Effects of Health Literacy in Healthcare Utilization in US 1. Access the NAAL website https://nces.ed.gov/naal. Research the website; provide information from this website in relation to adult literacy.
Effects of Health Literacy in Healthcare Utilization in US
2. Do a literature search and find an article on how health literacy affects access and utilization of health care in the US. Discuss the article’s
conclusions. Does it support or differ from Bastable’s discussion of health literacy in chapter 7? Provide the citation for the article you found so others
can read it. Background: Health literacy presents an enormous challenge in the delivery of effective healthcare and quality outcomes. We evaluated the impact of low health literacy (LHL) on healthcare utilization and healthcare expenditure.
Healthcare in US and why Citizens Follow It I am in college level Anthropology. Throughout the semester we have talked about cultures.
Healthcare in US and why Citizens Follow It
We have learned that people stick to what they know and what they
are taught, their “cultural norms.” For example: Muslims; Muslim women are dominated by men and must always have their skin covered with long veils. Why do these women abide by such rules? Why don’t these women stick up for themselves? Because that is the culture in which they were raised, that is what they were taught and that is what they know, so they simply follow and abide.
Healthcare in US and why Citizens Follow It Essay Prompt
Here is my essay prompt:
Write a final paper that brings your knowledge of cultures and how they operate to bear on a contemporary problem of your choice.
Describe explicitly the cultures that bear on this issue and make an argument to show how we cannot act independently of cultures or show how we do.
THINK BIG, when you think of implications. On a narrow level, you will have learned something important about cultures and their differences. On a broader level, you will have learned something about the nature of cultures and the relationship between cultures and the choices we make (appropriate for your Discussion). On a still broader level, you may learn something about the nature of people, of what it means to be a human being (appropriate for your
Conclusions).
Healthcare in US and why Citizens Follow It Critical Paper Components
Pay Attention to These Critical Paper Components
INRO: start with: “This paper ….” [fill in the blank with a simple statement of the what you intend in the paper.
THEN: explain why the issue or issues or questions are important enough to spend time on. Explain what we (think we) know and what we need to find out next.
Think of this section as a reader’s roadmap to your report.
SUMMARIZE your findings and conclusions in 1-2 sentences.]
The body of Paper: write your paper.
Discussion [Analyze implications of these contracts for national policy bearing on the U.S.
Population.]
Conclusions [Conclude by summarizing your findings and say something about their implications for your life and material welfare.]
I thought healthcare (Obama care) was a decent contemporary problem in the United States.
Intro: “This paper…” start with a simple statement of what you intend in the paper. Then, explain why the issue or issues or questions are important enough
to spend time on. Explain what we (think we) know and what we need to find out next. Think of this section as a reader’s roadmap to your report.
Healthcare in US and why Citizens Follow It Analytical Paper
I started off like this so far: An Analytical paper on the study of Anthropology
Throughout this class, we were asked to write different assignments on the components of a college classroom environment, interactions with our family, norms at our place of employment, honor cultures and a few others, so that we can better understand the rules and cultural norms in our society. I now see how all
our assignments are connected and can be integrated to share one common theme which is to accept other humans as equal in spite of any difference. In August
1963, at the Washington Monument, located in our nation’s capital, Dr. Martin Luther King gave one of the most important speeches in American and human
history. In his speech, Dr. King urged America to provide freedom and liberty to all people no matter what their race, gender or religion. In it, he said:
“I say to you today, my friends, though, even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the
American Dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up, live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that
all men are created equal.”
In addition to being beautifully crafted, the speech also contained a profound meaning that is still applicable in our culture and society today. Martin Luther King believed that the pc trinity (Gender, Class, and Race) was not a valid reason for society to discriminate against others. Instead, everyone should
be regarded as equal members of society. At the time of this speech, this concept was seen as very radical because African Americans were being subjected to
hatred, racism and severe cruelties. Nonetheless, 50 years later, society has changed and made immense progress in treating individuals equally despite their
differences.
This is exactly the same thing that we experience with our families or friends. We must treat each other as equals and respect each other at all times. We
should not discriminate against other people because they may be different. Differences can come in the way of gender, religion, race, ethnicity, economic
class, traditions, etc.
And I wanted to now start talking about healthcare and maybe how it should be equal to everyone.
Use of Life Story to Enhance Care to Dementia Patients Using Life Story Work to enhance care to people with dementia in residential home 1-Present a critical discussion with regard to the evidence of the need for change
Use of Life Story to Enhance Care to Dementia Patients
2-Develop a strategy for the proposed change process, accompanied by a critical evaluation of the theory relevent to this.
3-Formulate a plan for evaluation and dissemination of the change, providing a rationale and debate on the evidence for the selected approach.
4-Undertake a critical self appraisal of your own attitude towards change and analyse how this has been developed as a result of undertaking the programme of
study
For the first component of the Session Long Project*, your task is to write a 4-page essay about a health care organization with which you are involved, or are familiar (Veterans Affairs hospital in Salisbury, NC.). Specifically, your tasks are to select an organization and describe it. Then, discuss the main challenges in marketing that organization. For the second part of this SLP, your task is to discuss segmentation and target marketing of your selected organization. Be sure to specifically address the following questions:
1. How does your selected health care organization segment the market(s) that it serves?
2. What is your organization’s target market(s)?
3. How are your organization’s services positioned to meet the demands of its target market(s)?
*Components of the SLP:
Module 1: Description of the Organization and Main Marketing Challenges and Segmentation and Target Marketing
Module 2: Marketing Wellness and Prevention
Module 3: Branding Strategies & Online Marketing
Module 4: Pricing Strategies and Costs
You will be expected to:
1. Focus your response to this component of the SLP specifically on the main marketing challenges that the organization faces.
2. Apply principles from the background materials in discussing the organization.
3. Provide a scholarly basis for your response.
4. Justify your opinions with evidence from the literature.
5. Cite several scholarly references for this assignment.
6. Properly cite your references in the text of your essay as well as at the end.
Suggestions: Be sure to gather as much information as you can about marketing within your selected organization as early as possible in the session. The tasks of subsequent components of the SLP require information gathered for the first Module.
Required Reading
https://www.salisbury.va.gov/
Astuti, H. J., & Nagase, K. (2014). Patient loyalty to healthcare organizations: relationship marketing and satisfaction. International journal of management and marketing research, 7(2), pp. 39–56. Available in the Trident Online Library.
Clariture; The Martin Companies Accelerates Healthcare Marketing Innovation via Clariture (2014). Marketing Weekly News, 68.
Codourey, M. (2013). The Public Handshake, the Pushed Gossip and Healthcare Marketing. Economics & Sociology, 6(2), 11-27. Available in the Trident Online Library.
Garcia, M. R., & Gonzalez, L. I. A. (2013). The untapped potential of marketing for evaluating the effectiveness of nonprofit organizations: a framework proposal. International review on public and non-profit marketing, 10(2), pp. 87-102. Available in the Trident Online Library.
Star Life Sciences Medical Monitor Research Captures Healthcare Communications Trends. (2013). Business Wire [New York].
