Basically, you will need to read 20 pages and answer these questions below in an essay form please.
1- Statement of the issue – one or two sentences.
2- Review of the authors arguments – one or two paragraphs stating at least three major points made by each author.
3- Comparison of arguments – at least one paragraph contrasting what each author had to say.
4 – Your opinion – at least one paragraph explaining either
a) why you agree with one of another, or
b)why you disagree with all the authors.
5- Discussion Question – an open ended question that you derive from the readings.
This is the textbook name just in case you need to know or if you want to quote anything. “The Enduring Debate (Norton, 2014)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Chapter Summary
Statement of Issue
The paper revolves around one fundamental concept of the role of elected representatives in congress. Most of the decisions made by the members of congress are solely of self- interest, pursued to ensure re-election, a narrative practiced for many years by members of congress who go against set policies and opinions of the general population (Canon, Coleman & Mayer, 2014).
Review and Comparison of Arguments
David Mayhew believes that most members of congress are self seekers and would only engage in any activity that sees their re-election back in the House of Representatives. David Mayhew notes that members of congress would use three main tactics to remain relevant so that they can be re-elected back in Congress. These methods include use of advertising, position taking and credit claiming. Advertising involves making appearances in public forums by necessarily engaging in activities such as ribbon cutting ceremonies, speeches, interviews and franking. Position taking involves using speeches or roll call votes to come out with a popular position that changes certain policy. Certain laws become directly associated with them. Credit claiming involves use of caseworks, pork and particularistic policies (Canon, Coleman & Mayer, 2014). May hew hold the view that Members of congress are never solely held or motivated exclusively by their quest for re-election, but most behaviors that are shown by members of congress portray all activities associated with re-election
Richard Fenno seeks to answer an important question regarding how elected representative become affected by the views of the constituents and the general population. Fenno identifies goals of a member of congress first before going to see how such behaviors may influence the represented area and political area. Fenno notes that the major goal of members of congress is re-election, good power policy and power in the congress.
Fenno argues that most of members of congress engage in different activities in their home districts as compared to their behavior in Washington (Canon, Coleman & Mayer, 2014). These are white Fenno refers to as home styles. They include categorizing people in different circles. The broadest circle includes the largest geographical locations where the huge population of different people. This encompasses all potential votes. The second circle encompass people who would specifically vote for the member of congress while the third circle encompasses people who would are primary supporters. The last circles include the immediate family members, close friends and allies. This is where original decision are made and implemented.
Opinions
Mayhew puts into perspective all factors that are considered by most political members of congress in ensuring they remain relevant. Once a politician remains relevant for the entire period they are in congress, it is more likely that they will be re-elected. However, their major decisions will be solely based on all opinions that are accepted within the population, Mayhew fails to mention some key critical issues associated with re-election such as parties and the general attitude during an election (Canon, Coleman & Mayer, 2014). Fenn mentions how most people cast their votes irrespective of the varying opinions among members of congress. In doing so, Fenn establishes the more likely source that members of congress will use to get more power to retain their seats.
Discussion Question
What is the relationship between opinions meted by members of Congress and their re-election bids?
References
Canon, D., Coleman, J., & Mayer, K. (2014). The Enduring Debate: Classic and Contemporary Readings in American Politics (Sixth Edition) 6th (6th ed.). New York: w.w.w. Norton.
It is a “Writing analytic reflections” paper. So there are no rigid rules.
Read the book “Haney Lopez – White by Law” (Chapter 1~8 only).
Professor gave guide line
1. Give a concise, but comprehensive summary that lays out the main arguments, claims, evidence, and/or findings. It is not sufficient to simply restate what
the reading is about based on the first couple of pages. Give short overview of the main themes and arguments in the reading . A paragraph is sufficient.
2. Then lay out several specific themes from the reading you want to focus on in more depth. Explain why these themes are important or whether and why you
agree/disagree. Focus on substantive issues. Be specific, avoid generalities and vagueness.
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Basically, you will need to read 20 pages and answer these questions below in an essay form please.
1- Statement of the issue – one or two sentences.
2- Review of the authors arguments – one or two paragraphs stating at least three major points made by each author.
3- Comparison of arguments – at least one paragraph contrasting what each author had to say.
4 – Your opinion – at least one paragraph explaining either
a) why you agree with one of another, or
b)why you disagree with all the authors.
5- Discussion Question – an open ended question that you derive from the readings.
This is the textbook name just in case you need to know or if you want to quote anything. “The Enduring Debate (Norton, 2014)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Statement of the Issue
The issue of concern here, pertains the level of spending by both corporate and unions during electioneering period whereby the Conservative judges of the Supreme Court declared that unions and corporate have constitutional right to embark on spending as much as they wish on television commercials that are election related, especially those which support and/or target a particular candidate.
Review of Authors Arguments
Bradley A. Smith
According to Bradley A. Smith, the discussions with regards to “Citizen United we stand” raises fundamental concerns particularly those about restriction of political speech, which may also be considered as the campaign finance reform. This was in the 2008 presidential elections when the Citizens United, a conservative activist group formed by Koch brothers was engaged in a legal tussle challenging provisions that prohibited airing of a documentary they had prepared. This was attributable to the fact that, the provisions had given the government the mandate of limiting any form of political communication as long as the source funding was from corporate, even for Citizens United which is a nonprofit organization. However, despite the ongoing battle between Americans on the limitation or prohibition on campaign spending, there has been a mixture of outcomes where the Supreme Court has issued various judgments with regards to violations of campaign finance laws.
Ronald Dworkin
In the author’s article, the decisions that threaten democracy the author puts forward three main arguments with regards to the controlling of campaign and electioneering period. For instance, the author puts forward a discussion on the Supreme Court decision by a bench of five conservative justices on their own initiative in which they stated that unions and corporations have constitutional right to spend as much money as they wish on television commercials regarding to elections. The author also presents an argument on political activity based on First Amendment rights from the perspective of various court rulings, especially those banning electioneering and campaign funding corporations or unions controlled by foreigners as well as political commercials funded by multinational corporate.
