The Individual and the Community
Drawing on the readings and lectures for this topic, examine the tensions between the claim to individual autonomy and the obligation to conform to the expectations of the wider community. Answer with reference to ONE of the following issues: immigration, immunisation, obesity, euthenasia, same sex marriage.
based on this authors and readings, please read them and make it professional.
1.* Theodore Zeldin, An Intimate History of Humanity (1994), pp. 43-54.
2.* Alain de Botton, The Consolations of Philosophy (2000), pp. 3-42.
3. Richard Tarnas, The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the
Ideas that have Shaped our World View (1991), pp. 282-290.
4. Lawrence Stone, ‘The public and private stately homes of England,
1500-1900’, Social Research, vol. 58, no. 1(1991), pp. 227- 251.
5.* Will Kymlicka, Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction (2002), pp. 212- 221.
6. C. Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), pp. 9-25.
7. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (revised edn, 1991), pp. 37-46.
8. Katherine Betts, The Great Divide: Immigration Politics in Australia (1999), pp. 97-134.
above 8 readings are important!
Helena Grehan and Andrew Webster: ‘Introduction to the Unit: Nothing speaks for itself’
Topic One: The individual and the community Lecture 2 (Tuesday, 25 February)
Helena Grehan and Andrew Webster: ‘Autonomous individuals and imagined communities’
WEEK 2
Lecture 3 (Monday, 3 March)
Andrew Webster (History): ‘The Enlightenment creates the individual’
Peta Bowden (Philosophy): ‘Women’s autonomy and the Pill’ WEEK 3
SAMPLE ANSWER
Individual autonomy is the freedom that allows people to do things, within the ethical acceptance, without external manipulation. It is the freedom that allows people to undertake what they deem right in their conscience without external control, as long as they are of stable mind (Wright, 1995). The concept of individual is of central concern, especially, within the diverse community. Several personal issues that should be left at the discretion of the concerned individuals are, at times, greatly controlled by the communities’ perception about them. For instance, issue such as immigration, immunization, obesity, euthanasia and same sex marriage among others are always at the core of individual autonomy with regards to their existence in the community.
For this case, analysis is given to the issue of immunization and individual autonomy as well as how the community plays a role to the effect. Immunization is normally carried out to prevent development of serious health problems and illnesses. For instance immunization against polio or whooping cough. Some of the diseases in which immunization are carried against are sometimes highly contagious. If, there is an immunization against them, the community always have a feeling that it should be mandatory to all individuals of a community who require it (Wright, 1995). However, according to the medicine and health fraternity, individuals have a right to determine what form of health action is administered to them.
The members of a community believes that their general safety and protection is more important than an individual’s freedom or rights. This simply means that, when the community’s interest overrides the rights and freedom of an individual, the community’s interests are prioritized. For instance, a highly contagious disease, but which a vaccine to it is available; then immunization is compulsory to all individuals of a community affected(Wright, 1995). Nonetheless, these moves are contradictory the individual’s autonomy with regards to medication. In this case, community manipulates the actions of individuals.
Although, in some cases individuals may have a free will to decide whether to undertake an immunization against a disease or not. This is only possible when such a disease to which immunization is offered is not easily spread. The individual in this case has all the rights and freedom to decide whether or not to be offered the medication. Nevertheless, the community can still manipulate the decision through sensitization and encouragements that in turn influences an individual’s decision. Individual autonomy is fundamental for a sound community(Wright, 1995), although it is highly regulated by the community itself.
Informative Speech. In this speech your goal is to inform your audience as to the details of the topic suggestion below. Being an Informative Speech you are not asked to discuss the merits of the program. Your task, as is consistent with an informative speech, is to provide your audience the details (information) as to the proposed topic below:
Social Security is a debated topic in every Presidential Election and one gaining increasing attention as more and more baby boomers retire. For this speech students should research the history and functioning of the current Social Security System. From this research you are to present an informative speech on Social Security. Topics may include: A brief history of the social security system; how to apply for benefits and how one qualifies; the pros and cons of delaying benefits; how to afford to live off of the benefits received from Social Security; strategies to adopt while you are young to be able to afford to retire . . .
Also require an outline in the following format:
Sample Speech Outline
Title of Speech
Purpose: (Your purpose for this speech)
Thesis: (Main Argument that will be covered)
I. Introduction
A. Greeting your audience (simple greeting will suffice)
B. Attention grabber (should inflict emotion or raised attention)
C. Credibility statement (why you should be trusted?)
D. Thesis statement (a sentence detailing the subject that will be provided in speech)
E. Preview of main points (what the main points are that you will go over)
Transition (signals the transition from the introduction to the body)
II. Body
A. Main point 1 (Detail the first main point)
1. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
2. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
Transition (signals the transition from the first main point to the second main point)
B. Main point 2 (Detail the second main point)
1. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
2. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
Transition (signals the transition from the second main point to the third main point)
C. Main point 3 (Detail the third main point)
1. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
2. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
Transition (signals the transition from the body to the conclusion)
III. Conclusion
A. Signal closing (signal that you are concluding your speech)
B. Restate thesis (restate your thesis statement from earlier)
C. Review main points (briefly go back over all of your main points)
1. Main point 1 (briefly restate main points)
2. Main point 2
3. Main point 2
D. Memorable statement or call for action (your final statement to the audience)
E. Thank the audience for listening (a simple thank you for your time will suffice)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Speech Outline
Introduction
My fellow Americans, I salute you all.
