Assignment
Assessed outcomes are to:
• Apply logistics concept within the context relevant supply chain
• Synthesis alternative model and intermodal opportunities in fright transport
You are required to.
Section 1: (50% of the marks, approx 1800 words).
Select a topic listed below and report on it. (my topic is the pipeline network) This will include a 5 minute oral presentation to peers which, using visual aids and handouts, should:
• Identify key issues relating to your chosen topic
• Use appropriate terms and logistics and supply chain management
• Emphasis trade- offs with other element of logistics and supply chain system
Purpose: This journal should be written in the first person and should be critically reflective. As such, you will discuss the most important concepts that you have learned throughout the week and how those concepts may be applied to your leadership career.
Assignment Description: Your Leadership Reflection Journal should exhibit personal reflection of your present leadership competencies and also possible adjustments that could be made to your leadership approach. Importantly, your Journal entry should be in light of the various concepts that have in covered each week in the course. Also of importance, the Leadership Reflection Journal should be far beyond a mere casual discussion. It should demonstrate a high level of understanding and should also provide adequate integration of authoritative sources as assigned for reading each week.
During the past week there are several important lessons and insights I have got with respect to leadership. I have got to learn about specific concepts that actually make the leader more effective in achieving his goals and those of the larger group. While we learnt several concepts, three stood out for me and I see myself applying them in my leadership career. The three management concepts are not taken independently but rather with elements of other concepts that we discussed. The Three main ideas I took were workforce diversity, the importance of planning and also interpersonal skills.
I value these three aspects of leadership because I believe they are the key to resolving the problems that the world is facing today as well as in the distant future. I have come to appreciate the importance of a diverse workforce because it brings in new ideas and also provides a wealth of experience based on different problem solving strategies. Furthermore, having a diverse workforce gives the organization I am leading an edge when it comes to the reach it has (Wrench, 2008).
Planning, especially in its proactive sense is an important thing for any serious leader. I like achieving the goals that I have set and this cannot happen by chance. It means that I have to consider the goal and relate it to the team I have at hand, making arrangements that maximize on the strengths we have towards the achievement of goals (Anderson et al, 2008).
Interpersonal skills are important to me because they come into play in the planning and diversification aspects of leadership. I need to form quality working relationships with the people I am leading. At the same time, interpersonal skills will help me to develop functional teams that are properly coordinated and well-structured for the tasks at hand (Martin and Dowson, 2009).
References
Anderson, D. W., Krajewski, H. T., Goffin, R. D., & Jackson, D. N. (2008). A leadership self-efficacy taxonomy and its relation to effective leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(5), 595-608.
Martin, A. J., & Dowson, M. (2009). Interpersonal relationships, motivation, engagement, and achievement: Yields for theory, current issues, and educational practice. Review of educational research, 79(1), 327-365.
Wrench, J. (2008). Diversity management and discrimination: Immigrants and ethnic minorities in the EU. Human Resource Management International Digest, 16(4).
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Choose a movie to watch and then write an essay of at least two full pages, double-spaced. How historically accurate are popular Hollywood movies? Does popular cinema offer historical lessons? Compare a film below with your new understandings of United States history. Clearly state the concepts and the movie event, character action(s), events, etc. that relate to the concept in your paper – prove to me that you’ve watch the whole film.
Find out when the film was produced. In what ways do you think the time in which the film was made?
Explain the context or background of the film. What is the film’s time period? Do the film’s characters represent real historical persons or are they fictional? Are the events portrayed in the film real or made up?
Cold War Culture
Salt of the Earth (1954)
On the Waterfront (1954)
Pillow Talk (1959)
Incredible Shrinking Man (1957)
Rebel Without a Cause (1955)
Kiss Me Deadly (1955)
Touch of Evil (1958)
War and Memory
Apocalypse Now (1979)
Full Metal Jacket (1987)
All Quiet on the Western Front (1930)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
Patton (1970)
First Blood (1982)
Race in America
Do the Right Thing (1989)
Sweet Sweetback’s Baad Asssss Song (1971)
Gone With the Wind (1939)
Native Son (1951)
Mississippi Burning (1988)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Full Metal Jacket
The following exercise is a brief comparison of the film “Full Metal Jacket” and how it compares to actual events in the history of America. The film was produced in 1987 but it was set during the Vietnam War which ended 12 years before. This was a war in which the United States participated in, joining sides with the South Vietnamese government in an effort to stop the Northern government backed by Communists from taking over. While the film uses the Vietnam War as a background, it has over time come to be generally accepted to have two parts that take place in succession in the film. The first part of the film is focused on the boot camp where new marines that have been drafted are undergoing their military training.
To achieve the required time period relevant for filming, the director had to ensure that the elements of fashion used corresponded to the time period. At the same time, some scenes had to be shot in location while others needed to be improvised. In some cases archive footage was likely used where there was no need to focus on specific characters.
