A Windows and Macintosh Application Exercises SPSS for Windows and MacintoshApplication Exercises Order Instructions: Application: SPSS Exercises Complete the following exercises in your course text Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh:
A Windows and Macintosh Application Exercises
Analyzing and Understanding Data, by Green and Salkind. Be sure to save your output and export it to your Word document, in which you also must answer the analysis questions and present your results section as indicated:
•Exercises 1–3 on page 171, One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
•Exercises 5–8 on page 187, Two-way ANOVA
It is important that writer pay attention to all details here. I will send the instructions via email containing the questions and other information. It is important that the writer also clearly indicate and number each question that he responds to so that it can easily be identified.
A Windows and Macintosh Application Exercises Sample Answer
SPSS for Windows and Macintosh Application Exercises
Exercises 1–3 on page 171: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Exercise 1: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
The null hypothesis stated as H0: meanredhead = meanblonde = meanbrunette; is not rejected because the overall F statistic was not significant [F(2, 15) = 3.51, p > .05].
The F ratio for the group is 5111
The sum of squares for the hair color effect is 111
The mean for redheads is 33
The p value for hair color effect is 056
Exercise 2: Effect size
The effect size is used to show the relationship between two variables, and in this case, it was quite strong η2 = 0.32. The equation shown below is used to calculated effect size for the relationship between hair color and extroversion.
η2 = Between-Group Sum of Squares / Total Sum of Squares
η2 = 24.111 / 75.611
η2 = 0.32
Exercise 3: Boxplot
Figure 1: Distributions of social extroversion scores for blonds, brunets, and redheads
Exercises 5–8 on page 187: Two-way ANOVA
Exercise 5: Two-way ANOVA
Univariate Analysis of Variance
Estimated Marginal Means
Post Hoc Tests: Tukey and Bonferroni
Disability status of the child
Homogeneous Subsets
Exercise 6
Considering that the main effect for disability is significant, follow-up analyses are conducted. This is attributed to the fact that, Levene’s test is non-significant leading to selection of Tukey and Bonferroni post hoc tests (if Levene’s test was significant other post hoc test would be chosen such as Games Howell, Dunnett’s C, among others that do not assume equal variance). In other words, these post hoc tests involves conducting three pair-wise comparisons among the three disabilities marginal means because (1) there is a significant disability main effect as well as a non-significant interaction and (2) the disability main effect has three levels. As a result, appropriate methods for controlling Type I error across the three groups should be considered.
Exercise 7
A 2X3 two-way ANOVA was carried out to evaluate the level of child disability and gender effects on fathers’ play time with their children. The interaction between level of child disability and gender on play time was not significant, F(2, 54) = .65, p > .05, partial η2 = .02. The main effect for gender was also non-significant, F(1, 54) = .23, p > .05, partial η2 < .01. The main effect for level of disability was significant, F(2, 54) = 27.14, p < .05, partial η2 = .50. Post hoc analyses using the Bonferroni method to control for Type I error indicate that fathers spent significantly more time with typically developing children (M = 7.05, SD = 1.99) than with physically disabled children (M = 3.2, SD = 1.70) or mentally retarded children (M = 4.63, SD = 2.47). No significant difference in fathers’ play time was found between mentally retarded and physically disabled children.
Exercise 8: Boxplot
Figure 2: Distributions of play time across gender and disability status of the child
A Windows and Macintosh Application Exercises References
Bernard, H. R. (2000). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Boslaugh, S., & Watters, P. A. (2008). Statistics in a Nutshell – Research Design. Sebastopol, California: O’Reilly Media, Inc. Retrieved from http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/-/9781449361129 (Accessed on November 29 2015).
Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. (2010). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research, (Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.
Creswell, J. W. (2008). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach, (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Green, S. B., & Salkind, N. J. (2008). Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and Understanding Data, (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Publishers.
Principles of Cost Accounting Edward Vanderbeck 2013
No title page required…
Search for the following concepts when looking for appropriate resources:
•Standard Cost System
•Cost Variances
•Cost Accumulation
•Overhead cost allocation
Relevant and credible sources that can be used to support the concepts discussed in the case
Principles of Cost Accounting Edward Vanderbeck 2013 Sample Answer
Edward vanderbeck (2013). Principles of cost accounting
The author generally talks about cost accounting and how management applies cost accounting in the management of costs. As written by the author, cost managers collect, analyze, summarize and evaluate a variety of courses of action on cost management. Through cost management, appropriate information is given to the cost managers on how to control operations and budget for the future. The methods employed in cost accounting are standard costing and actual costing. Standard costing uses forecasted cost instead of actual cost when recording. Variances between the expected cost and actual cost are then determined. On the other hand, actual costing uses the actual costs of materials and labor used in production.
Applying the author’s text on case 19-1, it is evident that Conley uses standard costing while Bennet uses actual costing in its production. Conley uses a budget to estimate costs while Bennet Company assigns the cost incurred to each product. Also, Conley overhead rate and production estimates are based on the entire year. Each month’s actual cost and each month’s production volume are used to assign the actual cost in Bennet Company. The two systems used by the companies are different.