Of late, there have been a lot of discussions regarding Social Security.
I have a lot of experience in this subject.
I’m going to give you some information about the history and the current function of the Social Security System.
Brief history about Social Security in the United States, how to apply for benefits, and how one qualifies for such benefits from the program.
Body
The origin of social insurance has its foundation on economic security.
Throughout human history, societies have strived to deal with this problem through various approaches.
The importance of social insurance was realized more after the Industrial Revolution.
Most Americans lived on their land and their life expectancy was short.
As a result of the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy for most Americans increased.
This was because of the improvement in health care.
The Social Security was eventually started in America during the Franklin Roosevelt presidency when the Social Security Act of 1935 was enacted.
Not everyone is qualified to receive Social Security Benefits.
An income of at least 40 quarterly credits is required for one to qualify.
One credit is gained by a worker after earring at least $900 in a period of three months.
During this period, Social Security taxes have to be paid on that amount.
The amount of income that one requires to earn a credit changes annually.
This never affects the credits already earned.
When a worker earns 40 credits, he permanently qualifies for the Social Security benefits.
To afford living off on the benefits received from Social Security, it is imperative to ensure that you start paying for the Social Security early enough.
This will also imply that you will have more benefits later.
Calculation is done on the basis of the number of years you have worked.
As such, you should avoid asking for early retirements because the benefits will not be enough to sustain you.
Paying Social Security taxes when young is vital.
This is one of the strategies to ensure you get enough benefits.
Such benefits will sustain you after retirement.
Conclusion
To sum up, the introduction of Social Security in the US was a positive move.
The history and the current function of Social Security are essential as they make us understand how the program came into existence.
Review of the main points.
Social Security was started after the Industrial Revolution.
Workers need to accumulate credits to qualify for benefits.
It is important for us to start saving early to have enough benefits when we retire.
I strongly believe that you now have a better understanding of Social Security and how it operates.
Thank you very much for your attention and may God bless you.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
****Word limited: 200 words ONLY, no more than 200words!!!!
***this is a summary of specific lecture note and one given reading material **** (these will be the upload files, NO other research material or reference in this summary!!!)
Number of sources/ reference = 0
This Assessment Task relates to the following Learning Outcomes:
• Be familiar with key sociological concepts as they are applied to the study of Australian society.
• Have developed an understanding of a range of theoretical perspectives on social life from the
19th century to the present.
• Have developed a broad understanding of how the ‘sociological imagination’ can be used in
thinking about social issues and trends.
• Have developed a broad understanding of research techniques, materials social science
epistemology.
• Be able to read, summarise and apply essential sociological ideas to the study of contemporary
life.
• Have developed a rich understanding of contemporary Australian life.
• Written and verbal expression allowing the synthesis and clear explanation of complex ideas.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Inequalities can either be visible or invisible,individualistic or structural. Given its ambivalence, inequality will depend on how one can see it. In real life, inequalities persist because of Structural problems, Public constraints and Political-institutional constraints. Given inequality permeates all aspects of society it is important to understand it.
Categorical inequality is a by-product of interpersonal interactions composed of negotiated collective boundaries. Care should be taken not to assume that categories will always produce inequalities – differences are guaranteed. Inequality is mostly a consequence of distributive effect of scarce resources. When one or more value producing resource is controlled, inequality emerges as decision on its supply and ability to produce more value with it has to be considered.
Recent studies suggest that financial capital, information, science and type of value-producing resource are the main factors that contribute the most to inequality. All this factors are currently controlled by small networks of persons compared to the world’s population as a whole. These identified factors will still have an effect of future inequality. Their impact will depend on their integration with categorical differences and their relation to concentrated means of coercion.
Log and Reflection Part B: Historical Social and Technical Knowledge
Order Instructions:
Just do part B & C do not include part A
SAMPLE ANSWER
Historical, Social and Technical Knowledge
Log and Reflection (MUS207)
Part B: Historical, Social and Technical Knowledge
There exist a number of music genres that people play using their guitar as one of their accompaniments. Different people have favorite music genres they listen to and would recommend to their friends. Personally, I love blues and RnBs. I have always used this category of songs to aid my guitar practice. Songs usually have a history of their evolution. For instance, the blues genre is categorized differently such as delta and electric. These subgenres develop as new singers embrace slight changes or deviate slightly from the original version of the song. These variations as well result from variation of styles in instrumentations. The different tones of guitar contribute to the noticeable differences in these songs. Blues trace their roots from African American communities that used to live in Deep South in the 19th century (Govenar, 2008). Folk and spiritual works and chants from the European influenced this genre (Coelho, 2003).
Most blues are about love and relationships. They, therefore, trigger emotions from those people that listen to them. The variations of the tone and melodies on a guitar add pleasure and texture in the songs. I have listened to various songs in this genre by different artists and on various topics. However, when it comes to my guitar training, I prefer to train with James Blunt songs. These songs are so personal and use instrumentals such as guitar. I admire the way the songs’ melodies are organized that make them sound emotional.