Matt Bai
The author agrees with argument that critics have been overstating the impact of Citizens United and that a lot of the things that took place in elections since the ruling was already in course. Bai states that court decision critics put across a useful organizing device perpetuated by liberal politicians considering that many other liberals are in strong disapproval of the ruling. The author also highlights the reasons for current surge of money in elections including the strong views attributed to Obama and Bush presidencies as well as the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002.
Comparison of Arguments
Dworkin concludes by making a plea on formulating public financing and disclosure laws that are stronger for congressional elections in order to ensure that American electoral campaigns are not left at the influence of foreign corporations. Bradley Smith strongly disagrees on the prohibition or limitation of election campaign funding by foreign corporations and refers the decision as overstated. He also notes that allowing the spending as a decision it empowers not only labor unions but also corporations, which are interested in spending in elections. Matt Bai agrees with Bradley Smith’s argument that critics have been overstating the impact of Citizens United and that a lot of the things that took place in elections since the ruling was already in course. Bai states that court decision critics put across a useful organizing device perpetuated by liberal politicians considering that many other liberals are in strong disapproval of the ruling.
My Opinion
I agree with Dworkin’s argument that funding of campaigns should be controlled through stronger public financing and disclosure laws in order to ensure that foreign corporations are not allowed to fund campaigns.
Discussion Question
Based on the discussed arguments, the open-ended question would be “Discuss the underlying issues which are making it necessary to control campaign funding from the perspective of Republicans and Democrats”.
Reference
Canon, D. T., Coleman, J. J., & Mayer, K. R. (2014). The Enduring Debate: Classic and Contemporary Readings in American Politics, (7th ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
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—First, review the lecture about the structure of the Republican Party in Virginia as an example. Select 1 of the major parties in your state to study. Because this was already discussed in the presentation, do not base your discussion on the Republican Party of Virginia. If you live in Virginia, you may examine the Democratic Party of Virginia or you may adopt another state and study its party structure. For example, a Virginia resident could study the Republican Party of North Dakota or Missouri, or any other state except Virginia.
—Second, locate the website for your political party. Use a search engine to find the address. If you are unsuccessful, contact an elected official of that party and ask for help in locating it. Once you have located the party website, determine how much you can learn from it.
—Third, collect the information to answer the following questions:
–What is the structure of the state party?
–Does the website contain the legal document governing the party similar to the Party Plan of the Republican Party of Virginia?
–How does the party choose its state officers?
–How is the party organized locally?
–How can an interested person become a member of the local party committee?
–What other types of information are contained in the website?
–If the website does not have sufficient information, a phone call to a member of the local party can provide this information. You can obtain the names of local party officials from state party headquarters.
—Fourth, organize this information into an essay and submit it. Include the correct citation of the party’s website.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The organization of major political parties in the United States i.e. Democrats and Republicans is generally at the national, state, and local (usually county/precinct) levels. In this case, the structure of state party to be considered is that of the Republican Party of Texas. The structure of the Republican Party of Texas consists of the State Chairman, State Vice Chairman and the State Executive Committee all of which are elected at the State Convention (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016). The party structure also consists of one committeewoman and one committeeman elected from each of the thirty one Senate Districts through primary ballot by Republican Party voters in Texas. In addition, the structure of the Republican Party of Texas consists of Ex Officio members within the State Executive Committee including the National Committeewoman, National Committeeman, Auxiliary Representatives and Party Officers (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016).
Compared to the Party Plan of the Republican Party of Virginia, the website of the Republican Party of Texas contains the legal document governing the party including not only the rules but also the bylaws. The party chooses its state officers through State Conventions where delegates representing counties participate in the elections (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016). The local organization of the Republican Party of Texas is majorly at the county and precinct levels where the structure consists of Precinct Chairmen, who are elected through primary ballot and County Chairmen, who are also elected through primary ballot and may be obliged to appoint County Vice Chairmen, as well as County Executive Committee comprising of the Precinct Chairman and County Chairman (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016).
For an interested person to become local party committee member for the Republican Party in Texas, he/she must be a registered voter and offer his/her candidature during Republican Primaries where party voters elect their county chairmen and precinct chairmen who subsequently constituted the local party committee (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016). The other information contained in the website concerns the party officers, election information/primary process, candidate resource, communication from state party chairman as well as information on various political party conventions (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016).
Applying the Concepts of Conservatism and Liberalism Order Instructions: Topic: Applying the Concepts of Conservatism and Liberalism
1.First, visit the website for National Review Online. http://www.nationalreview.com/
Applying the Concepts of Conservatism and Liberalism
This is a leading conservative magazine and articles are written from various points on the conservative spectrum. Occasionally, it may disagree with a point on the lecture outline of liberal and conservative views. Select an article to review. If there are no suitable articles at the National Review Magazine website, you may select an article from Real Clear Politics. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/?state=nwa
Alternatively, you may look at copies of the magazine at a bookstore or college library and choose an article that way. Select an article that is at least 800 words.
2. Second, review the concepts in the lecture on conservatism and liberalism. You must refer to the presentations to receive full credit.
3. Third, identify the key themes of the article. Compare these with what you have learned about conservatism and liberalism. What conservative ideas do you find expressed in the article? Why do you call them conservative? Are any liberal points present in the article? If so, what are they? Why do you call them liberal?
Your thread must consist of 2 paragraphs. In the first paragraph, you must summarize the content of the article and identify the thesis of the author. In the second paragraph, you must give the analysis, explaining why the article should be considered conservative or liberal based on the presentations.
****Remember: DO NOT simply summarize the article. Instead, analyze its main ideas. Demonstrate that you can apply the conceptual material provided in the presentation outline and your textbook to actual writings you might encounter outside of this course.
