American Literature;“The Gift” and “Persimmons” by LI-YOUNG LEE as a Representation of Postmodernism
Order Instructions:
Choose two modern poems and two postmodern poems from the syllabus, and discuss how each is a representation of modernism or postmodernism. Quote from the poems and Klages’s essay. Write two complete paragraphs. Each should start a topic sentence and develop the ideas with quotes and your own analysis
SAMPLE ANSWER
American Literature
“The Gift” and “Persimmons” by LI-YOUNG LEE as a Representation of Postmodernism
Kissing is a motif in the Whitman’s poetry and is one Lee’s influences from the Americans. It is a frequent gesture in most of his poems. Lee’s poem “The Gift” puts together two scenes: it is clear that a father removes a splinter of metal from the palm of his seven-year-old son; when the son grows up, he also removes a splinter from under the wife’s thumbnail. According to Klages’s, this is regarded as postmodernism because of the presence of the signifiers and the loss of the idea that the signifier was pointing to. The poem finally ends with the memory of the narrator as he spontaneously kisses his father. This radiates tenderness in “The Gift” and has led critics to call Lee sentimental. (Perushek, 1995).
The poem “Persimmons” revolves around the image of persimmon within the imagination. It dramatizes a common situation in America of an immigrant child who struggles to be a part of the society that regards him as an alien and ridicules his mispronunciation of the English words. He was slapped by a teacher for not being in a position to differentiate ‘persimmon’ from ‘precision’. He was also made to stand at a corner as a means of acculturation. These school experiences are put together with the family scenes. For example, he lies in the yard with his wife, Donna while naked teaching her words of the Chinese tribe. From the Klages’s essay, this is regarded as “mini-narrative”. The story explains a local event thus a representation of postmodernism. The poem is further ending with a scene that is full of pathos and that affirms the art value. It deserves fame as a piece of anthology.
You must write 4–5 pages of content in current APA format on a criminal justice topic . Additionally, you must include a title page, abstract, and reference page and use at least 5 scholarly sources.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Abstract
Criminal justice is an offence committed against the state and its institutions. Both men and women are involved in criminal related activities in a variety of way. This paper attempts to look at how women are affected by the criminal justice system. The paper confirms that women are faced with different circumstances from men and this may affect their justice.
Introduction
According to Barberet (2014), criminal justice is the system that involves the government institutions, whose main aim is to deter and mitigate crime or even impose sanctions to those who break laws of the country and to correct them. It also entails upholding social control at all levels, and also imposes rehabilitation efforts when deemed necessary to do so. Despite criminals being both men and women, the number of men involved in criminal activities outnumbers the number of women involved in the same. Moreover, the conditions that surround the criminal activities in women to some extent vary between men and the women. The circumstances that surround women criminal activities are different from those of men despite both of them facing the same legal test.
Women and Criminal Justice
There has been a high increase in women crime in the world, leading to most of them being sentenced in court despite them committing crimes less serious as compared to those crimes done by men. There have been great sentences of women and this has been attributed by the perception of their needs rather than their deeds, with most of them having to be imprisoned with an aim of separating troubled and troublesome behavior. The many women who end up being imprisoned are free from substance abuse since they are restricted to access drugs for those who are used to their usage; hence, they are free from the risk of mental problems (Player, 2014). Women who present lower risks as offenders tend not to get support from the probation service and do not receive adequate attention from the law enforcement agencies.
Women have accomplished amazing feats globally and there is a need to ensure that they do not suffer disproportionately with regard to their gender for them to continue with their important role in the society. The numbers of women are very high as compared to the number of men in the world and yet they receive less recognition in criminal justice reform measures where they are highly mistreated. However, despite them being the primary caregiver of their children, they end up being victimized by physical, emotional and sexual abuse in their past lives which live to haunt them. The criminal justice continues to detain women even after undergoing such trauma in their lives instead of offering counseling to give them the rehabilitative treatment that can help them forget the pain they have been undergoing through (Malloch, Mclvor &Burgess, 2014). Some women even detained at extraordinary rates for the sake of primary nonviolent drug-related offenses which they never took part in the, hence when found guilty, they are punished. Criminal justice regarding women can be described in a variety of ways considering several facts. These facts include incarceration of women at very huge numbers whereby, the number of women behind bars and probation is very high. Bright, Kohi & Jonson-Reid (2014) argues that, there are women who are incarcerated in non-violent offenses and they end up being charged with drug-related crimes, which they have not even committed and this is regard to their color which makes them to undergo severe sufferings.
The other fact that is used to describe women criminal justice in the court is where many girls enter the juvenile justice system with a history that is full of physical, emotional and sexual abuse that always disturbs their mental functioning due to their horrible experiences. Many girls who are arrested end up being charged with the mistake of running away from the violent home situation where their parents rape and even mistreat them. This becomes a great challenge to them because, instead of being counseled on what happened, they are mostly subjected to dehumanization in prisons and a lot of humiliation; hence, they end up not getting the right mental health services (Malloch, Mclvor & Burgess, 2014). While serving time in the facility, girls are more likely to be sexually victimized as compared to boys whose sexual victimization is very low. They end viewing live to be meaningless to them due to what they have undergone in life and most of them after sexual victimization they don’t value men at all in life, hence they find it hard or even impossible to start up a family.
Another fact is that, once these women are released from prison, they face discrimination from the members of the society who tend to view them as unproductive or even poor to associate with. To some extend they are excluded from enjoying government services or even receiving any assistance from the government, such as subsistence benefits to them and their children. They are also refusing employment opportunities that can help them earn a living and they have pathetic housing and can’t get access to basic needs like education. According to Sangoi & Goshnin (2014), statutory bans are even imposed on some industries such as child care, nursing and home health care where women of color and poor status are in large numbers so that they can be made to suffer by not getting these basic needs. In most countries crime rate has really declined and the rate of incarcerating drug offenses has been out of control with the women being the weaker sex and the most affected by the drug saga. As we think about the women’s role in today’s society, it is also good to focus on the large number of children who have been abandoned by their mothers in prison, where they suffer and lack the basic needs in life.
The other fact concerns shackling of pregnant prisoners during labor and delivery whereby the health of the newly born, and that of the mother is at very high risk since the environment is not friendly to them all (Player, 2014). The shackling of women prisoners in bed during their delivery times is unethical and unconstitutional, hence those found doing so should be judged in court and if found guilty they then face the consequences. These women are denied reproductive health services which entail testing them to know their HIV status with an aim of reducing risks to the unborn child and even to get access to quality prenatal care. These women also do not get access to blood screening to identify the presence of any sexually transmitted disease that can be treated with an immediate effect to prevent causing bad effects to the unborn such as blindness which is as a result of gonorrhea. They don’t get access to abortion services which may be necessary in case of an ectopic pregnancy with an aim of saving the mother’s life, which is always at danger in such a case like this.
Conclusion
Both men and women are involved in criminal related activities that subject them to the criminal justice system. However, the number of women involved in criminal activities is relatively lower than the number of men involved in criminal activities. Due to different circumstances, the legal criminal legal implications of women are somehow different as compared to those of men. Women are faced with very different circumstances that complicate their life and subjecting them to equal legal standards with men may deny them justice.
References
Barberet, R. (2014). Women, Crime and Criminal Justice: A Global Enquiry (Global Issues in Crime and Justice). Routledge; 1 edition
Bright, C., Kohi, P., & Jonson-Reid, M. (2014). Female in the Juvenile Justice System: Who Are They and How Do They Fare? Crime & Delinquency. Vol. 60 Issue 1, p106-125
Malloch, M., Mclvor, G. &Burgess, C. (2014). Holistic Community Punishment and Criminal Justice Interventions for Women. Howard Journal of CriminalJustice. Vol. 53 Issue 4, p395-410
Player, E. (2014). Women in the criminal justice system: The triumph of inertia. Criminology &CriminalJustice: An International Journal. Vol. 14 Issue 3, p276-297
Sangoi, L. & Goshnin, L. (2014).Women and Girls Experiences Before, Drugs, and After Incarceration: A Narrative of Gender-based Violence, and an Analysis of the Criminal Justice Laws and Policies that Perpetuate This Narrative. UCLA Women’sLaw Journal. Vol. 20 Issue 2, p137-168
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From your textbook answer the following questions. Don’t copy and paste/plagiarize or I must give a zero for the entire assignment, and don’t type out an answer you don’t understand. If you need help ask me. Remember that grammar/spelling count and I will take off as much as half credit for poor writing/proofreading.
PART 1:
1) Type what you learned about FDR’s story (perhaps upbringing, education, politics, marriage, polio, Warm Springs GA, differences with Hoover, March of Dimes)
2) Define KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS such that you understand it. (How did this approach to economics permit the New Deal to exist?)
3) Describe New Deal programs that are still with us, including the FDIC, SSA, TVA, and SEC.
4) Describe 5 New Deal programs (“alphabet agencies”) no longer with us (including WPA, PWA, CCC, and two others)
Part 2:
A) Crash Course US History: The Great Depression (14:24)
www.youtube.com/watch
1) Before the stock market crashed, Americans were buying lots of new consumer goods, but often HOW? (hint: “it was totally unsustainable”)
2) What were the two reasons food prices fell so much prior to the Depression?
3) John Green: “If I had to name a single cause for the Great Depression it might be…” What?
4) And so what “froze”?
5) What is “deflation”?
6) Hoover blamed WWI and reparations for global depression, right? But as depression spiraled around the world and the world needed global TRADE more than ever before, what did the US (and then Europe) do???
7) What was the point/goal of Hawley-Smoot? That is, why enact it?
8) What country finally abandoned the gold standard in 1931?
9) Did the US do so, and did it work?
10) What was Hoover’s “President’s Organization on Unemployment Relief”?
11) Who were the “Bonus Marchers”? (This goes by fast at the end)
B) Crash Course US History: The New Deal
www.youtube.com/watch
1) What does NRA stand for in the video and re: Great Depression?
2) What were the “three R'” categories of the New Deal and what were they supposed to do? (Hint, one was NOT Run-DMC, lol…but I sure loved them in the 80s.) 😉
3) In the second phase of the New Deal, what was the “Wagner Act”?
4) Who was quoted in the “mystery document” discussing “adequate wages”?
5) Why was it believed that raised wages would help pull the nation out of depression?