Veterans Affairs hospital in Salisbury NC Introduction
We begin this course by defining “Marketing.” According to Rooney (2009), the American Marketing Association defines marketing as “the activities and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.” Marketing “…is a broad endeavor that involves relationship-building methods that rapidly multiply as technology evolves” (Rooney, 2009).
Health care organizations are increasingly recognizing that they face marketing problems. Shrinkage in clients, members, funds, and other resources remind them of their dependence on the marketplace.
Many public agencies face tough marketing problems. These organizations are confronting changing client attitudes and societal needs, increasing public and private competition, and diminishing financial resources.
Marketing is geared toward examining how, why, and when people satisfy their interests and desires, so as to attempt to influence the decision-making process. Marketing is carried out through the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services. The goal of marketing is to create internal and external exchanges in order to satisfy individuals or organizations. Powers & Jack (2008) assert that the marketing of health care services must often be tailored so as to be volume-flexible in the face of changing demand, especially when considering patient satisfaction as an outcome.
As we will learn in this course, marketing is all about people, just as business and health care are about people-oriented industries. Successful marketing is built on strategic human bonds. Personal relationships occur before business relationships.
Not only does marketing drive an organization’s competitive position and overall success, but marketing activities also influence a broad range of activities and people within a health care organization, from planning to the medical staff.
Veterans Affairs hospital in Salisbury NC Marketing Mix Principles
The marketing mix principles (also known as the 4 ps.) are used extensively by businesses.
The marketing mix is a part of the organization’s planning process and consists of analyzing:
•Product strategies
•Price strategies
•Place strategies
•Promotion strategies
The four components must be carefully controlled to meet the needs of the defined target group.
The second part of this module is devoted to marketing in non-for-profit organizations. We will examine how marketing techniques differ in the for-profit vs. the not-for-profit sectors of the health care arena.
As you have perhaps learned in your other coursework at TUI, competition is very strong in the health care industry. In an interview, John Kaegi (group vice president of marketing with BlueCross BlueShield of Florida) asserted that non-profits are able to build their brands quickly and effectively by advertising through public education and engagement of consumers by appealing to their health (McPherson, 2008). We will learn more about the concept of branding in Module 4.
By contrast to not-for-profit organizations, profit-seeking organizations utilize marketing to enhance their operations. Despite the fact that many health care providers operate as non-profit organizations, such organizations also need to implement marketing strategies. One example of non-profit marketing in the health care arena is the recruitment of students to careers in health care.
Not-for-profit organizations also appeal to a different aspect of the marketplace than for-profit organizations, such as public education programs. For example, according to Jeffrey Cowart (Chief Marketing Officer of Inova Health System), nonprofit organizations may devote a considerable portion of their advertising budget on heightening awareness of the availability of health and wellness classes, HIV clinics, or other subsidized community programs (McPherson, 2008). In the next Module, we will examine in greater detail the way wellness programs can be marketed effectively.
Please proceed to the background readings for this module.
Veterans Affairs hospital in Salisbury NC Sample Answer
Introduction
In the healthcare industry, marketing can be defined as the process of developing, communicating as well as delivering healthcare interventions using customer-centered services. It also involves planning and managing available resources so as to promote the population’s health. Marketing in healthcare is geared towards examining and understanding patient’s interests and preferences that influence their decision-making processes (Codourey, 2013). This paper explores Veterans Affair hospital (VA) in Salisbury, NC segmentation and organization targeted marketing.
Veterans Affairs hospital in Salisbury NC on How VA Salisbury, NC segment the markets it serves
Market segmentation refers to the processes of identifying clients’ responses and how they are expected to respond differently to market variables such product, price, distribution, and promotion. Market segmentation involves subdividing markets into groups. The VA Salisbury, NC provides care to military veterans, spouses, and children of military veterans. The targeted audiences are veterans who have served a minimum of 90 days in the military. The organization uses a post hoc segmentation method. This is where variables are identified and then grouped using analytical technique using variables such as demographics, region, and the community demands (needs based segmentation). This implies that segments are derived according to the causal factors that relate to health resource utilization in this organization. This is an effective method because it divides the market based on the unique needs of the service users such as co-pay price, premium price, availability of preventive services and network sizes among others (VA Healthcare, 2013).
The organization utilizes conjoint surveys to understand the targeted markets Attitudes, behaviors, and products preferences. This is necessary so as to provide identifiable as well as actionable as a solution. The process includes analyzing the healthcare service product to ensure that it is of the highest quality and cost of effective. Segmentation is also achieved by distributing confidential questionnaires to ask patients about their experiences during their inpatient and outpatient treatment in their healthcare facilities. The feedback is the critical element that ensures that the VA provides quality healthcare services to the veterans that meet their expectations, improves customer’s satisfaction and health promotion (Garcia & Gonzalez, 2013).
The organizations conduct SWOT and cost-benefit analysis program to understand the organization’s strengths and weaknesses that impact the positive and negative decision making during segmentation and to determine the programs that are of greatest values to the veterans. The analysis helps the organization to focus on internal and external changes such as per patient’s costs, organization’s operation costs and patient satisfaction scores to ensure that health services reach every person in the population (US Department of Veterans Affairs, 2015).
Veterans Affairs hospital in Salisbury NC Organization’s target market
The VA mission is to deliver a seamless continuum of sustainable and predictable high quality and patient-centered care that is of superior quality. This organization has a long history of caring for Nation’s veterans. The foundation of the organization marketing strategy is to build trust and confidence in the service users and the nation that the organization provides exceptional quality and safe care. The message that this healthcare facility is communicating is that the organization will continue to be the benchmark of value and excellence to provide exemplary services that are evidence-based, patient-centered care and collaborative care in integrated into environments support continued improvement (VA Healthcare, 2013).
With the current enrollment of over 500,000 veterans, the initial organization’s target markets are 31.3% of veterans above 65 years and are not currently using the VA healthcare services for their primary care. Secondly, the organization also targets the veterans whose annual income <$20,000 annually. The market also targets the veterans that are not able to live independently or have limited functionality in their daily living. The organization marketing strategies focus to reach veterans using a number of techniques and strategies to recognize the unique groups within the population. This includes the underserved veterans living in remote areas, chronically ill or is diagnosed with mental illness. This organization’s main aim is to expand on the market and to promote premier health plan for the veterans. The VA affairs have defined the market niche that will ensure targeted and efficient marketing for its services (US Department of Veterans Affairs, 2015).
How VA Salisbury, NC services are positioned to meet the targeted markets.
The goal of marketing strategy is to ensure that the target market is identified and to establish a marketing mix that is appealing to their potential clients. Decisions about the ideal marketing mix are organized based on the price, promotion, product, and price. The goal is not just to reach with a particular strategy but focusing on ways to provide value to the targeted clients (Codourey, 2013).
It is important to understand where competitors are positioned and what attributes are most important when clients are seeking healthcare services. Positioning generally refers to the place the healthcare service being offered occupies in the client’s mind in relation to the competitive differentiation. To understand the current organization market position, the organization relies on data from market research projects in order to identify the attributes of a product that is important to the client, and services perceived to best deliver each attribute and improvements that must be done to improve customer’s satisfaction (Astuti & Nagase, 2014).