Your thread must offer several points of analysis and demonstrate that you have reviewed the presentation by making references to the points from the presentation. Select an article that is long enough to give you sufficient points upon which to write. ****Include the author and title of the article you choose and cite the source.****
Applying the Concepts of Conservatism and Liberalism Sample Answer
Hillary Clinton’s sincerity problem
The article analyses the political debate of the Democratic Party that took place between Clinton and Sanders. It sets out to note among the two candidates who stood for communism and who was for socialism. It is evidenced that none of the parties strongly defended either of the methods. What is evidenced by their debate is that none of the candidates is a natural politician. The observation does not auger well for Clinton as observed by the writer. The long existence of Hillary Clinton in politics makes it necessary that she has some edge over Sanders. She is supposed to be a seasoned politician. It does also come with the dawn of the writer that the writer is not astonished by the absence of sincerity in Clinton according to (National Review Online, 2016). The lack of sincerity is shown by the way she laughed over the course of the interview; she remained hysterical.
The writer also raises questions about the high levels of corruption that Clinton may have observed in her full glare. The writer starts off by mentioning the Clinton foundation that the writer terms as giant access-selling enterprise that is carrying out operations in the name of charity organization. The writer also mentions about the role of the husband in the run to presidency. The writer equally mentions the infamous scandal that the husband was involved. It is also evidenced that the Clinton’s have a special connection to the billionaires on Wall Street. The group of billionaires has been the main concern by the majority of residents in U.S. The system need to be changed. The change shall make it possible or the realization of high levels of economic performance within the U.S. The emails allegedly send by Clinton were later supposed to be clarified by her as she claimed during the debate.
Applying the Concepts of Conservatism and Liberalism Reference
Changing the constitution of the United States argument
Changing the constitution of the United States argument
Changing the constitution of the United States argument
Order Instructions:
These questions need to be answered for the paper please.
1- Statement of the issue – one or two sentences.
2- Review of the authors arguments – one or two paragraphs stating at least three major points made by each author.
3- Comparison of arguments – at least one paragraph contrasting what each author had to say.
4 – Your opinion – at least one paragraph explaining either
a) why you agree with one of another, or
b)why you disagree with all the authors.
5- Discussion Question – an open ended question that you derive from the readings.
This is the textbook name just in case you need to know or if you want to quote anything. “The Enduring Debate (Norton, 2014)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Changing the constitution of the United States is undeniably one of the most difficult processes as it was set by its framers with an intention of maintaining it stability by discouraging unwarranted alterations unless there is an almost universal agreement among the citizenry. Statement of the issue
The main issue discussed in this chapter mainly concerns the difficulty of the process of changing the Constitution of the United States through ratification and approval.
A review of the authors’ arguments
A review of the arguments presented by the authors of these two chapters show a significant variation between the underlying issues and approaches that ought to be addressed in order to make sure that the Constitution stability is guaranteed. A critical evaluation of the arguments revives the long standing discrepancy among the Americans on how the constitutional change process should proceed to allow any ratification or approval. For instance, Sanford Levinson presents crucial arguments in support of the strict construction approach in making any amendments to the Constitution. The author makes various key points that not only highlight the need for the people’s power to make choices but also the strict procedures through which they have to be made. In fact, the three poignant point made by the author are: 1) in the attempts to make any constitutional changes, the people’s power to make informed choices must always be respected and carried out through the laid down strict procedures such as convention referenda or general elections clauses such as the one in the New York state constitution which allows the people to make a choice on whether they need a referendum after every 20 years; 2) the people have to acknowledge institutional practices by not only adjusting to them but also adjusting to goals of institutional practices; and 3) the need to defend the framers compromises entrenched in Article V through stringent adherence to the strict approach to constitutional change, while giving an opportunity for amendments based on changing realities e.g. through courts.
On the other hand, Eric Lane and Michael Oreskes raise pertinent issues with democracy as the modality through which the Constitution must be changed. For example they discuss vital points on why democracy has been used by most governments across the world as a mob rule through which choices are forced down people’s throats. The authors also point that democracy in America is long overdue and its hindered by compromising where the majority will always have their way while the minority have their say without necessary action been taken. In addition, the authors point out that democracy is fragile because in pursuit of self-interests, there would be willingness to trample the democracy of others in the form of compromising and consensus which may be rarely achieved.
Comparison of arguments
A comparison of argument presented in the two sets of discussion, it is evidently clear that significant difference still exist on the appropriate approach to guide the process of constitutional change in America. For instance, Levinson supports the strict construction approach which makes it extremely difficult to make changes to the constitution while at the same time acknowledging other methods to achieve so with regards to the power vested on peoples to make their own choices. Alternatively, Lane and Oreskes point out the need for democracy to be in the forefront to initiate such changes through compromise and consensus. However, they also highlight critical issues that must be considered carefully since democracy is fragile and tendency for its use in pursuit of self-interest at the expense of others is also possible.
My opinion
My opinion as to why I agree with arguments presented by Sanford Levinson on his support for the more rigid and strict construction of the Constitution is because this approach plays a critical role in making sure that the integrity and stability of the Constitution is maintained. It is due to the strict construction of the Constitution as discussed by Levinson that has made sure very few constitutional changes have been ratified and/or approved despite the numerous amendment proposals that have been received since its promulgation. Through this approach to constitutional change the Congress has been allowed minimal implied powers to always ensure that the government remains small and that it does not overstep its mandate by making unwarranted amendments to the Constitution in the disguise of democracy, which not only allow the majority to have their irrespective of the dissenting voices of the minority.
Discussion Question
From the readings provided in chapter 10 and 11, it is highly imperative to consider the underlying issues that inform the quest of Americans to amend the Constitution with regards to changing realities and modalities of how the Constitution has guided policies of previous and current governments. Hence, this begs the discussion question that follows: “In the quest for compromise and consensus on the amendments required on the Constitution, what are the key issues that ought to be addressed to promote Americans’ connection with the Constitution rather than drifting from it?”
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Research and read the article by Donald Dripps entitled “The Case for the Contingent Exclusionary Rule,” from the American Criminal Law Review (Winter, 2001).
-Based on the article and your current level of exposure to the topic of constitutional criminal procedure, outline your position as to how Dripps’ model would work in the real world.
