Incorporating Tele-Health Into Disease Surveillance
Incorporating Tele-Health Into Disease Surveillance
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Incorporating Tele-Health Into Disease Surveillance
This week, you explored how tele-health systems are used not only as a method of dispensing health advice, but also as a system of surveillance. For this component of your Scholar-Practitioner Project, apply your knowledge of tele-health systems to the disease surveillance system you are developing ( Tuberculosis).
Write a 1- to 2-page paper that:
Describes how tele-health could be incorporated into the surveillance system you are creating for the disease/condition you selected.
Explains the implications of tele-health for the surveillance of the disease/condition you selected.
Analyzes the benefits and challenges of incorporating the tele-health system into your disease surveillance system.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Incorporation of Tele-Health in the Surveillance of Tuberculosis
Recent decades have witnessed systematic application of emerging technology in the modern healthcare system. Therefore, the incorporation of Tele-Health in the treatment of tuberculosis will be critical in minimizing its effects on patients and the entire society. The surveillance of tuberculosis largely revolves around the assessment of the current prevalence rate, creating awareness, and the treatment and control of the health challenges in the society. Tele-Health will offer a reliable opportunity for assessing the current prevent rate essential in the identification of the most effective intervention measures. Tele-Health will also be useful in measuring the effect of tuberculosis on the infected patients. The technology will also facilitate the application of modern technology in the treatment of tuberculosis (Cooper, 2007). In addition, the Tele-Health will be applicable in syndrome surveillance especially in developed states.
Implication
Based on the available empirical data, the collection and analysis of tuberculosis data is critical in facilitating the development of reliable population-based strategy for addressing the health challenge. As a result, the adoption of modern technology to strengthen the surveillance process is critical in addressing the witnessed tuberculosis challenge. Effective linkage of Tele-Health data through electronic means to customer based products and disease management systems will be essential in making data available to health professionals in a timely and effective manner. The data will also facilitate effective and timely evaluation and treatment of all individuals infected with tuberculosis and other related health challenges. In addition, Tele-Health will help in integrating various organisations essential in dealing with emerging tuberculosis challenges. Systematic integration of healthcare organisations, telecommunication sector, and modern technology will be critical in offering a lasting solution in the treatment of tuberculosis in the modern society. However, in order to progress in modern health care systematic, all involved stakeholders should be adequately educated on the significant of applying the technology in assessing contemporary health challenges. Furthermore, public health agencies, policymakers, and health professional have a collective mandate of formulating and adopting effective policies and guidelines for enhancing and supporting effective application of Tele-Health in the treatment of tuberculosis
Challenges and benefits of Tele-Health in the surveillance and treatment of tuberculosis
So far, the use of modern technology including Tele-Health has proved effective in supporting the surveillance and reporting of tuberculosis data to the relevant authority. Through effective application of Tele-Health, government health agencies will get faster and timely update on critical information essential in the treatment of tuberculosis. Furthermore, Tele-Health will be effective in facilitating effective linkage between various professionals and institutions in the treatment of tuberculosis. Modern technology will also lead to effective and timely coordination among various stakeholders in the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis. Additionally, Tele-Health support intensive researches and survey on the spread and the effect of tuberculosis on the modern society. Modern health professionals and scholars will rely on modern technology such as Tele-Health in collecting data essential in the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis
On the contrary, effective application of Tele-Health will require effective standardisation of healthcare systems that include adoption of a reliable protocol for uploading information to the system. The adoption of modern technology in the contemporary healthcare system is a complicated and costly process. Therefore, modern healthcare institutions will encounter severe challenges in investing in modern software and hardware critical in facilitating the effective application of Tele-Health. Besides, lack of effective and reliable policies and regulations is a setback that hinders effective application of Tele-Health in the surveillance of tuberculosis infections in the modern society. Consequently, to progress in enhancing effective application of modern technology in the surveillance of tuberculosis, health professionals and policymakers have the responsibility of creating reliable policies for supporting the application of Tele-Health in the modern healthcare system (Blumenthal, 2009)
Cooper, D. (2007). Use of tele-health data for syndrome surveillance in England and Wales: A public health informatics approach. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Inter-science
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Effectiveness and efficiency of the disease surveillance system
How to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the disease surveillance system
Order Instructions:
Evaluating Automated Surveillance Systems for Tuberculosis.
System Evaluation Proposal (New) for tuberculosis
Research and identify two or three additional peer-reviewed articles related to evaluating disease surveillance systems.
Write a 2- to 3-page paper in which you:
Propose how you would evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the disease surveillance system you have developed throughout the course.
Identify and define the criteria you will include in your evaluation.
Justify the selection of evaluation criteria.
Cite the two or three articles that informed your research for this section.
System Analysis (New)
Write a 2- to 3-page paper in which you analyze the cost, functionality, timeframe, and social, political, environmental, and economic elements of your surveillance system.
Conclusion (New)
Write a 1- to 2-page summary of your Project including a review of the purpose and goals of the Project, salient research findings, system features, analysis, implications, and limitations.
References (New)
Write a bibliography of research and Project resources compiled in APA format.
SAMPLE ANSWER
How to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the disease surveillance system
The adoption of Automated Surveillance System in the tuberculosis treatment aims at helping health professionals assess the tuberculosis prevalence, initiate reliable intervention measures, and examine the epidemiology of the health complication. Therefore, the adoption of effective and reliable measures for evaluating the efficiency of the surveillance system will be relatively essential in reducing the regrettable effect of tuberculosis infection on patients and the entire society. The core aim of introducing Automated Surveillance Systems in the treatment of tuberculosis is to enhance confidentiality, timeliness, and accuracy. As a result, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the Automated Surveillance Systems in the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis, scholars and healthcare professionals need to assess the accuracy of the system. Researchers will rely on the available medical information in assessing whether information given by patients are similar to the one presented in the system. Conducting interview among health professionals and the infected victims will be essential in examining the effectiveness of the system. Additionally, health professionals will be interested in evaluating the time taken in retrieving critical medical data. Timely retrieval of patients’ data will be an indication that the system is effective in supporting the prevention of tuberculosis in the modern society.
