are those who are from family backgrounds with parents suffering from mental illness (Mental Health across Cultures, 2010).
Evidently, the determinants of mental health are multiple including biological, psychological and social factors. From the analysis, the underlying concept that contributes to mental illness is the limited access to proper mental health care. The ethnic disparities, gender disparities and poverty issues escalate mental illness; because the society lacks the appropriate structure and framework to ensure that each member of the society can access adequate and quality care. To protect and promote mental health requires interventions which addresses these determinants effectively, there needs a multifactorial approach to manage the social issue and public health concerns. These include all actions which facilitate the establishments of environments which supports the mental health of individuals so that they can adopt and sustain new healthy lifestyles. It is important to establish a climate that facilitates and protects the political and civil society. The society should establish a climate that is culturally competent and upholds the social economic rights to protect the society (Brittian Et al., 2013).
The policies that are endorsed should not only address the issue of mental illness but should also focus on the other elements that promote mental health include raising the economic status of the underprivileged community. It is also important to involve other sectors such as the education, labor, transport, environment and welfare. Specific mental health interventions include early childhood interventions such as involving the society in psychosocial activities to help the underprivileged persons in the society. It is important to support the children through skills building programs and youth based programs to keep the young minds occupied so that they do not succumb to unhealthy behaviors such as violence. The socio economic empowerments could be achieved through microcredit schemes (Gagna, Vasiliadis & Praville, 2014). This is important because it will empower women into accessing and fighting for their rights such as the reduction of gender based violence, increased access to girl child education, hence reducing the gender based health disparities. The government should also establish programs that are specific and targets vulnerable groups such as the indigenous people, minorities and also the immigrants. Violence prevention programs, housing policies, community development programs, antidiscrimination campaigns and the promotion of rights and opportunities are other important aspects that can be used to support the society and to eradicate mental disorders (Mental Health across Cultures, 2010).
References
Anakwenze, U., & Zuberi, D. (2013). Mental Health and Poverty in the Inner City. Health & Social Work, 38(3), 147-157. doi:10.1093/hsw/hlt013
Angantyr, K., Rimner, A., Nordan, T., & Norlander, T. (2015). Primary Care Behavioral Health Model: Perspectives of Outcome, Client Satisfaction, and Gender. Social Behavior And Personality: An International Journal, 43(2), 287-301. doi:10.2224/sbp.2015.43.2.287
Bird, P., Campbell-Hall, V., Kakuma, R., & the MHaPP Research Programme Consor,. (2013). Cross-national qualitative research: the development and application of an analytic framework in the Mental Health and Poverty Project. International Journal Of Social Research Methodology, 16(4), 337-349. doi:10.1080/13645579.2012.709802
Bostwick, W., Meyer, I., Aranda, F., Russell, S., Hughes, T., Birkett, M., & Mustanski, B. (2014). Mental Health and Suicidality Among Racially/Ethnically Diverse Sexual Minority Youths. Am J Public Health, 104(6), 1129-1136. doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301749
Brittian, A., Umaa-Taylor, A., Lee, R., Zamboanga, B., Kim, S., & Weisskirch, R. et al. (2013). The Moderating Role of Centrality on Associations Between Ethnic Identity Affirmation and Ethnic Minority College Students’ Mental Health. Journal Of American College Health, 61(3), 133-140. doi:10.1080/07448481.2013.773904
Gagna, S., Vasiliadis, H., & Praville, M. (2014). Gender differences in general and specialty outpatient mental health service use for depression. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 135. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-135
Goodman, L., Pugach, M., Skolnik, A., & Smith, L. (2012). Poverty and Mental Health Practice: Within and Beyond the 50-Minute Hour. J. Clin. Psychol., 69(2), 182-190. doi:10.1002/jclp.21957
Hinojosa, M., Knapp, C., & Woodworth, L. (2014). Family Strain Among White and Latino Parents of Children with Mental and Behavioral Health Disorders. J Child Fam Stud, 24(6), 1575-1581. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9961-0
Mental Health across Cultures – A Practical Guide for Health Professionals. (2010). Journal Of Psychiatric And Mental Health Nursing, 17(1), 95-95. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01503.x
Ocasio, K., Van Alst, D., Koivunen, J., Huang, C., & Allegra, C. (2014). Promoting Preschool Mental Health: Results of a 3Â Year Primary Prevention Strategy. J Child Fam Stud, 24(6), 1800-1808. https://www.doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9983-7