There are two main market positioning strategies namely a) head to head and b) differentiation. Head to head market positioning is done by an organization that has stable and solid in areas that seem relevant and holds a large percentage of the total market share. However, this organization cannot use the head on head positioning and is better off searching for a niche in the market that suits the services it offers. This is done using a competitive differentiation analysis together with annual market research to understand the organization’s role in the dynamic health care industry (Fellows, 2013).
The VA healthcare facility positions itself to effectively meet the demands of the diverse veteran population. The identified specific needs in this population that need to be addressed include improved quality healthcare that optimizes accessibility, the enhanced value of primary care and to increase of post-traumatic stress disorder care and treatment and counseling services, training. The organizations position itself as premier healthcare system for the community’s veterans that provide both quality and the patient’s clinical outcomes. The VA leverage competitive edge because of its unmatched patients quality care, convenience, accessibility, superior clinical outcomes and superior patient’s clinical outcome (VA Healthcare, 2013).
Veterans Affairs hospital in Salisbury NC References
Astuti, H. J., & Nagase, K. (2014). Patient loyalty to healthcare organizations: relationship marketing and satisfaction. International journal of management and marketing research, 7(2), pp. 39–56. Available in the Trident Online Library.
Codourey, M. (2013). The Public Handshake, the Pushed Gossip and Healthcare Marketing. Economics & Sociology, 6(2), 11-27.
Garcia, M. R., & Gonzalez, L. I. A. (2013). The untapped potential of marketing for evaluating the effectiveness of nonprofit organizations: a framework proposal. International review on public and non-profit marketing, 10(2), pp. 87-102. Available in the Trident Online Library.
US Department of Veterans Affairs. (2015). W.G. (Bill) Hefner VA Medical Center- Salisbury, NC. Retrieved from https://www.salisbury.va.gov/
VA Health Care. (2013). Veterans Health Administration marketing plan. Retrieved from http://stephaniekessinger.weebly.com/uploads/4/8/4/5/48452649/vamarketing_plan.pdf
Part 1: For the first Case Assignment, please write a 2-page essay in which you discuss marketing challenges in the health care industry, and comment upon their level of importance. Specifically, please respond to the following questions:
Marketing Challenges in the Health Care Industry
1. Why is it difficult for marketing concepts and strategies that are commonly used in other industries to “penetrate” the health care industry?
2. In your opinion, has marketing been truly accepted as a necessity for health care organizations yet, or is it still regarded as a luxury?
Part 2: Please write a 2-page essay on marketing in the health care environment in the following two-part case scenario:
1. Compare and contrast marketing techniques among for-profit vs. non-profit organizations.
2. Suppose that you are the manager of a start-up health care organization that previously had a for-profit structure, but has achieved non-profit status. Describe how you would change your marketing strategy.
Marketing Challenges in the Health Care Industry Module Overview
Introduction
We begin this course by defining “Marketing.” According to Rooney (2009), the American Marketing Association defines marketing as “the activities and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.” Marketing “…is a broad endeavor that involves relationship-building methods that rapidly multiply as technology evolves” (Rooney, 2009).
Health care organizations are increasingly recognizing that they face marketing problems. Shrinkage in clients, members, funds, and other resources remind them of their dependence on the marketplace.
Many public agencies face tough marketing problems. These organizations are confronting changing client attitudes and societal needs, increasing public and private competition, and diminishing financial resources.
Marketing is geared toward examining how, why, and when people satisfy their interests and desires, so as to attempt to influence the decision-making process. Marketing is carried out through the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services. The goal of marketing is to create internal and external exchanges in order to satisfy individuals or organizations. Powers & Jack (2008) assert that the marketing of health care services must often be tailored so as to be volume-flexible in the face of changing demand, especially when considering patient satisfaction as an outcome.
As we will learn in this course, marketing is all about people, just as business and health care are about people-oriented industries. Successful marketing is built on strategic human bonds. Personal relationships occur before business relationships.
Not only does marketing drive an organization’s competitive position and overall success, but marketing activities also influence a broad range of activities and people within a health care organization, from planning to the medical staff.
Marketing Challenges in the Health Care Industry Marketing Mix Principles
The marketing mix principles (also known as the 4 ps.) are used extensively by businesses.
The marketing mix is a part of the organization’s planning process and consists of analyzing:
•Product strategies
•Price strategies
•Place strategies
•Promotion strategies
The four components must be carefully controlled to meet the needs of the defined target group.
The second part of this module is devoted to marketing in non-for-profit organizations. We will examine how marketing techniques differ in the for-profit vs. the not-for-profit sectors of the health care arena.
As you have perhaps learned in your other coursework at TUI, competition is very strong in the health care industry. In an interview, John Kaegi (group vice president of marketing with BlueCross BlueShield of Florida) asserted that non-profits are able to build their brands quickly and effectively by advertising through public education and engagement of consumers by appealing to their health (McPherson, 2008). We will learn more about the concept of branding in Module 4.
By contrast to not-for-profit organizations, profit-seeking organizations utilize marketing to enhance their operations. Despite the fact that many health care providers operate as non-profit organizations, such organizations also need to implement marketing strategies. One example of non-profit marketing in the health care arena is the recruitment of students to careers in health care.
Not-for-profit organizations also appeal to a different aspect of the marketplace than for-profit organizations, such as public education programs. For example, according to Jeffrey Cowart (Chief Marketing Officer of Inova Health System), nonprofit organizations may devote a considerable portion of their advertising budget on heightening awareness of the availability of health and wellness classes, HIV clinics, or other subsidized community programs (McPherson, 2008). In the next Module, we will examine in greater detail the way wellness programs can be marketed effectively.
Please proceed to the background readings for this module.
Marketing Challenges in the Health Care Industry Required Reading
Astuti, H. J., & Nagase, K. (2014). Patient loyalty to healthcare organizations: relationship marketing and satisfaction. International journal of management and marketing research, 7(2), pp. 39–56. Available in the Trident Online Library.
Clariture; The Martin Companies Accelerates Healthcare Marketing Innovation via Clariture (2014). Marketing Weekly News, 68.
Codourey, M. (2013). The Public Handshake, the Pushed Gossip and Healthcare Marketing. Economics & Sociology, 6(2), 11-27. Available in the Trident Online Library.
Garcia, M. R., & Gonzalez, L. I. A. (2013). The untapped potential of marketing for evaluating the effectiveness of nonprofit organizations: a framework proposal. International review on public and non-profit marketing, 10(2), pp. 87-102. Available in the Trident Online Library.
Star Life Sciences Medical Monitor Research Captures Healthcare Communications Trends. (2013). Business Wire [New York].