Furthermore, the Automated Surveillance Systems must have the ability of helping health professionals abide by the set ethical guidelines. Consequently, with the intention of evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of the system, health professionals will focus at assessing whether the Automated Surveillance Systems hold the confidentiality principle. The system ability to comply with the existing confidential ethical guideline will be critical in examining the effectiveness of the modern technology in addressing tuberculosis challenges in the modern society (Thacker, Choi, & Brachman, 2009)
The assessment of the Automated Surveillance Systems ability to prevent and control the occurrence of tuberculosis in the future will be significant in influencing the efficiency of the system. Ideally, the main aim of introducing Automated Surveillance Systems in the treatment of tuberculosis is to help in the collection of accurate data essential in formulating reliable intervention measures. Furthermore, the adoption of Automated Surveillance Systems aim at assessing the impacts of the existing intervention programs in the treatment of tuberculosis. Therefore, the evaluation initiative will aim at examining whether the system has the ability of providing accurate data that could assist in the reduction of tuberculosis infection in the future. Successful Automated Surveillance Systems should also have the ability of providing reliable information that could assist in modifying educational and other critical risk-reduction initiatives and programs. Therefore, the evaluation of the applicability of the Automated Surveillance Systems in modern education sector will be essential in determining the effectiveness of system in the modern health sector (Hripcsak, Knirsch,Jain, Stazesky, Pablos-Mendez & Fulmer, 2009).
The evaluation of the Automated Surveillance Systems in the treatment of tuberculosis should also seek to examine the system’s ability to examine the long-term trend and the pattern of the disease. Precisely, the introduction of modern technology aims at easing the process of assessing the trend of the health problems. Effective assessment of the secular trend of any healthcare challenges helps in the adoption of reliable and effective plans for dealing with the health problem. Besides, the knowledge on the pattern of spread of tuberculosis will help health professionals set aside the necessary resources for dealing with the problem. Therefore, an effective Automated Surveillance Systems should provide data essential in predicting the pattern of the disease and the most effective intervention measures of dealing with the challenge (Yokoe, Subramanyan, Nardell, Sharnprapai, McCray & Platt, 1999).
Analysing critical elements in surveillance system
The proposed Automated Surveillance Systems will largely reduce the cost of treating and preventing tuberculosis. Although the cost of implementing the process may be relatively high, the outcomes of the project largely supersede the entire implementation cost. For instance, effective adoption of Automated Surveillance Systems will reduce the cost incurred in storing critical health record. The technology will equally be useful in minimising the cost of undertaking critical health researches. The timeframe for adopting Automated Surveillance Systems in the tuberculosis intervention measures is relatively limited compared to the other conventional intervention measures. The policy implementers will require roughly three to six months installing all the necessary machineries, software, and hardware. The project is also likely to reduce the time required in collecting and storing critical health records. Modern technology especially in healthcare sector aim at reducing the time required in retrieving critical health information.
Regarding the functionality of the project, Automated Surveillance Systems aim at integrating all stakeholders in the treatment of tuberculosis. The technology will offers an avenue where all stakeholders including family members and patients will share critical information on the most effective and applicable means of dealing with tuberculosis infections (Aryel, 2004). The technology will also be significant in enhancing the storage of critical information essential in supporting the spread of the disease. The project implementers will also have the mandate of ensuring that the technology fits with other equipment in the healthcare system. Based on the available data, effective application of Automated Surveillance Systems should address threatening social and ethical issues in the society. The technology ensures that health professionals uphold clients’ confidentiality and privacy. Besides, the initiative is critical in reducing social challenges that emerge due to the spread of tuberculosis infections in the society. Studies indicate that tuberculosis is among the leading killers diseases in developing and poor states. Therefore, the Automated Surveillance Systems will be vital in addressing social challenges that emerge due to high tuberculosis prevalence rate.
Automated Surveillance Systems will also be a critical tool in influencing making political decisions in the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis. For instance, political leaders will rely on the Automated Surveillance Systems data in making critical policies and regulations to prevent tuberculosis in the society. Equally, Automated Surveillance Systems will serve a critical role in facilitating the adoption of well-informed decisions on critical health issues. Automated Surveillance Systems will play a noticeable role in determining environmental factors that led to the spread of tuberculosis. The technology will also help in the classification of areas and regions that are prone to tuberculosis infections. The identification of environmental factors that could lead to increased spread of tuberculosis will be paramount in enhancing the adoption of reliable policies and intervention measures to deal with the problem. Studies further indicate that the modern technology has been playing a central role in addressing economic challenges (Wagner, Tsui, Espino, Dato, Sitting, Caruana & Fridsma, 2001). For instance, effective implementation of Automated Surveillance Systems in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis will be significant in addressing financial challenges in modern healthcare system. The project will also be helpful in minimising the cost incurred in the treatment of tuberculosis. Additionally, the project will reduce research and development costs. Therefore, based on the presented data, the adoption of Automated Surveillance Systems in the treatment of tuberculosis will holistically address all issues and elements that hinder the success of the current intervention measures
Conclusion
The core aim of adopting the Automated Surveillance Systems in the treatment of tuberculosis is to understand and learn the pattern of the diseases occurrence. The system data will also be essential in facilitating the adoption of reliable and effective intervention and treatment measures. The project is also essential in enhancing the investigation, control, and prevention of tuberculosis. The available research data further indicate that an effective application of Automated Surveillance Systems will be essential in increasing effectiveness in the treatment of tuberculosis. Furthermore, Automated Surveillance Systems is vital in addressing various environmental, economic, social, and political elements that hinder the success of the conventional intervention measures.