At the training place, I normally use a number of songs from these artists. One of the songs is ‘Stay the night’ composed by James Blunt. The song is in his third studio album named ‘Some kind of trouble’. This song was released as a single in 2010 and became one of the hit songs in Austria media (Blunt, 2014). It has as well performed in the ARIA charts since 2005 ranking among the best ten songs.
The other song I used to train with in my guitar session is ‘You’re beautiful’ also written by James Blunt in collaboration with Amanda Ghost and Bacha Skarbek. The singer was James Blunt and this was one of the songs in the 2004 album named ‘Back to Bedlam’. It is the third single song that was released from the album in the year 2005. The song has received global airplay in many television and radio stations. It as well won the Ivor Novello Award for its airplay in 2006.
The third song is ‘Goodbye my lover,’ that was released in 2005. James Blunt sang the song and it is in the album, ‘Back to Bedlam’. The song is very emotional as it is about a love relationship gone sour. Handling separation is an awful experience that James exemplifies through the song.
All these three songs are calm and emotional. They are accompanied by guitar as one of the instrumentals that makes the sounds and the tunes. The sounds vary from low, medium, and high pitches. These moderations and variations add aura on the listening experience. Therefore, I use these songs as I practice to play and follow various guitar principles during my training session.
During this training, I was able to learn various aspects about guitar. A guitar can be fine-tuned to produce various sounds such as bass, soprano, and can as well blend these sounds to reduce a customized rhythm. There are various forms of guitar and they continue to evolve. New types of guitar that are more advanced are produced to enhance their sounds and melody. Nowadays, there are guitars that use power transformation from the traditional types manually operated.
When playing a guitar, you have to understand the techniques, patterns, rhythms, and notes that fit a specific song rhythm. Songs have different rhythms and require specific guitar notes. Before playing, the guitar is tuned to an open chord such as G or E major. An individual uses hands or metal objects to tangle strings that produce sound.
Training allowed me to learn about picking style exemplified in slide and fretted guitar styles. To produce a rhythm, the guitar is thumped out continuously on bass notes on its lower strings. This can be repeated on upper strings, which produce chords; melodic riffs and fills making a song come out clearly. Chords are played by slides that move from one point to another. These chords in such songs have minor triads, major, and dominant 7th chords (Chappell, 2014). The songs use blue scale in melodies as well as in their composition. Therefore, listening to these songs enabled me to acquire more knowledge on how to play a guitar. I noticed how the melodies kept on changing as the players continued to make slides using their thumbs. Listening gave me confidence and tricks in understanding the notes and adjustment procedures.
The log
This practice session was a wonderful experience for me. It gave me an opportunity to utilize my time well. The training took a duration of four days. Every training day, I learnt a lot about the guitar. I used my diary to record the session and all that I experienced at the training. I used to practice in the evening after the afternoon classes. The training session begun at 5 pm and lasted from 2 hours until 7 pm. This training was conducted at my friends’ places. Sometimes they used to come at our home to help me learn the guitar.
The first day, I learned about parts and functions of guitar and how to adjust it to produce different melodies. This was not a difficult task as it took me 20 minutes to know how to set a guitar. I also learned about various keys such as E and G factors and fine-tuning them. The second day, I listened to the first song, ‘Stay the night’ to identify the various types of guitar tones and how it produced the various melodies. I managed to learn how to play the guitar the way the song played in the DVD.
The third day, I listened to my second favorite song, ‘You’re beautiful’ and used the melodies and the skills gained to play the song. The fourth day, I listened to the third favorite song, ‘Goodbye my lover’ and as well practiced it. In the last one hour, I went through all the songs and played guitar along with them. I realized that I had learned guitar-playing skills. My colleagues congratulated me for being a quick learner and surprising them for the level of perfection I exhibited once I held the guitar in my hands. I realized that I could be one of the best guitar players when I develop interest in the same. I believe that in future, I will also sing songs and play guitar just the way my best artist, James Blunt, did.
This paper describes The difference between unemployment and a policy of not hiring in the Arab countries.
This paper includes an introduction and literature and the goal and objectives of the assistance and research methodology and results and a conclusion and references. This study is based on previous studies and the report of an international and not be of a field study.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
For the Final Project for this course, select any government or nonprofit organization for which there is sufficient information to allow a thorough analysis of ethical or social justice issues. You may select your own organization if it is a government or nonprofit organization, but be aware of the need for scholarly objectivity and the need to protect confidentiality. Ethical researchers never begin any project with a hidden agenda or predetermined conclusion. If you do choose your own organization, do not identify it by name or precise location.
Your Final Project should include the following:
1) An introduction that describes the government or nonprofit organization, the setting, and any other information about the organization or related background that readers need in order to understand the organization and its ethical and social justice issues; a description of the ethical issues facing the organization and public administrators within the organization
2) An explanation of the ethical issues related to two or more of the philosophical theories that this course introduces
3) A summary of the major ethical challenges and conflicts of responsibility presented to individuals in the organization and to the organization as a whole
4) A summary of the strategies that the organization uses to maintain responsible conduct
5) An explanation of your recommendations for addressing the issues, including a rationale for your recommendations and an explanation of why they might be effective in addressing the issues, with consideration given to the possible involvement of guerrilla government employees
6) An analysis of the factors that would affect the implementation of the recommendations by using the ethical decision-making model
7) A description of the outcomes you would expect if the organization implemented your recommendations
8) An explanation of how the issues you raised are related to at least two of the four social justice themes (human rights, equality, liberty, and justice)
Your Final Project must demonstrate both breadth and depth of knowledge and critical thinking appropriate to graduate-level scholarship.