Marketing Challenges in the Health Care Industry Sample Answer
Introduction
Marketing can be defined as the processes and activities for crafting, communicating and supplying offerings that are valuable to the clients, customers, partners as well as the community. As such, marketing is an extensive effort that encompasses relationship building techniques that swiftly increase as technology advances. Health care institutions progressively realize that marketing problems are inevitable with the reduction in clients, finances, members and other possessions reminding the organizations of the reliance on the market (Astuti and Nagase, 2014). One of the aims of marketing is to study how, when and why individuals fulfill their desires and interests in order to try to influence the process of making decisions. Besides, marketing is conducted through the formation, promotion, pricing, and supply of concepts, possessions, and services. Moreover, another objective of marketing is to build internal as well as external relations to gratify persons or organizations.
Why is it difficult for marketing concepts and strategies that are commonly used in other industries to “penetrate” the health care industry?
Presently, consumers are becoming extra savvy when seeking health services in hospitals and clinics with distance not being an issue currently due to better means of transport. As such, patients are more eager to look for services in places such as hospitals based in universities because the services in those centers are better than in other hospitals and clinics. As such, marketing has become a necessity for most healthcare organizations (Fellows, 2013). Notably, specialized treatment for example cancer centers is predominantly featured in most advertisements on the Television and attend to the sick with better and more advanced technology. Moreover, there are several websites nowadays that provide more information regarding compliance records for several healthcare corporations. Collecting and reporting compliance information is necessary for determining the healthcare organization that offers the best services and such information is available on the internet. As such, if an individual hospital does not provide better services in a particular area, the patient may not select that hospital (Astuti and Nagase, 2014). This could be incredibly devastating especially for care in the countryside where most of the variables may be within the standard of treatment except for a few other areas. For example, a health care organization may provide better laboratory services but perform dismally in consultation services. Remarkably, the Internet is a channel for numerous healthcare concerns in marketing where most people search for various diseases and health problems and take the information to be accurate and authentic which is precarious because not all the sites are reliable
Health care organizations compete and this may have an adverse impact on the employees that work in close collaboration with each other. Also, given that most people search the ratings of the various hospitals via the Internet may impact how information is collected with the staff being trained how to utilize the words they may encounter on the satisfaction review so that they will get a positive rating
From a positive viewpoint, customers can conduct additional inquiries of care services to pursue an improved experience. When viewing satisfaction information, it’s hard to repudiate a high ranking as being false (Garcia and Gonzalez, 2013). Apparently, the organization is undertaking something right to gain the respect of the customers. Without having a form of advertising that resonates well with the clients and offers up to date information, consumers may never be aware of the services present in their communities. Besides, the data about the services is present on the internet and for the people who do utilize the internet can be helped by their families and friends
When engaging the customers, it is paramount to them that not everything they see and read on the web is accurate and genuine. Reliable data must be founded on sources that clients are aware of and which the organization typically uses because reporting untrue information is unlawful and be damaging to the body. As such, patients need to utilize sources that are credible and reliable to acquire information that is true and accurate.
In your opinion, has marketing been truly accepted as a necessity for health care organizations yet, or is it still regarded as a luxury?
Notably, most healthcare companies nowadays spend vast sums of money on advertising, and this can be evidenced by the elegant billboards and lavish advertisements featured in televisions (Fellows, 2013). However, it is the consumer who in this case is the patient that pays for the ads through the high prices charged when the customer seeks for health care services. Therefore, healthcare companies are highly relying on marketing to the extent that it has become a necessity or else the organization will lose the client base. However, there is a lot of misleading information to the extent that it is not easy to find something accurate written concerning healthcare marketing activities. Also, it is tough to deny that there is dishonesty in marketing in healthcare since there are many false claims submitted to insurance organizations. Moreover, several healthcare providers convince patients through marketing that certain procedures and tests are necessary to them yet the tests are not beneficial for their health in the long run(Astuti and Nagase, 2014). As such, with the advertisement in healthcare becoming a necessity it is paramount for the customer to do deep investigations to ascertain that the services advertised by healthcare providers are accurate, real and adequate.
Compare and contrast marketing techniques among for-profit vs. non-profit organizations.
Compared with nonprofit organizations healthcare companies established for profit purposes use marketing to boost their operations. Regardless of the fact that several health care providers operate as nonprofit corporations, such organizations require to adopt marketing strategies. For example one of the forms of marketing utilized by nonprofit providers in the healthcare industry is the enrolment of students to professions in health care (Fellows, 2013).. Considerably, both organizations need marketing to appeal to their diverse target markets and provide additional information about their services. For example, organizations that operate to earn profits market their services through various methods such as the identification of the target market, branding, and marketing mix to generate more revenues. On the other hand, nonprofit corporations also utilize marketing to heighten awareness about the availability of wellness and health classes and other subsidized programs in the community (Garcia and Gonzalez, 2013). Similarly, marketers working for nonprofit organizations labor as hard as their counterparts in profit corporations to boost the visibility of the company and maintain the organization’s reputation as well as achieve the goals and aims of the firm
Intuitively, there are certain differences between for-profit and non-profit companies in healthcare marketing. First, the two organizations differ in the way they are governed and the manner in which various groups or parts within the firm behave. For instance the organization of the members of the board and the manner in which they are compensated.
Notably, a profit corporation mostly pays its members’ salaries for services provided and hires other participants outside the company to perform certain duties for them. On the other hand, nonprofit corporations rely highly on volunteer work and conduct most of its individual activities within the enterprise itself to realize their marketing goals. Further, profit corporations pay a certain percentage of the profits realized in the form of taxes to the government which is a legal requirement failure to which the entity may be charged huge penalties (Astuti and Nagase, 2014). On the other hand, nonprofit organizations do not pay taxes but cannot utilize their resources for other purposes different from the mission of the organization.
Suppose that you are the manager of a start-up health care organization that previously had a for-profit structure, but has achieved non-profit status. Describe how you would change your marketing strategy.
First, the strategy employed in marketing would change in the logic that more focus and emphasis would be on time as opposed to money in stimulating the new marketing policy. Also, instead of using a significant amount of the budget in financing current areas where marketing can be utilized, less money would be utilized in the new marketing plan with more hours being utilized in activities such as volunteering and organizing for motivational talks (Garcia and Gonzalez, 2013). Secondly, the philosophies and motivations guiding the corporation would be made clearer to the target groups and would be presented in a very persuasive and eye-catching manner. Lastly, greater creativity and innovation would be of great value in the new marketing plan in highlighting the critical concerns of the company while stressing the more considerable resourcefulness shared amongst persons that seek to aid the organization to achieve its set goals.
Marketing Challenges in the Health Care Industry References
Astuti, H. J., & Nagase, K. (2014). Patient loyalty to healthcare organizations: relationship marketing and satisfaction. International journal of management and marketing research, 7(2), pp. 39–56
Garcia, M. R., & Gonzalez, L. I. A. (2013). The untapped potential of marketing for evaluating the effectiveness of nonprofit organizations: a framework proposal. International review on public and non-profit marketing, 10(2), pp. 87-102
Ethical standards in allocation of healthcare resources
Ethical standards in allocation of healthcare resources among the elderly population and end of life care
Order Instructions:
This is a discussion post, I will send three articles that pertains to this paper. Thanks
SAMPLE ANSWER
Ethical standards in allocation of healthcare resources among the elderly population and end of life care
The number of elderly people (65 years) is expected to double to 80 million over the next 30 years. The share of the elderly population will increase 13% – 20% in 2030. This implies that soon, there will be a higher ratio of elderly people as compared children. The population aging is a huge force with political, economic and social implications to the society (Hayutin, Dietz, & Mitchell, 2010). For instance, the rapid increase of cost of healthcare in the past years has created ethical discussion on allocation of resources. The main ethical issue on allocation of resources among the elderly is not entirely based on the quantity of treatment provided, but rather establishing protocols that seek optimum care based on the patient needs (Milstead, 2016).The organization decision making model of healthcare resources among the elderly population and end of life care should be determined by the following ethical standards namely; a) need, b) right, c) merit and d) priority (Craig, 2010, p. 29).