In addition, some of the Automated Surveillance Systems features include storage and analysis software, data retrieval software, ability to detect future health changes, ability to identify host and agent factors, and the ability of identifying sudden changes and transformation in disease distribution and occurrences. The researchers will rely on modern software in analysing the effectiveness of Automated Surveillance Systems in the treatment of tuberculosis. The study on the efficiency of the Automated Surveillance Systems will have an implication on the manner in which scholars adopt modern means in the treatment of regrettable health challenges. In addition, modern scholars will have the ability and opportunity of applying modern technology in the collection of researches data. Although the project aims at improving the nature of services in modern health centres, it may witness some regrettable limitations that include limited resources and time, resistance, ethical challenges and legal issues.
References
Aryel, R. M. (2004). Public Health Surveillance: The Role of Clinical Information Systems. In Healthcare Information Management Systems (pp. 513-531). New York, NY: Springer New York
Hripcsak, G., Knirsch, C. A., Jain, N. L., Stazesky Jr, R. C., Pablos-Mendez, A., & Fulmer, T. (2009). A health information network for managing innercity tuberculosis: bridging clinical care, public health, and home care. Computers and Biomedical Research, 32(1), 67-76.
Wagner, M. M., Tsui, F. C., Espino, J. U., Dato, V. M., Sitting, D. F., Caruana, R. A., & Fridsma, D. B. (2001). The emerging science of very early detection of disease outbreaks. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 7(6), 51-59.
Yokoe, D. S., Subramanyan, G. S., Nardell, E., Sharnprapai, S., McCray, E., & Platt, R. (1999). Supplementing tuberculosis surveillance with automated data from health maintenance organizations. Emerging infectious diseases, 5(6), 779.
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SWOT analysis is a powerful tool that you can use in order to assess your strengths and weakness and to anticipate threats and opportunities. By cultivating such awareness, individuals can gain valuable information that they can act upon in order to take advantage of the multiple opportunities available to them and seek assistance to meet the challenges they face. This Personal Development Portfolio assignment asks you to analyze your own strengths and weaknesses and identify opportunities and threats in your environment.
•Based upon the Learning Resources and your experience, reflect on your strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as they relate to your goals and career development.
• Create a document with four areas labelled as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Using bullet points, fill in the document with your strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as they relate to your goals and career development.
•Strengths and weaknesses are aspects of your knowledge, abilities, background and so forth. They are something you possess as a person and could potentially develop or improve upon.
•Opportunities and threats are external to you—in other words, aspects of your organisation, your industry or even the economic, social or political context in general.
•Include a brief (approximately 600 words) summary and reflection on your personal SWOT analysis.
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Week 5 information: Tuberculosis disease surveillance system
TB disease surveillance system is essential in ensuring closer monitoring and management of the disease. The system must function appropriately to have tangible benefits to the users. Quality assurance is very critical part of any surveillance system that operates successful. Quality assurance ensures that the system is continuously monitored evaluated and data is improved.
In US, national tuberculosis Surveillance System (NTSS) is located at the division of tuberculosis Elimination (DTBE) and functions as the national repository of TB disease surveillance data. Center for Diseases control and prevention receive information/data from the various jurisdictions reports through a standardized data collection from known as RVCT) Report of Verified of Case OF Tuberculosis (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2014).
The RVCT is usually revised on period basis to take into consideration the new changes in the disease epidemiology. The latest implementation was done in the year 2009 and it incorporated more recent development such as web-based systems. There is still a lot that have been done to ensure that data is collected and reported well to ensure that adequate information is available. Various teams form partnerships with public health officials and other local professionals to develop and in launching of national training programs on the new RVCT (WHO, 2014). These initiatives are undertake to foster or enhance quality of data collected. In management of TB, it is critical to have enough data or information about the prevalence of the diseases. This information on the areas the disease is prevalence as well helps to come up with appropriate strategies to manage the disease.
Five factors require consideration to ensure quality assurance of the tuberculosis surveillance systems. These components includes, case detection, data accuracy, data completeness, data timeliness and data security and confidentiality (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2014). Case detection is the first aspect. Once an instance of specific diseases or even exposure such as TB is done, a health care worker reports it. This information as well is collected from laboratory work or from a medical or a vetenary care. The observation or such incidence should be diagnosed and verified.
Data accuracy is another important component of quality assurance. The submitted data need to match with the patient record at the location or point of care (Arkansas Department of Health, 2014). The data recorded in the surveillance system need to remain consistent with the activities that happened in the clinical encounter if they were not clinically appropriate or if they were clinically appropriate.
The third component is data completeness. This measure helps to ascertain whether information submitted has complete set of data items or not (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2014). This is very important as it ensures that any information stored in the system is complete and therefore can be relied in the future. This requires verification of such information to ensure that it is complete and meets the threshold set for data completeness.
Data is also required to factor in the aspect of timeliness. It is important that prompt reporting of surveillance data is done to the health authorities. Once the information is accessed, it is very important that this information is reported immediately to provide an appropriate mechanisms responding to the same and instituting to preventive mechanism.
The last component is data security and confidentiality. Security of data entails measures in place geared at protecting data of public health and information systems from accessibility by unauthorized release (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2014). It also involves measures concerning information identification, loss of information and damage of the systems. Data confidentiality aims to protect personal information gathered by public health organizations. Personal information should not be released to third parties without the consent of the owner of the information or the patients.
Quality Assurance components of TB surveillance system
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (CDC). (2014). Tuberculosis Information Management System (TIMS) Replacements. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/programs/tims/NEDSS.
HYPERTENSION
In clinical settings, advanced practice nurses frequently use various strategies to treat and manage patients with hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. These strategies often include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies, natural remedies, and/or changes in patient behavior. For hypertension patients, behavioral changes including increased exercise, healthier diet, and smoking cessation have proven to be particularly beneficial. However, it is important to recognize that treatment and management plans centered around changes in behavior often require greater patient commitment. This creates the need for patient-provider collaboration, as well as appropriate patient education. When patients are actively involved in their own care and better understand implications of their disorders, they are more likely to adhere to treatment plans.
To prepare:
• Review Part 11 of the Buttaro et al. text and the National Heart Lung Blood Institute article in this week’s Learning Resources.