The movie is centered on a platoon that has just joined boot camp as marines. They have an unusually harsh drill sergeant who takes them through the paces of becoming a disciplined officer. In the course of their training one of them experiences a mental breakdown and he ends up shooting a friend then killing himself. The buildup to this is however mostly comical. The second part of the film focuses on their deployment to war with each key character being assigned a specific profession. Joker is the protagonist in this part of the film and many of the horrors of war are portrayed from his perspective.
While the film portrays fictional characters, the story that took place was real though controversial hence making it difficult to draw the line between the reference to actual events that took place and exaggeration for entertainment purposes. The basic facts about the war such as the American soldiers engaging the Viet-Kong in battle is an accurate description of the war. The large scale loss of lives depicted in the film on both the Vietnamese and American side is also true (Havens and Thomas, 2014). Part of the story is also representative of the attitude that was carried by the anti-war protestors who saw it as an engagement in futility whose victims were innocent Vietnamese civilians and American soldiers. The war portion of the film looks at things from Joker’s point of view and this compels the viewer to consider the ethical issues of war and possible war crimes that were committed by American soldiers. At the same time, his point of view exposes the audience to the senseless deaths that took place combined with the fact that military training completely ruined some individuals beyond the point they would be helped.
The characters in the film were undoubtedly made up since there is no reference to the film being a portrayal of actual events. The comic elements present in the film coupled with the fact this film won entertainment accolades and not journalistic ones helps to affirm this point. The use of made up characters however really helps the story since the author is able to tell the story from the perspective of an analytical individual who didn’t really fit in. Joker’s not fitting in made him the ideal character to notice the barbaric nature of war.
Works Cited
Full Metal Jacket film, 1987
Havens, Thomas RH. Fire Across the Sea: The Vietnam War and Japan 1965-1975. Princeton University Press, 2014.
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Suppose that you have been working as a labor and delivery nurse at a hospital in an urban area for eight years. A colleague of yours, Mark (48 years old), is the Charge Nurse. Mark has been working at the hospital for the past four years, and he is your immediate supervisor. Outside of the work environment, you speak to Mark regularly on the telephone and the two of you are connected by a social networking website. Sam is a 17-year-old high school student who recently began working at the hospital as a volunteer to assist the phlebotomist in transporting blood samples to the laboratory. Sam has only been working at the hospital for two months. You, Mark, and Sam are dining in the employee cafeteria one afternoon along with four other hospital employees. A heated debate arises about how health care reform might affect your work environment in the near future. Some at the table feel that a letter should be written to an upper level hospital administrator to prevent any bad changes from occurring.
This is a three-part assignment.
First, explain Social Impact Theory in your own words (1 paragraph maximum).
According to Social Impact Theory:
Would a letter eventually be written to the administrator?
Which member of the group would most directly influence your way of thinking? Why?
Why would the number of people participating in the conversation be relevant?
How might media coverage of Health Care Reform shape the opinions of participants?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Critical Thinking and Social Impact Theory
The Social Impact Theory is a school of thought that is used in the prediction of social impact based on the different situations that can be considered. According to this theory, the magnitude of a social impact in any given situation depends on several parameters. These parameters are the parties involved, namely the sources of the influence as well as the group being targeted by the change. The second parameter of social impact is the social forces that come into play relevant to the situation at hand (Bhondeckar et al, 2013). This covers the potential of the source to influence, the urgency of the issue at hand and also the total number of sources working towards impact. The number of targets is inversely proportional to the effectiveness. An example of a social issue that can be explained through this scenario is the campaign against lengthy sentences for minor drug offences. The prime mover of such an action will be an individual or group of individuals who wish to see changes in the system. For them to have their voice heard and changes to be actually made, it is paramount that they convince more people to see things from their perspective and then join them. Their target also needs to be specific whether it is a politician or people who can influence a politician. Not carefully considering a strategy increases the chances of failure (Kwahck 2013).
Based on Social Impact Theory, a letter is bound to be written to the administrator. This is because all the parameters necessary for social impact are present in this given scenario. There is an issue at hand, the potential impact likely to be brought out by the healthcare reforms. The target of this potential social change will be to the administrator since the administrator has the capacity and authority to make the desired changes. There is also a sense of immediacy with the issue given that it brought up a heated debate (Thompson, 2013).
The member of the group who would most likely influence my way of thinking is Mark. This is because we know each other both within the work environment and outside. Furthermore, Mark is older than me and therefore has had a greater deal of exposure than myself. We get to discuss things with mark on different forums, the workplace, personally over the phone and also over social media. This means we have over time developed a lot in common and as such it is easier for my thoughts to be aligned to his. This may also be contributed to by the fact that our friendship with him will make us see things in the same way or look at the issue from a common perspective. A concept of consolidation with respect to social change theory states that individuals that regularly interact over time subconsciously end up having similar opinions as time progresses (Moynihan et al, 2013).