Under standard costing, as applied by Conley, paperwork and record keeping cost is pre-determined before the beginning of the year. Paperwork and record keeping are specifically done by employees who are considered to be direct labor to their respective departments. The costs for the labor used are assigned to the employees who keep records, and the cost for stationaries used in paperwork and for the keeping of records is also budgeted and the cost charged to the overall overhead cost. For Bennet, the cost of record keeping and paperwork is charged specifically to a product that used the materials. If an employee worked on record keeping for a specific material, the actual cost is assigned to the material. Also, stationary used for record keeping and paperwork is also charged specifically to the product that consumed the materials.
Picone, Mina, and Destri (2012). Bringing Strategy Back into Financial Systems of Performance Measurement: Published by Business System Review
The authors tried to explain how having strategic measures in cost management lead to performance improvement in organizations. The variance that arises as the difference between actual cost that occurred and the normal cost against which it is measured is either rate variances or volume variances in standard costing. Rate variance is also referred to as the price variance and results when there is a difference between the actual price paid for a product and the estimated price.
Conley accounting system gets differences between actual and standard cost from differences in price between the estimated price of truck bodies and the actual price paid for the truck bodies multiplied by the number of units. Also, the difference between actual and standard cost occurs when there is a difference between the actual amount of products sold and the budgeted amounts multiplied by the price per unit. Since Conley used the standard cost in calculating selling price, it led to differences in the actual total cost that could have occurred either as direct material cost, labor cost, or production overhead cost. Standard costing strategically provides for budgeting in an organization.
Historical cost is used in budgeting for the overhead cost of a specific product model. Since overheads were charged yearly at a certain percentage of the total direct labor, estimates for the total overhead would be apportioned as per the previous cost assigned the model. The overhead for each model is therefore allocated by summing up all the manufacturing overheads and then use a certain activity measure to apportion overhead to inventory. Conley uses labor hours to apportion overhead to inventory.
The system for allocation overhead should be changed. Allocating overhead monthly is costly and time-consuming. Also, overhead is not directly related in the development of a product since it’s either administrative or manufacturing overhead. The overheads are fixed since they do not affect the volume and rate of producing a product and should, therefore, be charged yearly to save time.
Shawn Parker (2015). Proper Use of Standard Cost Methods Enhances Efficiency.
Shawn describes the use of standard costing and its effectiveness if it’s applied well by cost managers. Hence, the best accounting method is the standard costing. When standard costing is used, the overhead rate used is usually more uniform and realistic for all of the units produced in an accounting period. Under actual costing, it takes a lot of time to aggregate costs into costs pools and the allocated overhead is normally not uniform in the different accounting periods. Standard costing adjusts the overhead rate every few months to make it almost equal to the actual overhead.
Also, standard costing allows the use of budgets. Budgets help in estimating the amount required for production in a certain accounting period. Actual costing cannot use budgets since it’s not possible to get the actual costs of producing a product beforehand. Hence, standard costing leads to better managerial control of costs by the use of a budget.
Under standard costing, it is easy to formulate prices for specific products. A company that uses standard costing uses the standard cost to project the price of a product after which it adds on a certain margin to get the selling price of the product.
Chris Crowder (2014). Three Tips to Make Standard Cost Accounting More Effective
After researching on the application of standard costing by different companies, Chris describes overhead as the main component that differentiates actual costing to standard costing. When overhead is allocated annually, the overall cost is decreased.
Bennet needs to modify its system by applying standard costing in the allocation of overhead since it gives more realistic and uniform overhead during the year. Overhead should also be allocated on an annual basis to save time and costs. Standard costing should be used for custom made products while actual costing is beneficial when analyzing the exact cost for producing a specific product.
Principles of Cost Accounting Edward Vanderbeck 2013 References
Edward vanderbeck (2013). Principles of cost accounting
Picone, Mina, and Destri (2012). Bringing Strategy Back into Financial Systems of Performance Measurement: Published by Business System Review
Shawn Parker (2015). Proper Use of Standard Cost Methods Enhances Efficiency. Retrieved from http://www.automationworld.com/discrete-manufacturing/proper-use-standard-cost-methods-enhances-efficiency
Please complete the following from the textbook:
•Case 13.6 Butler Lumber Company
This case has been selected to give you an opportunity to apply financial analysis to a firm. To do this you will use the firm’s published financial and select financial ratios to make a determination about the case. (Please look at the case questions for guidance on the types of questions you should be focusing on when doing your analysis.)
Please note that there is an attached spreadsheet that has much of the necessary financial information for this case.
Remember that these cases are not to be presented in a question and answer format. Use the case template as a guide on how to write your case solution.)
Finally, copying solutions from the Internet is plagiarism; doing so can result in a grade of zero, and may result in your flunking this course. Please do not copy solutions from others or from materials found on the Internet. Your instructors have access to tools that make it very likely they will find any instances of plagiarism.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Case 13-6 Butler Lumber Company
The firm is doing well in terms of growth because the numbers indicate that the firm has managed to gain growth in its sales. However, a firm’s performance should not be measured only on how its sales volumes are growing over the years. Other factors such as return on investment are also important. Return on investment, when calculated well and honestly, can help very useful in terms if explaining how well the firm is utilizing its investment (resources) (Jiambalvo, 2009). In the case of the Butler Lumber, this does not indicate an effective use of resources. Other metrics such as residual income indicate how well the firm is growing its portfolio from trading. This is the residual income after all the costs have been met (as well as stock dividends have been paid in the case of a public company) (Jackson, Sawyers, & Jenkins, 2007). For Butler Lumber, this is not the case because despite the fact that the firms is growing in terms of sales volumes, it has not been grow its portfolio. At the same time, its profitability is also not growing as the sales are growing. This is probably because of the ineffective use of leverages financing.