• Reflect on your Practicum Experiences and observations. Select a case from these experiences that involves a patient who presented with a hypertension problem. When referring to your patient, make sure to use a pseudonym or other false form of identification. This is to ensure the privacy and protection of the patient.
• Think about the patient’s history including drug treatments and behavioral factors such as diet, exercise, smoking, etc.
• Review the National Heart Lung Blood Institute article in the Learning Resources. Reflect on health promotion strategies for the patient. Consider ways to reinforce hypertension management.
Post on or before Day 3
1) A description of a patient who presented with a hypertension problem during your Practicum Experience.
2) Explain the patient’s history including drug treatments and behavioral factors.
3) Then, suggest two health promotion strategies for the patient.
4) Include suggestions for reinforcing hypertension management.
Readings/ Required Reference Resources
• Buttaro, T. M., Trybulski, J., Polgar Bailey, P., & Sandberg-Cook, J. (2013). Primary care: A collaborative practice (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
o Part 11, “Evaluation and Management of Cardiovascular Disorders” (pp. 487–611)
This part explores diagnostics of cardiovascular disorders, including how to differentiate between normal and abnormal test results. It also examines how patient history and physical exams contribute to differential diagnoses for cardiovascular disorders.
• National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. (2002). Primary prevention of hypertension: Clinical and public health advisory from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/pphbp.pdf
this article reviews factors that impact the patient education of hypertension. Hypertension prevention and intervention methods are also explored.
Optional Resources
• American Heart Association. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2012, from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/
• Drugs.com. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2012, from www.drugs.com
• Institute for Safe Medication Practices. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2012, from http://www.ismp.org/
• Million Hearts. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2012, from http://millionhearts.hhs.gov/index.html
• WebMD. (2012). Medscape. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/
SAMPLE ANSWER
High Blood Pressure is a cardiovascular disorder that needs good treatment and management plan. This plan needs a patient-provider collaboration. It is important for the patient to have appropriate education and great commitment to the treatment and management plan. Different strategies can be used to give better results in the management of the condition to the comfort of the patient. Alongside the plan, patient’s behavioral changes can particularly yield good results in management of the condition. These include increased exercises, eating a healthy diet, and avoiding smoking. Two approaches are recommended for the treatment and management of Hypertension. Pharmacologic therapy approach is much dependent on standards set by government agencies and professional associations like the American Heart Association while non-pharmacologic therapy deal with patient’s behavioral change (Buttaro &Trybulski, 2013).
Mr. Lewis’scase
During my Practicum one patient, Mr. Lewis aged 55 years (not his real name) came for observation after having breathing difficulties. Going through the patient’s file revealed that indeed he has had this condition for about two years. A closer observation gave further evidence to confirm my worries. Mr. Lewis was overweight as he had a BMI of 28/m2, BP at 150 mm Hg and a waist circumference of 130 cm, way above the recommended (NHLBI, 2002).
He has been experiencing unusual fatigue for the last two years. Overweight people experience breathlessness when performing a task, yet unknown to them it might be a symptom of hypertension. Other symptoms of hypertension include chest pain, blood in urine, severe headache, vision problem, irregular heartbeat and pounding in the chest (Medscape 2014).
Mr. Lewis was a smoker, had poor eating habits and exercised less. Perhaps he could not remember the last time he was in a gym. Mr. Lewis has not been on any serious medication.
This condition meant that I had to put him on immediate treatment and management of his condition. At an early stage, BP can be managed by lifestyle modifications and low combination of thiazide diuretic and an ACE inhibitor as recommended by American Heart Association and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention algorithm (Medscape, 2014). He responded well and within a week I reviewed his condition with remarkable results. His condition was stage 1 hypertension that needed more of lifestyle modification than drugs treatment. Fatigue levels reduced drastically and the congestion in his chest was notably down.
Two health promotion strategies for the patient (Mr. Lewis)
Mr. Lewis can do better by exercising regularly and eating healthier. Losing weight helps prevent hypertension. He needs to eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, free or law fat milk products and adequate intake of minerals like potassium, calcium, and magnesium. He needs to reduce sodium chloride intake in his diet too (Medscape, 2014).Smoking affects the quality of oxygen that one gets in the bloodstream. Mr. Lewis should stop smoking and go for aerobics to help burn the fats in his body.
High Blood Pressure Management
Hypertension needs to be managed as it is a serious health challenge. It increases the risk for diabetes and is very fatal in pregnancy. It can lead to a higher risk of stroke, renal disease and poor vision.. Treatment is best recommended for younger patients as a management plan with maxima doses depending on disease’s status and progression. At an early stage, change in lifestyle is the best way to manage high blood pressure (Medscape, 2014).
References
Buttaro, T M., Trybulski, J., Polgar BP., & Sandberg, CJ. (2013). Primary care: A collaborative practice (4th Ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Part II, “Evaluation and Management of Cardiovascular Disorders” pp 486- 611)
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. (2002). Primary prevention of hypertension: Clinical and publichealth advisory from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/pphbp.pdf on 13th Dec. 2014.
Meena, SM., Kamran R., & David GH. (2014). Treatment and Management of Hypertension. Medscape medical journal. Edited by David JM. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/ on 13th Dec. 2014.
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In Week 7, the class examined the Joint Commission’s framework for root cause analysis of sentinel Incidents in health care organizations. For purposes of this project, a critical incident is a key occurrence, but it is not a sentinel event. A bow-tie analysis places the critical incident at the center of the framework and identifies in graphic format the root cause leading up to the incident on the left side of the critical incident. On the right side of the incident, key preventive measures are graphically represented. In one image, you will capture the incident (at the center), the causes for failure in quality, and (on the right) preventive measures a manager can put in place to stop this failure from happening in the future. The final graphic will appear as a bow-tie. The instructor will provide an example. Each student will select a critical incident for approval by the instructor.