The ethical standard of right highlights the fact that every person is entitled to equal access and consideration of care. As described by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence (1776), equality in health care is inherent and inalienable. Therefore, every individual should be given equal opportunity so that they can access quality and safe care without regard to an individual’s capacity or ability to pay. The ethical standard of merit indicates providing care to people based on their needs and fitness. This involves assessing individual cognitive function, degree of illness progression, legal status among others. This ethical framework guides use of the limited resource to yield the most successful outcome (Craig, 2010, p. 29).
The ethical framework of need is based on evaluation of patient’s health status. In this context, an elderly patient who needs cosmetic surgery to repair scaring caused by burn have greater need as compared to another patient’s needs for the same healthcare procedure for rhinoplasty. In this context, the most sever painful conditions should receive preferential treatment during resource allocation (Pavlish et al., 2011). The ethical framework of priority is important especially when ranking patient’s group. In current settings, there lacks effective framework on priority of care, which makes the healthcare providers to use their own discretion to determine who receives care; in most cases, the wealthy receive care before the poor deserving patients. In an ethical resource allocation framework, the priority is always the needy patient, so the monetary gains of an organization must not outweigh the patient’s outcome (Craig, 2010, p.29).
Ethical implications of resource allocations
The shift towards high population rate of the older population has enormous economic, social and political implication to the society. This is because as people live longer, there will be many people above 65 years as compared to children. It is estimated that by 2032, 1 in 5 Americans will be above 65 years. This indicates that there will be fewer potential workers per every retiree, and the financial as well as social cost of the aging population will increase. This indicates that the fiscal burden on tax payers will skyrocket (Hayutin, Dietz, & Mitchell, 2010).
The shift towards population will also challenge resource allocation. Suburbs and traditional nuclear families will increasingly become single and will comprise mainly of the older couples. Diversity will increase among the older people where 60% of the older population will be from minorities. The cost of healthcare is likely to be propelled by increase in technological advancement. Therefore, it is likely that the current healthcare spending might crowd-out spending for other healthcare needs across the country. If no interventions are put in place, the current deficits will leave a high interest for principal payments for future generations (Hayutin, Dietz, & Mitchell, 2010).
Evidently, these unprecedented demographic development calls for an urgent and strategic action. This calls for a deeper understanding so as to effectively deal with the new realities of life. This discussion demonstrates that is appropriate measures are put in place; the high cost of care could be reduced and could free up some resources to reduce public deficits in the future (Crippen & Barnato, 2011, p. 126).
References
Craig, H. D. (2010). Caring enough to provide healthcare: An organizational framework for the ethical delivery of healthcare among aging patients. International Journal for Human Caring, 14(4), 27–30.
Crippen, D., & Barnato, A. E. (2011). The ethical implications of health spending: Death and other expensive conditions. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 39(2), 121–129. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2011.00582.x\
Milstead, J. A. (2016). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Pavlish, C., Brown-Saltzman, K., Hersh, M., Shirk, M., & Rounkle, A. (2011). Nursing priorities, actions, and regrets for ethical situations in clinical practice. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43(4), 385–395. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01422.x
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
This is a discussion post for my class in Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health. I will attach the two articles that we are to review for this paper. I will also include the syllabus. Thank you.
Nurses play a critical role in health centers by caring for the approximately 22 million veterans as well as the 3 million reserve members. This population is diverse as it entails frail, elderly veterans who have served in Iraq, Korea, and Afghanistan. Several veterans are returning home in need of healthcare services. One of the health needs that these veterans require is management of the physical wounds that they have acquired during war (Jackonis, Deyton & Hess, 2008). The also require mental care since most of them suffer from post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) which makes some of them violent or even scared once they are exposed to similar scenarios they went through in the field. The veterans’ family members should also be accorded support majorly because when one of their loved ones has been called to serve, his/her family is affected. Moreover, family dynamics undergo significant changes from the time of deployment of the veteran and adapting once he is back home is quite difficult and stressful process for every family member.
How to advocate for veterans
One of the ways of advocating for veterans is by ensuring that they receive timely, compassionate, and appropriate care once they visit the health center. Moreover, I can advocate for these individuals by ensuring that they know and understand their rights as veterans. I will therefore remind them of these rights and even post them in the outpatient or inpatient areas where they visit frequently. For the homeless, I will endeavor to understand why they are homeless and then help them by forwarding their names to The Department of Veterans Affairs and ensure that they are given a permanent residence.
Advocating skills
While advocating for the veterans, I intend to make use of my communication skills. Begley, (2010) points out that communication is one of the important pillars in nursing practice. With communication, I will engage the veterans effectively and know what they are going through. I will also use these skills when approaching various stakeholders who will provide solutions to the veterans. I can develop the communication skills by ensuring that I use the right body language when talking to the veterans, I maintain eye contact during discussions, and I use the right tone and show compassion when talking to them.
Roles of a nurse as an advocate
As an advocate, a nurse is charged with the responsibility of protecting the patients’ rights (Albina, 2016). For instance, it is a nurse’s responsibility to find out what the patient needs when s/he is sick. The advocates also liaison with between the doctors and patients by helping the patient understand their diagnosis and ensure patient centered care is observed (Choi, 2015). Since patients have different choices and preferences, it is the role of a nurse advocate to suggest alternative treatments for the patient to ensure that he/she is satisfied.
References
Albina, J. K. (2016). Patient abuse in the health care setting: The nurse as patient advocate. AORN journal, 103(1), 73-81.
Begley, A. M. (2010). On being a good nurse: reflections on the past and preparing for the future. International journal of nursing practice, 16(6), 525-532.
Choi, P. P. (2015). Patient advocacy: the role of the nurse. Nursing Standard, 29(41), 52-58.
Jackonis, M. J., Deyton, L., & Hess, W. J. (2008). War, its aftermath, and US health policy: toward a comprehensive health program for America’s military personnel, veterans, and their families.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Case Report -Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Case: Leena Kerama
Leena is a 26 year old women of Aboriginal decent. She has been admitted to the
mental health unit with a diagnosis of severe alcohol use disorder (DSM V 303.0, ICD10
F10.20) and alcohol-induced depressive disorder (DSMV 291.81). Leena’s past medical
history reveals a 10 year history of severe alcohol dependence consuming an average of
8 to 10 standard drinks of alcohol (wine or beer) per day (which continued during
pregnancy) and a two year history of symptoms of depression (low mood and diminished
interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities) associated with alcohol consumption.