A look at the books of accounts for Butler Lumber indicates some problems within the firm. First, his cash flow is not ell managed because of two major issues.
Account payable set to 10 days
Mr. Butler seems to be so enthusiastic about using finical leveraging without at the same time understanding the economic concept of leveraging the fiancés. With regard to accounts payable, most businesses that offer credit give a minimum of 30 business or calendar days. Paying these debts any earlier than the provided data is losing out on the leveraging. It is even worse if the trade credits are offered at an interest rate which means that he will have to pay the interest rate even though the did not benefit from the credit. This may only be present if the interest rates were reduced if he days early. However, if the interest rates remain the same regardless of whether he pays early or not he should be able to take as much advantage of the dread it leveraging as possible. The main point of taking any type of leverage is to make sure that the business can make some money off the leverages financing before paying out. The profits from the leveraged financing should be more than the cost of the financing (Mowen, Hansen, & Heitger, 2015). However, in Butler’s case, this does not seem to be the case. Even worse, he does not seem to understand this principle.
Using loans to pay off trade credit
He also uses loans from the bank to pay off his credit notes, which means that he is having to pay interest twice but getting very little. As see in the balance sheet, the cost of credit is jut too high and this has been caused by the fact that the business sis using the wring method in leveraging. He seem to forget that leveraging comes with a cost and it is only when this cost is well met that the leveraging can work for the business. Using one loan to off set another loan is definitely not prudent.
Butler’s appetite for leveraging is also what is pushing him to wan to take the big loan of 465 hounded. This intention not take the big loan is not justified. The problems is that the banks will not care whether the loan will be of benefit to the firm, as long as they are satisfied that he has the capacity to repay the loan and the interest it is attracting, they will be more than happy to give the loan because that is profitable to them. However, this will not necessary mean that his business is going to benefit from the financial leveraging. At the same time, just because the business is in a position t repay the loan does not mean that it is benefiting from the loan. The expansion hat Butler intents to have is way too much for him to undertake in one step. First, to take such a loan would first require the business to do a due diligence to investigate if there is enough market in for the business to expand at that rate. Taking such a huge loan without any prospects of growth in the volume of sales will means that the loan will not be able to be used to benefit the business. Yet, regardless of whether the loan is able to help the business to expand its production and sales or not, the interest rates will still have to be paid and this will mean that it is possible that the firm will be paying an interest for a loan that it did not benefit from. It is necessary to note that the bank is doing a due diligence to determine whether Butler or his business is able to repay the loan and the interest. The bank is not doing a due diligence to determine if the business will benefit from the loan. It is for the firm to do its own due diligence. In order to determine how much loan it needs in order to benefit from the loan.
Butler should continue with his expansion shame but should be very careful in the way he approaches in expanding a business is one thing that can lead to problems if the market is not ready for a fast paced expansion. In this regard, what the firm can do is to make sure that it has investigated the market. At the end, what will determine how successful the expansion bid is the readiness of the market (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2009). In this regard, the firm should look at how much room for expansion there is in the market and then know how much loan is needed for this expansion. This will help the firm to be able to take a loan that will help it have a prudent way of financial leveraging instead of taking a huge loan that will not be effectively utilized. The firm should not take the entire loan of 465 thousand dollars but should only take a loan of lesser amount. Instead of concentrating on taking a big loan, what the firm should look for is better terms of the loan such as lower interest rates, and flexible repayment schedule. Because the loan is being used for expanding the business, it would be necessary to make sure that the repayment of the loan is flexible and that the bank accepts to give a grace period in case the expansion bid does not succeed as soon as the expansion plan is implemented.
References
Jackson, S., Sawyers, R., & Jenkins, G. (2007). Managerial Accounting: A Focus on Ethical Decision Making. New York City, NY: Cengage Learning.
Jiambalvo, C. (2009). Managerial Accounting. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Mowen, M., Hansen, D., & Heitger, D. (2015). Cornerstones of Managerial Accounting. London, UK: Cengage Learning.
Weygandt, J., . Kimmel, P., & Kieso, E. (2009). Managerial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Statistics in Analyzing SPSS PASW Software Order Instructions: Application: Analyzing SPSS (PASW) Software: Part 2 For this assignment you use SPSS (PASW) software and learn to properly manipulate the data according the APA requirements.
Statistics in Analyzing SPSS PASW Software
This is an important skill and will be a major factor in future assignments in this course, your doctoral studies and dissertation. It is strongly encouraged that you review Chapter 5 of the APA Publication Manual to understand table and figure requirements before starting.
Follow the direction for using SPSS (PASW) in this assignment.
You will then write a 5 page paper in which you present your table and an analysis of your findings. Keep in mind that you cannot draw conclusions without further testing. Instead identify notable trends, patterns, relationships, associations, etc. Your paper must meet the following requirements.