This project must include a cover page, a one-page explanation, a one-page graphic image (bow-tie analysis), and references.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Bow & Tie analysis for Medication Safety
Medical practitioners use various prescriptions to treat different infectious illnesses, deal with the symptoms of continual ailments, and relieving pain. Generally, medicines are safe is used as indicated by the medical practitioner or as described in the labeling. Nonetheless, there are certain risks associated with different prescriptions. Recent statistics indicate that adverse medication events have resulted in more than 700,000 visitations to the emergency departments of different sanatoriums within the United States (Current awareness: Pharmaco epidemiology and drug safety, 2010). This entails the injuries acquired from the use of prescriptions. Most analysts indicate that such adverse medication events are avoidable. Medical personnel and ailing individuals can aid in reducing the risk of injuries from prescriptions by comprehending the key concepts of medication safety. Such educational programs ought to be conducted in different forums by focusing on various population groups in terms of age brackets, gender, and health conditions.
In order to enhance medication safety, it is important to systematically evaluate the noteworthy prescription errors in addition to determining the feasible causes of such unpleasant events. The Bow-Tie model is an effective risk analysis mechanism that can be used in the healthcare subsector with the main aim of effectively analyzing the risks, possible causes, and impacts of various adverse prescription events. In the hospital setting, some of the risk factors associated with medication safety include administration faults of injectable medicines (Phipps, Noyce, Walshe, Parker & Ashcroft, 2011). This may be prevented by using an electronic system to crosscheck the prescriptions. This prevention measure may also aid in avoiding adverse prescription events caused by the placement of medication stickers attached to the prescription account of the wrong individual. Another risk factor that is bound to cause adverse prescription events as indicated through the Bow-Tie analysis is the confusion that occurs when transferring prescription information between different sanatoriums or wards (Workman, LaCharity & Kruchko, 2011). However, such a situation may be dealt with by using an electronic information exchange program.
CONSEQUENCES
RECOVERY MEASURES
Bow-Tie Diagram
UNDERLYING CAUSES
Little consideration made on structural aspects aimed at enhancing awareness among nursing personnel regarding prescription errors and the reported adverse medication events
Effects of medication errors vary in severity from one patient to another (delayed management of morbidities)
Complains from the ailing individuals
The ailing individual is aware of risks associate with prescriptions and cautions the nurse
Medical doctors do not recommend medication to an ailing individual who is newly admitted into the sanatorium
Nurses make sure if the suitable medications have been stipulated (warning function)
PREVENTIVE BARRIER
INITIAL ERROR
Surgeons giving priority to ailing individuals over the timely prescription of medications
An extremely busy schedule for resident surgeons
A large percentage of surgeons are often not available in hospital wards
References
Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. (April 01, 2010). Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 19, 4.)
Phipps, D., Noyce, P., Walshe, K., Parker, D., & Ashcroft, D. (January 01, 2011). Risk-based regulation of healthcare professionals: What are the implications for pharmacists?. Health, Risk & Society, 13, 3, 277-292.
Assignment #1: Screening
Instructions: Assignment #1: Using the Documentation Template from the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice (See Handouts), complete a history and systems review on a volunteer subject. Submit the completed forms and a 1-2 page summary of the results including any findings that would indicate a need for referral to another health care provider. NOTE: Do NOT use the subject’s actual name, address, or any other confidential identifier. Use the Inpatient Form if your volunteer subject is an inpatient OR the Outpatient From if your volunteer is an outpatient. The Systems Review Form is used for both in-patient and out-patient subjects. Save the forms completed by hand as a pdf. Be sure YOUR NAME is on every page you submit.
For assignment 1, make copies of the history and systems review from the Guide to PT Practice (see Handouts section), complete them by hand, scan them and save them in pdf format for submission. Any volunteer subject can be used for that assignment. They do not have to be an actual physical therapy patient. All assignments are to be word processed; 12 point font and double spaced are preferred. Other than the forms for Assignment #1, handwritten assignments will not be accepted. Do not use color, pictures, etc. in your documents. Use only black text. Number the pages and make sure your name is on every page.
Attaching the inpatient and outpatient form and system review form depending which one you want to use. Select total knee replacement case if selecting inpatient form.
SAMPLE ANSWER
SUMMARY
The patient is a 39-year-old single female of African American descent and an elementary school teacher with a college education. She lives alone in a private apartment with an elevator, is a reformed smoker who quit 4 years ago and a social drinker. An Advanced Practicing Nurse referred the patient to us. She is generally in good health. The father had a stroke in his late fifties; so this patient is genetically predisposed to high blood pressure and diabetes.
She presented with a sprained ankle and difficulty in walking or standing for prolonged periods of time, which occurred 3 months ago. She also presented with a high blood pressure of 180/100 mmhg and a weight of 200 lbs on a 5’6 frame.
The sprained ankle was sustained during her morning power walk, which is an exercise routine she does twice a week. Patient also complained that she was unable to stand on the leg for long periods of time and this was having a negative effect on her job, as she is an elementary school teacher and moving about in class was extremely difficult. The patient’s excess weight exacerbated the situation as it placed further strain on the already compromised ankle.
Before coming to see the physiotherapist 3 months after the incident, the patient had tried to manage the sprained ankle at home by keeping her weight off the leg and applying a warm towel compress on the painful and tender ankle in an effort to reduce the pain, which only exacerbated the situation. This procedure for early ankle sprain management was contradicted by Tiemstra (2012), who clearly stated that early mobilization speeds healing and reduces pain more effectively than prolonged rest. Also, contrary to common believe that lower levels of activity in obese patients may make them less susceptible to injury than normal-weight individuals, studies have shown that strains, sprains and dislocations are actually more common in this vulnerable population (King, 2013).
Diagnosis was then established as a strained ankle in an overweight hypertensive woman with impaired joint mobility and a limited range of motion, associated with localized inflammation.
The patient presented with a BMI of 32.3, where a BMI above 30 is an indication of obesity. The fact that she was overweight and hypertensive were indicators that she needed further investigation and follow up. She was therefore referred to a Primary Health Care Physician for proper management.