Verhulp, E., Stevens, G., van de Schoot, R., & Vollebergh, W. (2013). Understanding ethnic differences in mental health service use for adolescents’ internalizing problems: the role of emotional problem identification. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(7), 413-421. https://www.doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0380-3
Wang, Y., Johnson, J., Shu, B., & Li, S. (2013). Towards the development of a gender-sensitive measure of women’s mental health. J Clin Nurs, 23(9-10), 1227-1234. https://www.doi:10.1111/jocn12346
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The first part is a description (the who, what, where, when) of the breach you conducted. I don’t want this part to be overly analytical of other people’s behaviors or your own. I want you to describe the breach in as much hard-boiled detail as you can. In other words, I want you to describe your techniques for creating trouble in a familiar scene of life.
The second part of this write up is analytical. I want you to (1) identify the social norm you breached, (2) discuss how other people responded to your breach, and analyze the “repair work” of other people in order to bring the situation you breached back to “normal.”
The first and second parts must be between 500-600 words each. Total length of this assignment: 1000-1200 words.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Breaching Experiments
Breaching experiments concept relates to the work of Harold Garfinkel and aims at examining the way people react to violations of social norms or rules commonly accepted by the society (Rafalovic 156). Different people react to situations they do not anticipate in different ways. This paper therefore deliberates on the techniques for creating trouble in a familiar scene in life and identifies the social norm breached, how people responded to the breach and repair work that helps to bring the situation to normal.
In our day-to-day lives, we breach these social rules and norms even without ourselves noticing. The reactions of people close to us in most cases indicates that one has done something or reacted in a manner that is not socially accepted or anticipated. Sometimes people may as well create trouble in familiar scenes of life full aware of what they are doing. As an individual, I have find myself acting and behaving contrary to the social norms and rules. This has happened at various occasions at home, school and even at my workplace. Most of the times, this has happened with my full awareness but some instances have happened without my understanding and awareness. For instance, when I was at school, I could find myself asking for clarifications during conversation with my friends on various topics. At the time, I could not understand what exactly I was doing. The technique I can say that I use to cause trouble in situations that I am familiar such as home is the use of background expectancies. This technique enabled me to interpret and decide on how I should behave or act in specific social situation. I do understand that situations and circumstances do vary and the expectation of the people around you as well may vary based on their socialization and other factors such as level of education and so forth. I would make these background expectancies visible by becoming a stranger to the life implying that I produce disorganized interactions n as a way of exemplifying how the structures of activities people engage in on daily basis are created and maintained. For instance, in our culture, it is expected that people of young age show respect to their elders. As a sign of showing respect, the younger is expected to give a seat to an elderly. Doing contrary to this in a society is viewed as going contrary to the social norms and even will lead to ridicule from the members of society. Therefore, in such scenarios, my technique for creating trouble is based on first analyzing the situation and the expectations of the society. The technique I use in such cases is to ignore that I am not aware of what is going on. These behaviors therefore shield me from the public ridicule. Therefore, it becomes very important to understand how to act in these situations to salvage oneself from the wrath of the society who my perceive that you have gone astray. Such behaviors as well contribute to trouble as it elicits criticisms from the members of the society.
Part 2
In our day-to-day interactions, we breach many social norms and rules, some of the norm that people breach are consciously breached while others are not. One of the social norms I breached is failing to respect the queue until my turn to receive service comes. This situation occurred when I visited a bank to deposit my cheque. The queue was long and I was in a hurry. I was tempted to breach the rules and pass a number of people that were already in front of me. It is social norm for people in my culture to follow queues as a sign of respect when waiting for services. The social norms that they use are based on the premise of first come first served. Therefore, coming late and passing those already on the queue is an offense to people especially those that came before you.