-Refer to Dr. Kahlib Fischer’s presentation in Module/Week 1. State whether Dripps’ Model of “Contingent Suppression” is in any way compatible with restorative justice. If not, how could it be made more compatible?
=Provide at least 1 reference and 1 scripture in support of your post.
****Please read instructions and follow the three bullets…
SAMPLE ANSWER
Contingent Exclusionary Rule
In real world, Donald Dripps model would work as a constitutional remedy that integrates exclusionary regulation with financial damages conventionally related to tort allegations. Courts should begin to test suppression orders contingent based on police failure to pay for damages as determined by courts (Dripps, 2001). In addition, compulsory use of exclusionary rule can be used to not only prevent but also punish deliberate breach of constitutional restrictions. However, a number of seizure and search breaches fail to meet deliberate violations, may be due to police obliviousness or unusual instances, as such contingent exclusionary rule applies to many criminal cases. To some extent, the Contingent Suppression is compatible with restorative justice. To start with, it acts for the best interest of the judicial system since truth is well fostered. This due to the fact that police and judges would not hide evidence to get a criminal sentence when there is practical Fourth Amendment breach that can result in a suppression order, particularly, exclusionary rule in certain conditions fail to cost convictions the Fourth Amendment never forbid. The cost is simply decreased or even eliminated (Dripps, 2001).
Moreover, the tort remedy protects the innocent as well the guilty from unconstitutional seizure and searches. This means tort remedy serves as a deterrent from illegal search and seizure. Both local and state administrations are liable to Forth Amendment breaches, can demand while enforcing training programs for law enforcement bodies in their jurisdiction. The constitutional remedy is important in encouraging ethical police officers and judicial process to be effective. On the other hand, the courts may set damages and thus eliminate legal aspects from politics, especially; contingent exclusionary rule addresses political issues since the federal courts would set damages. By and large, using exclusionary rule as legal remedy will be mooted in way that protects the Constitution for Fourth Amendment breaches following the growing need to ban exclusionary rule.
References
Dripps, D. (2001). The Case for the Contingent Exclusionary Rule. The American Criminal Law Review
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Marking criteria
Maximum marks
a) Relevance of studies/ research papers cited- 3marks
b) Adequacy of studies / research papers cited -2 marks
c) Identification of theories/ concepts- 5 marks
d)Ability to identify key items in the literature: compare contrast-5 marks
e) Critical review of key items- summarise what is known strengths and limitations, gaps in the literature/ theory-10 marks
f) English- grammar, spelling, referencing-5marks
Total= 30
Kindly use the above marking criteria to prepare the literature review. Be sure the literature review is prepared as per marking criteria as this is a very very important assignment.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Independent and CSR disclosure relationship
The likelihood of a relationship with real money related torment to get changed evaluators will mostly be lower in case the audit board will be much higher. The exposures propose that the self-principle of the audit driving social occasion of trustees may influence the objectivity and shot of the outside evaluator (Wells & Ingley, 2015). By having the head of overview consultative assembling free of the alliance, the essential accumulation of trustees can enough screen the execution of the connection and result in enhanced corporate execution and exposure. Past studies have shown that review consultative party expects an affecting part in redesigning the corporate association benchmarks. Outline board union is tirelessly identified with budgetary reporting and sponsorship for the relationship between the zone of a review and more showed money related reporting (Haldar & Mishra, 2015). The area of an audit managing get-together was in a general sense and positively related to the level of decided presentation. Audit driving array of trustees expect a gigantic part in giving a mean to the blueprint of the company’s frameworks in term of going on cash related data and its inside control, as necessities be its district is in making first rate budgetary reporting (Davis & Lukomnik, 2013).. The barricade should set an audit board with no under three self-speaking to officials or more. The area of the survey consultative social event with a larger amount of free chief should diminish the workplace cost and upgrade within control that will prompt more unmistakable nature (Valmohammadi, 2014).
Board size and CSR disclosure relationship
The case information contains 54 relationships from sustainability disclosure in a Malaysian Environment as well as the corporate governance reporting. This is in light of the way that just 64 affiliations that consolidated into these two regard in Malaysian open recorded affiliations. Along these lines, this concentrate additionally takes 64 general relationships from the Global Reporting Initiative (Wolf, 2014). The master picks 2011 in light of the way that; that year the latest information open when the examination started. The last blueprints contain 130 affiliations (54 Malaysian Companies and 76 kenya relationship) as the rest were denied for two reasons, to be specific the openness of information and money part. At regardless, there are two affiliations that don’t have the information for the picked period. Second, there are two affiliations which are in the point of interest range (Gulzar & Wang, 2010). These relationships, in the purpose of premium part are banned in connection of the refinements in the bits of their monetary proclamations concerning the non-money divisions (Adiloglu & Vuran, 2012). This is more key to guarantee a high consistency in then study as a matter of fundamental extent. The affiliations consolidate acouple of fundamental extents or business winds, for case, buy things, moved things, exchanging and affiliations, money, progress, properties and lodgings (Sun, Salama, Hussainey & Habbash, 2010).
Significant relations that exist between CEO’S duality and CSR disclosure
The owners of many companies in Malaysia as well as in Kenya under the voluntary exposure and statistically significant in all annual reports that were found from both Malaysia and Kenya. Voluntary disclosure is defined as the shares that accompany is not moved in hands of few and expansive shareholders and prevent other s from having access to it (Galbreath, 2011). Most of the many shareholders are having small portions of the company shares and it is very important for all the companies to employ then use of public accountability due to the fact that they are held accountable to the public at large. Public accountability help in making sure that all the information is made clear and open for all to view all the operations of the company that are taking lace and how their money is spent (Rodrigue, 2014). What the company shareholders have is termed as then ownership concentration that has to be highly considered in making sure that all operations take place as required. The level of corporate governance is guided to ensure that then shareholders property in the company is well protected to then benefit of both then shareholders as well as the company at large (Dragomir, 2013). The voluntary exposures are negatively affected by the government ownership while on the other side the institutional as well as the shareholder ownership done not affect the level of voluntary disclosures (Sanan, 2011).