Patient management, which includes anticipated outcomes, expected outcomes, interventions, patient education and discharge plans can be located in the patient’s chart.
Order Instructions:
To prepare for this Discussion, bring to mind the mission and vision statements you reviewed last week as well as the values you have seen exemplified in the public health field. What do you consider the main values of public health? Do you see areas of alignment between the explicit or implicit values of public health organizations and the values expressed by you and your classmate? Do you see any conflicts among them?
This is the Mission and vision statements on last week:
Mission and Vision of Public Health
Most of the vision and mission statements I read have some similarities. The visions and mission provide the desired expectation of the organization. Most of them focus on providing quality healthcare through various interventions (Collins & Porras, 1996). They also provide insights on the prevention strategies the organization have embraced to improve patient heath outcome. They also highlight on the commitment of the staffs to ensure that quality healthcare is provided. In general, the vision and mission focus on the aims, goals and objectives of the health facilities.
‘Future of the Public’s Health in the 21st Century’ provides various findings and recommendations. The most interesting finding that interests me is the fact that increased insurance coverage will help to reduce ethnic and racial disparities in accessing to health care services. Furthermore, this will help reduce disparities that have been experienced in mortality and morbidity among various ethnic groups (Gostin, Boufford & Martinez, 2004). On the other hand, the recommendation that interested me is ensuring lifelong learning on nurse practitioners. This will help to improve quality of care in health facilities. Furthering on these findings and recommendations will further the mission and vision of health in terms of ensuring equality in accessibility to healthcare. It will also help to reduce the number of death in future due to increased accessibility to healthcare and competent nurse practitioners.
If individuals in public health organization do not know what is mission and vision, healthcare services will not meet the expected threshold. Vision and mission statement provide a sense of direction to the leaders and staffs. Therefore, lack of knowledge will make it difficult for the health facilities to operate efficiently as they will not have objectives, aims or goals. The implication is poor quality healthcare.
Answer the following Questions:
1. Briefly explain what led you to choose public health and where you want to take your career.
2. Discuss any ways in which you believe your own personal values align with the values held within the public health profession, and or in which these values might not be in alignment with your own. Consider what you are passionate about; what has framed your perspective.
3. Discuss at least two of your colleagues’ responses, identifying the aspects you found most intriguing, surprising, thought-provoking, or otherwise noteworthy. What did you learn from each of these postings that helped shed further light on your own values?
Here is two colleagues responses:
Colleague one
Mission and Vision Statements
The purpose of this discussion is to examine the mission and vision statements for public health and determine what commonalities exist. Secondly, I will analyze one of the recommendations in the readings for public health. Lastly, I will discuss the impact if an individual does not know what the organization’s mission and vision are.
Public Health Mission and Vision
Mission and vision statements set the stage for how an organization operates, and provides the framework or roadmap for all of the organization’s activities. Generally, vision statements define what an organization aspires to be, and mission statements outline how the organization will do that or what exactly they will do (Ebben, 2005). For public health organizations, the common theme in the vision is to see healthy communities or to be the voice for local health organizations. The mission statements are to “protect America from health, safety and security threats” (CDC, 2014) or to “…protect and improve the health of all people…” (NACCHO, April). So, to put the vision and mission into my own words for public health organizations, I would say the vision is “to advocate for healthy people in our communities” and the mission is to “protect the public health and support programs that advocate for better health and longevity.”
Findings and Recommendations
The Institute of Medicine made multiple findings and recommendations for public health organizations in the 21st Century. The finding that seems the most approachable is the first that describes how public health law at the local, county, state, and federal role is out of date and internally inconsistent. They recommend that the Department of Health and Human Services appoint a national commission to review all laws and provide guidance to improve and update public health regulations (Institute of Medicine, 2002). States need to be consistent about their public health policies, and continue to work with other communities to be as up-to-date as possible. Inconsistency among states can lead to public relations issues as well as be counter to public health goals. An example is the recent quarantine laws for ebola workers returning from West Africa – some states enacted these regulations and some did not. Many were critical of these policies as acting against public health interest (Drazen, et al., 2014).
Lastly, it is important that anyone in an organization be aware of the mission and vision for the organization. Without that knowledge, there is no guidance or framework for the work that one does every day. It must be clear to all public health officials about what the guiding principles of the organization are.
Colleague two:
The purpose of this discussion is to discover common themes in mission and vision statements and how they relate to public health, the future of public health, and the impact when those mission and visions are compromised.
Common Themes
A mission and vision statement is built on values. As companies are formed there is a base reason for needing the business or wanting to provide a service. In health care we can with certainty say that most facets of the industry want to help people be or feel better. From there we begin to develop our base for providing services and can build our mission and vision statement. After viewing several of the websites listed it was confirmed that many were formed from a base of basic values of equality, excellence, participation, respect, integrity, leadership science, and innovation. Within the mission and vision statements many of the same verbiage appeared including: partnership, promote, prevent, protect, safety, provides, improves, develops, and best outcomes. I would articulate the mission and vision of public health to read: Mission: to adequately provide health care opportunities to all citizens. Vision: through a collaborative effort with key stakeholders all aspects of health care prevention, maintenance, and outcomes will be critically evaluated to ensure the highest quality, safest, and most efficient care is provided to all citizens. As stated in The Future of the Public’s Health in the 21st Century, “health is a primary public good because many aspects of human potential such as employment, social relationships, and political participation are contingent on it” (p. 2).
Summary of Findings
As I prepare for my dissertation I have been torn between leadership and public health and the use of our health care system with so many compromised citizens. In The Future of the Public’s Health in the 21st Century, it was discovered that lack of or the inadequate health care coverage that many people have lead to undiagnosed and untreated conditions that lead to societal constraints. As we consider equality for all how does that look in a country that is built on freedom, business, and the ability to be successful? Why are we allowing the health care sector to be run as a free market where competition drives costs? We are talking about people’s lives not selling cars. There must be a significant change if our country expects to be able to provide health care services to all those entering our system through the Affordable Care Act. Health care is a diverse and constantly changing environment with different needs at stages of birth, life, and death and so should the care and services we provide to our public. Acting on this recommendation would help to further the mission and vision of public health because we would be anticipating the needs of our citizens through a progressive and collaborative method. All governmental, regulatory, and health care leaders would be held accountable to meet the needs and respond to changes. The implications for public health organizations that do not have a mission or vision include not defining their objectives or strategies for success, a short and long-term structure, and a clear statement of how customers will be treated and what they can expect (IOM, 2002).