When I walked to the counter, people on the queue reacted differently. The bottom line of their reactions was anger and feeling of disrespect. I remember one of them shouting at me and telling me to stop disrespecting them. He was so furious and shouted to an extend that he caught the attention of the people around the bank seeking other bank services. Another person, rebuked me and insulted me, ‘these young people are manner less”. Another person summoned the security officer at the entrance and told him to prevent behaviors of people that are not patient enough on queue threatening that he would also jump the queue if the situation was not contained. I remember one young man who came and tried to grab me and through me out of the queue claiming that, I was not acting in a civilized manner. Their facial expressions and body movements annoyed many of the people. The faces of people I have jumped were pale and full of creases, some begun murmuring and throwing their hands in the air as a way of expressing their annoyance. They exemplified these behaviors in a glimpse of time I decided to breach the norms and jump the queue.
Bringing the situation back to normalcy took some considerable time. The people that had been angered by my actions would not let this habit go on. They had to do what is known as’ repair work’ to contain the situation and curb such incidence of people passing the queue. They vowed in unison to gang against any person that would not follow the queue. They resolved that no individual should allow any person not formerly on the queue to jump them. They as well had to report the matter to the security officer so that he ensures that all the people that need services follows the queue and no one should pass others. I had also to ask for their forgiveness. I had to talk to them and inform them what drove me to behave in this manner and requested for their forgiveness. Many of them even though could not accept my apologies; it however helped to bring their tempers down. The only mistake I did is that I did not inform them or sought the intervention of the person in charge to request me jump over the queue.
In conclusion, as human beings were are expected to act and behave consistent with the social rules and norms. However, we found ourselves acting and behaving contrary to these expectations. It therefore, important to remain sensitive about our behaviors and circumstances we found ourselves to avoid breaching some of the social norms and rules.
Work cited
Rafalovich, Adam. “Making sociology relevant: The assignment and application of breaching experiments”. Teaching sociology 34.2 (2006): 156–163. Print. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20058471
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Write about LinkedIn Create a numbered list of four key points specifying how you can maximize the effectiveness of your chosen technology in a business context. Give one example of how your chosen media could be used most effectively in a business setting (i.e., a scenario of how and when to use the media).
Your posting should be between 250 and 300 words written in full sentences with correct punctuation and spelling. Post directly in your Group-work Discussion Forum (do not use attachments).
SAMPLE ANSWER
The management of the business ought to use LinkedIn technology mostly in ensuring they connect with very many people as fast as they can. This will enable people to know more about them and be interested in buying their company’s products. The use of media to advertise products brings many to be aware of the newly released products in the market.
Web Based Management systems should be used by the management because, most of the business today are mobile and papers are of less need following that, many systems can be accessed through the use of internet (Bovee & Thill, 2011). A Web Based Project can aid a business that has created a to-do list through placing it in a good position to stay on task. However it is well connected to serve its clients from all the corners of the world. Through the use of Web Based Project, a company can be connected through LinkedIn to all its customers globally. This is the best technique that ought to be used to fasten and effect all the business activities.
All the business tasks need to be automated with LinkedIn technology to save time. The newsletter service is a good example of a business that uses internet to save time as it connects with thousands of its clients. They are known to use Aweber, which is an automatically service, that feedbacks all their new subscribers intending to buy their newsletters online. The use of technology has enabled this business to reduce its expenses, maximize efficiency and productivity, thus, increasing their profitability in the business (Bovee & Thill, 2011).
LinkedIn technology has been very useful in the processing of the data in a business by making it more efficient. On the other side, the use of credit cards has enabled people to shop and pay for goods in the business counters through the swapping method.