The number of people participating in the conversation would be relevant because it determines the number of sources and this has a direct effect on the power that the letter to the administrator would have. From the definition of the social impact theory, the number of sources is a main parameter. It will strengthen any campaign that will follow and this helps to amplify the message. If it is an idea that is promoted by few people, it will appear to be a personal issue or a subjective one that does not warrant changes to the entire system. A higher number of people participating will also be relevant in that it will embolden the participants in the conversation about the positions they hold. The larger the group means there are more consenting voices. This is necessary in eliminating or reducing the apprehension one may have if they feel they are made vulnerable by targeting the organization on their own. The concept of Social impact theory that arises in this regard is Clustering. Clustering is a phenomenon that leads people with similar points of view to gather in groups. The coming together of individuals in this group due to the similarity of their points of view and interest is a clear example of clustering (Dewall et al, 2010; Thompson, 2013).
Media Coverage of Health Care Reforms will shape the opinions of participants in several ways. First of all, it will make them aware about the actual healthcare reforms. Furthermore, the media coverage will analyze the dynamics of the reforms clearly illustrating who the stakeholders are and how they will be affected. The participants will get to understand where they are in the analysis and how they are likely to be affected. If the likely impacts will be favorable to them, they are likely to be supportive of the reforms. If the media focuses on the negative impacts likely to impact the participants, they are likely to take a position against it. The coverage of healthcare reforms by the media will also highlight issues such as the key decision makers and the degree of flexibility they have towards the matter. If the media shows them to be rigid and adamant about the proposed reforms, participants are bound to be more agitated and eager to express their views about the issue. On the contrary if the media reports in a manner that shows a relaxed attitude by the decision makers behind the health reforms, participants will not be less eager as they feel they have time. Divergent views are likely to come up in the event of media coverage. This is because the members of the group will consume the news independently (Hogg and Tindle, 2008).
Bhondekar, A. P., Kaur, R., Kumar, R., Vig, R., & Kapur, P. (2011). A novel approach using Dynamic Social Impact Theory for optimization of impedance-Tongue (iTongue). Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 109(1), 65-76.
Moynihan, D. P., Pandey, S. K., & Wright, B. E. (2012). Prosocial values and performance management theory: Linking perceived social impact and performance information use. Governance, 25(3), 463-483.
Thompson, J. B. (2013). Ideology and modern culture: Critical social theory in the era of mass communication. John Wiley & Sons.
DeWall, C. N., Twenge, J. M., Bushman, B. J., Im, C., & Williams, K. D. (2010). Acceptance by one differs from acceptance by none: Applying social impact theory to the rejection-aggression link. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(2), 168-174.
Hogg, M. A., & Tindale, S. (Eds.). (2008). Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Group processes. John Wiley & Sons.
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Requirements
For a selected patient scenario, identify related NANDA, NIC, and NOC elements. Describe in detail the data, information, knowledge, and wisdom that guided you. The scenario is one that you choose and is in a context familiar to you so that you can provide the detail requested and apply your learning from this point forward.
PREPARING THE PAPER
1. Required texts may be used as references, but a minimum of three sources must be from outside of course readings.
2. All aspects of the paper must be in APA format as expressed in the 6th edition.
3. The paper (excluding the title page and reference page) is 3–5 pages in length.
4. Ideas and information from professional sources must be cited correctly.
5. Grammar, spelling, punctuation, and citations are consistent with formal academic writing.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The Standardization of Terminologies in Nursing
Nursing process, the methodology that nurses apply in decision-making, entails various stages. The elementary phases of the process include data collection, carrying out the diagnoses, planning, the application of interventions, as well as the evaluation of the results that the process achieves. Standardization and the coding of patient data and diagnoses are tools that the nursing process applies. There is a variety of coding methods and among the most common ones are NADA, NIC as well as NOC styles (Park, 2010, Pg. 3). The three work jointly at different stages of the nursing process (Alexander, 2011). They lead to the generation of strategic actions and efficient communication among clinical practitioners.
The scenario of interest that the paper uses is the risk that people face against pressure ulcers infections. The occurrence is among the current areas that nurses and other clinical practitioners require addressing. The infections are common, and it would be necessary to seek the best communication methods in discussing them. To the present, pressure ulcers have caused alarming cases of mortality, poor quality of living, and economic setbacks for patients. The pathology entails the occurrence of abnormal lesions on skin surfaces that are directly over bony prominences. There is a variety of situations that place people at the risk of developing the abnormality. Among them are impaired movement, direct application of physical stress to the sites, and nutritional deficiencies (Bavaresco & Lucena, 2012, Pg. 1111). Old age, attack by systemic illnesses, exposure to humidity, and the use of medications such as the anti-inflammatory agents are common situations that increase the susceptibility of people to pressure ulcers (Bavaresco & Lucena, 2012, Pg. 1111). The most effective approaches to the condition are the preventive measures.