Article:
Course Text: Influencer: The New Science of Leading Change
Part 1, “The New Science of Leading Change”
Chapter 1, “Leadership is influence”
Part 1 introduces the purpose of the book and how effective leaders can lead change through influence. Then, Chapter 1 personalizes the discussion by examining case studies in leadership and what you can do to become a more skilled and effective leader.
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2001). Primal leadership: The hidden driver of great performance. Harvard Business Review, 79(11), 42–5 1.
Please apply the Application Assignment Rubric when writing the Paper.
I. Paper should demonstrate an excellent understanding of all of the concepts and key points presented in the texts.
II. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.
III. Paper should be well organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is fully consistent with doctoral level writing style.
IV. Paper should be mostly consistent with doctoral level writing style.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Personal Values and Public Health Values
Individuals differ in their personal values and this explains why they end up making the choices they make in life. This discussion explains to the reasons that led to my choice of public health and where I want to take the career. It also deliberates on how personal values align with values held within public health profession and provides a discussion of responses of two of my colleagues.
I decided to choose public health to help in providing quality healthcare to the members of the public. Many issues are not moving on well in most of the public health facilities that compromise of quality. Many of the health practitioners work in deplorable conditions impeding delivery of quality health care. I believe that I will help address some of these issues to elevate the quality of care provided in health facilities. I have ambitions of pursuing this career to the doctorate level. I want t acquire high level of skills and knowledge to be able to address the many issues that face public health.
I do believe that to large extend my personal values align with the values held within the public health profession. As a health professional, you must understand the requirements and the standards to meet when delivering healthcare (Collins & Porras, 1996). It is therefore very important to have a personal desire and a sense of commitment to providing health care something I feel cuts across many of the public health professionals. Personally, I value life and I will do all that I can to my best of my ability to help any human being lead a healthy life.
My colleagues have as well highlighted on various issues that are important in health. One of the most intriguing aspects in my colleagues’ response is that some of the public health laws at various levels have inconsistencies (Goleman, Boyatzis & McKee, 2001). This grave mistake may compromise delivery of health care. Another issue worth noting is that societal constraints have been brought by inadequate and lack of coverage. Many people have been undiagnosed and missed treatment due to these inequalities. Therefore, from these two positing, I have learned that, it is important for any health facility to have vision and mission to guide them as they provide healthcare. I have also learned that inequality deters accessibility to healthcare and therefore, efforts should be underway to eradicate these inequalities
References
Collins, J. C., & Porras, J. I. (1996). Building your company’s vision. Harvard Business Review, 74(5), 65-77.
Surveillance System Comparison
This section of your Scholar-Practitioner Project prompts you to explore modern surveillance systems applied at different levels of government related to the disease you selected. In addition, you describe the government’s responsibility to monitor and report at the four political levels. By understanding the reporting requirements of government, you are able to design your surveillance system to meet those requirements.
To complete this portion of your Scholar-Practitioner Project, write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:
Identify modern surveillance systems implemented at the local, state, regional, and national levels related to the disease you selected.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the modern systems in monitoring the disease you selected.
Analyze the government’s responsibilities for monitoring the disease/condition you selected at the different political levels (local, state, regional, and national). Include an explanation of how the reporting requirements differ at each level.
Suggest how you would apply any lessons learned in this exercise to the system you are constructing.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Surveillance System Comparison
Modern surveillance systems implemented at the local, state, regional, and national levels
Early warning surveillance systems are designed to create an early alert of a disease threat through the detection of mere presence of potentially infectious micro-organisms. Early warning surveillance systems are mostly monitored at the federal level. Syndromic surveillance deals with symptoms indicative of Ebola virus. This surveillance system providing real time monitoring for non-specific, prediagnostic indicators of disease outbreaks has been broadly adopted by cities, states and the national government. States use The Real Time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance System (RODS) in gathering data on symptoms of emergency room patients (Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats, 2007).
Situational awareness surveillance systems are used in monitoring the progress and outcome of an intervention for purposes of mitigating or stopping the progression of a communicable disease. Cities, states and the national government have shown a wide and multifaceted use of surveillance for describing and informing response throughout the entire period of an outbreak. Animal surveillance systems help in detecting transmission of the Ebola virus among animal and human populations over space and time, in addition to predicting future transmission patterns.
The effectiveness of the modern systems in monitoring Ebola virus
The modern surveillance systems assist local and state health departments in enhancing, designing, and developing means for rapid detection of Ebola outbreaks as well as other public health threats and emergencies. These surveillance systems enable the health departments to investigate and mitigate such outbreaks of part of a National Electronic Disease Surveillance System. For instance, syndromic surveillance systems help in providing timelier identification of disease outbreaks than could be achieved through traditional surveillance systems. Nevertheless, sysndromic surveillance has been criticized for the few outbreaks that it has managed to detect and most people are doubtful as to its potential to perform better than alternative systems to alert the public health community to a problem.
The government’s responsibilities for monitoring Ebola virus at the different political levels (local, state, regional, and national)
In America, public health surveillance for infectious diseases occurs through a variety of local, state, regional and federal programs. Healthcare providers and others often report cases of ‘notifiable’ infectious disease as defined under local and state health codes to health departments. Accordingly, health department officials conduct a verification of the disease reports, monitor disease incidence, identify possible, and send the findings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other federal agencies carry out an independent gathering and analysis of information for disease surveillance. Furthermore, the federal agencies fund national and international networks for disease surveillance laboratories which establish diagnostic tests and develop disease diagnostic research. Despite the CDC having set out guidelines for surveillance systems funded by the national government, there is a general lack of evaluation. In addition, so far there is barely any evidence to support the cost-effectiveness of massive national public health surveillance investments.