It must follow APA Publication Manual guidelines and be free of typographical, spelling, and grammatical errors.
The project should be 13–15 pages in length (double-spaced), not including the title page, abstract, and at least 8–10 scholarly resources, excluding any organizational brochures or other nonacademic sources.
Support your Final Project with specific references to all resources used in its preparation.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Ethics and social justice
Abstract
The National Education Association is the largest professional organization, and as well as labor union within the United States. It represents the public school teachers as well as many other support staff working in colleges and universities, including students who are studying to become teachers and the retired individuals. It is a volunteer based organization established in 1857, and was previously known as the National Teachers Association. It has undergone significant changes over the years such as including women as members, changing the name and generally improving its function. Unfortunately, there have also been negative changes, with the organization loosing focus of what is supposed to be its main function or reason for existence. This paper analyses the various ethical issues facing this volunteer organization which include oppressing the philosophical theories of republican and negative liberty, it is not for the good of all in terms of “equality”, and violating the rights of Libertarians.
Introduction
Within the United States, the National Education Association is the largest professional organization, as well as labor union, as it represents public school teachers alongside other support personnel, the faculty and staff from colleges and universities, students who are studying to become teachers, as well as the already retired members. This volunteer based organization was established back in 1857, during which it was known as National Teachers Association. However, in 1870, the name was reformed to National Education Association. Initially, women were not members, however before the change in name, the rule was changed and they were now allowed to also become members. The organization mainly relies on its members to finance the Association’s work. After this incorporation, the NEA has played a major role in ensuring many positive changes for teachers and students. The purpose of the union supporting these changes was so they could grant people human and civil rights. For example, they advocated against American Indians’ forced assimilation and child labor. They were able to stop these by using research to prove to the states’ legislatures that such institutions were negatively impacting children’s education (NEA, 2011). At this era, the NEA was indeed a true advocate for children.
In the 1920s, the United States experienced a period of teacher shortage, and since this was part of the organization’s role, NEA researched on the possible reasons for such an outcome. The results of their research showed that being overloaded with work, poor wages, and having many students of different ages, some of whom could not speak English, were the main reasons for many abandoning the teaching sector. Therefore, NEA recommended to the government that the situation may be salvaged when a Department of Education is put in place. This department would have a role of regulating school curriculum, training teachers, and hence improving the quality of education offered to the students. For almost ten years after this situation, This organization tried to increase the salaries of teachers so as to ensure they were comfortable with their work. Soon, the Depression came into full force, and the organization signed for membership into the Federal Advisory Committee on the Emergency in Education section. The main purpose of this committee was to ensure that schools received assistance since it routed federal aid towards them (NEA, 2011).
Later, in 1926, NEA formed yet another committee with the American Teachers Association (ATA), previously known as National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools (NATCS). This Joint Committee was aimed towards justice. Its primary goal was to improve the quality of education offered for blacks. This would be achieved through various objectives such as accrediting and acknowledging black schools. This was not all, the NEA also made a brave step by taking a stance against the Japanese/ American internment camps. During this time, soldiers were prohibited from leaving their camps in search of further education. However, after the NEA greatly supported the G.I Bill of Rights, soldiers who wanted to further their education were enabled to do so after the war. According to statistics, this Bill of rights paved room for more individuals to attend college, a number that had never been witnessed before (NEA, 2011). Higher education became for all, and not just for the wealthy people. As a result of the organization’s continued advocacy for the minorities, a Bilingual Education Act of 1968 was passed. In 1984, NEA also triggered the creation of a federal retirement equity law (NEA, 2011).
Ever since the inception of the NEA, ethical and social justices have been the major drivers. This is still the case, as noted by how the organization supports Minority Community Outreach, Priority Schools Campaign, and how they encourage the reform of Social Security Offsets. However, it has recently been on the spotlight for various reasons. They are discouraging merit pay, are against the No Child Left Behind Act, and are also opposing the charter schools. The National Education Association seems to have changed from what was its earlier stance regarding the educational excellence and advocacy. It is now turning into a powerful political union.
The ethical and social justice issues facing this organization include educational reform and access to education. Improving the quality of education is a major concern for most individuals. However, for this to happen, an educational reform must take place. Ever since this organization lost focus, its role in the education department has also become confusing. They are no longer advocating for children to get education, or to improve the quality of education. As a matter of fact, all the three Acts mentioned above, that NEA is against, are all reform ideas supposed to improve the quality of education for all children. The NEA is a liberal organization; however the same cannot be justified for its members. This is because they are being influenced by the conservative thoughts. The NEA, therefore, is against education reform, and so are the members. Unfortunately some of the members are not aware of what the organization’s views are. They have not yet realized that the union leaders, who are mainly said to be liberal, are at the fore front in making biased decisions.