• Include an opening including thesis statement, body and conclusion
• Include a properly stated research question
• Include an examination on whether your hypothesis was accepted or rejected through statistical testing
• Include a background, history and objective
• Include a properly formatted null and alternative hypothesis was validated or rejected through statistical testing
• Include a presentation, interpretation and discussion of results from the tables and figures created
• Follow APA (American Psychological Association) style and include in-text citations and a separate references page
Statistics in Analyzing SPSS PASW Software Sample Answer
Abstract
The core purpose of this research paper is to establish whether there exists a relationship between the injury rate at different working sites when the number of employees increases, when different genders are managing or when the numbers of working hours are increased. Thus, the analysis will be conducted to come up with a clear inference. Furthermore, detailed explanation will be given on the results of different descriptive statistics. This report will be subdivided into sections; background section will give fine details of the research like objectives, hypothesis, and research question. Also, in this section the goals of the study will be laid down. Results section will contain the SPSS output formatted in accordance with APA style. A full explanation for the results will be given in discussion section, where inference will be made about the hypothesis.
Background Statistics in Analyzing SPSS PASW Software
The objectives/goals of this study are to determine whether:
Working on a certain site has any relation with injury rate.
The gender of the supervisor increases the injury rate.
There exist a relationship between injury rate and working sites, and gender of the supervisor.
Based on these objectives, the research will try to answer the following research questions;
Does working at a particular site increase the injury rate?
Are supervisors gender a key factor in the increase in injury rate in a site?
Is there a significant difference and working sites, gender of the supervisor?
On the same note, the hypothesis of the research that will be tested is:
H0: There is no significance difference in injury rate at different working sites when different genders are managing. Versus, H1: There is a significance difference in injury rate at different working sites when different genders are managing. Thus, the whole analysis will revolve around making inference about this hypothesis (Lowry, 2014).
Analysis Statistics in Analyzing SPSS PASW Software
The analysis in this research paper is based on the research question, where the means of the injury rate will be compared against different factors that may contribute to the increased injury rate on a working site. This analysis is aimed at finding whether there is any significant difference in injury rate in relation to the categories (Marshall, 2014). This will also lead to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), which will examine whether there exist a significant difference in the injury rate between these different categories. This will help in drawing an inference from the test results (Fienup & Critchfield, 2010).
Results for Statistics in Analyzing SPSS PASW Software
The descriptive statistics of the injury rate by site are as summarized in Table 1:
Table 1: Descriptive of injury rate by the site.
Site
Statistic
Std. Error
injury rate
Boston
Mean
15.6293
3.58322
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound
7.9441
Upper Bound
23.3146
5% Trimmed Mean
14.3131
Median
14.4200
Variance
192.592
Std. Deviation
13.87774
Minimum
.00
Maximum
54.95
Range
54.95
Interquartile Range
13.83
Skewness
1.554
.580
Kurtosis
3.920
1.121
Phoenix
Mean
17.1774
4.86479
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound
6.9568
Upper Bound
27.3979
5% Trimmed Mean
14.8126
Median
8.7400
Variance
449.657
Std. Deviation
21.20512
Minimum
.00
Maximum
76.92
Range
76.92
Interquartile Range
18.88
Skewness
2.074
.524
Kurtosis
3.878
1.014
Seattle
Mean
12.5376
3.96688
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound
4.1282
Upper Bound
20.9470
5% Trimmed Mean
10.3696
Median
9.0100
Variance
267.514
Std. Deviation
16.35585
Minimum
.00
Maximum
64.10
Range
64.10
Interquartile Range
17.03
Skewness
2.222
.550
Kurtosis
5.788
1.063
Table 1 illustrates that the injury rate in Boston was 15.6293 with a variance of 192.592, Seattle had a mean injury rate of 20.9470 with a variance of 267.514, and Phoenix had a mean of 17.1774 with a variance of 449.657. These results show that Seattle had the highest injury rate follows by Phoenix and Boston had the least injury rate. Nevertheless, the injury rate in the three sites has a positive skewness indicating that the distribution of the injury rate on these sites had a long tail to the right (higher values) (Lowry, 2014). Of the three, Seattle had the highest Skewness; this can be illustrated by Figure 1 below. In addition to this, the distribution of injury rate on the three sites had a Leptokurtic distribution, which is a sharper plot than a normal distribution plot. This is simply because their kurtosis was greater than 3.
Figure 1: Boxplot illustrating injury rate by Supervisor’s Gender,
Figure 2: Histogram illustrating injury rate distribution based on site.
To test the validity of the hypothesis that there is no significance difference in injury rate between different working site, an ANOVA analysis was performed at the 95% level of significance and results are as follows.
Table 2: ANOVA Table
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
injury rate * site
Between Groups
(Combined)
197.522
2
98.761
.315
.732
Linearity
83.574
1
83.574
.266
.608
Deviation from Linearity
113.948
1
113.948
.363
.550
Within Groups
15070.334
48
313.965
Total
15267.856
50
These results indicate that there is a no significance difference between injury rates in the different working site. This is portrayed since sig. Value is greater than 0.05. In particular, 0.550, 0.608, and 0.732 p-values are greater than 0.05. Thus, in agreement with (Fienup, & Critchfield, 2010)we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
The descriptive results of the injury rate analysis based on the gender of the supervisor are as illustrated in Table 2.