In conclusion, it is very important to note that effective surveillance requires a clear appreciation of the capabilities sought. When designing a surveillance system, I need to establish the phenomena that need detection, the populations in which detection is needed, and the data that would be most effective for that purpose. An effective surveillance system should be follow legally and professionally acceptable processes, be cost-effective, and have the ability to identify in an ongoing predictive, sensitive, simple, timely, standardized, and flexible manner the emergence of meaningful epidemiological phenomena as well as their particular associations.
National and State Challenges for Electronic Disease Surveillance
Order Instructions:
Governmental Challenges of Disease Surveillance
Different levels of bureaucracy produce unique challenges. This holds true even in the context of disease surveillance. The inherent advantages and disadvantages of specific surveillance systems require each level of government to determine which system will best fulfill its needs.
elect two levels of government (e.g., local, state, regional, or national) and consider the challenges faced by the two levels in electronically monitoring conditions/diseases.
identify the two levels of government you selected and post an analysis of the challenges they face when implementing electronic disease surveillance systems. Then explain which challenges are common and which are unique to the two levels you selected. Consider the similarities and differences, and propose recommendations to mitigate the challenges.
SAMPLE ANSWER
National and State Challenges for Electronic Disease Surveillance
The first challenge occurs in the initial stages of implementing the electronic disease surveillance system: few or no personnel have the necessary knowledge and skills (Noah, 2006). Therefore, governments must begin by training personnel all over the country and states. At the same time, the trained personnel are frequently sent to remote areas, reducing the number of skilled personnel in their states.
More challenges arise when implementing the system in rural areas. Most of these areas have communication are less efficient compared to those in urban areas (Noah, 2006). Therefore, state and national governments must start by improving all the communication networks in all rural states. Worse still, many such areas lack modernized diagnostic laboratories, which hinder the speed of monitoring the diseases. Hence, the authorities must improve the laboratories first.
Also, epidemiological personnel find it hard moving from the old system to the electronic system due to the number of piled cases. Medical personnel spent much time reporting outbreaks and prevalence of diseases (Burdakov, Ukharov & Wahl, 2013). It is, usually, difficult to clear the many pending cases in the stations before normalizing the operations.
Lastly, the system encompasses many local sites, which must be compared with each other in determining the most affected areas. It is very difficult for the personnel to compare data for the purpose of giving preference to some areas. This exercise requires keen involvement since the personnel must go for very minor details (Noah, 2006).
National, state, regional and local authorities experience the same challenges in terms of skilled personnel, the lack of efficient resources in remote areas and the mobility of trained personnel. On the other hand, only the national and state authorities are affected by the problem of handling many affected sites. Regional and local governments have relatively fewer cases due to their geographic sizes (Burdakov, Ukharov & Wahl, 2013). Hence, they easily compare the prevalence of the diseases in different areas.
Mitigating these challenges requires training enough personnel and improving diagnostic laboratories and communication networks in every state before introducing the system. This ensures that the reporting of cases is not hampered by the mobility of personnel and poor communication networks.
References
Burdakov, A., Ukharov, A., & Wahl, T. (2013). One Health Surveillance with Electronic Integrated Disease Surveillance System. Online Journal Of Public Health Informatics, 5(1). https://www.doi:10.5210/ojphi.v5i1.4480
Noah, N. (2006). Controlling communicable disease. Maidenhead, England: Open University Press.
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When developing an IT system for disease surveillance, it is essential to consider the needs of the system, the scale and availability of data, the robustness of the algorithms, and the budget. These considerations are important in determining the system’s architecture, which is a critical component of the system. Subtle differences in architecture design can greatly impact how a surveillance system may be used and how it will perform under different conditions.
Select a public health organization of interest to you and research the organization’s surveillance activities. Consider the organization’s needs and how its needs align with the system’s software architecture.
brief description of the organization you selected and its surveillance activities. Considering the needs of the organization, recommend whether a single-purpose desktop application with local-level data or a networked application with broad-based information access is best for the organization, and describe what architectural features you would propose. Justify your selections. Respond to a colleague who selected a different architecture and/or organization than you.
SAMPLE ANSWER
IT Needs of Disease Surveillance
CDC’s Epidemiology and Prevention Branch in the Influenza Division focuses on compiling and analyzing data on influenza activity on an annual basis in the United States and producing FluView, a weekly influenza surveillance report. The U.S. influenza surveillance system comprises of collaborative efforts between the CDC and its various local, state, and national partners in different health departments, emergency departments, clinics, healthcare providers, vital statistics offices, and clinical laboratories.
CDC’s influenza surveillance activities include; monitoring the time and place of occurrence of influenza, tracking influenza-related illnesses, determining the influenza viruses that are circulating, detecting changes in influenza viruses, and measuring the effect of influenza on hospitalizations and deaths in the U.S. Influenza surveillance is classified into five categories: virological surveillance, outpatient illness surveillance, mortality surveillance, hospitalization surveillance, and summary of the geographic spread of influenza.
CDC works towards the development of a comprehensive system for influenza surveillance due to the fact that influenza viruses are dynamic, thus requiring ongoing collection and characterization of the strains. In addition, there are high chances for influenza strains to undergo changes that may lead to pandemics of influenza; surveillance of viruses helps in detecting these changes. Furthermore, there is need for annual administration and updating of vaccines on the basis of surveillance findings. Surveillance data is also an important foundation for triggering national responses to emerging pandemic strains.
CDC utilizes de-centralized information architecture, which is the most appropriate system for enabling secure and timely exchange of information across multiple pragmatic areas. Thus, a broad-based information access is the best for CDC. Unlike CDC which should adopt a networked system, a city health department should adopt single-desktop design because local control programs are not properly designed for data integration (Jennings, 2009).