Issues Related to Philosophical Theories
No Child Left Behind
The No Child Left Behind Act is one that will ensure schools become accountable. It is relative to the Theory of Action, one which enhanced educational reform in Texas, while the leader was Governor George W. Bush. This theory strictly requires accountability, transparency, and choice. The No Child Left Behind Act involves a plan which expects any member within the education field to be accountable. It also requires any data and information about schools, test results, performance analysis and others, to be availed to anyone who needs it, including parents (Bland, 2014). In this plan, parents should be given more choice in determining their child’s education. By implementing this Act, the National Education Association became worried that the government would get an opportunity to shame or embarrass them by harassing them. Additionally, they disagreed with the government on empowering parents as they felt that it would inhibit their roles as teachers. The Act is designed to decrease some of National Education Association abilities of controlling education and politics, thus the organization’s aim was to restrain accountability and parental involvement. Hence, propaganda to misinform the public was developed. The organization sabotaged the supporters of the No Child Left Behind Act at town hall meetings by planting their leaders amongst them to interrupt speakers with aggressive comments and then denounce the idea (Smyth, 2008).
Merit Pay
A poll was prepared by the Democratic Leadership Council to take statistics on the number of democrats, republicans, and independents who would support the merit pay for teachers. The results were overwhelming with 60% democrats, 65% republicans, and 73% independents (Hoff, 2008). This is proof that the country indeed has a great desire to make the change However; this is a threat to unions because membership enrollments will be affected if teachers quit the sector as the union will lose money. An issue to be noted is how most of the teachers who are members of the union are actually being forced to pay up the union dues, and more of them do not even want to be member’s anymore. The union subjects teachers from different states to unfair conditions. For instance, they are all expected to pay a uniform amount, despite the fact that their payments may differ from one state to the other. The performances of teachers also differ, and thus they cannot all be subjected to the same payments. Some are way better and more experienced than others. Therefore, having a uniform payment will hinder teachers from wanting to aim for higher levels since there will be no distinction (Wright, 2003). In this field, there are many excellent teachers who are working alongside the ineffective and those who do not care. This, however, does not affect their payments as it is still the same for all of them.
Charter Schools
In the present environment, the National Education Association and the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), do not pay great attention to the under-performing traditional schools. This is because by doing so, they will not be getting any benefits and they also do not want the public to see what is happening. However, if the under performing institution is a charter school, all focus will be on it (Prothero, 2014). This is a very unfortunate situation because the country needs diverse schools to ensure that the needs of diverse students are also met fully. As a matter of fact, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) data pointed that the learning of minorities has increased far more in private and religious schools, compared to the situation in traditional schools (Shober, Manna & Witte, 2006). This is because there are more minority enrollments in charter schools than in traditional schools. There is also proof that charter schools thrive because they are not controlled by unions, while traditional schools controlled by unions do not last. It has also been noted that charter schools empower teachers and principals, while unions are against such an action. To effectively hinder the action of charter schools in the states, the union tagged on some political strings so they could get funding for the high priced smear campaigns meant to undermine charter schools (Antonucci, 2010).
Ethical or Social Justice Issues in Terms of Philosophical Theories
By resisting the No Child Left Behind Act, the NEA is also oppressing the philosophical theories of republican and negative liberty. There is a violation of the republican liberty of the institution of schools since there is a greater chance that the NEA will keep on interfering and taking steps to mitigate the progress of the NCLB. The negative liberty will always be in jeopardy since the institution of education will never be free to make any choices without being influenced by the NEA in the name of “equality” (Wright, 2003).
This union formed by teachers is supposed to benefit all the people involved, including the children. The idea of teachers being given an equal pay can be related to the positive theory of value and action, therefore it can also be given a utilitarian thought. However, since it does not consider children, it is not for the good of all in terms of “equality”.
The Union’s opposition to charter schools may be viewed by Libertarians as a violation to their rights. Parents must always have the freedom of choice, especially when it comes to deciding what may be best for their children, including deciding which schools to take their children (Wright, 2003). Therefore, the NEA has a moral obligation of ensuring this right is upheld, especially since it is basically an education association. Hence, parents literally own the schools and should choose according to their preference in what is known as “libertarianism”.
Major Ethical Challenges and Conflicts of Responsibility
Ethical behavior, within an organization culture can only be instilled through internal and external controls. Internal controls are achieved by promoting ethical conduct through encouraging professional development within the members. It is important for all members of an organization to be informed of the new ways of being ethic, and also teaching them to identify what is right from wrong. Professional development is one way of achieving this outcome since members of the organization will improve their skills as well the general knowledge of ethics. External control focuses on policies and laws. These formed policies and laws show the members of an organization what is right and expected of them, and what is wrong that they should avoid at all costs. If an organization can achieve a balance of these two controls, then a positive outcome should be expected. It is important to first look at the individuals involved as well as the organization as a whole. This consideration defines the policies formed within an organization. Policies are basically a definition of what one can do and cannot do. Hence, the leaders of the organization should be elected to create and uphold these policies (Prothero, 2014). This means that they should be individuals who can model the appropriate behaviors in members. The organizational culture affects the policy making process, and at times it can be more effective than the internal and external controls, as well as the organization’s accountability structure. Hence, the leader is the most influential individual and has the capability of impacting the culture, which is very powerful on its own and can instill ethical behavior amongst members (Shober, Manna & Witte, 2006).