Leena gave birth to a baby boy (Mani) six months ago.
Leena
a) Description of severe alcohol use disorder (DSM V 303.0, ICD10 F10.20) and alcohol-induced depressive disorder (DSMV 291.81)
b) Pathophysiology – the effect alcohol has on the adult brain
c) Signs and Symptoms
d) Contemporary treatment (pharmacological and non-pharmacological)
e) Nursing management within the multidisciplinary care team
f) Treatment outcomes
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is used to refer to a condition that occurs from adverse effects on development especially when alcohol is taken during pregnancy. FASD is a brain disorder that comes with physical abnormalities. According to recent studied FASD is estimated to occur in 1 out of 100 live births but the numbers are higher in areas or communities that alcohol consumption are high (Asia News Monitor, 2015).
FASD is associated with primary disabilities that are directly from toxic effects of alcohol changing cell development. FASD conditions usually affect the nervous system and the brain since the organs are always under construction throughout pregnancy. Therefore the effect on the brain and nervous system leads to lifelong functional, emotional and cognitive difficulties (Asia News Monitor, 2015).
Excessive drinking especially taking 4 or more units per occasion may increase the risk of physical problems and unusual facial features during pregnancy especially in the first trimester. FASD can lead to secondary disabilities including mental health disorder social problems and educational (Asia News Monitor, 2015).
Description of severe alcohol use disorder (DSM V 303.0, ICD10 F10.20) and
Alcohol-induced depressive disorder (DSMV 291.81)
Alcohol Withdrawal is a diagnosis in DSM-5 which might be a life-threatening condition found in people who drink heavily over a period of time, but they then stop or dramatically decrease their alcohol consumption. The consumption period vary from weeks, months or years.
The more the individual drinks during this time, the more likely it is for alcohol withdrawal symptoms to manifest. The manifested symptoms are usually found in adults but may occur among children and youths. The manifestations of alcohol symptoms show the level of addiction.
Pathophysiology – the effect alcohol has on the adult brain
An acute effect of alcohol on human brain has been studied and has helped in rationalizing the development of psychotropic drugs that will assist in treating adverse effects of alcohol.
Alcohol is an addictive drug that stimulates the release of neurotransmitter dopamine from cells that originates in ventral tegmental area of the brain (VTA). THE VTA is associated with behavioral motivation and reward where if exposed to alcohol, dopamine is released into the nucleus known to reinforce drinking behaviors or make the drinking experience more enjoyable (Ritchie & Timothy & Corley & Geraldine & Davies, G., et al, 2014).
Excessive consumption of alcohol also affects the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. This is because Electrochemical activation of neurons is controlled by the two hence alcohol consumption will inhibit ion flow between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters leading to the imbalance (Ritchie & Timothy & Corley & Geraldine & Davies, G., et al, 2014).
The hippocampus is responsible for memory and learning and alcohol consumption reduces the size of the hippocampus. Alcohol consumption usually affect the hippocampus since its sensitive and contact with alcohol is poisonous to the nerve cells leading to damage to the cell. This therefore may lead to memory lose or may hinder learning altogether (Prakash & Neelu & Amool & et al, 2015).
Adverse consumption of alcohol may lead to lifelong problems including poor impulse control, which leads to unsafe sexual activity and unexpected bouts of violence. An individual may also experience memory loss, blackouts and poor retention of information (Lital & David & Harold, 2013).
An individual may experience permanent inability to walk straight. This because the part of the brain controlling balance is sensitive to alcohol hence continuous consumption may lead to permanent disability especially when the condition cannot be treated anymore (Prakash & Neelu & Amool & et al, 2015).
Signs and Symptoms
Alcohol use disorder ranges from mild, moderate or severe, depending on the number of symptoms one is experiencing. They include:
Inability to limit amount of alcohol intake
Having strong urge to drink alcohol
Spending a lot of money buying alcohol
Failing to do regular obligations including going to work, school or even going home
Continuing to drink alcohol even when one know it’s causing physical, social or interpersonal problems
Withdrawing from interacting with other people or reducing social activities including hobbies
Experiencing withdrawal symptoms such as sweating, shaking and nausea when one is not drinking (Asia News Monitor, 2015).
Contemporary treatment (pharmacological and non-pharmacological)
Treatment of alcohol use disorder is done using the 30-60 days approach where patients attend 2-3 sessions per week and are encouraged to abstain from talking alcohol while other will be given prescription to help them recover. Thereafter the patient enters the continuing care phase where they attend self-help meetings. Contemporary treatment therefore combines the traditional abstinence and staying sober approach with developed drugs to assist alcohol user to completely stop taking alcohol (Mental Health Business Week, 2015).
Patients with mental illness and those dependent on alcohol consumption should be given more care or be treated with professional multidisciplinary team to ensure that they are able to recover (Dennis & Victor & Mady & Brendan, 2013).
Nursing management within the multidisciplinary care team
Patients are usually monitored at least twice per week once they begin the detoxification program by a specialist nurse. The monitoring can be face to face or can be done through the phone. Alcohol content in the body will be taken frequently using urine drug-screening monitor. If any alcohol substance is detected the individual is discontinued from the program or they can start all over (Picci & Francesco & Marco, et al, 2014)
After the detoxification program a follow up treatment should be conducted by the specialist nurse to avoid patients from relapsing. Individual who fears that they may relapse should be given medication to prevent them from relapsing (Kattimani & Bharadwaj, 2013).
Treatment outcome
Most patients after undergoing alcohol detoxification usually recover from the disorder. However a few of them may relapse especially when they indulge in company that takes alcohol. This therefore will require them to start the program all over again in order to gain sobriety (Ken & Kushner &Matt, 2013).
Conclusion
Alcohol use disorder is becoming rampant in the society. Different avenues should be used to educate and treat those affected by the disease. Therefore qualified specialist in the field should be able to identify every patient needs in order to treat them accordingly.
References
Asia News Monitor, (2015). United States: Learn to Recognize the Signs of an Alcohol Problem. Asia News Monitor; Bangkok. 12 May 2015.
Asia News Monitor (2015) United States: Marijuana vs. Alcohol: Which Is Really Worse for Your Health? Asia News Monitor: Bangkok. 07 Oct 2015.
Dennis, M., Victor, C., Mady, C., Brendan, S., (2013). Treating Alcohol and Drug Use Disorders/Alcohol and Drug Use: The Authors Reply. Health Affairs; Chevy Chase32.3. PP. 630.
Kattimani, S., Bharadwaj, B., (2013). Clinical management of alcohol withdrawal: A systematic review. Industrial Psychiatry Journal; Mumbai22.2. Pp. 100-108.
Lital, R., David, T., Harold, W., (2013). Exendin-4 induced glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation reverses behavioral impairments of mild traumatic brain injury in mice. Age. Dordrecht35.5. PP. 1621-36.
Mental Health Business Week, (2015). Patents; “Combination Treatment for Alcohol Dependent Patients” in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20150209372). Mental Health Business Week; Atlanta. Aug 22, 2015: PP. 154.