Table 2: Descriptive based on supervisors gender.
supervisors gender
Statistic
Std. Error
injury rate
Female
Mean
16.6363
4.00593
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound
8.4020
Upper Bound
24.8706
5% Trimmed Mean
14.3499
Median
8.7400
Variance
433.282
Std. Deviation
20.81543
Minimum
.00
Maximum
76.92
Range
76.92
Interquartile Range
18.42
Skewness
1.934
.448
Kurtosis
3.193
.872
Male
Mean
13.5321
2.65125
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound
8.0475
Upper Bound
19.0166
5% Trimmed Mean
12.1820
Median
9.3900
Variance
168.699
Std. Deviation
12.98843
Minimum
.00
Maximum
54.95
Range
54.95
Interquartile Range
16.12
Skewness
1.610
.472
Kurtosis
3.243
.918
The Table 3 indicates that the mean injury rate, when there is a female supervisor in different sites, is 16.6363, while the average rate of injury is 13.5321 when male are supervisors. Both have a variance of 433.282 (female) 168.699 (male); these results indicate male gender has a smaller variation in injury rate. Furthermore, both have positive skewness thus they have a long tail to the right. This spread can be illustrated by the boxplot below.
Figure 3: Boxplot illustrating injury rate distribution based on supervisors gender.
Figure 4: Histogram illustrating injury rate distribution based on supervisors gender.
To test whether the means of injury rate was statistically significant at 95% confidence level based on the gender of the supervisor, an ANOVA analysis was carried out (Lowry, 2014). The results are summarized in Table 4.
Table 4: ANOVA Table
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
injury rate * supervisors gender
Between Groups
(Combined)
122.436
1
122.436
.396
.532
Within Groups
15145.421
49
309.090
Total
15267.856
50
a. With less than three groups, linearity measures for injury rate * supervisors gender cannot be computed.
These results in accordance with (Samuels, 2012) indicate that there is no significant difference between the mean of injury rate since p-value obtained is greater than 0.05 (Fienup &Critchfield, 2010). Thus, in this case, we fail to reject the null hypothesis is and infer that there is no statistically significant difference in injury rate in different working sites (Lowry, 2014).
Discussion and conclusion for Statistics in Analyzing SPSS PASW Software
The results show that there is no discrepancy in injury rate in different sites and also when different genders are supervisors. This indicates that no site is better than the other, and thus we can generalize that the injury rate in all sites is equal. Furthermore, the inferences made show that the injury rate is not higher when one gender is supervising. Thus, we can state that the risk is equal when any gender is supervising.
From the analysis part, it is clear that the research question that was given at the beginning of the paper has been fully answered. It has been thoroughly exhausted, and the results show that there is no significant difference in injury rate at different working sites when different genders are managing. Thus, we can at the 95% level of significance conclude that injury rate is affected by site or gender of the supervisor.
Statistics in Analyzing SPSS PASW Software References
Fienup, D. M., & Critchfield, T. S. (2010)m. Efficiently Establishing Concepts Of Inferential Statistics And Hypothesis Decision Making Through Contextually Controlled Equivalence Classes. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43(3), 437-62. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/755631101?accountid=45049
Lowry, R. (2014). Concepts and applications of inferential statistics.
Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2014). Designing qualitative research. Management Learning, 8(20) 81-99.
Samuels, M. L., Witmer, J. A., & Schaffner, A. (2012). Statistics for the life sciences. Pearson Education.
Weiss, N. A., & Weiss, C. A. (2012). Introductory statistics. Pearson Education.
I have numbered the posts 1-2-3-4-5-6 Can you please write at least 100 words or little over relevant content to these posts in your with own words. If you
find any research with references and citations, it will be great also. These are discussion post , perhaps you do not need to answer each line just follow
important context from the post to make comments, your own thoughts, own knowledge and probing question that move the conversation forward. Thanks!!!
(1) The threats to internal validity are ?experimental procedures, treatments, or experience of the participants threaten the researcher?s ability to draw
correct inferences from the data in an experiment, changing the control group participants under the study (Moskal & Lydens, 2014, p. 352).? This can be
a threat from the information collected and the tools to collect it. The external validity threatens the experience when the researcher determines that has
been implications from the sample data to other people. A statistical threat happens when the researcher gets inaccurate conclusions from the data because of
a disruption in the statistical test being used for collected data.
(2)Reliability is the capacity of individual researchers to arrive at like deductions employing similar experimental strategies or contributors in an
investigation to time and again generate the identical measurement. Validity is the capacity of a tool to determine what it is expected to determine.
Internal validity is the accuracy of the research and how well it was created and managed. External validity is the research’s capacity to have the findings
simplified to the specific group. This can be done by randomizing the selection, use selective techniques such as stratified or snowball sampling (Lowhorn,
2017).
(3) Validity in quantitative research is the measure of how well the research represents the concept it is measuring (Roberts, Priest and Traynor,2016). It
is an important measure as the sample of participants needs to represent an entire population of people not just those in the study. The results need to be
applicable to more than just those in the study to make the study worthwhile for evidence based practice.
(4) It is important to protect the integrity (or validity) of a study so it can be used as evidenced based practice. It is important to solve problems ahead
of time with a plan that considers the ?recruiting practice, collecting data in a consistent way, and maintaining research controls according to the study
design? in order for the research to not be delayed or threatened.