Significant relationship between CSR disclosure and audit committee
CEO duality
The role of duality is a potential impact on disclosure not common among the listed companies of study and testing has to be well done on it accordingly to give then desired results. All the separate roles that are given to the chair and chief executive are well highlighted to enhance monitoring of quality and decrease all the advantages that are gained when information is withheld (Del Baldo, 2012). The quality if reporting is well improved under such circumstances. All the relationship that exists between the corporate governance is well examined through focusing on disclosure of share of option. When the same person is aid to hold both the CEO and board chairman positions CEO duality is said to exist. A person will get greater power from any company that employs the use of CEO duality (Rahim & Alam, 2014). The shareholder wealth is well maximised where a company employs the use of a better CEO duality in their premises. Monitoring quality of the company will as well be improved and information will not be withheld as it used to be before such implementations were it in place (Porter & Miles, 2013).
Table 1: Statistics of most Malaysian companies. (Source: Rahim & Alam, 2014)
The whole yearly report is inspected before any choice is made with a specific end goal to guarantee that judgements of hugeness is not uneven, which is according to the recommendation and practice (Peters & Romi, 2014). A summary included 39 corporate presentation things covering on five subjects (natural, pro, assembling, thing and quality included) were revealed (Allegrini & Greco, 2013). Correlation analysis can be used to determine the strength and direction of liner relationship (Michelon & Parbonetti, 2012). The table below has given all the correlation report between variables and regression for Malaysian and Kenyan companies (Anuchitworawong, 2010). Some of the variables were found to be more significant, but with negative correlations which is the CSR disclosure Index and ownership concentration (Mishra & Mohanty, 2014).. There was a negative correlation that existed between CSR disclosure Index and ownership concentration while on the other side there proved to be positive relation between role of independent and role of duality (Cormier & Magnan, 2014).
The relationship that exists between the corporate connection trademark, corporate execution and CSR presentation are all around broke down under the usage of three sorts of variables has been analysed in the above section (Okongwu, Morimoto & Lauras, 2013). The self-controlling variables fused the corporate connection trademark, for occasion, board size, board free, some bit of duality, head of overview reprimanding gathering, and proprietorship focus and corporate execution was measured through the use of Return on Asset and Return on Quality (Burnett, Skousen & Wright, 2011).
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sensibility reports are constantly snatching vitality exhaustive as stakeholders concerns have connected past standard money related considerations to matters, for example, security and wellbeing moreover the effect of relationship on nature and the get-together (Habib-Uz-Zaman, 2010). The present globalization slant and making eagerness from accessories toward relationship in getting a handle on corporate social obligation (CSR) sharpens have drawn on the relationship of relationship in CSR hones CSR could be a general clarification which could show an association’s devotion to use its exchange related assets out the business sharpens with a particular deciding objective to give and add to its inside and outside partners (Mallin, Michelon & Raggi, 2013). In the prior decade, Malaysia has experienced an immense monetary and social changes that have been of greater use to then whole country and its people in large. Henceforth, the business environment has likewise wound up being all the more bewildering and inquiring. Corporate social obligation has been one of the making issues that in enterprisingly standing up to pushed relationship in Malaysia moreover all around. Corporate social obligation goes about as a part to enhance the affiliations picture (Luu, 2014). The whole prosperity is related to the cash reporting structure, that mirrors the society’s all the more wide yearning for of the bit of the business bunch in the economy. Corporate social obligation that is based in Malaysia ordinarily relates particularly to another organisation named Bursa Malaysisa organizing on recorded affiliations (Ben, 2014). All open recorded affiliations are required to reveal data identifying with their corporate social commitment hones in their affiliations. CSR structure delineated social obligation as an open and coordinate business sharpens, which relies on upon all the important qualities on upon fabulous values and respect for the get-together, doles out, environment, shareholders and contrasting shareholders (Lopatta & Kaspereit, 2014).
Discussion and Conclusion
Outcomes have found the capacity of all the aggregate presentation was just 14.5%, the Malaysian affiliations revealed just 81.2% of the general things in their disclosure instead of the general affiliations which uncovered around 89.7 %. The limit for the earth point was around 14.6%, pack cementing 7.1%, HR 37.5%, and things and affiliations 20.5%. It was nearby set up that The Malaysian affiliations have still addressed, they’re the best introduction for reliably and every one of the affiliations had uncovered their corporate social commitment presentation (Kaya & Aslan, 2013). The most stunning subject uncovered by the Malaysia affiliations was the gathering joining point (92.1 for each penny), trailed by the things and affiliations topic (81.1 for every penny); the earth point (71.1 penny), and the HR subject (63.5 for every penny). For general affiliations, the most lifted point was the social affair commitment subject (91.4 for every penny), trailed by the things and affiliations topic (88.9per penny); the HR subjects (89.7 for each penny) and environment subject (76.4 for each penny). With a specific end goal to find the relationship that existed between the corporate qualities and CSR presentation hypotheses were evident in the study. Results from the specific break conviction examination have shown that three hypotheses were seen taking after to there were administrator relationship between the board size, board free, and proprietorship center with CSR presentation(Kathyayini, Tilt, & Lester, 2012). The present study has shown that the measure of director in the board did thoroughly influence the CSR presentation. As the general affiliations more titanic driving get-together of executives size would make it all the more clear to control the CEO and the watching system would be all the all the all the all the likewise affecting(Harp, Myring and Shortridge, 2014). Sheets with more than seven or eight people were seen to be at danger to be practical, especially for the general affiliations withdrew and the Malaysian affiliations.. In association of the pulling in bits of taking in, the degrees of NED in the Malaysian and general affiliations were seen to be completely exceptional as by a long shot a large portion of the affiliations have no not a level of boss. Right when the level of free, non-official supervisor in the Malaysian and general affiliations were higher, the affiliations expected that would have better results. It was in light of the way that the free boss could perceive a key part in overhauling the corporate picture. Furthermore, the free boss could in like course, go about as an observing part in guaranteeing that the association was genuinely coordinated by its connection. In like manner, proprietorship fixation was found to have an enormous association with the CSR presentation. There were some findings that were collected for both Malaysin companies as well as those in Kenya and demonstrated a higher mean rate as a show of propsperity on proprietorship fixation which was 66.9% showed up, especially in relationship with the general affiliations which was just 32.4%. Both the Malaysian and general affiliations ought to have more concentrate on proprietorship fixation on the grounds that the concentrated possession could give a region to control the work environment issue through the strategy of the alliance and shareholders‟ leisure activities, which in this way has completed an unrivalled corporate execution.