6) Rather than the New Deal, some economic historians believe what really ended the Great Depression once and for all? (Hint: “another massive government spending program”)
7) FDR saw liberty as “greater…for the average…”? (what and what?)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Great Depression/1930s
PART 1:
1) Type what you learned about FDR’s story (perhaps upbringing, education, politics, marriage, polio, Warm Springs GA, differences with Hoover, March of Dimes)
FDR argued that it was the responsibility of the government to promote the life of the citizens. FDR aimed to end depression and ensure that unemployment was resolved. He was the US president that was elected four times. He ruled during World War II and the Great Depression.
The leader was born in 1882 in New York and suffered from polio in 1921. His political journey begun when he was 28 years old after being invited to run for the senate for New York State. He is known for his reform agenda through new deal. He died in 1945 from cerebral hemorrhage.
2) Define KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS such that you understand it. (How did this approach to economics permit the New Deal to exist?)
Keynesian economics is a situation where economic output is influenced by the total spending incurred in an economy in short run when the economy is experiencing recession.
The approach permitted the New Deal to exist as it aimed to stabilize the economy through the concept of demand and supply. More jobs were to be created to increase the spending hence helping to overcome the Great Depression.
3) Describe New Deal programs that are still with us, including the FDIC, SSA, TVA, and SEC. New deal made the expectations of the Americans on their government. It made government and institution experience daily American life
social Security Act (SSA) aimed to fight widespread poverty in older people. Income was given to retired wage earners. Currently the program receives funding from current wage earners and employers and still remains popular.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created in 1933 to help develop the Tennessee Valley region economy hit greatly by the Great Depression. The federal-owned corporation is still operational today providing electricity in US.
Federal Deposit Insurance Company (FDIC) was formed in 1933 to address the bank failures experienced in 1920s and 1930s to ensure that depositors are protected. The body nowadays helps in promoting public confidence in financial system of US.
Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) was formed in 1934 to act as market watchdog. It is part of the government and oversees brokerage firms as well as ensures that organizations such as New York Stock exchange are self-regulated. The body is key in regulating and impacting on the global economic crisis.
4) Describe 5 New Deal programs (“alphabet agencies”) no longer with us (including WPA, PWA, CCC, and two others)
One of the deals was Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), created by Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 to combat unemployment. The deal helped to create employment for many Americans during the Great Depression. Many public works and structures were created across the nation, courtesy of this deal.
Second, was Civil Works Administration (CWA), created in 1933 to provide jobs for those unemployed. The focus was on high paying jobs in the construction industry. The deal increased federal government expenses as earlier planned.
The third was the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) aimed at fighting housing crisis of the great depression. It aimed at regulating housing and mortgage conditions.
The fourth was Federal Security Agency (FSA) established in 1939 to address various important government entities. It, however, was abolished in 1953. The role it played included administration of federal education funding, social security, and food and drug safety.
The fifth was the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) created in 1933 to help in refinancing of homes. Between 1933 and 1935, a million people had long-term loans through this agency to ensure that their homes are not closed/foreclosure.
Part 2:
A) Crash Course US History: The Great Depression (14:24)
1) Before the stock market crashed, Americans were buying lots of new consumer goods, but often HOW? (hint: “it was totally unsustainable”)
Credit and installment buying
2) What were the two reasons food prices fell so much prior to the Depression?
Increase in amount of food produced for the soldiers.
Mechanization.
3) John Green: “If I had to name a single cause for the Great Depression it might be…” What?
Massive unemployment
4) And so what “froze”?
Credit
5) What is “deflation”?
Less money in circulation
6) Hoover blamed WWI and reparations for global depression, right? But as depression spiraled around the world and the world needed global TRADE more than ever before, what did the US (and then Europe) do???
Raising tariff
7) What was the point/goal of Hawley-Smoot? That is, why enact it?
Protect American industries
8) What country finally abandoned the gold standard in 1931?
Britain
9) Did the US do so, and did it work?
No, it did not work
10) What was Hoover’s “President’s Organization on Unemployment Relief”? An organization to ensure no one should starve hence, encouraged private organization /charities for poor.
11) Who were the “Bonus Marchers”? (This goes by fast at the end)
1) What does NRA stand for in the video and re: Great Depression?
National Recovery Administration
2) What were the “three R'” categories of the New Deal and what were they supposed to do? (Hint, one was NOT Run-DMC, lol…but I sure loved them in the 80s.)
Relief programs- gave money to poor people
Recovery programs- recover the economy
Reform program- regulate economy in the future to prevent depression
To fix depression and prevent future depression
3) In the second phase of the New Deal, what was the “Wagner Act”?
Guaranteed workers the right to unionize. It created platforms for the workers to form unions
4) Who was quoted in the “mystery document” discussing “adequate wages”? Eleanor Roosevelt
5) Why was it believed that raised wages would help pull the nation out of depression?
Under consumption
6) Rather than the New Deal, some economic historians believe what really ended the Great Depression once and for all? (Hint: “another massive government spending program”)
World war two program- massive government spending program
7) FDR saw liberty as “greater…for the average…”? (what and what?)
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It Is important for the writer to note that for this paper, he will have to respond to section A and then in section B he will combine the orders with references 111677, 111725,111768 and will also include section A at the end of the paper before the final conclusion and references list in APA 6th edition format. The writer must pay attention to details and properly arrange the paper base on the instructions giving below. The writer will also use the resources giving below to respond to SECTION A, the article mentioned to be read for section A is in the resources below.
SECTION A ( 1 page)
Marketing in the 21st Century
Once again, you will utilize articles listed in the Resources section to explore the different topics for your Research Paper. In this section, you will find a series of questions pertaining to each article. You do not have to answer the questions directly, but they are included to guide you in discovering the type of information that you need to complete the research paper.
For this week, read “Horizontal Innovation Networks: By and for Users” by von Hippel. After reading the article, consider the following questions:
• Is user-generated innovation good or bad for a company?
• If user innovation can happen independently of manufacturers, how can companies incorporate customers into their new product development process?
• How should companies manage their marketing mix variables in the era of personalized marketing in order to generate and sustain competitive advantage?
Using the information you have read, and any other outside resources that you have found, consider how these topics relate to the overall subject you are addressing in your paper. Remember to refer back to the main task of this paper, which is to describe how you believe the usage of the individual marketing mix variables is likely to change in the future and what companies must do to adapt their marketing approaches in order to achieve competitive advantage. In particular, focus on the following aspect:
– What must companies do to manage their 5Ps in order to harness maximum competitive advantage both globally and online?
SECTION B
Combine all of your information from the previous papers with the following references orders 111677(revise Copy), 111725, 111768 including section A. And organize it in a logical manner, with distinct sections and headings. Begin by briefly summarizing the conclusions you reached through your research, while setting your conclusions in the context of leading theory and practice in the marketing field. You should have a minimum of seven references to peer-reviewed scholarly journals in addition to the articles found in each of the papers for the past 3 weeks.
Also take note that you must arrange the paper starting by Begin by briefly summarizing the conclusions you reached through your research, while setting your conclusions in the context of leading theory and practice in the marketing field. Follow by the papers in the references in this order 111677, 111725, 111768 and then you will also include the SECTION A or this order before concluding the paper. All references must be included in APA 6th edition format.
Resources to use for SECTION A
Articles
• Kohn, K. (2005). Idea generation in new product development through business environmental scanning: The case for Xcar. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 23(6/7), 688–704. doi:10.1108/02634500510630212
The author of this article introduces the concept of using business environmental scanning to generate new product ideas.
• Pecotich, A., & Ward, S. (2007). Global branding, country of origin and expertise: An experimental evaluation. International Marketing Review, 24(3), 271–296. doi:10.1108/02651330710755294
In this article, the authors investigate the issues faced by marketers in an international marketplace when they attempt to establish global branding, while also taking into consideration a rise in nationalism.
• Shang, R., Chen, Y., & Liao, H. (2006). The value of participation in virtual consumer communities on brand loyalty. Internet Research, 16(4), 398–418. doi:10.1108/10662240610690025
In this research, the authors study lurkers and posters in virtual consumer communities to determine if they could be used as a tool to understand brand loyalty.
• Sinisalo, J., Salo, J., Karjaluoto, H., & Leppaniemi, M. (2007). Mobile customer relationship management: Underlying issues and challenges. Business Process Management Journal, 13(6), 771–787. doi:10.1108/14637150710834541
In this article, the authors introduce a framework for companies to use in developing effective mobile customer relationship management.
von Hippel, E. (2007). Horizontal innovation networks: By and for users. Industrial & Corporate Change, 16(2), 293–315. doi:10.1093/icc/dtm005
In the new world of Web 2.0, there is an increase in the number of user innovation networks and the author of this article suggests conditions under which such networks can flourish.
• Anderson, J., & Billou, N. (2007). Serving the world’s poor: Innovation at the base of the economic pyramid. Journal of Business Strategy, 28(2), 14–21. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
The authors of this article discuss the challenges of reaching customers in developing nations who often have limited income. They then suggest possible approaches to effectively serve this market.
Nijssen, E., & Douglas, S. (2008). Consumer world-mindedness, social-mindedness, and store image. Journal of International Marketing, 16(3), 84–107. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
As communication technologies are more widely adopted, consumers are able to access information on products, as well as global, social, and ethical issues. The authors of this article develop measures of how this free-flow of information impacts consumers’ views of corporations and whether this type of information influences purchasing decisions
SAMPLE ANSWER
Marketing in the 21st Century
Introduction
In the 20th century, the marketing strategy was based on television, radios, magazines, and newsletters. The technological revolution has changed everything in marketing drastically. People are adopting the revolution where things are done smart but not hard with limited resources at a very short period. The introduction of the computer is perhaps the source of this the change. While the generation 20th century could only receive information when they listen to radios and TVs, the generation of 21st century sees the information whenever they are through the phones. In that manner, the there is a move from traditional ways of advertisements to online ways of marketing. This project champions the move from analogue to digital marketing and what the companies need to do to become relevant in the future competitive market.
Online retailing
Online retailing has emerged as an important retail force as consumers are purchasing online. It is now up to the conventional offline retailers to respond. In order to establish a clear difference from retailers that have offline stores, online retailers should lower their prices below the prices that offline stores ask for the same products (Chinta, 2006). This will allow price conscious consumers to take full advantage of the cost savings which could at times be considerable. Online retailers need to offer a wide variety of selection – seemingly endless selection – that offline retailers may not be able to provide. Online retailers should ensure the convenience of online shopping by enabling buyers to make a purchase of any item in seconds from the comfort of their homes (Francis, 2007).