Therefore, this organization is greatly challenged by the fact that its leaders are not actually the most appropriate individuals for the position. They are confused about what their true responsibility to the organization is all about. This is why the union can presently be misinterpreted for a political organization. The leaders are misdirecting the members, forcefully expecting money from them, but still the actions are not for the benefits of all involved. Another major ethical challenge is that the organization has lost focus of what is ethical and unethical. Instead of advocating for things that will benefit the children, avoid their discrimination, and ensure teachers are providing quality education; the union is focused on prohibiting anything that will not benefit teachers positively. As a matter of fact, they are against acts that are supposed to promote education for children and improve quality. Since the union is supposed to promote such acts, it is clear that they are being unethical in their actions.
Summary of Strategies Used by NEA to Maintain Responsible Conduct
This organization uses many strategies to maintain responsible conduct, despite the fact that it has many ethical and social justice issues. First, it has leaders to take control of the various activities involved within the organization. Without leaders, members of an organization would not be capable of staying together especially since they would be disagreeing, there would be no one to have the final say and so on (NEA, 2011). Thus, the organization has appointed different leaders for all sections to ensure that everything runs smoothly. These leaders are also supposed to lead others in the right way. Second, this organization has for long depended on research projects to support its advocacy. If it needs to oppose or support a certain act, it conducts research and uses the results as presentation to the government, showing why they should or should not implement the change given (NEA, 2011). This makes their argument to be stronger as it proves that they are using the right path by being ethical and thus doing the right thing for all involved.
Recommendations for Addressing the Issue
The National Education Association is opposing educational reform, a factor that is greatly affecting many children in many ways. First, exposure to high quality schools is being limited since their action is advocating for the continued mediocre schools. Therefore, children will never get the opportunity of enjoying high quality education in case their opposition succeeds. Their opposition also discourages more children to get enrolled in schools, therefore it also impacts the education of many more. The reason for this negative action by the NEA is that most of its members are unaware of what is going on and they also do not really know the truth behind the existence of this organization. Therefore, my first recommendation is that the Department of Education should make great effort in designing programs that will enlighten the members of the National Education Association (Wong, Wong & Ngo, 2012). This effort should be designed in a similar way to the No Child Left Behind, by applying the Theory of Action (Bland, 2014). This recommendation is very important as everything will change about the organization once the members have a clear idea of what they are supporting. Currently, only a few members know what the organization leaders have been trying to do. The second recommendation is that NEA should finally own up and start being transparent with its data. By hiding things from the people, the organization is not helping the trust situation that it has with the public. This will be a step towards curbing the claims that members are being misled. Transparency is the first step towards accepting mistakes and fixing the situation. This is because the organization’s leaders will not be tempted to act unethically as they will know that eventually they will have to answer for their mistakes.
Third, the NEA leaders should start being accountable for the organizations actions, and ensuring that teachers have a choice of whether they want to become members or not. By being accountable, leaders will know that any negative impressions given by the organization will be linked to them. Therefore, they will be more careful in preparing their activities, and will not only focus on selfish topics that are aimed towards benefiting them solely. Every individual has a freedom of choice, including teachers. Hence, it is immoral to force teachers to join the union just for the sake of getting finances from them. Fourth, school board members and parents should also get involved with the National Education Association. Without them, schools would be nowhere today, thus it shows they have power over the NEA. Teachers may always be tempted to favor their section only, which is why it is always important to have another group who will be representing the children.
If teachers had a clear view of the benefits they could receive as a result of merit pay, the importance of the data that encouraged the development of the NCLB, the many possibilities of charter schools, and also the reasons why NEA is opposing these changes, then the educational reform would start internally (Hoff, 2008). The recommendations above are all targeting the improvement of knowledge that many people have about the NEA. Therefore, once implemented, they are all expected to be effective in handling the ethical and social justice issues experienced by the National Education Association.
Factors Affecting the Implementation of the Recommendations mentioned
Just as with many business proposals, these recommendations will also require a lot of financing. This is why it may be difficult for the implementation of the first recommendation by the Department of Education. Currently, the organization is already supporting many people financially and politically, therefore it will be very complicated for it to still be able to find leaders who can develop a similar effort (NEA, 2011). As a result of a poor economy, the department may be forced to focus on issues that are more urgent and give this recommendation lesser priority. Another factor is how the NEA is already a powerhouse; hence, it means that the implementation of these recommendations may be hindered at various points, especially since they are supposed to create changes. Therefore, it will be very important for these reformers to be courageous; otherwise they will not make it. Parental attitudes may also threaten the implementation of the recommendation unless they are encouraged to meaningfully take part in the education of their children.
Outcomes
If these recommendations were implemented, the teachers will be given the power to make reformations on their own. As a result of this power, they will feel encouraged to be better professionals as they will hope for better payments and other benefits. This step, in turn, will also influence the quality of education offered in schools and students will feel more comfortable in the environment. Teachers will also gain relief after they understand that the NCLB is indeed a positive act, and it is not the government’s way of going against them as they had been initially made to believe. After their implementation, professional development will turn out to be a positive event and not how it previously was a negative event. Student learning will also be increased for the diverse students, as these implementations will encourage the development of many more charter schools.