Nursing diagnoses for the disorder apply the concepts of NANDA. Nurses use the method to generate diagnoses such as the identification of the incompetence of the skin and exposure to injury as the primary risk factors. Nurses also employ the concepts of NANDA when they use standard diagnostic tools such as the Braden scale (Cox, 2011, Pg. 365). The scale is an instrument for assessing the vulnerability of people to pressure ulcers. The tool leads to a deep approach to pressure ulcers when it allows for the determination of the susceptibility of the skin structure to abnormalities. It does not just focus on establishing the general possibilities of the occurrence of the condition.
Nurses use NIC when categorizing the approaches to the intervention of the disease condition (Alexander, 2011). The concept allows practitioners to develop effective interventions to the disease. The creation of a healthy milieu is the commonest perspective that nurses and other practitioners take in the management of the condition. In so doing, the professionals link their NANDA diagnosis to NIC interventions. The interconnection between the diagnosis and the intervention sought through the two methods lead to disease elimination. Research data suggest that patients with a compromised immunological system face the greatest threat of pressure ulcers infection (Cox, 2011, Pg. 365). In hospitals, critically sick persons are possible victims of the disease. Again, the risk diagnoses that results from the concepts of NANDA suggest that unhealthy environment in hospitals predispose patients to pressure ulcers. NIC-generated interventions focus on improving the condition of the surroundings in clinics, wards and critical care units. Practitioners pursue the maintenance of cleanliness in the rooms where patients are as an objective regarding intervention to pressure ulcers. Practitioners take the role of protecting the patients from pressure ulcers in a variety of ways. For instance, they control the humidity levels in patients’ wards and rooms. Another common intervention for the condition includes increasing the mobility of body structures and repositioning organs that could be under physical pressure. Practitioners advise their patients to keep adjusting their positions and posture to avoid the ailment. The intervention links to the diagnosis that had described body positioning as a source of risk to the disease. Also, the NIC strategy leads to the classification of interventions on the basis of their effectiveness. Those that are most effective are the priority interventions while others are either suggested or optional. All NIC interventions and decisions should have an evidence-based element in their structure and application (Park, 2010, pg. 23). Pressure ulcers occur in various setups including hospital rooms, and the NIC strategy apply to a variety of such settings. However, there are limitations at the intervention level of pressure ulcers in that the number of studies validating the various NIC-generated approaches is small and insufficient (Bavaresco & Lucena, 2012, Pg. 1111).
NOC categorizes the outcomes of the application of the NANDA diagnosis and NIC interventions. The strategy leads to an evaluation of the success of the previous activities in terms of the eventual outcomes. NOC relates to both NANDA and NIC when establishing the achievements. The goals set in the process of evaluation through NOC relate to the alleviation of the diagnostic issue that nurses identify using NANDA. The successful eradication of the disease condition through the NIC-generated interventions serves as a measure of achievements. The strategy involves listing all the outcomes of the process in terms of the status of the patients. The expected outcomes in patients with pressure ulcers include the reduction of risk of the illness. Hospital records serve as the referencing sources when determining the achievements of the processes. For instance, the rate of infection with modified humidity in the rooms of the patients within a specified period gives the impression of the effectiveness of the methods. The NOC-evaluated outcomes could reflect both long-term and short-term achievements of NANDA and NIC based on the amount of data and the length of time that such information covers (Park, 2010, Pg. 4). In most cases, it is the comparison between the current and previous states of the patients that establish whether particular interventions to pressure ulcer management are productive. The concept of NOC requires nurses to take continuous evaluations of the progress of their patients. Preferably, the monitoring of the success of measures should commence immediately upon their application.
Conclusion
The standardization of terminologies applied in nursing practice is essential. It facilitates communication between professionals. In the management of pressure ulcers, the approach enhances the understanding of vital concepts and hence drives the decision-making process (Park, 2010, Pg. 23). Other processes that standardization drives include data collection and storage. The concept enhances the management of data kept in both paper and electronic media. The standardization of terminologies also facilitates the translation of concepts into a broad range of languages (Park, 2010, Pg. 26). The use of instruments in nursing diagnoses for pressure ulcers, as they apply with NANDA, leads to uniformity in the characterization of specified diagnoses. NIC interventions could be those of priority, suggestion or optional. NOC outcomes evaluate the achievements and the effectiveness of previous approaches to practice.