References
Bovee, C., & Thill, J. (2011). Business Communication Today. Pearson Education; 11 edition
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In this program you have explored why and how public health leaders should apply sound business principles in public health practice. Yet with their mission of helping the most vulnerable populations, public health organizations cannot be driven by an exclusively “market justice” perspective, in which the principles of self-interest, individualism, and voluntary behavior are given priority.??For this Discussion, you are asked to consider a scenario in which you, as a public health leader, have the opportunity to articulate the “social justice” perspective of public health to an individual who holds a market-justice position and who also has a lot of influence within the community.??As Heifetz and Linsky (2003) observe in one of your readings this week, “Leadership is an improvisational art. You may be guided by an overarching vision, clear values, and a strategic plan, but what you actually do from moment to moment cannot be scripted. You must respond as events unfold” (p. 45). Nevertheless, to help prepare you improvisational opportunities in the future, think through and “script” what you hope you would do and say in the following scenario. Reflect carefully on how best to influence this individual and what might be gained by explaining the social justice perspective that informs public health
Scenario?
You are the Director of the local public health department. You are at a social event one evening with many political leaders and influential community members. You meet one particularly influential person who is an avowed “market justice” advocate (even if he or she doesn’t use that terminology). You introduce yourself. The person looks puzzled and replies, “Public health, huh? You know, I don’t know much about public health. What are you guys all about? What do you do? What are your values?” How would you respond???
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. What would you tell this person in order to communicate the social justice perspective and values to this market-justice leader in the community?
2. Identify and discuss 2–3 of the principles you learned from this week’s Learning Resources on influencing others and surviving as a leader that you would want to apply in this scenario.
USE THESE ARTICLES ONLY:
Gostin, L., & Powers, M. (2006). What does social justice require for the public’s health? Public health ethics and policy imperatives. Health Affairs, 25(4), 1053-1060.
This article discusses how social justice and attending to the needs of the disadvantage affect moral aspects of the realm of public health. This article provides examples of the kinds of policies that public health agencies utilizes to manage the field, while shedding light on major public health controversies of the field of study. This article stresses the need for justice and fair disbursement of common advantages and the sharing of common burdens.
Please apply the Application Assignment Rubric when writing the Paper.
I. Paper should demonstrate an excellent understanding of all of the concepts and key points presented in the texts.
II. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.
III. Paper should be well organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is fully consistent with doctoral level writing style.
IV. Paper should be mostly consistent with doctoral level writing style.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Communicating the Social Justice Perspective
Justice refers to fairness in decision making processes and the way people are treated. It emphasizes on equal disbursement of burden and advantages. In health care, social justice is a twin moral concept which involves improving health by focusing needs of the most underprivileged. Social justice is the integral part of ensuring that good health is provided to everyone through identification of patterns of disadvantage individuals whose access to health prospects is limited. Therefore, social justice in public health could be elaborated in two aspects; health improvement of the underprivileged population; and fair treatment to the unfortunate communities. These aspects of social justice are paramount and facilitate richer knowledge of public health care (Gostin &Powers, p.1054, 2006).
The main principles of social justice include; Access– To ensure that equitable health care is provided to all people, health infrastructures must be established. These include proper transportation services, good natural environment and enhanced information environment. These are common hindrances of social justice in public health which must be addressed. Equity- refers to equal distribution of health care advantages and disadvantages. Allocation of public health resources should never be based on market influences, political values or societal stature. Health care plans should be devised while paying attention to the underprivileged in the society. Social justice demands that it is each person’s rights to have equitable dissemination of resources especially during extreme health care emergencies; where the disadvantaged risks for unjust is heightened. Participation: this includes all opportunities expandable in concerns for human health. Social justice demands for not only tangible but also long term commitment by public health system at local, State and government in ensuring that health care is provided to all (Gostin &Powers, p. 1058, 2006).
This week, you consider the relationship between research and social change and the role of the researcher as a social change agent. You also reflect on your current research skills to determine and prepare for the next steps to take in becoming a researcher.