Online retailers should also allow shoppers to compare the features and prices of their products instantaneously. Online information capture is generally more frequent and detailed. Click stream data gives complete information on how a customer shops, whilst virtual shopping carts serve as loyalty cards that capture the purchase habits of shoppers (Strzelec, 2011). Therefore, online retailers can actually increase their sales simply by targeting repeat purchases basing on individualized content of each consumer. More importantly, online retailers can extract behavior data of consumers to turn abandoned shopping baskets and/or switching decisions into operational indicators of how to stock products and serve shoppers (Chinta, 2006).
For retailers with physical stores that intend to also establish themselves online, their strategies should be to provide new services such as buy-online pick-up-in-store, in order to keep pace with preference of the shoppers. Francis (2007) pointed out that having a physical offline store wherein shoppers can engage with a product before ordering the product actually boosts demand as well as revenue. The online store would encourage consumers to align themselves with the channel that serves them better – be it online or offline – therefore optimizing the experience of the customer and reducing costs for the business (Gregory, Karävdic & Zou, 2007). Offline stores/retailers can take their brand to the web and realize immediate recognition and trust. It is of note that this value is actually true for the existing shoppers as well as aware shoppers who look for the benefits of the personalized, intimate experience and the more informative buy (Wong, 2008).
Retailers with physical stores should seamlessly integrate their channel offerings simply by introducing online shopping perks to the offline, in-store consumers. For instance by (i) allowing the shoppers to pick up online orders from the company’s physical, brick-and-mortar location; (ii) Providing free Wi-Fi. (iii) By offering in-store access to the company’s online catalog; (iv) developing an app that allows the buyers to scan product bar codes and read online reviews, and (v) accepting mobile payments through the in-store point of sale system (POS) of the company (Griffiths & Howard, 2008). In essence, companies that can seamlessly integrate offline and online offerings would be the most successful.
Globalization is essentially a trend that is typified by denationalization. Globalization has influenced marketing trends in that increasingly more companies are engaging in business-to-customer and business-to-business e-commerce that necessitates the use of online marketing strategies to attract buyers and improve sales (Nelson, Cohen & Rasmussen, 2007). Basically, the multinational firms that make use of e-commerce more intensively, engage in a wide range of e-commerce activities compared with companies that are less global.
Personal Marketing
When the term marketing is used the first thing that comes to the minds of many is advertisements or other related promotional activities conducted by the manufacturer and distributers of a product with the aim of reaching as wide an audience as possible. In light of this widely accepted view of marketing, the concept of personalizing the process seems at best alien and completely out of place. Personal Marketing however does just that. Marketing has gradually been moving from a product or price orientation to a more customer- centered process. Personal Marketing is the preparation of a product’s design, packaging and promotional activities in a manner that is targeted at an individual consumer rather than the masses. This can therefore be said to be the highest form of customer-centric marketing. This is because the marketing efforts are geared towards enticing a specific prospective or current consumer to purchase a specific process. This is different from market segmentation or the creation of a niche market. With personal marketing the target is the individual and not a group of individuals with similar characteristics of importance to the marketer (Vesanen, 2007).
Personal view of Personalization
According to me, personal marketing is a company’s way of reaching out to an individual client whose purchase or purchases will bring about considerable benefits to the organization. For such companies the power of customers is very high in the Porter’s Five Forces analysis. The transactional behavior of individual customers has a direct impact on the turnover of the business entity. It is a marketing strategy that needs to be prudently carried out by individuals who have the perfect mix of product knowledge, creativity and persuasiveness so as to ensure the objective of this promotional activity is realized. If this mix is achieved proactively, personal marketing is sure to succeed where conventional marketing has failed to yield fruit. It is important to note that the individual in this context is not necessarily an individual. It may also be a corporate client whose purchases are carried out between the entity of the company and the customer as two parties.
Impact of Personal Marketing to Companies
Personal Marketing is bound to benefit companies since it helps to bolster the relationship that they have with their customers. On the part of the customers satisfaction will increase and this improves their perceived value of the product thus leading to more purchases. This then translates to higher turnovers and increased profits for the companies engaging in personal selling. The fact that communication between sales persons and the customers is two sided means that there is a provision for immediate feedback which is quite important to the product developers and sales department.
The development of personal marketing
The first step that firms need to do in developing personal marketing strategies is to understand the needs and value systems exhibited by specific customers. Since the marketing is being formulated to suit a specific customer, it is important to ensure that the product in question meets all of these needs. These include issues like the quantity, quality standard, timing, pricing, payment schedule, usability of the product, frequency of deliveries and any other special aspects of the products that will be relevant to the customer being targeted (Balabanis and Diamantopoulos, 2008).
Pricing in Personal Marketing
When it comes to the pricing of products in personal marketing, it is necessary to employ dynamic pricing over fixed pricing. This is because the customer is treated as an individual and the price plays a large part in this process (Garbarino and Lee, 2003). A customer may be willing to make bulk purchases so long as the price is within their budget. Other customers will also determine value by basing it on the price of the product whereby higher prices suggest greater value. This is particularly important when goods or services of ostentation are involved. At times the goods being marketed are not necessarily luxurious but highly specific such as military hardware for a specific government’s army. In such a scenario the price set will depend on the economies of scale that will be realized by the customer’s orders as well as the budget (Calantone and Di Benedetto, 2007).
Degree of price discrimination applicable
The most appropriate approach to price discrimination is the third degree of price discrimination (Avlonitis and Indounas, 2007). This price discrimination method is favorable for personal marketing since the basis for the setting of the price is based on the customer’s preferences, geographical location and other subjective factors that can only chance from entity to entity. As stated above, personal marketing is meant to tailor the promotional effort in such a manner that elicits a positive reaction on the part of an individual customer rather than an entire group of potential customers. Third degree price discrimination will be the result of the back and forth communication between the sales department and the specific customer. The price will be set in such a manner that it strikes a compromise between the profitability goals of the business and the ability and capacity of the customer in question.
Mass Marketing Versus Personalized Marketing
The articles “The Continuing Power Of Mass Advertising” by Paul Nunes and Jeffrey Merrihue(2007) and “Word Of Mouth” by Cater Reigner (2007) provides a comparative analysis of personal and mass marketing through online and traditional channel. Although the researches of the authors were independent, their researches focus gives a sufficient outlook of the current literature which evaluates the effectiveness of traditional and new marketing strategies that currently dominate the markets.
One of the common questions asked in the consumer environment is the trend of the mass advertising. Is mass advertising dead in the era of personalized marketing? The reports of both authors tend to move to one line of thought when assessing the prevalence of mass marketing and the personalized one. Both authors acknowledge the movement and the prevalence of personalized marketing. The use of technology has facilitated the use of personalized market to a high degree in very short period. Havlena, Cardarelli and Montigny (2007) note that the use of social media, emails, and phone have allowed individuals to interact with consumers one-on-one. A study carried by Nunes and Merrihue (2007) reveals that the Y generations are the most buyers in the market and are the ones that are “digital” minded. It means that the focus of marketing shifts to them. Keller (2007) posits that the Y generation argues that use of web-based marketing is easy and fast as you can talk to the sellers unlike mass advertisement on TVs and newspapers.
On the other hand, Nunes and Merrihuel argue that it still early for the mass marketing to die. The authors say that it will take considerable years for the mass marketing to disappear. In their research, they revealed that the new venues have not interrupted the traditional venues for getting the advertisements. The study revealed that common venues of advertisement are still 97%; this includes television, radio, print, and billboards. Hence, the fact those traditional venues still dominate the market assures the continuity of mass marketing. Additionally, Nunes and Merrihuel argue that a small percentage of markers are ready to purchase the tools for web based marketing which seem to be expensive and are among the strategies the companies can use to shift from traditional to personalized marketing. They have to create web page for the products, programmed machines that responds to individual requirements, and addition of staff to respond to each individual. Moore and Pareek (2009) add that most of the consumers are not acquainted with some of the technologies hence they have to be taught through campaigns.
Both authors agreed that the web based marketing has got high prevalence as a marketing strategy. The major reason for the high prevalence is the interpersonal communication between the consumers and the marketers. One-on-one communication assures the customers on the need and benefit of the products (Keller, 2007). It gives the marketer an opportunity to use his/ her skills to convince the buyers on the importance and the advantages of the products. Ryan and Jones (2009) describe interpersonal communication as a tool that assures the customers of the products. According to Keller (2007) products will not sell unless the customers have the information about them. Therefore, the customers only decide after getting the information through promotion that intensifies when there is interpersonal communication. As such, it is the customers that have the powers to lift the company after getting the knowledge about the products.
Managing market mix
As the world goes digital, the companies need to employ the same pace as the technological revolution. As said by Kohn (2005), to compete in this competitive world, all the 5Ps (product, price, promotion, place, and people) are very important for the company to remain relevant in a particular industry. As such, they have to be tactical to overcome their rivals or competitors. Hippel (2007) says that one of the most important factors in 5P is the promotion. He defines it as another form of advertisement that allows consumers to know more about the product.
As discussed before, the online way of advertisement remains very vital in passing information that all companies should adopt especially in future where the world will have Y and Z generation alone. These generations are digitally minded hence they should be focused on since they are the future buyers. Through online advertisement, marketers will have the opportunity to communicate to the consumers. Through communication, price and place where an item is needed will be identified. Additionally, through communication, marketers will get the feedback from the customers about their products; as such, the 5Ps shall be managed. Pecotich and Ward (2007) posit that the future companies will only maintain the market mix through marketing and advertisement where the customers can have enough information of the company and its products (Sinisalo et.al., 2007). Therefore, right approach for every organization will depend on the marketing strategy of the product, strength of their brand, and the extraneous market that the marketing is aiming. According to Hippel (2007), the product will only sell after the information is on the market. In that manner, to manage the market mix, product value whose information is in the market becomes a necessity.
References
Avlonitis, G., & Indounas, K. (2007). An empirical examination of the pricing policies and their antecedents in the services sector. European Journal of Marketing, 41(7/8), 740–764
Balabanis, G., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2008). Brand origin identification by consumers: A classification perspective. Journal of International Marketing, 16(1), 39–71.
Calantone, R., & Di Benedetto, C. (2007). Clustering product launches by price and launch strategy. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 22(1), 4–19.
Garbarino, E., & Lee, O. (2003). Dynamic pricing in Internet retail: Effects on consumer trust. Psychology & Marketing, 20(6), 495–513
Chinta, R. (2006). Retail marketing trends in USA and their effects on consumers and the global workforce. Business Renaissance Quarterly, 1(2), 65–80. Retrieved from ProQuest Central database
Francis, J. (2007). Internet retailing quality: One size does not fit all. Managing Service Quality, 17(3), 341–355.