Picci, R., Francesco, O., Marco, Z., et al (2014). Quality of life, alcohol detoxification and relapse: Is quality of life a predictor of relapse or only a secondary outcome measure? Quality of Life Research; Dordrecht23.10. PP. 2757-67.
Prakash, S., Neelu, S., Amool, S., et al (2015). Personality disorder, emotional intelligence, and locus of control of patients with alcohol dependence. Industrial Psychiatry Journal; Mumbai24.1. PP. 40-47.
Ritchie, S. J., Timothy, B. C; Corley, J., Geraldine, M., Davies, G., et al (2014). Alcohol consumption and lifetime change in cognitive ability: a gene × environment interaction study. Age; Dordrecht36.3:PP. 9638.
Winters, Ken C.W., Kushner, Matt, G.K., (2013). Treatment Issues Pertaining to Pathological Gamblers with a Comorbid Disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, supply toward an Improved Understanding of Comorbidity: New York19.3. PP. 261-7.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Medical Records, Patient Consent, and Information Management
Medical Records, Patient Consent, and Information Management
Order Instructions:
Medical Records, Patient Consent, and Information Management
As your fourth assignment toward completion of the Session Long Project, you will need to discuss the fragile balance between the need for public health agencies to acquire data and the demand for security of sensitive information. Review the article Ethics in Public Health Research.
As public health director in a small county, you must maintain records that track diabetes rates, the incidence of HIV, and immunization records. Recently, there have been at least two breaches when computers were stolen from employees or an outside hacker broke into the system and downloaded data.
Now you must write an open letter addressing the community and explain how the department is going to protect the information. In your letter, address the following questions.
1.Explain why the health department collects this information conveying the idea of how it serves the greater good.
2.Discuss the public’s interest in privacy and why this is important in our society.
3.Discuss why the department needs to infringe on the community’s privacy.
4.Explain how the department might ensure greater security.
5.Be sure to identify at least one applicable regulation, statute, or source that supports the ability of the department to collect this information.
Module Overview
Informed consent requires more than just a good written form—it also requires preparation for a full discussion with the patient and a check to ensure that the messages have been received.
Informed consent is the process of communication between a patient and physician that results in the patient’s authorization or agreement to undergo a specific medical intervention [AMA 1998].
Disclosure of facts related to an individual’s healthcare, including level and location of care, are central to the fulfillment of informed consent. When an individual is unable to provide informed consent because they lack the decision-making capacity to process the information and/or they have been deemed legally incompetent, the healthcare team should obtain assent from the individual whenever possible.
Questions remain as to how to proceed when assent cannot be gained and the decision involved causes a level of distress for the individual that is difficult to resolve. A focus on maintaining hope and support with a clear transition and follow-up plan are important variables to consider for an ethical, caring response.
Traditionally, the ethical principle of patient confidentiality, including the right to personal privacy has been an important consideration in healthcare. Recent incidents involving identify theft, confidentiality, and patient privacy have led to increasingly restrictive policies on patient health information and access to records and data. Some believe that these restrictions can harm efforts to protect the public’s health. This has prompted discussions on a more appropriate balance between privacy concerns and the protection of public health.
Am J Public Health. 2008 May; 98(5): 793–801. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107706
PMCID: PMC2374810 Ethics in Public Health Research: Privacy and Public Health at Risk: Public Health Confidentiality in the Digital Age. Meyers, Frieden, Bherwani and Henning. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2374810/
Medical Records, Patient Consent, and Information Management
The health department maintains community records that track diabetes rates and incidence of HIV and their management practices in the community. The collection of data is a systematic approach that ensures the department spends its resources appropriately to improve the health of the population in the most effective approach. The data collected is used for epidemiological, qualitative and comparative analysis to describe the health problems of a community. The data is used to identify the inequalities of the health services and to determine the priorities for effective use of resources. The health benefits are those that benefit the wider environmental and social changes. Successful health needs assessment require practical approach to understand what is involved and the resources necessary to complete the assessments, and to ensure sufficient integration of the study findings that will help in planning and commissioning of the local services (Nass, Levit, & Gostin, 2009).
This is important because it does not only help the department to monitor but also to improve the healthcare services and well being of the community. The information gathered is important in assessing the health needs of a community. This is because the health needs of a patient collected in their respective clinics may reveal the community health needs. Therefore, this information is important in assessing the wider needs of a community in planning and providing the local health services. If the needs are ignored, the community health needs will not be addressed thereby putting more and more people in danger. Using the information collected, the department is able to assess the residents cost of care, safety, accessibility as well as the quality of health; and or use the information to partner with other institution for regional health planning (Meyers et al., 2008).
The privacy Act of 1974 states that all persons information obtained from individuals and have personal identifiers such as social security number, name or any other identifier should not be disclosed without prior written consent from the individual. The issue of Health Insurance portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) comes into place when the health information is collected and discussed. The issue of confidentiality refers to the professional obligation to hold the health information collected as confidential. This obligation is supported by the professional association codes of ethics found in the first principle of the American Health Information Management Association Code of Ethics (AHIMA) “advocate, uphold and protect individual’s right to privacy and confidentiality when disclosing healthcare information (Nass, Levit, & Gostin, 2009).”
The public’s interest on the issue of privacy in this department arises from the breach of privacy due to the stolen laptops. The concern is caused due to worries that the information in those two stolen laptops may negatively affect the resident’s dignity, and is likely to cause harm. The public is scared that the breached information may contain personally identifiable health information, which can lead to embarrassment or discrimination. In addition, the medical information collected in this department include the most intimate details regarding patient’s behavior, and may also include information about their social behaviors or personal relationship or economic status. This brings forth the major concern for the medical data privacy. Thus, the society needs some sort of assurance that the information that got lost with the stolen laptops is protected and will not be disclosed to the public (Meyers et al., 2008).
All institutions that are involved in collection of resident’s healthcare information, they must establish strong measures that ensure that people’s personal data is not disclosed by taking strong strategies that safe guard the health data. All the organizations should take additional measures to strengthen the data protection. In this context, the department understand the value of individual rights, personal choice and is doing all it can to protect intrusion of the private sphere. The department understands the importance of maintaining the medical information confidential. For this reason, this organization have appointed security officers who have the responsibility of assessing effective strategies of data protection, and implementing staff training that will help implement the solutions. The departments also make greater use of encryption in order to further protect the resident health data (Krames StayWell Blog, 2009).
Effective data protection needs effective security measures. The HIPAA security rule sets floor for data security standards. However, the HIPAA security and privacy rule have not improved the public confidence that their personal information will be kept confidential. With the recent spate of the stolen laptops that contain patient health information, encryption has been done on other laptops and other removable media that contains such data (Meyers et al., 2008). Enhanced security measures will reduce risks associated with data theft and will reinforce the public’s trust and diminish the anxiety about potential risk of unintentional disclosure of the information. In addition, the department is considering applying new strategies such as pseudonymization strategy. This is a strategy used to replace the identities of the people’s information in the organizations database. The use of pseudo IDs ensures that the medical information cannot be linked directly to a person (Nass, Levit, & Gostin, 2009).