(5) If either reliability or validity is not achieved in qualitative research, evidence-based practice cannot be used whether is it because of bias or
research design. The reason being that if the results are
questionable they cannot be used as support for evidence based practice.
(6) Qualitative research explains an occurrence in its normal surroundings. It is a subjective method to inspect life as it exists as well as an effort to
justify the research findings behavior. Anthropological and ethnographic approaches are used for research. Qualitative research strives to make clear an
existing condition and only explains that condition for that specific population. This is done in the field except for a focus type group. It also strives to
come up with a theory that clarifies the observed behavior (Lowhorn, 2017). Reliability is the capacity to replicate the outcomes. Internal validity is
instinctively determined because the group acts as its own point of reference. External validity is not found in the customary way. Validity for qualitative
research is rigorous, credible, and trustworthy (Lowhorn, 2017).
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Interpret Significance of the Balance of Payments Interpret the Significance of the Balance of Payments
Accomplish external research, and then write a paper in which you summarize, analyze, and interpret the significance of the Balance of Payments (BOP).
Interpret Significance of the Balance of Payments
Please
organize your paper in the following way:
1. Define the BOP, and discuss the general accounting that goes into the development of the statement.
2. Access the Current Account for the US from the International Monetary Fund web site, and report these figures in both tables, and graphic format for the
years 2017 to present. Explain the nature of the metrics that are presented. Access the Financial Account for the US from the International Monetary Fund web
site, and report these figures in both tabular and graphic format for the years 2017 to present. Explain the nature of the metrics presented.
3. Using the data that you constructed in Part 2 above, describe the meaning that you would take from these metrics and trends for a multinational business
manager. Further, discuss how the BOP data is related to exchange rates. Discuss the meaning of the J-curve and what that can mean for the business manager at a Multinational firm.
Review of the Accounting Process Paper Uses various sources to search for journal articles in professional accounting and business journals that pertain to your topic.
Review of the Accounting Process Paper
Then, you will write an 8?10-page, double-spaced research paper that adheres to APA format. It must include references from at least 5 different sources, a
title page, and a reference page. The accounting cycle reaches its ultimate objective at the end of the accounting period when the firm publishes financial statements.
What Is the Accounting Cycle?
The accounting cycle is a sequence of steps or procedures related to the firm’s accounts and account entries.
Financial statements analysis is the process of identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of a business entity. The relationship between the various items in the financial statements is established through ratio analysis (Chew and Parkinson 2013). Ratios are into valuation ratios, liquidity ratios, gearing ratios, profitability ratios, and efficiency ratios.
The following financial ratios were derived from Dynasty Ltd to help come up with a decision on whether to invest in the company or not.
2014 2015
Current ratio = current assets/current liabilities = 4618/1974 2911/2076
=2.33 =1.4
Debt-equity ratio = long term debt/equity * 100 = 11000/14344 4000/ 13035
=76% =30%
Net profit margin = net profit/sales * 100 = 1309/24600 1963/19800
=5% 9%
Return on assets = net profit/total assets * 100 = 1309/27318 1963/19111
5% 10%
Return on equity = net profit/equity * 100 = 1309/14344 1963/13035
9% 15%
Quick ratio = current asset – stock/current liabilities = 4618-2059/1974 2911-1525/2076
=0.12 0.66
Total asset turnover = sales / total assets = 24600/27318 19800/19111
=0.9 1.03
Debt ratio = total liabilities/total asset *100 12974/27318 6076/19111
=47% 31%
Before investing in a company, an investor’s main interest is whether the investment will give good returns. The ratios can help identify if a decision to invest is wise (O’bryan 2010). A risky investment is volatile and has no guarantee of profits. An investment worth of investing has good returns and is consistent in profit making over the years. Looking at the 2014-2015 ratios for the company, the net profit margin, return on assets and return on equity have improved. These ratios are profitability ratios that indicate the ability of a company to make profits. The current ratio has declined while quick test ratio has improved. Capital structure ratios; debt ratio and debt to equity ratios have improved regarding fewer liabilities compared to assets.
The improvement in the liquidity ratios shows that the company is making improvements profit-wise, and it is not risky to invest in its stock. The gearing ratios have improved since total debt has reduced in the one year period hence it is wise to invest in the company.
Other than the ratios, the level of involvement of shareholders by the company in making decisions should also be considered. Shareholders to be represented on the company board of directors. The period of payment and how dividends are paid out is crucial in making the decision on whether to invest or not. The company that is worth investing in should value its shareholders and promptly pay out dividends as and when they fall due.
Alexis should invest in the company because profit has increased over the one year period. Long-term debt structure has reduced meaning that the company can finance its operations from the available assets and has improved in the management of the accounts (Ray, 2012). Although the current ratio has reduced, most of the financial ratios have improved which is good sign that investing in the company is not risky since the possibility of high returns is high.
Financial ratios are a representation of a company’s financial strength. The ratios can be benchmarked against the industrial averages and the historical ratios. If the ratios are improving over the years, then the decision to invest is advisable. If the ratios show a decline, an investor should not invest in the firm as the stock is risky. A company’s ratios should be at par with the industrial averages or above the industrial average.