Gregory, G., Karävdic, M., & Zou, S. (2007). The effects of e-commerce drivers on export marketing strategy. Journal of International Marketing, 15(2), 30–57
Griffiths, G., & Howard, A. (2008). Balancing clicks and bricks – strategies for multichannel retailers. Journal of Global Business Issues, 2(1), 69–76. Retrieved from ProQuest Central database
Havlena, W., Cardarelli, R., & Montigny, M. (2007). Quantifying the isolated and synergistic effects of exposure frequency for TV, print and Internet advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 47(3), 215–221.
Hippel, E. (2007). Horizontal innovation networks: By and for users. Industrial & Corporate Change, 16(2), 293–315.
Keller, E. (2007). Unleashing the power of word of mouth: Creating brand advocacy to drive growth. Journal of Advertising Research, 47(4), 448–452.
Kohn, K. (2005). Idea generation in new product development through business environmental scanning: The case for Xcar. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 23(6/7), 688–704.
Moore, K., & Pareek, N. (2009). Marketing : The Basics. London: Routledge
Nelson, R., Cohen, R., & Rasmussen, F. (2007). An analysis of pricing strategy and price dispersion on the Internet. Eastern Economic Journal, 33(1), 95–110.
Nunes, P., & Merrihue, J. (2007). The continuing power of mass advertising. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48(2), 63–71
Pecotich, A., & Ward, S. (2007). Global branding, country of origin and expertise: An experimental evaluation. International Marketing Review, 24(3), 271–296..
Riegner, C. (2007). Word of mouth on the Web: The impact of Web 2.0 on consumer purchase decisions. Journal of Advertising Research, 47(4), 436–447.
Ryan, D., & Jones, C. (2009). Understanding Digital Marketing : Marketing Strategies for Engaging the Digital Generation. London: Kogan Page
Sinisalo, J., Salo, J., Karjaluoto, H., & Leppaniemi, M. (2007). Mobile customer relationship management: Underlying issues and challenges. Business Process Management Journal, 13(6), 771–787. Von
Strzelec, P. C. (2011). Online vs. Offline Shopping: Retailers Must Respond. Dallas, TX: CRC Press.
Vesanen, J. (2007). What is personalization? A conceptual framework. European Journal of Marketing, 41(5/6), 409–418.
A 45-year-old wife of one of the staff physicians was admitted to the emergency room. She is intoxicated and loud. Her husband wants her admitted to the psychiatric unit. He has asked to have two other physicians that are his friends to sign the paper work to admit her. In New York State where the hospital is located two physicians can admit a patient against their will if they are a danger to themselves or others. You happen to be a neighbor and know that the couple is going through a divorce and the husband wants custody of the two children. You also know he is dating a nurse on another unit.
Differentiate between the ethical and legal implications of her admission. What actions will you take? Support your decisions with legal reasoning and case law.
Resources
Textbook Reading:
Essentials of Nursing Law and Ethics
Chapters
• Chapter 20: “Abusive Situations”
• Chapter 21: “Reproductive Services”
• Chapter 22: “Restraints”
• Chapter 23: “Emergency Psychiatric Admissions”
• Chapter 24: “Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplantation”
• Chapter 25: “Discharge Against Medical Advice”
SAMPLE ANSWER
Clinical Criteria for Determining Danger to Self
A divorce is defined as a court’s ruling to end a marital contractual agreement between marriage partners which exempts them from performing their marital obligations. In the United States, divorces are categorized in two forms: absolute divorce, which is also referred to as divorce a vinculo matrimonii, while the other is a limited divorce also known as divorce a menso et thoro (Kjervik & Brous, 2010). These forms of divorces are determined by various circumstances, for example, absolute divorce occurs when there is evidence showing misconduct or wrongdoing of either marriage partners. In this case, the facts show that the wife of the physician had taken some toxic substances harmful to her personal health and in addition, she was loud. Westrick and Dempski, (2008) argues that stressful situations such as divorces could make people depressed or suicidal. The woman in question must have developed depression and this is an equivalent of a psychiatric case. This means that the patient is dangerous and is at risk of harming herself as a result, she could have posed a serious danger to the other patients in the emergency room. Based on this argument, it becomes legal for the staff physician to convince two other physicians to sign the medical papers. The action is justifiable and of utmost good faith, hence ethical and legal ‘per se’.
Patients suffering from depression after a painful divorce are bound to abuse drugs in a suicidal attempt thus making them violent and at times loud but this again does not justify the reason for taking the patient to a psychiatric unit (Johnston & Roseby, 2007). Apparently, the husband to the patient wants to use the documents as prove that the wife has mental retardations so that he gains a leverage during the court proceeding. This will definitely be in his favor as he will be given the custody of their two children on the ground of the other party being mentally unfit. Such a case is reported in Laznosky v Lasnosky, where the Maryland Court of Appeal ruled in favor of the husband since the wife had been declared mentally unfit to retain the custody of their children (Kjervik & Brous, 2010). Even though the intentions of the husband might be malicious and heavily inclined towards his position as a staff physician, the wife can still put up a strong case protesting against her medical condition and she can still be considered to take custody of their two children. But again, assuming that the actions of the husband were in good faith, then it is legal, moral and ethical to take precautions when handling a patient who is intoxicated and loud.
Ackerman, (2006) elaborates that the directives for handling such patients require medical practitioner to take a clinical assessment of the patient after which the physicians can sign a form stating which unit to put the patient, either in accordance or as opposed to their will. Such an action is completely legal. On the other hand, it is unethical to infringe the rights of the patient as they have the privilege of deciding what is suitable for them. In fact the law states that it is unlawful to forcefully admit or detain a patient. The same case scenarios apply to contracts formed without the consent of the contractual parties. According to the rule of law, mental illness is not proof enough to be denied custody of the children during divorce because the children too have the legal obligation and a right to select a custodian parent (Schoenly & Knox, 2012). As a good neighbor, I second the physicians’ decision to take his wife to a hospital facility to get medical attention. However, the decision to confine her in the psychiatric unit is malicious. Based on this arguments balancing between ethics and legality of the admission process, I would advise that the patient be taken to an emergency unit so that the husband does not get a chance to use the medical documents to his advantage in the court proceedings.
References
Ackerman, M. (2006). Clinician’s Guide to Child Custody Evaluations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Johnston, J.R., & Roseby, V. (2007). In the name of the child. A developmental approach to understanding and helping children of conflict and violent divorce. New York: Free Press.
Kjervik, D. & Brous, A. (2010). Law and Ethics in Advanced Practice Nursing. London: Springer Publishing Company.
Schoenly, L. & Knox, C. (2012). Essentials of Correctional Nursing. Springer Series. London: Springer Publishing Company.
Westrick, S. & Dempski, K. (2008). Essentials of Nursing Law and Ethics. New York: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
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How to Communicate Public Policy Change around the World
How to Communicate Public Policy Change around the World
Order Instructions:
How to Communicate Public Policy Change Around the World.
This paper is a continuation of 111744 so please reference to that paper and my other paper on the propose policy change to complete this section
Using the three recommendations in my previous paper with reference 111744, discuss why you chose each one and explain how you plan to use each recommendation to communicate your amendment change to health system stakeholders around the world.
SAMPLE ANSWER
How to Communicate Public Policy Change around the World
Communication plays a critical role in our lives as human beings. It is through communication that governments make known their policies to the members of the public and other institutions. To communicate effectively requires proper choice of communication channels (Mohr & Nevin, 1990). Communication on cost-effective public policy change in the provision of contraceptive services by the government to employees as part of their insurance coverage globally requires proper choice of communication channels. The author deliberates on the reasons for selecting the three communication media, and how they can be used to communicate amendments to health system stakeholders across the world.
One of the media that can be used to communicate amendments is social media. Various reasons explain why this media is appropriate to reach all stakeholders across the world. One of the reasons is that the media is accessible across the world. Many people including health care organizations and stakeholders use social media on their daily basis. People have embraced technology and such platforms as their way of reaching one another (Shi & Singh, 2012). Another reason is that social media is cost effective way of conveying a message as well as influencing other people about various aspects in the society. Therefore, using the platform in this campaign will record higher level of success. The fact that people or stakeholders in healthcare can access their internet on their phones makes this a conducive medium of conveying this information to them. Use of this media is not complex, as the government needs to compose a message about the amendments in healthcare and then post it on its social media platform (Mount & Garcia Martinez, 2014). Once the information, it will be accessible to many individuals interconnected across the world. The message travels quickly due to high level of interconnectivity.
The second way to reach all stakeholders globally is through lobby groups and professional organizations. The reason for selecting this channel is that lobby groups have machinery to reach many people in their respective localities through campaigns. These groups as well attract the attention of the media hence, will reach to many target audience and communicate the policy changes. Furthermore, professional groups are perceived positively as credible source of information, hence, they would greatly impact on behavior change among the target population. The groups will use their members spread in various localities to facilitate communication about the changes in the amendment. This will make many people to get the information, hence, influencing the communication.
The other way to reach stakeholders is through opinion leaders. Society has various opinion leaders it depends on to provide leadership and a sense of direction on various issues (Corey, 1971). Example of these opinion leaders includes; religious groups, professionals in various fields, managers at various levels, community leaders among others (Shoniregun, Dube & Mtenzi, 2010). The reason for focusing on such leaders is that they resonate well with the members of the society and are trustworthy. They will transmit this information to people they lead and influence them to embrace the chances.
In conclusion, information is what helps to transform society. People will make decisions based on how they perceive the benefit of the information available to them. In such scenario, the government must ensure that these communication channels selected are utilized well in a professional manner to ensure that all target stakeholders are able to get the information. Use of social media, lobby groups, professional organizations, and opinion leaders will enhance communication on the amendments in the public policy.
** Im also attaching an Essay Q&A(Question and answer) document. If you have any questions please feel free to ask me. My email is rohin360@hotmail.com**
You are to complete a ten page, typed, double-spaced essay on one of the following topics:
Violence in Sports
or
Fans and Sports Obsessions
The paper should include relevant research on your topic. You are to compare and contrast research and ideas that support your opinions with the research you have found. You are free to complete this paper using the style of your choice provided the following details are addressed:
Use a minimum of three references
The paper is a minimum length of ten pages, not including cover page and reference page (total 12 pages). You are welcome to go well beyond the 10 pages of written information keeping it within reasonable limits, not beyond 20 pages.
Papers are completed using APA style references and in-paper citations. Also, Wikis are acceptable as sources, but you can only use one for your essay.