Reflect upon your progress and growth as a researcher. Consider the questions and statements that follow.
How do you now understand the relationship between research and social change? How do you see yourself as a social change agent?
What are your next steps in becoming a successful researcher and graduate student? What challenges do you anticipate, and how might you overcome them?
With these thoughts in mind:
An explanation of the relationship between research and social change. Then, explain the role of a researcher as an agent of positive social change. Next, describe your plans for the next steps you need to take in becoming a successful researcher and graduate student.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
There is a very tight relationship between research and social change. This is because the two have an independent relationship. Social change is the alteration of the practices of a group of people within any given society with the hope that it will bring about positive gains for the individuals as well as the community at large. Social change is a necessity that is brought about by the large number of challenges that affect different areas of society. These challenges are problems that result from the way the members of the community are currently conducting their day to day activities. The most important step prior to the institution of change is the development of a critical understanding of the problem and the formulation of the best approach for overcoming it (Charmaz, 2011). This is where research comes in.
The research is of course carried out by a researcher who then takes up the role of an agent of change. The researcher will employ empirical methods and qualitative statistics to better understand the problems that exist in the given society. Due to his or her expertise, the researcher will have been exposed to similar situations or individuals who have come across challenges of that nature. As a result he or she is able to clearly illustrate the nature of the problem in a manner that the members of the society will understand. The researcher then develops recommendations based on the possibilities that are available (Bernard and Bernard, 2012).
Having a good understanding of the problem and the society, this researcher will be well placed to provide advice prior to and also during the time when the social change is taking place. The researcher will capitalize on the strengths of the society in an effort to eliminate the problem. At the same time, this individual will help the society in the identification of existent opportunities to be taken advantage of in the social change.
My Plan to become a great Social Researcher and Graduate Student
In my plan to become a great social researcher I will have to do several things as indicated below. The first thing that I will do is to ensure that I have a wide assortment of literary sources which I will read thoroughly to properly understand the different approaches that are used by more accomplished social researchers. At the same time I will seek to understand myself better especially with respect to my strengths and passions as well as the weaknesses I have. These will be key in helping me to find an area of social research that I would like to specialize on. I believe specialization is important as it will grant me a chance to have a focus area. This way I will easily experience linear growth (Babbie, 2013).
In addition to this I will find a way of joining scholarly societies made up of social researchers so that I have a network of individuals from whom I can easily compare notes on how to best approach social change through research. I believe that I will be able to find mentorship from more established social researchers who will critique my work and also help me to identify opportunities that exist in the field. I will also develop a cordial relationship with my professors and supervisors in the University for easier consultation on academic matters.
Examine arguments, claims, implications, etc. in the movie “Bowling for Columbine,” Spitzer’s article “The Gun Dispute,” and at least 6 other sources that
discuss the issue of guns in American culture. Furthermore, conclude your examination of the issue by arguing one of the following three propositions, and
support it:
1. The United States needs more gun regulation
2. The United States needs less gun regulation.
3. The United States needs no changes in gun regulation
Support for your argument should clearly and directly refer back to sources that you have examined and used in your essay.
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Critically discuss the following statement: ‘Both domestic and global inequalities highlight the inevitability and functionality of stratification’.
You must make use of the following references.
Emmison, M. (2015). Social Class and Cultural Mobility Reconfiguring the Cultural Omnivore Thesis. Journal of sociology, 39(3), 211-230. (This is a challenging but worthwhile reference)
Fevre, R. & A. Bancroft (2014) Dead White Men & Other Important People: Sociology’s big ideas.
Palgrave, New York. Chapter 13. Pp. 191-208.
Hage, G. (2016) ?Insiders and Outsiders.? In Beilharz, P & T Hogan (eds), Sociology, Place Time & Division, Melbourne: Oxford University Press:3426.
Henslin, J., Possamai, A and A. Possamai-Inesedy (2013) Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach, Pearson Australia, Frenchs Forest, NSW. (Please refer to the
chapter on Stratification). https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/7258230
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