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Moreland and Levine (1994) suggest that entry into groups can often be marked by some initiation ceremony or ritual. Analyse the case of the British Royal Marines and discuss why members go to such lengths to mark the entry of a new comer? Additionally, discuss why you think newcomers might accept being humiliated and sometimes even being abused?
SAMPLE ANSWER
British Royal Marines
The operations of armed forces and any security forces are kept secret from the public limelight. The reason for the high-level secrecy is said to be for good of the country. Therefore, it becomes difficult for an outsider to understand the operations of these forces. Whether these forces practice initiation ceremonies and other kinds of rituals is something that is open to discussion. The recent incident caught on camera where marines fought in nudity has caused mixed reactions on the operations or workings of the marines. The case study of the British Royal marines provides the basis of this analysis. Reasons for such incidences on the camera against new comers and reasons why new comes may agree to be subjected to such humiliations and abuse are deliberated.
In this case study, two naked marines are forced into combat in what is seen to be an initiation ceremony (The Guardian, 2005). Young Royal Marines fight one another. One of them is beaten unconscious and slumps on the floor. The incidence triggered mixed reactions from the leaders and the marines’ leaders. This case study therefore, marks the basis of the analysis (The Guardian, 2005).
Many reasons explain why members may go to such extreme when welcoming new comers. One of the reasons is to exercise initiation ceremony or ritual. Different organizations and institutions have different rituals they conduct to demonstrate maturity or passage to the next stage of adulthood. According to Moreland & Levine (1994), entry into a new group may require passing through initiation ceremony. The ceremony will depend on the kind of duties or responsibilities that one anticipates. Marines’ nature of work may involve combat and therefore, it is likely that they may use this combat or fights to welcome the new entrants in their world. This is tip of an iceberg or a clue to what they should be expected. The fighting witnessed therefore, may have been used to jig jag the minds of the new recruits that they are in a different world and they must prepare for the turf times to come. Strength is therefore expected and one must live up to the standards and strive to defend themselves. The episodes in the video suggest that this was a ceremony initiation aimed at testing the strength of the new recruits. In this video shooting a man in surgeon outfit gives instruction for the two marines to roll their mats around their arms and fight with bare fists. One of them seems reluctant, is beaten, and becomes unconscious. This footage actually, shows that the fight was under instructions of the senior marines (The Guardian, 2005). The denial may persist but the fact of the matter remains that this might have been an initiation ceremony. The fact that bullying is prohibited in the military and military people known to observe law, it is indeed true that such incidences helps to initiate new and younger recruits.
The law of the jungle or the warriors have since a long time been expected to face each other or to undergo a certain rituals to earn a badge. According to Weinberger (2015), hazing and babooning are some of the ways that these warriors used to earn their badge. For instance, Vikings treated new crewmembers at the back of the ships and dragged them through freezing waters to ensure that they become rightfully qualified to become crewmembers. This ritual made the new crewmembers to gain courage (Lambert, 2015). The tribe people in Borneo on the other hand, forced their young men to engage is risk and painful events using sharp sticks to exemplify their maturity and for them to graduate to the next stage in the society.
Therefore, such practices have also extended in the modern times and in the armies as they still practice the same. Army is a field that requires boldness and therefore, any person must be taken through very difficult situations to test their capability and endurance levels. The tasks that await them require total dedication, endurance, and perseverance. Other terms used to describe the actions that are practiced as rites of passage may include japing, hazing, breasting sprog Olympics and joining runs.
According to Weinberger (2015), initiation ceremonies aims at indoctrinating ideologically rooted identifies of new members to a certain group of members. The ideology of a certain group defines who they are and show they perceive certain things. In an organization for instance, rituals are conducted to enable new member fit in the organization. The process of induction of new employees for that matter allows the new recruits to understand the culture and the ideology of the rest of the members. For that matter, it is important in the context of the marines that they also conduct some of these initiation rituals and ceremonies to pas on the ideology to the new recruits. To civilians it might have gone to the extreme but to the members of the marines it is not something to be skeptical about. In the situation, the other marine members appear to cheer. They are as well naked and the two marines in combat are also in their nudity. This, therefore cleanly shows that, this was something practices and was aimed at passing on the ideologies to the new recruits. The nudity of all other marine members is a show of identify and unity among themselves. They have nothing against each other but it is very important for them to go through such hardships as part of their development into real warriors.
Another reason for such acts on new entrants in the Marines and even other fields or areas is for human connection. It helps to cultivate relationships among the members of the marines (de Grave, 2014). This is equated to collective consumption practices but is nested with rituals such as fighting while naked. The essence of such an act is to show their solidarity and a sense of belonging. The fact that there was only two young men fighting while the other remained as spectators, it was aimed at solidifying their bond. Relationship is nurtured through their cheering and remaining naked. Therefore, the group was engaging in these kinds of behavior to strengthen their relationships.
Such methods of marking new entrants of new members are also done for fun. The ritual components may closely be aligned with the component of fun. Deciding to remain nude in the ocean and fighting without clothes could have been fun. Marines have daunting tasks and therefore, they needs some time to relax and to enjoy themselves. Just like one of the privately official said, this incident could have a bit of fun but it could have gone out of hand. Therefore, it may not be out rightly true that the combat was a ritual. It could have a fun but it went out of hand leading to one of the fighters becoming unconscious after being beaten. Introducing new members could have attracted the marines to celebrate their new entrants and therefore, to make the occasions fun and enjoyable, these two young marines would be the one to add spice the day. On the same note, it could also be the norm and the tradition of the marine to have a combat between two marines on the day of welcoming new entrants (Setlhabi, 2014). Therefore, this should not be seen as bullying and mistreatment of the soldiers. It is expected that during such incidences some people may be hurt and therefore, and that does not mean that it is out of hand.