Bavaresco, T. & Lucena, A. F. (2012). Nursing Intervention Classifications (NIC) validated for patients at risk of pressure ulcers. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 20(6), 1109-1116
Cox, J. (2011). Predictors of pressure ulcers in adult patients in ICU. American Journal of Critical Care, 20(5), 364-376
Evidence-Based Practice
Write a 2-3 page (not including title and reference) paper in 6th edition APA format. Give an example of how nursing can be involved in evidence-based practice. What are the barriers to implementing EBP in your own organization and how cost and quality impact the utilization of EBP within your own organization?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Evidence-Based Practice
Evidence based practice (EBP) is a type of practice in healthcare that focuses on findings from researches and different types of data such as data that is used in quality improvement and quality improvement. EBP is usually used with the aim of improving healthcare services and over the recent years, nursing has been involved in EBP through numerous ways.
One of the most notable and common way through which nursing has been involved in EBP is in nursing management. Over the years, there have always been issues in a number of healthcare facilities concerning how the nursing management process is undertaken. With the introduction of evidence based practice, wide management science evidence has been drawn for the purposes of enhancing the nursing practice. This management science practice has enabled nursing executives to acquire new skills and competencies which have enabled them to shift and develop into a corporate focus. This shift in focus has undeniably played a big role in improving nursing as it has been seen in the manner in which healthcare facilities have grown for example through expanding outpatient services, cost containment and increased demand for quality outcomes. A report by the American Nurses Association indicates that with the incorporation of EBP in nursing management, the total health expenditure is expected to hit 13% of GDP by the 2032. (Holland & Rees, 2010, pg 216)
Implementing EBP in a number of organizations has at times been difficult due to the numerous barriers that have presented themselves. Implementing EBP requires literature review of bulk literature articles, for example it is estimated that approximately 8,000 literature articles which are relevant to family medicine practice and a practitioner in such a practice would require over 20 hours of literature review everyday so as to stay abreast of new evidence. This is practically impossible and is one of the main factors lowering the pace of implementing EBP. The perception by most of the healthcare practitioners has also been a major barrier in implementing EBP. In my organization, for example, most nurses and management officials have the perception that EBP is difficult to implement since it requires a lot of input in terms of time and this has provided reluctance in the adoption of this practice. Implementation of EBP requires one to have skills such as IT and information searching skills. Most nurses lack these skills and are therefore unable to implement the practice in an efficient manner as it is required. (Houser & Oman, 2011, pg 11)
Utilization of EBP requires enormous funds set aside for the purposes of conducting the relevant researches. Most organizations such as my own organization usually have insufficient funds to enable them effectively conduct the practice efficiently. The quality of healthcare services that most organizations aim to produce has played an enormous role in promoting the use of EBP as it has been shown by the numerous studies and researches conducted. Over the years, EBP has shown to produce quality healthcare services in terms of the now easier task of nurses in care giving and reduced timeline that patients now take to recover compared to the timeline they used to take with the use of the traditional method. My organization, just like many other organizations, has encouraged the use of EBP so at to accomplish the providing of quality healthcare services. (Goldstein & Morrison, 2013, Pg 410).
In conclusion, EBP is a very effective means of improving the nursing practice but it has a number of challenges that must be overcome in order to accomplish this.
Holland, K., & Rees, C. (2010). Nursing: Evidence-based practice skills. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Houser, J., & Oman, K. S. (2011). Evidence-based practice: An implementation guide for healthcare organizations. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
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Relying on information learned and read in this class and at least three (3) outside references, write a four to six (4-6) page paper based on the Radical Behaviorist Approach. For purposes of writing your scenario, your character is named Rad and you are the Instructor. The scenario should be based on the following steps outlined in your book:
1. Step One – Set Behavioral Goals. Describe the desired behavior you would like Rad to achieve. Note: Consider what have you observed about Rad related to the desired behavior.
2. Step Two – Determine Appropriate Reinforcers. Define reinforcers, and explain the reinforcers that you have selected for the desired behavioral outcome for Rad. Include the primary reasons why the selected reinforcers are appropriate for Rad, you (the Instructor), and the environment.
3. Step Three – Select Procedures for Changing Behavior. Describe the procedures that you implemented to achieve the desired behavior in Rad, and specify the main reasons why you chose these procedures.
4. Step Four – Implement Procedures and Record Results. Discuss the implementation of the procedures that you chose in Step 3, and create fictional results. Explain the method(s) that you used to observe the results.
5. Step Five – Evaluate and Revise. Discuss the method(s) that you used to evaluate the effectiveness of your desired behavioral change in Rad, and determine the major revisions you may consider to your program in the future.
The format of the report is to be as follows:
Typed, double spaced, Times New Roman font (size 12), one inch margins on all sides, APA format.
Use headers for each of the subjects being covered, followed by your response.