Papers are to be submitted by the due dates outlined in the course schedule.
Submitted using the digital drop box.
Mark Breakdown
Essay is worth 40% of your final grade
70% of grade is content
20% (2 pages of opinion/validation)
10% correct referencing/APA style
When writing your essays, when I refer to compare and contrast, I am referring to comparing and contrasting the research/sources which is a part of writing an essay APA style. If the information you are using is all the same, then you will only be comparing. Also, when writing this essay, I do not require you to include an abstract.
Photos, graphs or charts are not allowed as they are not APA style! If anything other than 10 pages of solid writing content appears in the paper (charts, graphs, pictures, etc.,) this will result in an automatic 30% deduction from your overall grade!
NO BLUE FONTS ALLOWED! I need to warn students that when you copy and paste information directly from websites into the body of your essay or into the reference section, that is plagiarism and can be an automatic zero on the assignment. I should not see blue font in your essays or reference sections. If I do this could result in a major penalty or zero, be forewarned! I have seen this too much lately and do not want to see this in my course. Other instructors will not only fail you on the assignment but entire course for this! All of your writing content must be in black, 12 point font and some version of Times Roman, Century or Courier, no exceptions! Blue coloured fonts appearing in the essay is an automatic 20% deduction penalty.
Two pages of the essay are devoted to your opinion. I would like to see this at the end of the paper, and since it is in your own words, it is your ‘critique’ and this part of essay therefore does not have to include APA citations.
Penalty for late submissions is 10% per day! Essays must be due by 6 pm ET on specified dates, no exceptions.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Sports Psychology: Violence in Sports
Introduction
Sports encompass different genres of games such as football, athletics, and indoor games among many others. On several occasions, many games report violence across the world for various reasons. Violence entails use of excessive force that causes or has potential of causing harm or destruction to others. In sports, violence manifests differently or indirectly in various games. Some games are violent in nature and this is expected or is the norms. It also occurs in the field among players. There is on the field and off-the-field violence among players and violence among spectators that attend sports events and watch these games through media coverage. Solutions of violence in sports require understanding its history and various situations under which such violence occurs.
Sports Violence
Different people hold contrary views about violence in sports. Some argue that violence is part of many games and, therefore, is indispensable. Others hold view that it is wrong because it destroys or interferes with the dynamics of the games. Other still feel that it is a reflection of natural tendencies among male people in society whereas some argue that it promotes the idea that strength and physical size is a legitimate way of maintaining power (Guilbert, 2006). Studies assert that violence in sports has changed compared to the past years. In-depth research and survey is however, the only way to ascertain these assumptions and people’s feelings.
Different types of games require participants to engage in violence. Some games have rules that bar people from intentionally hurting others even if they come into contact like football. Games or sports such as wrestling have rules but the participants can physically assault others. This makes people to perceive violence as normal occurrence in such games.
According to Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald (2011), violence that involves deviant actions face severe sanctioning, hence, classified as illegal. However, violence is allowed when it happens with the intention of enforcing social norm or conforms to the norms. Emotions and psychological instincts among players and fans trigger violence. Sportsmen are human beings and they experience stress in their lives that affect their minds. Many instances, violence on the field results from inability to restrain or control one’s emotions or anger. It is important to understand the history of violence in sports to have a clear picture of the entire scenario to adopt appropriate measures to solve this menace.
Historical background of violence in sports
According to Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald (2011), violence in sports is not a new phenomenon as it continues to happen as it did in the past. In ancient Greeks and Roman Empire, blood sports were very popular. The sport was violent and participants nursed injuries. Similarly, among the Mayas and Aztecs, people lost their lives in ritual games (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). In medieval and early modern Europe, tournaments aimed to train people for wars and had warlike consequences. Some of the folk games had fewer rules hence; people nursed injuries and many succumbed to death. Games such as dog fighting, cockfighting, bearbaiting and other sports activities during the periods were brutal and violent.
However, as the Northern Americans and Europeans embraced civilization, modern sports emerged. These sports had more organized rules as opposed to the physical games that had limited rules. As the sports industry continued to develop, more games became organized and rules became formalized, certain form of violence became prohibitive (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Players were required to have self-control to restrict physical combat/contact and any expression of aggressive impulses as they competed.
Some social historians argue that violence in sports does not automatically decrease over time. However, emotional expression and actions have become more regulated and controlled in modern society hence it is something exciting and entertaining for the spectators (Guilbert, 2006). Furthermore, processes of globalization, commercialization and professionalization have led to new forms of instrumental and dramatic violence in various sports. This has contributed to increase in entertainment and goal oriented violence.
Regardless of these developments, violence is still a social issue in these modern days as the major goal is tension creation as opposed to relieving or discharging the tension. In some societies, patriarchal aggression and violence reproduce ideology that makes the power of men above that of women (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Sports are, therefore, given different meaning by place and time and understanding sports violence can only occur through analysis in relation to social, historical and cultural context that it to occur. Solutions to this problem emanates from clear understanding of these analysis and understanding of the circumstances that triggers such violence.
Violence on the field
Violence comes in many forms grounded on cultural and social factors related to commercialization, sport ethic, ideas about masculinity and gender ideology, and the dynamics of race, social class and strategies in sports (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Violence on the field typology is attributed to Mike Smith a Canadian sociologists. According to these sociologists, four common types of violence occur on the field. One of the types is brutal body contact, which includes physical practices in various games such as athletics and football. Examples of this kind of violence include hits, collisions, blocks, tackles, and many other forms of physical contacts that cause injuries to the participants (Guilbert, 2006). Such attacks fall under category of extreme and are not illegal or criminal or do not attract punishment. The rule of the games provides allowance to such attacks provided they are not committed intentionally (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011).
The second type of violence experienced on the field is borderline that includes practices that go contrary to the rules of the game, however, accepted by most coaches and players as consistent with the norms of the game (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Examples of these acts of violence include forcefully placed elbow in football and basketball, brush back pitch in baseball, strategic bump used by the distance runners to put their competitors of stride among many others. Even though these attacks are expected, they invoke retaliations from the competitors most of them attracting fines and sanctions that are not severe. Public pressure to increase punishment severity has increased and continues as in the recent past. The third category of violence witnessed in the field is the quasi-criminal that includes actions that violate the formal rules of the sports/game, public law and even the formal norms among the players. Good examples of such actions include late hits, cheap shots, sucker punches, and flagrant fouls that put players to danger of body injuries (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). These kinds of violence attract sanctions and fines. The last category is the criminal violence that encompasses actions that are outside the law and even the competitors question and condemn them without law enforcement officials (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Such crimes require persecution and may include assaults during a game such as hitting an opponent with a hockey stick.
Commercialization and violence in sports
Some of the athletes in competitive games or sports receive good benefits to engage in violence. This, however, does not come out directly because many do not cite money to be a sole cause of violence. Commercialization has widened opportunities for people to play certain contact sports and media coverage makes the sports more visible (Guilbert, 2006). Media contributes in making these sports appear more violent than they are. Some of sports such as wrestling and boxing attract higher benefits and therefore, participants as they aspire to get the crown they are involved in serious physical combat that may injure them. Children that watch these violent sports may become violent by emulation what the sportsmen do. However, this does not justify the conclusion that commercialization causes violence in sports.
Masculinity is another reason why many sportsmen and sportswomen engage in violence in the field. Men, for instance, are socialized to be strong and not failures, hence, will use all means possible to remain victors in their sports. This euphoria of masculinity propels them to take drastic measures such as kicking others just to win over them. Violence is also sometimes institutionalized in essence that it is used as strategy to win over competitors. This kind of violence is accepted in some of the games but the aim should not be to cause injuries.
This kind of violence such as brutality may be difficult to manage but it requires that people or sportsmen and women use violence strategy. They must change their ideology and cultural paradigm when playing any sports. Furthermore, it is important that stringent measures be put in place such as severe sanctions and fines as way of discouraging such kinds of violence.
Violence off the field
Research indicates that there is tendency for many of sportsmen to be violent off the field (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). These violent behaviors among these sportsmen manifest because of many factors. Most of people playing violent sports may have used violence to achieve their success and status (Teitel, 2014). People comfortable with violence sports are mostly likely to participate in violent behaviors. Unique situational factors that athletes encounter on the field encourage them to engage in violence acts off the field. They want to demonstrate their toughness on the field to the members of the public.
This psychological problem will require cognitive directed measures to overcome. People will have to change their perception about violence. Programs to create awareness on need to respect one another and sort out differences in a civilized manner need to be encouraged.
Violence at sports event
Rarely does violence happen at the sports events. Spectators, most of the time attend games to get fulfillment and to support their teams. They may be emotionally expressive verbally but they may not direct their violent behaviors to their fellow colleagues, coaches, players and referees and even police officers (Teitel, 2014). However, this does not mean that violent incident does not happen. Various incidences of violence have happened in many sports events leading to injuries. Over-charged emotions among fans and spectators may result to physical combat and even verbal violence between the fans and the referees and police officers. In 1993 for example, a tennis player Monica Seles sustained injuries after violence erupted in the event (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). This is just one of the cases where violence occurred. Many of the violence cases have arisen because of poor referencing, losing of an important match on perception of unfair referencing and various misunderstanding between the fans and the match officiators.
Police have also been involved in this violence. They faced a hard time trying to restore order especially when the fans attack each other during an event. During such events, many people are hurt as they are hit by tear gas ganisters while others are hit with blunt objects and stones scrambling for an escape route.
Research indicates that crowd violence is a complex social phenomenon relating to three general factors including the action in that particular sport event (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Sports that have a lot of physical combat are likely to trigger crowd violence. Another factor is the dynamics of the crowd and the situation in which the fan watch the match (Teitel, 2014). For instance, if the crowd is made up of young and violent energetic people, the chances of violence erupting is higher. Likewise, when the match or game is perceived to be of great importance in deciding the winning side, tension is higher and this is likely to trigger violence among the crowd. The size of the crowd and the standing or pattern of sitting of the spectators is also very critical contributor to violence. Other factors include; race, social class, ethnicity of the crowd, importance of the event, crowd control strategies available such as surveillance cameras, dogs, police, and security measures. Others are alcohol consumption among the fans, location of the event, reasons for attending the event, importance of the team such as source of identity and history of relationship between the teams and the fans (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). The last factor is the social, historical, economic and political contexts that the event is planned and played. For instance, if the event is played at a time when political undertones are high, the level of animosity and tension increases and this is likely to trigger tension among the crowd.