References
Chew Lynsie, Parkinson Alan, 2013. Making Sense of Accounting for Business. Published by Harlow: Pearson.
Ray Proctor, 2012, Managerial Accounting: Decision making and performance improvement
David W, O’bryan, 2010, Financial Accounting: A course for all majors.
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Inquire what the analyst depends on to make a recommendation. What a strategy the analyst is using. Whether it is an effective basis for evaluating the value of the stock or not.
Inquire if the recommendations adhere to the analysis; in particular based on the formulated forecast
Inquire if the analysis is reasonably consistent. In addition, assess whether ‘good analysis” have been violated or not.
The task of the analysts is developing forecasts so as to make inferences regarding the valuation based on the forecasts. Some analysts are excellent when it comes to forecasting; however they are not competent to convert the forecast to a given valuation as well as a recommendation. On the other hand, other analysts are excellent at collecting data about an organization, but not good at converting such data for forecasting purposes. Moreover, other analysts feel strong regarding a recommendation. However, they do not support such a recommendation with detailed data forecasting or collection (Ohlson, 2005).
In most cases, it always appropriate to inquire about the strategy based on the analyst’s perspective in obtaining a valuation. A bad equity research report will not provide a comprehensible answer to this issue. With respect to Kmart scenario,
What is the analyst using to make a recommendation?
The forecast of the price-earnings ratio (P/E) is imperative to a recommendation. However, there is no clear strategy behind it. The analyst submits average price earnings ratio like she views other discount, retailers. One wonders whether such average multiple is acceptable. The analysts have simply initiated the technique of comparable, something that is not encouraged in stock valuation as it is risky. In addition, the analyst fails to demonstrate how one gets the right profit earnings ratio or if she comprehends what P/E is all about. In the analyst’s estimates, it is clear that profit earnings ratio is inconsistent with other forecasts (Easton, 2003).
Does the recommendation adhere to the analysis?
The present cost is USD 17 per share. According to the analyst’s 2001, Eps forecast of USD 1.41 with a projected profit earnings ratio of 20 gives a projected 2001 cost of USD 28.20. Therefore, the stock return projected for two years based on the current costs of $17 is;
Estimated stock return= (28.20-17.0)/17.0
= 65.9%
As such, the return for two years at 12% p.a is 25.4 percent. Thus, this forecast does undeniably mean a BUY. However, is this analysis logic?
Is the analysis reasonably consistent?
a) The analyst estimates 2001 profit earnings ratio of 20, which generates an estimated cost of $28.20 while estimating a Price-to-book (P/B) ratio that yields an estimated cost of $21.30. These costs are different. The $21.30 cost indicates an estimated return of 25.3% that is needed for the 2 year return. A HOLD is implied.
Estimated return = (21.30-17.0)/17.0
25.3%
b) The Bps estimates are not correct if compared with Eps projections (Ohlson, & Juettner-Nauroth, 2005). It should be that; Bps (2000) = Bps (1999) + Eps (2000) – DPS (2000). Because there are no dividends and shares outstanding demonstrates an estimated stock concerns or even re-acquirements;
Bps (2000) = 12.12 + 1.23 = 13.35 while
Bps (2001) = 13.35 + 1.41 = 14.76
In the event that the estimated Price-to-book ratio in 2001 is used, the cost in 2001 is about $20.37. This cost demonstrates a SELL.
c) The analyst estimates earnings to increase at 6 percent annually after 2001. As a matter of fact when earning are estimated to increase at a lower rate compared to the required return, the earnings yield is higher than required return, and the price-earnings ratio is below the required return. The perception is that, if an organization is to increase its earnings below the required return on cost, the cost will be less per every dollar of earnings compared to if it was to increase at the required return. In that view, the required return is roughly 12 percent; the E/P ought to be higher than the required return while price earnings ratio must be below 9.33. As a result, the analyst estimate of price-earnings ratio at 20 is inconsistent with earnings estimates.
d) The recommendation is inconsistent based on the projection of free cash flow increasing at 6 percent;
VE1999 = (2000 free cash flow/ {required return-growth in FCF})-Debit
= ({632×1.06})/12%-6%)-2,706
= $8,459 or $17.14 /share (for 493.4 million shares)
With the present costs of $17, this analysis demonstrates a HOLD. The cost capital of 12 percent is assumed here for purposes of simplicity. As such, cost capital for operations out to be forecasted.
e) The analysis of estimated earnings indicated a SELL.
2- Year yield= (1.23+1.141)/17.00
=15.53%
There are no dividends for reinvestment; this is because this is below the required 2-year return of about 25.4 percent. Therefore, implying a SELL. Increasing more years of earning at 6 percent cannot change this justification. However, the justification can only change in the event that forecasted change in premium is integrated with the costs in 2001 from the estimated price-earnings ratio of 20, although not with the estimated 2001 price-to-book ratio.
By and large, Kmart share is selling at $17, however, based on the valuation the stock price is lower. In that case, analyst’s recommendation to BUY is not correct since one pays more compared to actual cost. Regardless of the analyst’s suggestion to BUY the shares, the valuation indicated a SELL for Kmart shares (Penman, 2005).
References
Easton, P (2003). “Does the PEG Ratio Rank Stocks According to the Market’s Expected Rate of Return on Equity Capital?” Notre-Dame University,
Ohlson, J& Juettner-Nauroth, B. (2005). “Expected EPS and EPS Growth as Determinants of Value,” Review of Accounting Studies 10.