In addition to the four to six (4-6) pages required, a title page is to be included. The title page is to contain the title of the assignment, your name, the instructor’s name, the course title, and the date.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Radical behaviorist Critique
Step 1: The Setting of Behavioral goals
The main goal is for Rad to be more accommodative of other people’s feelings and condition. These changes will be manifested in his ability to share toys, personal space with others and also be considerate of other people. At the moment he tends to be primarily aware or focused on how he feels and always wants to have his way by being forceful, being violent and throwing tantrums. The negative behavior tends to be manifested most when he is with his mother or his siblings as well as in the playground at school. When other children are playing on swings, he will try to force others off so that he can also play. He tends to be a loner and doesn’t play in team sports such as soccer or others that require collaborative effort. With respect to tantrums, he will start screaming and throwing items when he is told he needs to do something such as clear his toys or brush his teeth. When his father tells him to do it, he instantly acts but when it is his mother telling him, he tends to be hesitant and when she insists, he starts crying and being destructive. Success will therefore be realized when Rad is able to be fair to his fellow students on the playground and also obedient to his mother at home.
Step Two Determination of Appropriate Reinforces
In the context of behavioral science reinforcers could be said to be a set of activities which will be used to strengthen the adoption of a given behavior. While the aim of this exercise is to bring about a change in Rad’s behavior, it is also important to think about the long-term. It will be of no use to conduct the program if his behavior change will be short-lived. Reinforcement is therefore the process of giving a change in behavior more potency and permanence in the life of an individual. Emphasis is often on the future behavior when it comes to reinforcement. For Rad’s behavior the use of punishments and rewards (Staddon, 2014).
The instructor with the help of Rad’s mother will need to figure out the things that the young boy loves doing. These may be playing with his handheld game console as well as watching cartoons after school. When he is in school he enjoys recess. The punishment will be applied through his being denied time to play the video games or the television being disconnected whenever he throws a tantrum. In school the punishment for him being rough to other children on the playground will be time-outs during the breaks. These will be primarily administered by his mother and school teachers, both of whom will have to be firm in their tone of voice and body language. This type of punishment is negative punishment because the target is denied something that brings them pleasure as a consequence of their action.
Rewards on the other hand will be given for Rad being compliant to the mother’s instructions and also by him being sensitive to other children on the playground. This will be in the form of a compliment and occasionally a token for his good behavior. This will however be done in an irregular pattern to ensure his does not become manipulative.
The punishments will make him associate his bad behavior with punishment and this will discourage him from such actions. The positive reinforcement will motivate him to engage in the positive behavior since he will note the progress himself and also see that his actions are appreciated (Staddon, 2014).
Step Three: Procedures for changing behavior
The procedures for Rad’s behavioral change basically involve his being instructed expressly that there will be a change in the way things run. With respect to his behavior he will need to change. This needs to happen when all is calm so that he can listen to the message and get prepared for a change. Rad will be clearly told that negative behavior such as tantrums and being rough will have the punishments described above. Since it is a habit for him, the mother will be ready the next time he throws a tantrum. She will tell him that because of his action he will not watch television or play video games the next day. For the first two weeks an explanation will be given each time he is punished. If the behavior persists, the severity of the punishment will persist but there will be less explanations. This will reinforce to him the fact that the punishments are the order of the day and not temporary. For the occasions he behaves well, he will be complimented and occasionally brought a gift by the mother. This will be something that reminds him of his good behavior.
Step Four Recording of results
A Table will be created to tally incidences of good or bad behavior to track his progress.
Day/Behavior
Bad Behavior
Compliant
Punishment
Reward
Monday
3
0
3
Tuesday
4
0
3
Wednesday
3
1
3
1
Thursday
3
2
3
Friday
3
3
3
2
Saturday
2
3
2
2
Sunday
1
4
1
2
Total
19
13
18
7
The results were observed by pre-determining the times of day or situations where the bad behavior is usually manifested. Each incident is tallied into the table created and this also applies for the reinforcement. The table takes into account a week so that daily and weekly progress can be tracked (Doegett and Koegel, 2013).
Step 5: Evaluation and Revision
The evaluation method that will be used will be through recording the incidents of negative behavior that take place in a day as well as the number of times corrective measures (reinforcement) was taken for the actions. This way the intensity of the negative behavior can be related to the numerical figure indicated. The reduction in negative behavior over time can be tracked and cross compared to the reinforcement being taken. This can be done weekly and even monthly. The instructor can make moderate changes such as increasing the frequency of punishments or increasing compliments to see if they have any impact.
In the future of this program major revisions that I may consider include engaging the child himself and asking him what he thinks about his actions rather than just effecting reinforcement and hoping he changes for the better. The attitude that the child has towards the desired behavior should also be recorded so as to find out if there is an actual change in his or her mindset or the behavior change is more of a response to the pleasure principle which makes one inclined to avoid pain in favor of pleasure (Philips, 2012).