Managing or controlling crowd violent behaviors
One of the ways to maintain social control is by establishing meaningful and visible connections between the teams and the members of the community. This will help to diffuse dangerous feelings among the fans and communities. Team players must establish positive relationship with the members of the community to ensure cohesion and unity.
The authority should also be aware of the social, historical, economic, and political issues that underlie crowd violence (Stafford, Alexander & Fry, 2013). There should be restrictive laws and order to ensure that crowd or spectator does not engage in these violent episodes during an event. Understanding some of the things such as unemployment and racial discrimination may help to provide an early mitigation of violence by planning on the appropriate strategies to counter such incidences.
Awareness of crowd dynamics and conditions that lead to violence is critical in ensuring that such incidences are prevented (Stafford, Alexander & Fry, 2013). History of violence among the spectators is required to know whether they are capable of causing distraction to provide appropriate measures to deal with the same.
There needs to be supporting procedures for managing any instances of violence that happen during an event. Such procedures should begin with the way officials manage or handle the game. Players require briefing on how they should contact themselves (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Community sporting organizations should as well have procedures to manage and to prevent violence on the field and off the field by promoting these procedures to the members on how they need to conduct themselves during such events.
Conclusion
Sports violence is an occurrence that dates back from ancient period in Greek and other nations. Research studies have provided various types of violence in different games. Many of these violence incidences in sports occur in various situations such as on-the field, off the field, among the fans and through commercialization. The magnitude of this violence may vary from various situations. This is a problem that has seen various bodies and entities come up with rules and regulations governing sports as one of the strategies of alleviating this problem. It has become very important to understand these situations or circumstances in which violence occurs to tailor solutions. Apart from the rules and regulations on governing the games, there has been need to come up with policies that will as well control off and on the field and violence among the fans. A number of solutions to prevent sports violence include, stiffer disciplinary measures, creation of awareness among the fans and players, fines and sanctions control of emotions, establishing meaningful connection between players and community, understanding procedures of managing crowds among many others. I do believe that violence in sports is something that requires more interrogations with the concerned parties. Sports should promote brotherhood as well as fair challenge where the competitors compete on fair basis without violence. Peace in any sports is the responsibility of all of us.
Personal Opinion
Sport remains one of the major fabrics of society that unite people and allows them to display their talents. Millions of people across the globe cherish and embrace games such as athletics and footballs, baseball, basketball and yet violence manifests in some of these games in many forms such as verbal and physical forms that cause psychological as well as physical injuries, and even death.
Even though some sports allow violence, stakeholders have an obligation to abide by the rules. Sports such as wrestling and boxing even though are violent, the players or the competitors are psychologically prepared to encounter violence. Therefore, it may not have greater impact on their psychology as opposed to those that are not psychologically prepared. Some forms of violence such as biting a fellow player or kicking an opponent in a football match may attract sanctions and fines. A good example is the case where Suarez bit his fellow player during a world cup match in Brazil. The payer received a sanction for a number of months. Therefore, when violence goes overboard and fails to factor in the official rules of the game, it is punishable.
In a sporting event, as a mechanism of restricting any violence from either the players or spectators, it requires putting in place appropriate strategies. The players must be aware of the consequences involved when they get involved in any acts of violence. They should be aware of the heavy penalties, fines, bans and sanctions that they will face. There is also need to put stringent laws that curtail any form of hooliganism from either the players or the fans. Laws should take their course when certain individuals fail to respect the law in any games or sports.
In most instances, violence starts with verbal abuses of players, administrators, players, officials, and spectators. This boils emotions that overflow into physical abuse. Fans must be able to restrain from verbal insults and any one found preparing such immediate cause of actions is required.
The way parents raise up their children as well contributes to violence experienced in the field. Families, therefore, must raise their children in a good manner by instilling into them good societal values. For instance, parents who engage in violent behaviors in front of their children will definitely teach their children the same behaviors and such children may continue with the behaviors even when in competitions.
In my opinion, violence in sports is something that can end if the concerned parties would work together to implement various strategies. It is important to encourage promotions of fair play by coaches, players, officials, administrators, and spectators. Sports need to entertain and provide fulfillment not to trigger emotions that lead to physical violence. Respect among players, fans, referees, and other stakeholders is critical.
Stiff penalties should be provided to violence perpetrators as a deterrent. Any person spotted promoting violent behaviors in a sports event should face dire consequences. Protocol development to manage behavior associated with sport is important in fighting the violence menace in sports. There should also be accreditation and training for officials, coaches and key volunteers such as first aid personnel and administrators on management of games to avoid incidences of violence.
Violence, even though has a long history, I believe that it is the responsibility for each one of us to help overcome the menace. It is something created through our mental processes. Learning how to control our mental processes and emotions is very important towards eliminating violence. Players, officials, spectators and fans must understand that any sports event aims to find a winner and loser. To be a winner, it depends with one’s determination, tactics, and every team has a decision to choose whether they want to be a winner or a loser. Therefore, people must be mature enough when competing as this will mark the end of violence in sports.
Upon reflection of this course, consider what you can do as a social change agent and scholar-practitioner. This class has challenged you to think beyond the individual-level influences of biology, behavior, and harmful organisms to embrace a broader perspective on health for populations. You have repeatedly seen how social determinants influence health of populations. That understanding carries an implicit challenge: What can you do as a scholar-practitioner?
Objectives
Students will:
• Compare two countries and their health problems
• Compare social and economic determinants for countries
• Analyze relationship between social and economic determinants in countries
Discussion, examine countries and their health problems.
A brief summary comparing the two countries and their health problems. Also, compare how the economic level and income inequality in each country influenced other social determinants (social dynamics, the status of women, education, or violence/homicide, etc.) for each country. Then, explain the impact of the determinants on the health outcome in each country. Expand on your insights utilizing the Learning Resources.
Please use a least 6 or the Articles below:
1. Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press.
-Chapter 10, “Violence: Gaining Respect” (pp. 129–144)
-Chapter 16, “Building the Future” (pp. 235–272)
2. Coovadia, H., Jewkes, R., Barron, P., Sanders, D., & McIntyre, D. (2009). The health and health system of South Africa: Historical roots of current public health challenges. Lancet, 374(9692), 817–834.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
3. Biggs, B., King, L., Basu, S., & Stuckler, D. (2010). Is wealthier always healthier? The impact of national income level, inequality, and poverty on public health in Latin America. Social Science & Medicine, 71(2), 266–273.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
4. Kyobutungi, C., Egondi, T., & Ezeh, A. (2010). The health and well-being of older people in Nairobi’s slums. Global Health Action, 3, 45–53.
Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
5. Norman, R., Schneider, M., Bradshaw, D., Jewkes, R., Abrahams, N., Matzopoulos, R., & Vos, T. (2010). Interpersonal violence: An important risk factor for disease and injury in South Africa. Population Health Metrics, 8, 32–43.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
6. Rudan, I., Kapiriri, L., Tomlinson, M., Balliet, M., Cohen, B., & Chopra, M. (2010). Evidence-based priority setting for health care and research: Tools to support policy in maternal, neonatal, and child health in Africa. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), 1–5.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
7. Shelton, J. D., Cassell, M. M., & Adetunji, J. (2005). Is poverty or wealth at the root of HIV? Lancet, 366(9491), 1057–1058.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
8. Spiegel, J. M., & Yassi, A. (2004). Lessons from the margins of globalization: Appreciating the Cuban health paradox. Journal of Public Health Policy, 25(1), 85–110.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
9. African Population and Health Research Center. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.aphrc.org/
10. Pan American Health Organization. (n.d.). Retrieved February 13, 2014, from http://new.paho.org/
11. The World Bank. (2014). Countries and economies. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/country
Please apply the Application Assignment Rubric when writing the Paper.
I. Paper should demonstrate an excellent understanding of all of the concepts and key points presented in the texts.
II. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.
III. Paper should be well organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is fully consistent with doctoral level writing style.
IV. Paper should be mostly consistent with doctoral level writing style.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Practicing Public Health
Different countries face varied health problems. Kenya and South Africa are examples of the countries, which both share similar and different challenges when it comes to health matters. HIV/AIDS is a major problem facing at least 7 percent of Kenyan population, hence, affecting its development directly. The spread is rampant due to inadequacy of medical facilities and lack of funding making access to antiretroviral a tall order. Another health problem in Kenya is malaria where more than 70% of its population is susceptible to this disease. Besides all the diseases that cause death in Kenya, car accidents are still major perpetrators, where Kenya comes first before South Africa. Maternal mortality is another challenge in Kenya where women die while giving birth, as well as tuberculosis, which is also a leading cause of death (Biggs et al., 2010).
Health problems in South Africa are equally a big challenge. The people are provided with healthcare through the public hospitals and private hospitals. However, the public health system serves most of the citizens despite the fact that it receives very little challenges and is also underfunded. HIV/AIDS is a life-threatening problem in South Africa with more than 5.6 million people having contracted the disease. In addition, national insurance system is facing problems since there is unequal access to healthcare amongst different socio economic groups. Water and sanitation is another huge challenge facing the South Africans. Majority of the people are unable to access clean water. On average, 15 million people are not supplied with clean water. This has resulted into reports of diarrhea in children and outbreak of cholera. The people in South Africa live an average of 49.56 years. Besides all these health problems, some other contagious diseases in South Africa are Bacterial Diarrhea, Typhoid Fever, and Hepatitis A. Another health problem in South Africa is mental illness. Majority of the adults (16.5%) are suffering from a very serious mental problem. Some of the factors leading to mental problems in South Africa include excessive use of drugs. Other predisposing factors to mental problems include malaria, typhoid, fever, and HIV, which contribute to a large extent to the mental problem.
Economic level and income inequality in Kenya and South Africa has influenced social determinants like social dynamics, the status of women, education and violence/homicide. The South African general population is made up of all races hold a view that women in the society are less important. The men ever since time in memorial believes that women are not supposed to hold any position in the society hence are economically disadvantaged. In Kenya, all the important sectors that control the economy of the country are controlled by men. Not long ago, women were made to walk or keep distance behind men in some places as a sign of obedience. The women have, therefore, been subjected to so harsh conditions in that they have to ensure that basic needs are provided in the family a role that should be played by men.
In South Africa, Income differentials are a phenomenon that is manifest among individuals, regions and nations. The high presence of inequality in the society has had far reaching implications on the provision of education. Education is the main determinant of someone s economic status since without education one cannot access any professional job hence low income. This problem of Income inequality is manifested mostly in uneven and unequal access to education by majority of the people or to some extent access to very poor quality of education (Spiegel & Yassi 2004). Consequently, this leads to so much ignorance in the general public due to lack of information. These factors heighten the already existing inequality since the distribution of earnings is to a large extend determined by the level and distribution of schooling across population. In Kenya, inequality in income has led to variation in different class of people in terms of education, hence, poor economic growth, which eventually affects the country and the people at large due to poverty (Rudan et al., 2010).