Such behavior as exemplified in the case study shows the transition or passage rites. In various cultures such as African cultures, young people have to go through passage of rites such as circumcision to transit to adulthood (Bonnemère, 2014). During such periods, the young boys are taken through challenging and very difficult conditions. They are beaten and even forced to sleep in the forest. This experience makes them to harden and to understand that they have to face live with courage and boldness. This is the similar case in the Maine. New recruits may not have had any experience about Marine and the challenges they go through. Therefore, though acts such as physical fights, helps these young entrants to harden and to understand that it is not easy. It enables to understand that they are moving to the next stage that requires them to harden and to be courageous.
Another reason for such behaviors, where new recruits are subjected to harsh conditions as exemplified in the British Marine soldiers is for psychological purposes (Setlhabi, 2014). The mind of an individual and the way they think and perceive determines show they take decisions and the way they view life. In the military, marines or soldiers must be psychologically prepared to execute their duties. They must understand their duties and the danger they areas being exposed to. Therefore, this combat between the two marines was something that could have been used to nurture the thinking and the s psychology of other new recruits. It opens them and delivers them into- a reality world. They must understand that some time they will have to encounter situations that would require them to defend themselves. Such situations will require that they give it all to survive or are overpowered and subdued.
According to Johnson, (2011), the act of hazing continues to evolve in the society. Hazing refers to any activity that an individual expects when joining a group that may degrade, abuse, humiliates, or endangers regardless of the person willingness to participate (Malisha, Maharaj & Rogan, 2011). Sometimes, in a society, one is expected to adhere to the things that the majority of people are doing. Failure to do that, it amounts to forcefulness. Therefore, in this case, the act of these two young marines fighting may be explained as acts of hazing. The fact that one of the soldiers appeared reluctant to fight without the mats but what he received was severe beating that made him to remain unconscious. The rest of the members were nude without clothing and no one would have been expected to go contrary to this directives.
Other reasons that explains why members go to such lengths to mark the entry of a new comer is due to excitement, release of stress, showing solidarity, among others (Weinberger, 2015). Because of excitement, individuals may turn out to engage in weird behaviors that may surprise others. Actually, remaining nude and fighting without clothes is a sign of excitement. Some may act so to release their stress. They remain nude and engage in any activity that can preoccupy their minds. Other still may engage in such activities because they want to show the spirit of solidarity. While other may do this to show their mighty and strength. The recruits may be forced to fight by the seniors because they must obey their directive failure to which may lead to their dismissal and harsh punishment.
This brings to the discussion on reasons that would make these new comers to accept this kind of humiliation and abuse. One of the reasons is the quest to show their strength. Some of the newcomers may be having a high ego and this may drive them to engage in this kind of humiliations (Setlhabi, 2014). They want to show the world that they have the energy and that nothing can come in their way.
Other reason why the new comes may accept to be humiliated is when their seniors of dire consequences for failing to obey their orders threaten them (Weinberger, 2015). Their seniors may expect them to abide by the directives they give them. Going against such directives may be seen as violation of the orders and failing to respect the authority. Therefore, this leaves these young newcomers in jeopardy. They will have no otherwise but access to be humiliated and abused.
This habit as well arises when there is no supervision. Lack of enough manpower is a challenge that causes such behaviors to happen among the new comers. When there is no one to monitor and to control or guide people, some mischievous are likely to surface. Some of the juniors may subject these new comers to hash treatment. They may be bullied and expected not to report the same to the authority.
When these new comers lack mentorship and someone to guide and tell them their rights, a vacuum is left. They are therefore prone to any kind of abuse and this is likely to make them easily humiliated and mistreated. Therefore, there must be sufficient measures of systems in the organization that empowers the new comers and teaches them on their right. If this is done, it would become difficult for this newcomers to be abused and humiliated.
Accepting to be abused and humiliated is also something that depends on the personality of an individual. Some of the newcomers are introverted and they fear (Weinberger, 2015). So in case they are threatened by someone, they easily give in. Therefore, it becomes easy for such individuals to be threatened and abused. However, on the other hand, resilient individuals will not easily buy into humiliation. They will use whatever means they have at their disposal to defend themselves. Therefore, the personality and the cultural background of an individual will play a greater role in this kind of humiliation.
In conclusion, it is evident that people may behave differently in different situations. The case of British Royal Marines is a good illustration of how people behave differently, especially when they receive new comers. The video footage is open to varied explanations of what was happening. To some this is viewed as ritual or an initiation ceremony, others view this as fun while to others it may be viewed as a process of ideology. The fighting of two marines seems to be under instructions and this exclude in the equation the aspect of bullying. As a ritual, it would mean that the Marines are preparing and orienting the young newcomers to their world. It would also be fun if the Marines engage in fighting. It is also important to understand that some occasions new comers may be humiliated or abused. Such cases may arise because of their personalities, fear of dismissal, lack of mentorship, and lack of supervision. It is therefore important to ensure that those newcomers are treated well. This will enable them to have positive thoughts about the organization. They will also remain devoted and will continue passing on good virtues to the generations that comes. New comers have the right to better treatment. They must be respected and treated with dignity. Rituals of initiation ceremony should not carry away their dignity but instead it should be done in a humane way to achieve the intended purpose. The British Royal Marine should therefore not be condemned for the acts they got involved. It will be good gesture is first, an investigation is carried out to understand if indeed the actions were rituals or bullying. This will help to build reputation of the Marine in the public eye.
Johnson, J. (2011). Through the liminal: a comparative analysis of communitas and rites of passage in sport hazing and initiations. Canadian Journal Of Sociology, 36(3), 199-227.