Case Study Evaluation
•Analyze the disorder addressing the following elements: pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, progression trajectory, diagnostic testing, and treatment options.
•Differentiate the disorder from normal development.
•Discuss the physical and psychological demands the disorder places on the patient and family.
•Explain the key concepts that must be shared with the patient and family to achieve optimal disorder management and outcomes.
•Identify key interdisciplinary team personnel needed and how this team will provide care to achieve optimal disorder management and outcomes.
•Interpret facilitators and barriers to optimal disorder management and outcomes
•Describe strategies to overcome the identified barriers.
Care Plan Synthesis
•Designed a comprehensive and holistic recognition and planning for the disorder.
•Addresses how the patient’s socio-cultural background can potentially impact optimal management and outcomes.
•Demonstrated an evidence-based approach to address key issues identified in the case study.
•Formulates a comprehensive but tailored approach to disorder management.
APA Style/Format: Free of grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors. Citations and references are written in correct APA Style.
SAMPLE ANSWER
A Musculoskeletal Case Study
The patient in the scenario has developed a musculoskeletal abnormality. The disorder entails the impairment of the functions of the bone structure and or abnormalities on the muscular functionality. Other musculoskeletal structures that lose functionality in the pathological occurrence on the system include tendons, cartilage, ligaments, and intervertebral disks (Mobasheri & Mendes, 2013). Usually, musculoskeletal structures are relaxed and free from the pressure under normal physiological conditions.
The psychological difficulties that he patient has to cope with include depression, low self-efficacy, helplessness, and lack of social support (Marwaha, Horobin, & McLean, 2013). The patient’s divorced status together with the lack of children could worsen the psychological impacts of the disease. The patient is also likely to face physical demands such as the inability to work.
Optimal management of the disease would require the involvement of the patient’s family. The management plan should aim at informing the family of the necessity of psychological support for the patients. Supporting the patient would help overcome effects of the disease such as depression.
Interdisciplinary stakeholders in the care plan could include physiotherapists, nurses, pharmacists, educators, and social relations experts. The team should see to it that the patient undertakes the necessary disease condition assessments and that he receives care of high quality. Optimizing the patient’s use of medication and improving social relations would also be important tasks of such a team.
An important facilitator to optimal care provision includes the patient’s willingness to learn and implement management strategies for the disease. Undertaking the recommended physiotherapy practices would facilitate the achievement of effective care. Barriers include the patient’s misleading beliefs concerning the occurrence and management of the musculoskeletal condition (Sanders, Foster, Bishop, & Ong, 2013). The patient believes that the condition would disappear automatically, and he is not willing to spend money on treatment.
To overcome the barriers, care providers should aim at educating the patient on the importance of managing one’s health. The care team should also suggest an appropriate insurance plan for the patient to overcome the challenge of spending too much of the patient’s little finances. The team should also advise the patient against drug abuse as such practices could interfere with medication adherence and proper use.
Care Plan
The musculoskeletal condition in the patient is work related and has developed slowly over years. The root of the painful sensations is either injury or tension to the various components of the musculature and skeletal structures. Roofing necessitates the patient to take postures and positions that place him at the risk of hurting the musculoskeletal structures. The patient in the scenario could best manage his condition by use of pain relievers and restricting his movements.
The socio-cultural background of the patient is likely to hurt care strategies. The patient has no family, and he may not receive the help that he needs in managing the condition. Also, the disjunction with his wife places him at the risk of psychological stress. Stress could worsen musculoskeletal disorder and slow the recovery from the ailment. Also, the abuse of marijuana and alcohol place the patient at a high possibility of failing to comply with treatment procedures.
An evidence-based strategy of addressing the condition would include proper work design to overcome the physical straining that the patient faces in his job. The use of tools such as well-structured ladders and belts could minimize physical straining. The patient could also adopt a culture of practicing simple but regular exercises with the aim of relaxing his body.
The management of the illness could include the use of the applicable NSAIDS for pain alleviation. The patient could also receive an injection of anesthetics at the site of injury to fasten pain alleviation. He should also perform light exercises to relax the strained structures. Use of heat in massaging affected sites could help restore comfort in the affected sites.
Mobasheri, A. & Mendes, A. F. (2013) Physiology and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal aging: current research trends and future priorities. Front. Physiol. 4(73). doi: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00073
Sanders, T., Foster, N., Bishop, A., & Ong, B. (2013). Biopsychosocial care and the physiotherapy encounter: physiotherapists’ accounts of back pain consultations. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 14(65), n.p. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-65
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Provide an overview of the inpatient setting you have chosen.
Conduct an interview with a member of the leadership team responsible for the department/unit.
In your interview be sure to address, at a minimum, the following:
Provide background information on the interviewee (title/position, summary of academic and professional background, etc.).