NEA’s Opposition to Education Reform Threatens Equality, Liberty, and Justice
Justice is related to the actions of an individual as well as their moral implications. Hence, the decisive factor here is to even out the level of welfare to all individuals involved (Wong, Wong & Ngo, 2012). Distributive justice refers to how even the outcomes are while considering the organizational decisions and processes. Some individuals see that expectations and perceptions of fairness are parallel to the outcomes. This justice can be noted in the No Child Left Behind educational improvement act. It comes as a result of the actions of individual, that are designed to equalize the learning field and hence lead to the wellbeing of students. This action, however, is being threatened by the NEA.
Liberty is often considered to be a state of freedom, whereby one has the ability to act and think independently, as well as the capability of coming and leaving at one’s pleasure. It can also be considered as freedom to leave an unjust union, and be able to participate in more privileged activities without being intruded. The NEA is also opposing this by forcefully expecting teachers to become members of the organization.
Political liberalism is basically an idea that humans are indeed good and have the capability of governing themselves, however they still pick a government to lead them. This connection between liberty and political liberalism supports freedom of an individual, most specifically the individual liberty, human rights and many others. Political liberals are usually more focused on autonomy, equality, and neutrality. Therefore, all these should be used together to end up with an effective union.
Conclusion
The National Education Association has indeed deferred from its main purpose of existence. Its focus currently is very different from what it used to focus on many years ago. The people’s reaction to it previously and currently is also very different. Today, many people have lost hope in this organization as they now feel like it is a political organization and not the voluntary organization aimed towards fighting for the human rights of the members of the society. This organization has an opportunity of once again becoming what the people need. All it needs to do is to change its course, and finally focus on its purpose for existence. This should involve fighting for the rights of children to access education, fight for a high quality education system, and also to fight for the teachers so they can receive better salaries in future.
References
Antonucci, M. (2010). The long reach of teachers unions, using money to win friends influence policy. Education Next,10(4), Retrieved fromhttp://educationnext.org/the- long-reach-of-teachers-unions/
Bland, A. (2014). No Child Left Behind: Why Race based Achievement Goals Violate The Equal Protection Clause. Berkeley La Raza Law Journal, 2459-80.
Hoff, D. J. (2008). Obama Slips Merit Pay Into Larger Plan on Schools. Education Week, 28(5), 23-25.
Prothero, A. (2014). In Calif. and Elsewhere, Unions Seek Inroads Into Charter Schools. Education Week, 34(3), 6.
Shober, A. F., Manna, P., & Witte, J. F. (2006). Flexibility Meets Accountability: State Charter School Laws and Their Influence on the Formation of Charter Schools in the United States. Policy Studies Journal, 34(4), 563-587. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2006.00191.x
Smyth, T. (2008). Who Is No Child Left Behind Leaving Behind?. Clearing House, 81(3), 133-137.
Wong, Y., Wong, C., & Ngo, H. (2012). The effects of trust in organisation and perceived organisational support on organisational citizenship behaviour: a test of three competing models. International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 23(2), 278-293. doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.610966
Wright, R. E. (2003). Difficulties in Marketing the Concept of Merit Pay for Primary and Secondary Teachers. Research For Educational Reform, 8(3), 38-45.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Now that we have talked about dialects vs. languages and dialect features in class, try to give a linguistic profile of yourself. Tell us what language you speak natively (or languages, if you grew up bilingual), and then explain what dialect of that language you speak, and give some information about the dialect (for example, is it is a regional dialect, an ethnic dialect, etc.) and who else speaks it. Then try to come up with some specific examples of dialect features that are present in your speech that are typical of that dialect. Concentrate not on just lexicon, but also on phonology and syntax. Is there anything specific to your pronunciation as opposed to a mainstream version of the language? Any specific grammatical constructions you are using, which are not part of the mainstream? Has anyone ever commented on your dialect? When traveling to a different place have you ever noticed your own speech differing from that of other people? If you could change your dialect, would you?
For the purposes of this assignment, it does not matter whether you are a native English speaker or not. Talk about your native language, and compare your dialect with the features of your native language!
I need Chinese mandarin as my native language,and any one of the Chinese dialect is ok.
SAMPLE ANSWER
My Dialect and Native Language
The Chinese mandarin happens to be my native language, but I also learnt English right from my early stages in school. I have since grown up as a bilingual with spoken and writing skills in both languages. Chinese Mandarin in general is a tonal language with about 3000 different characters (Ross, Chen, He, & Ma, 2014). Mandarin is a group of varieties of Chinese languages that are spoken across the northern and southwest China. Beijing dialect is the language that I speak. The Beijing dialect is spoken in the Beijing region and City. Beijing Mandarin is basically the root of the standard Mandarin but its usage is greatly limited within the confines of the Beijing region.