Lambert, D. A. (2015). The Book of Job in Ritual Perspective. Journal Of Biblical Literature, 134(3), 557-575. doi:10.15699/jbl.1343.2015.2878
Malisha, L., Maharaj, P., & Rogan, M. (2011). Rites of passage to adulthood: traditional initiation schools in the context of HIV/AIDS in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Health, Risk & Society, 10(6), 585-598. doi:10.1080/13698570802533713
Setlhabi, K. G. (2014). The Politics of Culture and the Transient Culture of Bojale : Bakgatla- Baga-Kgafela Women’s Initiation in Botswana. Journal Of Southern African Studies, 40(3), 459-477. doi:10.1080/03057070.2014.913424
The Guardian, (2005). Video exposes alleged bullying in Royal Marines. Xinhua News Agency.
Weinberger, M. F. (2015). Dominant Consumption Rituals and Intragroup Boundary Work: How Non-Celebrants Manage Conflicting Relational and Identity Goals. Journal Of Consumer Research, 42(3), 378-400. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucv020
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You will be providing a bibliography and citations on this two part approximately 4 page essay.
You are free to find quality sources from any appropriate educational website, library or journal.
I prefer footnotes for your citations and please remember to provide the bibliography page at the end. (NOTICE: THE FORMAT FOR BIBLIOGRAPHY AND FOOTNOTES ARE DIFFERENT! USE THE CORRECT FORMAT FOR EACH!)
Using proper format, in a +/-4 page essay, please completely answer the following questions:
1. In your opinion, did the Marshall Plan force the Soviet Union to create the buffer zone?
2. Should the Western Allies have acted to oppose Soviet domination of Eastern Europe?
3. Explain how the situation in Europe immediately following the fall of Germany led directly to the Cold War.
In your opinion, did the Marshall Plan force the Soviet Union to create the buffer zone?
In my opinion the Marshall plan did not force the Soviet Union create buffer zone but it made them strengthen their buffer zones. The buffer zones were created earlier before the Marshall plan came into effect. George Marshall, an architect of, World War II was appointed Secretary of state by the then US President Harry Truman. The state department under Marshall with the expertise provided by George Kennan, William Clayton among others crafted the Marshall plan. The plans primary aim was to aid rebuild the European economy. George Marshall earlier speech to the world on June 5, 1947 at Harvard widely known as European Recovery Program (ERP) was one of the pillars that led to the Marshall plan for he was convinced that the restoration of political stability in Europe would be realized on economic recovery. The Americans provided financial aid to the affected countries allied to their capitalistic ideologies (LaFeber, 2013).
The buffer zones created by the Soviet Union came after they successfully defeated the Germans. Berlin was split into two with the Americans and the Soviets in opposing ends. The Soviets overran a number of states setting up communist governments hence creating buffer zones known as Iron curtains in some quarters. The buffer zone’s purpose was a physical entity which signified the territorial barriers gains of the Soviet Union. They allowed the Soviets feel comfortable. The buffer zones helped guard people from escape and the western intrusion.
Should the Western Allies have acted to oppose Soviet domination of Eastern Europe?
In my opinion the Western allies should not have acted to oppose the USSR’s domination of Eastern Europe for it would have been economically derailing. The major cities and Europe at large was in a terrible state.
That act would have caused counter attack at such a time that the western allies were not ready for another war. The USA had just dropped atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan while the USSR was in a process of developing them. Such attacks would have taken unprecedented long time to repair the already torn world.
Major treaties and agreements that were negotiated after the World War II Would not have come in place without the support on the Soviet Union. If the western allies would have united against the USSR they would have been cooperative at this point. The United Nations would not have been formed neither would the Germany’s surrender have been well. The Soviet Union’s support in the aftermath of the war to repair Europe would not have come if the western allies would have opposed its domination.
Finally, since the Western Allies were in economic depression it’s evident that that would not be a goal after the World War II. Money was needed to repair the damages and helping the displaced people rather than opposing the Soviets. The long cold war that was unavoidable would have caused havoc to the Western Allies who had bad economy. They really needed money to repair their economy but not for war. Opposing the Soviet Union would not have really been an option for they needed them (Hook and Spanier, 2015).
Explain how the situation in Europe immediately following the fall of Germany led directly to the Cold War.
The aftermath of the war was terrible with nearly ¼ of the housing in Germany destroyed and infrastructure was depleted. Inflation was at center stage with millions of homeless people experiencing food shortage. Germany was divided into four zones of American, French, British and Soviet. The American, French and British later merged to form federal republic of Germany. With the USSR occupying East Germany with its Headquarters in Berlin (Todd, 2012).
Russia had lost over 20M of its citizens hence Stalin created a buffer zone for friendly states to make sure than Russia would never be invaded again. The growing in statue of the USSR beyond its boundaries made the USA scared. Tension grew for the fear that USSR would expand towards America. In my view, the USA’s serious thinking on countering the massive expansion of USSR and its own defenses against communism caused the cold war. There was immense secrecy between the two super powers, whereby America did not know the place that Russia was planning to go while Russia didn’t know if USA was going to stop them.
The Marshall plan was another big cause of the cold war. The economic support program by the US secretary of state George Marshall gave money to democratic-torn friendly countries in order to build their economy. The American intention was to alienate the USSR who they did not give financial aid with their partners in the east. All this angered USSR; it made them hate the USA and its allies. Compared to the expansion of Russia, the Marshall plan widely led to the cold war. COMECON was the USSR’s response initiative to the Marshall plan where the Communist states were given financial aid that encountered threats from capitalism. This in turn angered the Americans resulting to cold war (Maddox, 2015).
References
Hook, Steven W., and John Spanier. American foreign policy since World War II. Cq Press, 2015.
LaFeber, Walter, Richard Polenberg, and Nancy Woloch. THE AMERICAN CENTURY: Volume 2: A History of the United States Since 1941. Vol. 2. ME Sharpe, 2013.
Maddox, Robert James. The new left and the origins of the cold war. Princeton University Press, 2015.
Todd, Allan. History for the IB Diploma: The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 1924-2000. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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