Identify trends (e.g., supply and demand, political climate, regulatory, demographic changes, or patient care) that are impacting this particular inpatient
setting and how these are being leveraged or mitigated by the leadership.
Identify the challenges (micro or macro level) this department is experiencing. How are they addressing these challenges?
Based on your interview and the research you have conducted for both the Case and SLP assignments, create a table that illustrates the similarities and
differences in trends between the research conducted for the Case Assignment and the feedback in the interview. Analyze and discuss the findings shown in the table. This analysis should include both quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyzing the data.
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Select one of the research study articles that you found, giving preference to one that has an abstract that falls short of APA standards. (You will find these standards noted in the APA Publication Manual sections) Use the following questions as a guide to asses the abstract, and then rewrite the abstract accordingly:
• Did the author include a reference to the research study using a format consistent with the APA Publication Manual?
• Did the author mention the problem addressed within the study?
• Did the author state the central purpose of the study?
• Is information about the sample, population, or subjects provided?
• Are the key results summarized?
• Is the journal article clearly a report of a research study (instead of an essay, opinion paper, typology, or synthesis of past research)?
• Is the abstract no longer than a short paragraph (i.e., less than 1 double-spaced page)?
Be sure to submit the text of the original abstract, your brief assessment based on the above questions, and your revised abstract to your Instructor. Also copy and paste the original copy of the abstract in the word document at the beginning of your assessment before beginning the assessment and then follow with the corrected abstract.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Original Abstract
With the explosion of the e-commerce in the past decade, different buying patterns
and preferences have emerged for customer groups and other demographics. These patterns have been measured and collected by numerous independent marketing, business and even academic studies to understand how consumers connect with the new adventure of e-commerce. As the internet and online shopping is growing at a very fast pace worldwide, investigating this trend within Bangladeshi context is crucial considering that it is a relatively new trend in the country, the result is a lack of literature. This paper consists of the groundwork with a brief introduction of recent trends in e-commerce on people of Bangladesh; particularly its impact on university undergraduate students in Sylhet region. This has been followed by their general perceptions and preferences of the online shopping including products and website selection. Each of these e-commerce “characteristic” is compared to information combined from survey questions and open-ended discussions with a small sample group of university students at undergraduate level in Sylhet region. It also investigates into positive as well as negative website characteristics and sum up the favorable elements into a description of an e-commerce website that would suitable to the group being studied. Findings have been presented by means of the formation identified during the data analysis, indicated that an increasing number of the students at undergraduate level are now using the internet for purchase. It also observed that between male and female students, male students are purchasing products online more than female students. Although student’s participation is increasing, there are some limitations for what the potential numbers of students are not able to purchase via online (Rahaman et al., 2015)
Abstract Revision
The format in which the author included references is not in agreement with the APA Publication Manual. The Author of the research paper mentioned the problem addressed in the study. The research is about the present trends in e-commerce as seen in a sample of undergraduate university students in the Sylhet region of Bangladesh. The Author indicated through contextual analysis the main purpose of the study. The objective of the study being to show the potential of e-commerce (Harris, 2006).
The author provided some information about population, sample or subjects of the study. The subjects of the study include undergraduate university students in the region of Sylhet in Bangladesh. A summary of key results, as witnessed in the abstract of the research paper, is provided although very briefly (Beins, 2012).I analyzed the article and discovered that it was not an essay, typology, opinion paper or synthesis of past studies. Rather, it was an abstract of a research paper, of which I assured to be an original work of research that was carried out. However, I found the abstract to be longer than one paragraph and single spaced.
Revised Abstract
E-commerce has been adopted successfully in the past decade. It has caused the emergence of likes and numerous buying cycles for a variety of consumer groups and other factors of the population. The information being inferred from the study of consumer trends is used to understand how buyers relate to the advent of e-commerce. This research paper examines the effect of this new trend in Bangladeshi, but there is a hindrance of published materials. The paper introduces new and emerging trends in Bangladeshi, the effect it has on the undergraduate university students in Sylhet region.
Inquiries into the positive and negative characteristics of the websites adding the active elements to come up with a perfect image of e-commerce that relates to the sample being researched. Results show that an increasing number of undergraduate students mainly use the internet for shopping. Also noted, was the fact that more male students were buying goods online than their female counterparts. However, there exist some demerits of e-commerce, although the number of pupils participating in online shopping is rising steadily.
References
Beins, B., & Beins, A. (2012). Effective writing in psychology: Papers, posters, and presentations. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Harris, M. J. (2006). Three steps to teaching abstract and critique writing. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 17(2), 136-146.
Rahaman, M. (n.d.). Online Shopping Trends, Pattens and Preferences of University undergraduate students: A Survey Study on Sylhet region. Retrieved March 29, 2015, from http://publicationslist.org/data/gdeb/ref-8/GDEB_6.5.pdf
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