Meyers, J., Frieden, T. R., Bherwani, K.M., and Henning, K.J . (2008). Ethics in Public Health Research: Privacy and Public Health at Risk: Public Health Confidentiality in the Digital Age.. Am J Public Health. 98(5): 793–801. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107706 PMCID: PMC2374810 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2374810/
Nass, S.J., Levit, L.A., Gostin, L.O. (2009). Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information: The HIPAA Privacy Rule: Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009. 4, HIPAA, the Privacy Rule, and Its Application to Health Research. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9573/
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Make sure you have read all of the assigned readings. Discuss the questions presented below and follow directions
1.Review the case Informed Consent in Louisiana – Lugenbuhl v. Dowling.
2.First, identify the elements of the legal citation- plaintiff, defendant, court, location of case etc.
3.Explain the meaning and importance of the doctrine of informed consent.
4.Discuss why we have this doctrine and what would happen if we did not.
5.Discuss the two elements that must be present for informed consent to exist under the law.
6.In a legal case of negligence and liability explain why the basis for negligence may be battery, unconsented touching, or breach of a duty imposed on the doctor to disclose material information.
7.Explain the elements that must be present for a patient to give informed consent.
Module Overview
Informed consent requires more than just a good written form—it also requires preparation for a full discussion with the patient and a check to ensure that the messages have been received.
Informed consent is the process of communication between a patient and physician that results in the patient’s authorization or agreement to undergo a specific medical intervention [AMA 1998].
Disclosure of facts related to an individual’s healthcare, including level and location of care, are central to the fulfillment of informed consent. When an individual is unable to provide informed consent because they lack the decision-making capacity to process the information and/or they have been deemed legally incompetent, the healthcare team should obtain assent from the individual whenever possible.
Questions remain as to how to proceed when assent cannot be gained and the decision involved causes a level of distress for the individual that is difficult to resolve. A focus on maintaining hope and support with a clear transition and follow-up plan are important variables to consider for an ethical, caring response.
Traditionally, the ethical principle of patient confidentiality, including the right to personal privacy has been an important consideration in healthcare. Recent incidents involving identify theft, confidentiality, and patient privacy have led to increasingly restrictive policies on patient health information and access to records and data. Some believe that these restrictions can harm efforts to protect the public’s health. This has prompted discussions on a more appropriate balance between privacy concerns and the protection of public health.
Am J Public Health. 2008 May; 98(5): 793–801. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107706
PMCID: PMC2374810 Ethics in Public Health Research: Privacy and Public Health at Risk: Public Health Confidentiality in the Digital Age. Meyers, Frieden, Bherwani and Henning. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2374810/
Informed consent goes beyond just signing a piece of paper to the level that there must be a clear discussion between the patient and the medical professional in order to reach an understanding. Disclosure of the medical health history by a patient forms a greater part of informed consent. In the Lugenbuhl v Dowling case, the surgeon got the patient’s consent and gave and assurance that he would use the surgical mesh. The surgeon, however, went against this promise and never used it. While undertaking the operation, the surgeon thought that all would be well besides the change in plans, but unfortunately, things didn’t work out as he had planned. His patient who had intracostal incisional hernia sued him for going against the informed consent. During whole hearings of the case, the charges were separated into medical malpractice and the lack of informed consent. During the case, however, there was no sufficient evidence that the surgeon had gone against informed consent by not using the mesh as the plaintiff did not have the vital causation element. The medical evidence showed no case of violation on the healthcare by Dr. Dowling (Eonas, McCoy, & Eaton, 2010).
Question 2
In the case, the Plaintiff was the concerned patient, DR. John Downing who was a professional surgeon was the Defendant. The case was heard on 10th October 1997. It was filled in the Supreme Court of Louisiana.
Question 3
Informed consent is a legal process that ensures that the client, patient or the researcher are well informed about the potential dangers or risk and cost that comes with a medical process. The elements of informed consent include available alternative medical care, potential benefits, awareness about the nature of treatment and the treatment risks. For instances where a patient might not be able to make the consent, then a legal representative can be involved. It forms a bigger part towards satisfaction of medical attention as patients are part of the process (Faden, Beauchamp, & Kass, 2014). Informed consent serve as a guide to the physician when making great decisions concerning the health of the patient.
Question 4
The lack of informed consent can lead to many malpractices by the medical professionals during the provision of healthcare services. The healthcare professionals will have the freedom of administering any kind of medication on their clients without seeking their opinion. Informed consent, however, restricts them to always heed the patient’s need as going against it can lead to various legal implications. Through informed consent, a patient can fully participate in decisions that concern his or her life and in turn leads to them adopting a healthy way of living (Faden, Beauchamp, & Kass, 2014).
Question 5
The existence of informed consent under the law relies on two concepts. First, there should be a statement concerning the consequences that will occur in the event that the client decides not to proceed with the procedure. In the event that withdrawal from the procedure might cause some effects on the health of the patient, then there should be a clear explanation of the required withdrawal procedures in order to uphold patient safety (Tsai, Orav, & Jha, 2015). This will give an opportunity to the patient to make a decision on whether to withdraw or not, knowing the consequences that will accompany the option they will opt for. Secondly, there should be an explanation that the medical procedure involves some risks which might not be evident at the moment. Such risks must be explained by the medical professional as the patient might not be able to recognize such effects. Ensuring that the patient clearly understands the risk before undertaking a treatment is more paramount than just informing them.
Question 6
The basis of negligence might be considered as a battery if the doctor’s unconsented procedure amounts to the batter. The law does not protect any medical procedure which is performed outside the informed consent as it is considered as the legally permissible procedure. Breach of duty would occur when evidence prove that the defendant had a responsibility towards the plaintiff which was not upheld. Such cases would mean that the defendant exposed the plaintiff to loss.
Question 7
In order for the patient to provide informed consent, quite a number of factors must be present. To start with, the patient should be in the correct state of mind in order to voluntarily make decisions at that moment. The patient needs to be well informed that besides the paper they are signing they need to make a personal decision from their heart. The medical professional should act as a guide to the patient in the quest of reaching an informed consent through the provision of advice on the best alternative decisions in order for the patient to understand what is at stake. The professional should use simple terms and language in order to make sure that the patient clearly comprehends what is being said. The consent should also cover the following parts: it should provide reasonable alternatives, risks, and benefits, assessment of the patient’s understanding and the patient’s acceptance to undergo the medical procedure. In the case where a better alternative exists, then the medical professional needs to take the patient through the option convincing him or her to opt for that alternative.
References
Eonas, A., McCoy, J. D., & Eaton, S. H. (2006). Medical informed consent: clarity or confusion?. Journal of hospital marketing & public relations, 16(1-2), 69-88.
Faden, R. R., Beauchamp, T. L., & Kass, N. E. (2014). Informed consent, comparative effectiveness, and learning health care. N Engl J Med, 370(8), 766-768.
Tsai, T. C., Orav, E. J., & Jha, A. K. (2015). Patient satisfaction and quality of surgical care in US hospitals. Annals of surgery, 261(1), 2.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
