The 17th and 18th centuries were a time of great political change in Europe, as various monarchs consolidated and centralized their control over their kingdom
and people through the system known as Absolutism. Various political theorists, such as Thomas Hobbes and Niccolo Machiavelli, wrote about power – how to obtain it and how to use it. Others, like John Locke, took the opposite view and argued against the necessity of an absolutist state; his central thesis
was that power came from the consent of the governed – the idea of the social contract.
Assignment: Compare and contrast at least two of the three following primary sources, two of which are in your primary sources reader, and the other online
(link provided). Discuss what each of them and their author state regarding human nature and government. What are some of the similarities and differences between
them? How are they reflections of the time period(s) and place(s)? What do they say in terms of the purpose of government? Make specific references to
primary sources’ texts in order to illustrate the points you make. Use the textbook to provide appropriate historical context for the documents.
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In the topic it says “a country of your choice” preferably to make it Ukraine (if not enough information, choose another country)
An Introduction (about 170 words) should provide a general background to the topic at the beginning. This should be followed by the main body where you need to present your analysis and /or discussion. The essay should show evidence of reading from at least 15 sources – including books, academic journal articles, newspapers / magazines and websites. Refer to the module handbook for recommended reading sources. It is OK to use some sources more extensively than others. Do not include charts and graphs in the core-text of the essay. These can be included in an appendix section at the end of the essay; however you need to cite them when you refer to them in the core-text. The Conclusion (about 170 words) of the essay should summarize the analysis / discussion and provide concluding statements.
3. Reading and Resources
3.1 Essential Reading (Purchase Recommended)
Hill, Charles W.L. (2014) International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace (Global Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
OR
Daniels, J.D., Radebauch, L.H., and Sullivan, D.P. (2014) International Business: Environments and Operations. Pearson.
3.2 Supplementary Reading
Morrison, J (2011) The Global Business Environment: Meeting the Challenges, Palgrave Macmillan
Cavusgil, S-T, Ghauri, P., Knight, G., and Riesenberger, J. (2013) International Business, Global Edition, Pearson
Joshi, R. M. (2009): International Business, Oxford University Press.
Dunning, J-H & Lundan, S-M (2008) Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy,
Edward Elgar
Piggott, J. & Cook, M. (2006) International Business Economics: A European Perspective, Palgrave Macmillan
Note: See Reading Resources (Library List) on Study Direct for a more detailed reading guide.
3.3 Other Reading
Students should complement their reading through consulting relevant journals, websites, magazines and newspapers, for example:-
Journals
Harvard Business Review
International Business Review
Journal of International Business Studies
Journal of World Business
Management International Review
Newspapers / Magazines
Financial Times
The Economist
The Wall Street Journal
Business Week
Strategy+Business
2
Websites
CIA (World Factbook)
IMF
UN Global Compact
UNCTAD
World Bank
World Economic Forum
Multinational companies operate in different nations having different political backgrounds. Such companies often face different political risks such as insurrection, expropriation, corruption, and prejudicial actions not in favor of multinationals operating in the country (Sadgrove, 2015). Political risk can be termed as the risk that a host country will approve political verdicts that may have negative effects on the multinational’s objectives or revenues. Political risk is a reality and often varies in extent and nature from one nation to another. A political risk may be as a consequence of policy adjustments by the ruling government to alter the controls put in place with respect to exchange rates and interest (De Grauwe, 2013). Political risks may also be an outcome of actions of legitimate governments. For example controls on outputs, activities, prices, currency, and remittance restrictions. However, it is imperative to note that political risk may also arise from events that are beyond government control. Such as terrorism, labor strikes, extortion, war, and revolution.
However, this paper discusses political risks that exist in Ukraine giving examples of such risks. On the same note, the paper provides ways in which firms can deal with those political risks they may face in a foreign country.
Ukraine is located in Eastern Europe. The country is bordered by Russia, Belarus, Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Moldova. The country is headed by a president put in place according to the constitution and democratic voting. The country GDP is USD 177.4 billion ranking number 55 in the world according to World Bank. However, Ukraine economy had been exposed to high risk even before the beginning of a series of conflicts and political crisis that happened in 2013/2014 (Overseas Business Risk, 2015). The country economy went into chaos after the suspension of an IMF funding program in the year 2011. This crisis has resulted in macroeconomic imbalances such as fiscal deficit and account deficit. The country’s foreign exchange reserves have been declining fast because of recurrent central bank intervention to protect the quasi-fixed exchange rate, financing of fiscal deficit and protection of capital flight. The Ukrainian economy has faced recession since mid-2012.
Since 2014, the Ukrainian government forces have been in conflict with separatists found in the eastern part of Ukraine. The country is also involved in a serious dispute with Russia, which has seriously hampered the economic crisis in Ukraine (TRINDLE, 2015). The foreign exchange reserves have continued to dwindle regardless of the massive international support, the balance of payment has also continued to persist, and the recession in Ukraine has seriously deepened, the country is planning to do a sovereign debt restructuring during this financial year.