Ohlson, J. (2005). “On Accounting-Based Valuation Formulae” Review of Accounting Studies 10.
Penman, S. (2005). Discussion of ‘On Accounting-Based Valuation Formulae’ and ‘Expected EPS and EPS Growth as Determinants of Value’,” Review of Accounting Studies 10.
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Auditing and Assurance Ethics Handbook Order Instructions: There is a picture of the question that will be sent via email. kindly focus on point b and c of the question. also, please prepare the report taking into consideration “auditing” and auditing and assurance ethics handbook.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Auditing and Assurance Ethics Handbook Introduction
Auditor’s major objective is to assess and identify risks that may present material misstatements that may facilitate errors or lead to fraud on the financial statement or assertion levels.
Auditing and Assurance Ethics Handbook
Through understanding the company’s entity together with its environment and internal control systems, suitable responses to risks can be designed to limit material misstatements. Significant risks are the assessed risks in material misstatement that have been identified by the auditor that may require special consideration during the audit exercise (International Standards on Auditing 315, 2009).
The risks on financial statements are associated with the accounting records and the supporting information or documents that accompany the financial statements as evidence of transaction or earnings receipt (Bernanke, 2010). The process of correcting errors and how the correct information is transferred to the general ledger makes the process susceptible to assessable risks.
The method used by the information system to capture transactions and events is very significant to the accuracy of the financial statements. The reporting process and the system of financial statement’s preparation including all the estimates, assumptions and disclosures together with the journal entries are exposed to risks of completeness and inaccuracy (International Standards on Auditing 315, 2009).
The other risks on the classes of specific accounts stem from the communication between management and the governance team. External communication between the company and the industry regulators also exposes the company to risks of miscommunication and common errors.
The significant risks that can be related to financial statements are;
Businesses in countries that are economically unstable or countries that have experienced huge currency devaluation.
Components of internal controls
Complex alliance and businesses that are likely to be sold predisposes the company to assessable risks.
Lack of clear policies on valuation of some assets
New accounting applications and rules
Risks associated with specific account levels are;
Accounts that have specific litigation that are pending in court or other contingent liability.
Past misstatements and accounts that have a history of errors.
Intercompany transactions and development of new products and research activities.
Huge differences between past accounting records without any logical reasons for instance the wide differences in revenues between the audited and unaudited in TNO’s accounts for 2013 and 2014 respectively.
Other current assets and the increase in secured bank loans.
Net income and the decrease in rental income
Decrease in provision and the increase deferred development expenditure.
The above risks have been identified as a result of careful evaluation and thorough scrutiny of the financial statements that have been presented in line with the auditing standards and guidelines (Cooper, 2005).
Supporting documents confirms the authenticity of the transactions involved and they also provide evidence that the allege transaction took place at a particular date and the cost or earnings have been entered correctly in the financial books (International Standards on Auditing 315, 2009).
The policies on valuation of noncurrent assets present a big risk on the management’s reliance on the director’s valuation expertise as there no documentary evidence or policy guideline on the valuation exercise and investments policies (European Commission, 2009).
The operating environment is also not stated but assuming its operating in the US, the economic risks must be considered and its investment options must also be weighed. The collapse of giant financial institutions in the year 2008/09 brought a lot of companies to near bankruptcies predicament because of the loss suffered during the economic crisis during that period (D’Arcy, 2009).
The sudden increase in debts poses another risk to the business as it’s not clear why the funds were required (Lang & Jagtiani, 2010). These have been revealed by the ratios. For example, the ratio of debts to total assets is almost 50% and the current ratios are slightly below the average of 2:1. The current ratios are 1.91 and 1.54 for the years 2013 and 2014 respectively.
The major audit materiality would be largely based on the governance of the financial statements and the effectiveness of the internal control system which should take about 50% of the main audit work as the director’s management system is not very transparent and the control structures seem to be weak as per the notes presented in the case sturdy.
Auditing and Assurance Ethics Handbook References
Bernanke, B. (2010) Lessons from the failure of Lehman Brothers, retrieved May 29, 2012 from http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/testimony/bernanke20100420a.htm.
Cooper, J. (2005). Financial Statement Fraud: Corporate Crime of the 21st Century. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from
D’Arcy, C. (2009). Why Lehman Brothers collapsed, retrieved May 11, 2012 from http://www.lovemoney.com/news/the-economy-politics-and-your-job/the-economy/3909/why-lehman-brothers-collapsed.
European Commission. (2009) Ensuring efficient, safe and sound derivatives markets, retrieved from www.ise.com/asset/files/articles/credit_crisis_Final_101118.pdf
International Standards on Auditing 315 (2009) Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material misstatements through Understanding the Entity and its Environment Retrieved October 13, 2015 from http://aasc.org.ph/downloads/ISA/publications/PDFs/a017-2010-iaasb-handbook-isa-315.pdf
Lang, W. W. & Jagtiani, J. (2010) The Mortgage and Financial Crises: The Role
of Credit Risk Management and Corporate Governance. Atlantic Economic Journal, Retrieved February 03, 2011 from http://fic.wharton.upenn.edu/fic/papers/10/10-12.pdf.