The Beijing dialect is consistent with most natives, and greatly employs the ‘er’ sound at the end of words. This accent also tends to enunciate its tone with what I can describe as authority. In some sense, I find it a melodious way of speaking the Mandarin. Again, people from the north will often utter “mei shi’er” as a way of saying “mei guan xi” which people from the south are likely to find perplexing. This aspect of the Beijing accent usually makes it very easy for those who are conversant with the language to recognize and comment on my accent.
As Wang and Qin, (2014) note, the most distinct lingual features of the Beijing accent are the tonal and sound variations. For instance, ”言語一聲兒“ is pronounced as (yuan2 yi yi4 shengr1) instead of the (yan2 yu3 yi2 shengr1). It has a different accent and many other lexical differences from the other dialects.
The phonology structure of the Beijing dialect syllables comprises of a nucleus with a vowel (a monophthong, triphthong, or a diphthong) proceeded by an onset (which can be a single consonant, zero onset, or a consonant + glide) followed by a coda consonant (Wang and Qin, 2014). The tone can also be carried by a consonant. Most syllables also tend take the form of open syllables meaning that they have no coda. The number of sounds in the Beijing dialect varies from that of Mainstream Mandarin. Each of the syllables can be pronounced with three to six distinct pitch contours which denote different morphemes. Consequently, the number of tonal contrasts in Beijing dialect differs from the other dialects because it has fewer distinctions (Ross et al., 2014).
Like the Chinese language, Beijing dialect is a very analytic language that has almost no inflectional morphemes. Indeed, I find it similar to English in the sense that it follows a similar structure of sentence that frequently forms sentences in the subject-predicate order. For instance, the predicate may be an intrusive verb, transive verb that is followed by the direct object, and a linking verb that is followed by a predicate normative. Additionally, the writing system for the Mandarin dialect is founded on a series of written logograms. When communicating with members from the other parts of the country such as Henan, Sichuan, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, one notices the difference in terms of accents which are quite distinct. This is because the vocabulary of the Beijing dialect excludes all slang and other regionalism elements. Again, some colloquial words in this dialect are not present in the standard Mandarin Chinese and as such may not be comprehended by others from other regions away from Beijing. I find the Beijing dialect and the Mandarin in general a very rich and interesting language. There would be no intent for me to change the language in any way, instead, I would rather strive to learn more about the language.
References
Ross, C., Chen, P., He, B., & Ma, J. (2014). Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook. New York, NY: Routledge.
Wang, K., & Qin, H. (2014). What is peculiar to translational Mandarin Chinese? A corpus-based study of Chinese constructions’ load capacity. Corpus Linguistics & Linguistic Theory, 10(1), 57. doi:10.1515/cllt-2013-0020
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Health and Social Care. Medicalisation, normaility and the body
According to the World Health Organisation , The UK has one of the highest cesarean rates in the world. Discuss this statement sociologically, drawing on
your knowledge about the medicalisation process (and particularly unnecessary medical intervention) to explain why this might be the case.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Bidding and Funding in Health and Social care Organisations
A written assignment of 3,500 words which evidences application of knowledge and skills of funding processes in order to construct a funding bid relating to a relevant are of welfare provision
Demonstrate a critical understanding of the challenges and opportunities of different funding streams within the health and social care sector
including service level agreements, partnership working,commissioning and the provision of services, pay particular attention to the framing and construction of bids, needs analysis and context of outcome based evaluation.
A specific focus will be placed on commissioning and procurement of services
In this work you will be expected to demonstrate an understanding of;
1. declining charitable and community funds
2. political shift towards ‘strategic funding’
3. increased competition for funding
4. the different types of funding available
5. procurement,gifts and earned income
6. performance evaluation
7. consideration of the appropriateness of a source of funding
8. legal implications of partnership working
9. income generation and managing the money
10.understanding organisational costs.
You will need to use Harvard referencing system to show clearly the sources of material used and when you are quoting the words of other writers.
Demonstrate your research by referring to more than one type of source(text,journals,credible websites,professional literature etc)
Demonstrate an understanding of the ethical concerns within the subject of assessment.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Choose and read one of the articles.
Based on the readings do the following:
1) 1) In one paragraph, identify and discuss 3 things that you learned from the article. (What specifically did you learn and what did you learn about it?)
2) In three separate paragraphs, relate each of the things you learned from the article to one concept, theory or idea from the course. (Take the 3 ideas you
mentioned above and explain to me how they relate to concepts from this course) You should have 3 paragraphs, each relating one thing you learned from the article to one concept, theory or idea from the course.
3) In one paragraph, tell me how accurate and valid the conclusions are in comparison to what you have learned from the course. (Do you believe the results,
do they make sense, explain why or why not. BE SPECIFIC!)
All papers must be typed, double spaced and stapled with your name printed clearly on the first page. I expect that this assignment will end up being between 2-3 pages, if you have completed the assignment in one page, you probably have not done all that I have asked for.
Paragraphs should be are at least 5 sentences and if you feel like one paragraph is not enough to get your ideas across, then please write more. I will never
deduct points for writing more.
Identify means tell me.
Discuss means tell me about something in as much detail as you thing necessary to get your point across.
You should not need to cite anything for this assignment, but if you do I do not care what format it is in as long as you give proper credit to the idea. MLA
and APA are both fine citation styles.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