In both Kenya and South Africa, poverty levels determine crime rates since they are the more invisible barriers to crime set up by social norms and social cohesion. Poverty leads to loss of trust in the government, hence, increase in criminal activities. It is, therefore, directly related to crime and prostitution in the society, which leads to various health problems. In Kenya, poor people have fewer cases of obesity and use of drugs. In South Africa, the children of poor parents have a significantly lower chance of becoming wealthy (Norman et al., 2010).
Kenya and South Africa face health problems due to economic inequality, which directly affects social determinants in the society. Lack of money to purchase food as a result of economic inequality translates into people suffering from malnutrition due to poor diet. In addition the parents get a problem in getting money to take care of their
Economic inequality in social, economical or political scenario in the society directly impacts on the health status of that society. Some of the symptoms of poor health status in a given society include death of very young children and death of mothers when giving birth (IMR and MMR). Besides preventable death in Kenya, there is persistence and resurgence of many infectious diseases. There is a high number of people who lose their lives due to tuberculosis and the problem is not improving due to poor economic status. In addition, Malaria is another challenging problem. The problem of malaria incidence has remained a challenge since the mid eighties. Economic inequality results into poor health services, which in turn accelerates the spread of the diseases like dysentery (Coovadia et al., 2009). The total number of children who lose their lives due to this problem is 0.6 million; the main reason being economic hardship. The problem of diarrhea in Kenya can only be avoided by the government providing clean water to every citizen and also by providing drugs that can stop the death of the patients. Cancer claims over 0.3 million lives per year and tobacco related cancers contribute to 50% of the overall cancer burden, which means that such deaths might be prevented by tobacco control measures (Kyobutungi, Egondi & Ezeh 2010).
These health revelations are alarming especially in the health provision to the public sector. The most disappointing scenario is that these revelations are not improving despite the various measures taken by the governments including investment in private health sectors and indications of the improvement of the gross domestic product. These challenges that affect people directly are the main causes of health problems in many countries that endanger the lives of many people.
References
Biggs, B., King, L., Basu, S., & Stuckler, D. (2010). Is wealthier always healthier? The impact of national income level, inequality, and poverty on public health in Latin America. Social Science & Medicine, 71(2), 266–273 Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Coovadia, H., Jewkes, R., Barron, P., Sanders, D., & McIntyre, D. (2009). The health and health system of South Africa: Historical roots of current public health challenges. Lancet, 374(9692), 817–834.Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Kyobutungi, C., Egondi, T., & Ezeh, A. (2010). The health and well-being of older people in Nairobi’s slums. Global Health Action, 45–53. Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
Norman, R., Schneider, M., Bradshaw, D., Jewkes, R., Abrahams, N., Matzopoulos, R., & Vos, T. (2010). Interpersonal violence: An important risk factor for disease and injury in South Africa. Population Health Metrics, 8, 32–43. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Rudan, I., Kapiriri, L., Tomlinson, M., Balliet, M., Cohen, B., & Chopra, M. (2010). Evidence-based priority setting for health care and research: Tools to support policy in maternal, neonatal, and child health in Africa. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), 1–5. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Shelton, J. D., Cassell, M. M., & Adetunji, J. (2005). Is poverty or wealth at the root of HIV? Lancet, 366(9491), 1057–1058. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Spiegel, J. M., & Yassi, A. (2004). Lessons from the margins of globalization: Appreciating the Cuban health paradox. Journal of Public Health Policy, 25(1), 85–110. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases
Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press.
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Not all Leadership is about changing and challenging People’s Vision of the Future
Not all Leadership is about changing and challenging People’s Vision of the Future
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INSTRUCTIONS ATTACHED IN FILE.
the assignment need 8-10 reference list in APA format, and if u need to quote example, pls don’t use Australia, use HK style. Thank you.
SAMPLE ANSWER
“Not all Leadership is about changing and challenging People’s Vision of the Future”
Effective leadership and management systems are the key components for success in any organization, regardless of its core business. While some people use the terms leadership and management interchangeably, the two are distinctly different and the present organizations should have effective leaders and managers (Stanley, 2012). Effective leadership is instrumental in providing the right direction to an organization by transforming the minds of people and pushing the organization forward in the right path to achieving organization’s set objectives (Stanley, 2012). Leaders, therefore, provide direction and inspiration to the teams they lead, and play a visionary role. Management, on the other hand, is majorly about marshaling of organization resources appropriately to ensure organization’s stability (Kotter, 2009). The health care department is vast involving numerous departments and it is becoming increasing necessary for clinicians to play a leadership role in their profession, at different levels or departments, so as to apply their expertise in influencing and bringing desirable change as well as effectively managing the changes in the field. Leadership in clinical practice or simply clinical leadership, therefore, involves enabling clinicians to play a central role in setting goals, providing direction, influencing decisions and outcomes, and managing change so as to improve quality of service provided to patients, and better the entire healthcare sector (Swanwick & Mckimm, 2011). This essay shall critically analyze various management and leadership theories, with close reference to leadership and management in the field of healthcare, critically compare management and leadership to oppose the notion that “not all leadership is about changing or challenging people’s vision of the future.
Since the 18th century to date, various management theories have been proposed by various researchers in the field of management (Kouzes & Posner, 2007). The earliest, classical theories on management were the scientific management theory, bureaucratic theory and administrative management theory. These classical approaches to management emphasized the managers’ sole role in determining how tasks are to be performed, with employees only performing what the managers have suggested (Kouzes & Posner, 2007). They also emphasized strict supervision of workers and division of labor especially on the skilled labor force. The scientific management theory by Fredrick Taylor, for example, suggested that tasks in organization can be standardized, measured accurately by the managers and rewards and punishment appropriately apportioned. The classical theories have no place in the healthcare sector since it is difficult for a manager in healthcare sector to determine tasks without the input of nurses, doctors and other healthcare providers. Strict supervision is also not ideal in the health care sector since clinicians, nurses and doctors work effectively with minimum supervision (Stanley, 2012). Again, this theory was most applicable for organizations with routine activities and assembly lines. Clinicians and nurses usually face new medical situations and methods of treatment usually change from time to time (Kouzes & Posner, 2007). The classical theories, due to their ineffectiveness and inapplicability in all organizations, gave way to the rise of contemporary management theories. These include the contingency theory, the system approach theory and the chaos theory (Kouzes & Posner, 2007). The contingency theorist fronted the idea that managers should examine and consider all aspects of a problem before making a decision (Dickenson, 2008). According to this theory, there is no single best way in which managers should structure an organization since circumstances organizations face call for different approaches to decision making. This approach has some applicability in the health care system. Clinicians and nurses, in the course of providing services to patients, face new challenges as sometimes patients can come with a condition that requires unique ways of handling it. There are cases, for example, where a patient may develop resistance to drugs or a therapy method and so new and effective approach that are not usually applicable, may have to be considered at some point. The theory provided for the seeking of comprehensive solutions to solving organizations problems by mangers, which is an applicable factor to be considered by those heading healthcare sector. Healthcare leaders need to look at situations from all points of view to get a comprehensive solution. The system approach theory, shifted focus to the systems within an organization. In this approach, systems refer to the interrelated parts of an organization. It recognizes the fact that organizations are made up of different complex systems which are related and depend on each other (Garrubba, Harris & Melder, 2011). Theorist of this theory view organizations holistically, direct attention to entire tasks performed in an organizations and show how structure and the human resources can be put together for effective results. The interrelated systems could include workers, finance, technology, and raw materials. If one part of the system is removed, then the organization may not work properly. ( Garrubba et al, 2011). This theory has its way in the modern healthcare sector. Most hospitals and other health care facilities are composed of complex systems ranging from various employees such as nurses, clinicians and doctors, finance that run the facilities, several units such as casualty, emergency section, theatres for operation among many other interrelated systems. It will be difficult for example to withdraw finance from health care facilities, and expect them to run. The healthcare facilities cannot operate with doctors only or nurses only. All health professionals work in an interrelated manner for quality service delivery to patients. Management in the health care profession therefore, needs to look at the departments they are heading from a broad and comprehensive point of view. All departments are equally important and should be managed effectively as they depend on each other (Northhouse, 2007). The chaos theory fronts the idea that organizations are faced with chaotic situations, just like the world today is chaotic and full of unpredictable events. Just like external environment is chaotic, so are organizations as they are frequently faced with events that are beyond their control. If the events are not properly managed, then the organization collapses (Northhouse, 2007). We see the applicability of this theory in today’s health care management where professionals of the health care sector, especially those heading it, need to be prepared and able to deal effectively with unlikely events such as outbreak of rare infectious diseases.