The Eastern European nations are also undergoing transition. These nations are attempting to upgrade their political, legal and economic framework to merge with the European Union standards. However, Ukraine economic growth in the recent years has been hampered by the recession, economic upheavals, and bureaucracy. The country’s economic growth is expected to increase though the political risk existing is still high.
Key Political Risks
The level of bureaucracy and legal system in Ukraine is high. Therefore, it is cumbersome for the organization to establish their firms in the nation (Overseas Business Risk, 2015). On the same note, enforcement of contracts is tied bureaucracy and political influence making it more cumbersome to operate a business in Ukraine.
The president of Ukraine proposed an economic and political reform dubbed “Ukraine 2020.” The reform is supported by most of the western government as well as the International Monetary Fund (Wolczuk, 2014).. The project seems ambitious yet it is unpopular and may prove to be difficult when implementing the reform.
There is an ongoing violence between the government, pro-Russian separatists in the Southern, and Eastern part of the country. This violence has seriously hampered the government operations as well as the economic growth. Currently, there is a ceasefire but because of the consistent violations of the cease-fire has resulted in the marginalization of government power and reduced soldier’s morale (TRINDLE, 2015). It is clear that the ongoing political and economic instability is not going to stop shortly. The Russian government seems not to respect the cease-fire order. Therefore, it may result in a further economic recession and widening the gap existing in the political environment of Russia.
Ways in Which Multinationals can minimize political Risks
There are various factors that multinationals must consider before entering a new foreign market. There are three broad categories that define international trade. That is the foreign direct investment, international licensing and technology, and trade (Terpstra et al., 2012). A firm should consider these categories before making a choice of entry. It is also important for a firm to consider the capital resources, nature of its products or services. As well as a number of risks the firm is willing to take before making the most appropriate choice of entry.
A multinational company should also consider political risks and develop ways to mitigate such risks before entering into a foreign market. There are quite some measures that can be adopted even before investing in a foreign market. Firstly, a firm should conduct research to understand the domestic and international affairs of the potential foreign market (Curlb, 2012). Some of the critical areas that should be researched are political stability of the nation and strength of its institution. The firm should also find out if there are any religious or political conflicts, minority rights, and ethnic composition. It is also paramount to consider other factors such as relations with neighbors, recognition of international law, membership with the international organization as well as border disputes (Bremer, 2015). The company can obtain the mentioned information above by conducting research. However, they can find such information from insurance companies, international business consulting firms, international chambers of commerce, foreign embassies as well as international businesspeople.
Multinationals can also negotiate terms of compensation with the host nation. This strategy helps to establish a legal basis for taking action in future in the event that something happens that may disrupt the firm activities (Howes, 2013). Therefore, a firm can take a legal course to defend its position or claim compensation for any damage that might have occurred due to political risks in the host country. Such strategy can be fruitful because most nations respect agreements they made with multinationals because of their respect for international law and they have to honor the agreement (Jervis, 2015). The government may also provide insurance coverage to foreign firms as a strategy to encourage foreign direct investments and international trade in a country. However, this strategy may not work because the legal systems in most countries may not be advanced and is prejudiced against foreign companies. With time, a new government may be born who may not honor contracts entered by the previous governments.
Another possible solution is purchasing a political risk insurance cover after entering a nation that is considered risky (Curlb, 2012). A multinational company can approach an organization that are experts in selling political risk insurance and buy a policy that will cover all the adverse risks that may occur in the course of business. The premium that the company can pay is dependent upon many factors such as a number of risks insured, the country, cost of doing business and the industry in which the firm operates. Political risk insurance can cover the following types of political risks such as political violence for example insurrection, terrorism, civil unrest, war, and revolution. Secondly is insurance against confiscation of assets or governmental expropriation. They also cover business interruption, the frustration of contracts as well as inconvertibility of currency among another risk that a firm may face in a global market.
Multinationals often use political risk insurance to boost their confidence of trading in markets that is seen to be risky as compared to the home market. Political risk insurance enables multinationals to focus their energy on the commercial aspects of trade leaving the political risk insurance provider to take care of any potential losses and gather for any damages resulting from any political risk.
In conclusion, political risk is one of the risks that business faces in the international setting. With increasing globalization, political risks are taking new dimensions. In the contemporary economies, states have to deal with real and perceived income inequalities. Nations also focus on solving challenges resulting from high sovereign debts. The government may also take actions meant to promote state-owned companies, build trade barriers among other public policies (Jervis, 2015). Multinationals may face challenges that may lead to loss of revenue or disruption due to political risk. Therefore, firms should always consider the potential consequences that may arise due to political risks even before entering a foreign market. Ukraine is not left out in this case. The country has been in recession since the year 2012 after IMF stopped providing funding. The country is also facing numerous political differences that result in political imbalance making business it hard to do business operations.