Various leadership theories have also been fronted that explain the role and importance of leadership. Leadership in organizations involves superiors inspiring, influencing and directing the behaviors and minds of the team one is leading to adopt and follow a particular path in achieving desired goals (Northhouse, 2007). The theories have since evolved from the great man theory, trait theory, and behavioral theory, to contingency, situational, participative, transactional, and transformational leaderships. The great man theory is the point of view that leaders are born and possess certain desirable characteristics for leadership, such as communication skills, confidence, intelligence and ambition (Edmonstone, 2009). This, together with the trait theory assumes that leaders are born with traits that place them above the average persons, and must have appropriate combination of the desirable traits (Pauly, Schreiber, MacDonald, Davidson, Crickmore, Pinelli, Regan & Hammond, 2004). For the healthcare professionals, the traits in this theory, for instance intelligence, composure even under pressure, and courage, are important for effective clinical leadership since the profession requires right thinking in every aspect of decision making. The theory, however, is not effective in explaining situations where some individuals possess the desirable characteristics yet they are not leaders. Behavioral theory, on the contrary, was of the assumption that leaders are not necessarily borne, but rather, an individual can be shaped and trained to become an effective leader. Successful leadership is based on certain behaviors that can be learned through observation, in other words, leaders can be made. This theory implies that individuals not possessing leadership qualities can learn and be taught on how to be great leaders (Pauly et al, 2004). In clinical leadership, this implies that they should not leave leadership in the profession solely for the management only, but they can also learn to be great leaders through observing what great leaders do and learning from them. So nurses, clinicians and even doctors have the obligation to participate in leadership in this profession to steer change and lead the sector to a better tomorrow. Again, the major concern of leaders in this theory is the concern for people (Kouzes, 2007), a concept that healthcare professional can utilize because concern for patients’ wellbeing is necessary. The contingency and situational theories bear great semblance (Bass, 1994). Both theories are of the assumption that there is no single best way of dealing with a situation correctly. Contingency theory is, however, broader in its perspective and views success in leadership as an interplay of factors such as the type of leadership style, leader’s ability, nature of the followers and the situation at hand. Situational theory focuses on the situation itself and suggests that different situations require certain leadership styles (Northhouse, 2007). The healthcare profession, being an intricate and a delicate one since it involves patients’ health, requires looking at situations in broader perspectives. Effective clinical leadership entails having a broad view of situation, controlling and inspiring the team you are leading and applying a suitable method of decision making based on analysis of the situation to direct change (Garrubba et al, 20011). The transactional leadership is yet another theory, based on the assumptions that rewards and punishment are the primary motivators for individuals, systems function effectively in the presence of a clear defined chain of command, and that subordinate’s main role is to follow what their managers or leaders tell them (Swanwick et al, 2011). The application to this theory in clinical leadership is that clinicians and nurses need to follow and depend on their leaders in their respective departments, and be aware of the consequences in cases of protocol breaches set by their leaders. Participatory leadership involves encouraging other members such as subordinates and other stakeholders in a team, to take part in decision making, instead of assuming autocratic powers (Edmonstone, 2009). It entails joint decision making. The clinical leadership alike should allow for full participation of peers and other stakeholders in decision making that affect the sector. For change to be realized, effective leadership requires the various views of different team members. An important style of leadership in generating visions for change in organizations is the transformational leadership. This kind of leadership style assumes that individuals usually follow someone who inspires them and has great vision ( Northhouse, 2007). It involves coming up with visions and energizing followers to get things done. These kinds of leaders stand out, are motivated, and possess unswerving determination towards success and change. Thus, clinical leaders and other leader in various departments of health care should in fact be transformational leaders. This can lead to adoption of many reforms in the health sector that will benefit the entire profession and those in need of health care services.
Leadership and management are two distinctive concepts and leaders and manager play different roles in organizations. Leaders are agents of change and movement through creation of visions, and influencing followers towards goal achievement while management involves planning, harmonization and proper allocation of resources, resulting into order and stability in organizations (Garrubba et al, 2011). Leadership also tends to focus on leading people or followers who follow them voluntarily. Leaders do not necessarily have subordinates. Management on the other hand put priority on structures and personnel, and focuses more on goals and how work and subordinates are managed. The perception about risk also differ, with leadership and leaders tending to take risks, while managers are averse to risk and would do all possible things to avoid it. Leadership focuses on long-term visions, readily travels on new roads, and may sometimes break the rules to achieve the desired change. Management, on the other hand focuses on set objectives, designs rules that must strictly be followed to achieve desired results. Clinical leaders need to be aware of these differences so that the clinicians and nurses with leadership roles effectively guide their followers to successfully implement desired future changes (Kotter, 2009).
In conclusion, healthcare professions need to engage even more in assuming leadership roles in their profession to steer future positive changes in the department. This is because it is leaders, not managers, who have the role of designing a clear vision of an organization, and establish the right path through he or she will lead his or her followers. Leadership is, therefore, aimed at changing people’s vision of the future since an effective leader is able to influence the minds of his followers and together, move towards the new, desired change.
References
Bass B, & Avolio B. (1994.) Improving Organizational Effectiveness Through Transformational Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 1994.
Dickenson H, & Ham C., (2008). Engaging Doctors in Leadership: A review of the literature. Birmingham: NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement, University of Birmingham and Academy of Medical Royal Colleges.
Edmonstone J. (2009). Clinical leadership: the elephant in the room. Int J Health Plan Manage;24(4):290-305.
Garrubba M, Harris C and Melder A. Clinical Leadership: A literature review to investigate concepts, roles and relationships related to clinical leadership. (2011) Centre for Clinical Effectiveness, Southern Health, Melbourne, Australia.
Kotter, J. (2009). A force for change: How leadership differs from management. New York: Free Press
Kouzes M. James & Posner Z. Barry, 2007. The leadership challenge, 4th edition.
Northhouse, P. (2007). Leadership theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Pauly, B., R. et al. (2004). “Dancing to Our Own Tune: Understandings of Advanced Nursing Practice in British Columbia.” Canadian Journal of Nursing Leadership 17(2): 47–59. Retrieved from <http://www.longwoods.com/content/16346>.
Roots, A. and M. MacDonald. 2008, September 17–20, 2008. 3 Years Down the Road: Exploring the Implementation of the NP Role in British Columbia, Canada. Poster presented at the 5th International Council of Nursing, International Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nursing Network (INP/APNN) Conference in Toronto
Stanley J. D., (2012). Clinical leadership and innovation. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 2(2), 119-126
Relationship between organization’s HR strategies and performance outcomes.
Identifying and analyzing the relationship between organization’s HR strategies and performance outcomes.
Order Instructions:
Dear Sir,
Read the following article:
Buller, P. F. & McEvoy G.M. (2012) ‘Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight’. Human Resource Management Review, 22(1), p.43
After you have read the article, complete the following:
Identifying and analyzing the relationship between organization’s HR strategies and performance outcomes.
The following conditions must meet in the paper
1) I want a typical and a quality answer which should have about 830 words.
2) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
3) The answer must include examples from experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real companies.
4) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,
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SAMPLE ANSWER
Abstract
Organizations strategies come in different forms and approaches. Some companies have perfected the art of employing skilled staff who posses various job competencies that are of strategically important to the company. These employees’ posses some specific capabilities and training that are unique and valuable. There benefits to the company exceed the costs incurred in training and development. These companies have adopted strategic systems that require there staff to undergo various training on job competencies. (Prahlad & Hamel, 1990) Most organizations have different types of strategies depending on the level of importance. At the business operation levels, most strategies aim at influencing the minds and hearts of the consumers to increase sales. The other strategies target the functional areas that are concerned with marketing, finance, production, research and development.
SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) and RBV (Resource Based Views) play critical roles in determination of a company’s strategic goals and initiatives. The LOS (Line Of Sight) is important as it identifies and connects the functional units in an organization with its corporate level strategies. The RBV are utilized as frameworks when examining the relationship between the Human Resource Management (HRM) strategies and the performance outcomes. The HRM strategies affect performance positively as per earlier empirical work carried out. (Boselie et al 2005) However the exact impact of some of the strategies on the company and the outcomes are still not very clear. The uncertainties are largely due to different studies and theoretical foundations, definitions of HRM strategies, analysis levels and the exact measures of performance. (Guest 2011) For instance, studies have revealed that best practice strategies like systems for high work performance can be applied universally to all firms. (Huselid 1995) Other HRM contingency frameworks largely depend on the contextual business strategy variables. (Chandler & McEvoy 2000) Other studies give varying results on the dependent performance measures on functional financial strategies like profits, growth or sales. HR related strategies on performance outcomes mostly relate to behaviors, attitudes and the employee intentions. (Paauwe & Boselie 2005)
The black box that exists between the HRM strategies and the performance outcomes is directly affected by the human capital. Human capital refers to the skills, abilities and knowledge that are collectively or individually contained in the company’s human resource department. (Becker 1964) The HRM specifics like KSAs (Knowledge, Skills and Abilities) and employee’s behavior have a direct impact on company performance. A study on public and private companies in Israel discovered that companies with higher levels of human capital in terms of work experience, education levels, and training perform much better when managers recognize the KSAs and also create a positive perception that the additional skills are valuable to the company.
HRMs empowerment-oriented human resource strategy that is related with innovative culture and increased employee performance was registered in an experiment that was conducted in an Irish company. (Selvarajan et al. 2007) Employees with KSA in a Spanish firm were discovered to posses competitive skills and their efficiency levels were much higher than employees with lower levels of skills and KSA. The HRM strategies value KSA as a means of promoting skilled based human capital. These studies indicate that different types of HRM strategies on recruitment, internal employee development and selection are directly related to the performance to the company. Firm-specific human capital is a major component of the HRM performance relationship. (Wright & McMahan 2011)
HRM strategies adopted when developing the social capital as way of promoting performance. Social capital applies to the social structures and processes that determine the nature of the existing relationship. Collins and Smith (2006) discovered that on average commitment based HRM strategies like training development, competitive compensation and elaborate selection procedures were instituted specifically for knowledgeable workers who were interested in social climate that are linked to trust, shared codes and combine knowledge that were connected to the performance of the company. These studies reveal that the social capital is a direct link to HRM-performance relationship.
The relationship that exists between the HRM strategies and practices and the performance is centered on the LOS construct. However, the question is whether the having a well trained, experienced and highly people is enough for a firm to achieve great success. The workforce has to be efficiently networked and fully levered in order to maximize its benefits in the market.
There is a direct link between the HRM strategies of competitive compensation such as profit sharing and commissions and the job performance. (Boswell 2006)
To conclude, the business operation levels of a company and the strategies that the HRM develop aim at influencing the minds and hearts of the consumers to increase sales and the general performance of the company. These strategies are KSA based and they are based on workers motivational strategies like stock options plans and profit sharing formulas. The other strategies target the functional areas that are concerned with marketing, finance, production, sales, research and development. Most of these strategies result in improved performance of the company.
References
Guest, D. E., 2011, Human resource management and performance: Still searching for some answers. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(1), 3–13.
Paauwe, J., & Boselie, P., 2005, HRM and performance: What next? Human Resource Management Journal, 15(4), 68–83.
Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G., 1990, The core competence of the organization. Harvard Business Review, 79–91 (May/June).
Selvarajan, T. T., Ramamoorthy, N., Flood, P. C., Guthrie, J. P., McCurtain, S., & Liu, W., 2007, The role of human capital philosophy in promoting firm innovativeness and performance: Test of a causal model. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(8), 1456–1470.
Boselie, P., Dietz, G., & Boon, C., 2005, Commonalities and contradictions in HRM and performance. Human Resource Management Journal, 15(1), 67–94.
Becker, G., 1964, Human capital, New York: Columbia Free Press.
Chandler, G. N., & McEvoy, G. M., 2000, Human resource management, TQM, and firm performance in small and medium-size enterprises. Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice, 25(1), 43–57.
Collins, C. J., & Clark, K. D., 2003, Strategic human resource practices, top management team social networks, and firm performance: The role of human resource
Practices in creating organizational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 740–751.
Huselid, M. A., 1995, The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 635–672.
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