Some of the key political risks that a multinational firm may face in Ukraine include high bureaucracy and corruption in the Ukraine government that may make it hard for multinationals to set up operations (Overseas Business Risk, 2015). Secondly is political unrest in the country and reforms that may hinder business operations. However, a multinational can still invest in the country because high risks often result in high profits. But still, the firms wishing to invest in Ukraine should develop effective strategies that may help to mitigate any risk that may result due to political unrest.
References
Sadgrove, M. K. (2015). The complete guide to business risk management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd..
De Grauwe, P. (2013). Design Failures in the Eurozone: Can they be fixed?.LEQS Paper, (57).
Jervis, R. (2015). Perception and misperception in international politics. Princeton University Press.
Terpstra, V., Foley, J., & Sarathy, R. (2012). International marketing. Naper Press.
Bremmer, I. (2015, June). Managing Risk in an Unstable World. Retrieved October 17, 2015, from https://hbr.org/2005/06/managing-risk-in-an-unstable-world
Curlb, S. (2012, August 27). Political Risk Can’t Be Avoided, But It Can Be Managed. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/steveculp/2012/08/27/political-risk-cant-be-avoided-but-it-can-be-managed/
Using feedback from your professor and classmates, revise Part 1 and develop the solution and identify the advantages of the solution. Note: The disadvantages or challenges with your answers will be in Part 3.
Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you:
Provide Part I: Revision of A Problem Exists (3-4 pages)
1. Revise, using feedback from the professor and classmates, your Persuasive Paper Part I: A Problem Exists.
Develop Part 2: Solution to Problem and Advantages (3-4 pages for 6-8 pages total)
2. Include a defensible, relevant thesis statement clearly in the first paragraph. (The thesis statement may need to be modified to reflect added information and purpose of this part.)
3. Explain a detailed, viable solution that supports your thesis. This should be one or two (1-2) paragraphs.
4. State, explain, and support the first advantage (economic, social, political, environmental, social, equitable, ethical/moral, etc.) to your solution. This should be one or two (1-2) paragraphs.
5. State, explain, and support the second advantage (economic, social, political, environmental, social, equitable, ethical/moral, etc.) to your solution. This should be one or two (1-2) paragraphs.
6. State, explain, and support the third (and fourth if desired) advantage (economic, social, political, environmental, social, equitable, ethical/moral, etc.) to your solution. This should be one or two (1-2) paragraphs.
7. Use effective transitional words, phrases, and sentences.
8. Provide a concluding paragraph / transitional paragraph that summarizes the proposed solution and its advantages.
9. Develop a coherently structured paper with an introduction, body, and conclusion.
10. Use one (1) or more rhetorical strategies (ethos, logos, pathos) to explain advantages.
11. Support advantage claims with at least three (3) additional quality relevant references. Use at least six (6) total for Parts 1 and 2. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting guidelines:
• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
Note: Submit your assignment to the designated plagiarism program so that you can make revisions before submitting your paper to your professor.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
• Recognize the elements and correct use of a thesis statement.
• Recognize the use of summary, paraphrasing, and quotation to communicate the main points of a text.
• Analyze the rhetorical strategies of ethos, pathos, logos in writing samples and for incorporation into essays or presentations.
• Correct grammatical and stylistic errors consistent with Standard Written English.
• Prepare a research project that supports an argument with structure and format appropriate to the genre.
• Revise drafts to improve clarity, support, and organization. Recognize how to organize ideas with transitional words, phrases, and sentences.
• Incorporate relevant, properly documented sources to substantiate ideas.
• Write clearly and concisely about selected topics using proper writing mechanics.
• Use technology and information resources to research selected issues for this course.
Click here to view the grading rubric for this assignment.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Politics and Leadership in Today’s Society
Introduction
When the name politician is mentioned, we tend to think immediately of a person who holds some honor. On several occasions, we may think they are people who may hold a criminal record. It is common for many politicians to be surrounded by many controversies. When election time comes, they are seen begging for votes among people and trying to change the general public opinion about them. They also give many promises that often give false hopes to the citizens. However, after the election, citizens end up being disappointed with their hopes shattered. The politicians go back to their offices until the next elections (Wald & Calhoun-Brown, 2011). The citizens realize they were right about the political leader. They also realize, however, that political views and socialization can be altered, as it is not permanent. This paper aims to provide solutions the problems associated with politics and politicians. The paper also critically merits of the provided solutions to challenges that are brought about by the political environment. It specifically concentrates on the social, economic and psychological effects of the solution to problems associated with elections and politics in the society. The citizens are most affected by such leaders. It is, therefore, their responsibility to share their opinion with family, classmates, students, colleagues and other members of society.
Rhetoric analysis can be described as a form of criticism that employs the principles of rhetoric to examine the interactions between any text, its author, and an audience. Rhetoric analysis can be applied to almost any kind of text, images, essays, advertisements, photos, poems and even web pages. When applied to any literary works rhetoric analysis changes its perception from esthetic works to an artistically structured instrument of communication.
It is unfair to blame the corruption on the politician alone. The rot is widespread within the hierarchy of leadership and politics. The political hierarchy may consist of an individual who only thinks of how to better the lives of his subjects. The individual is then promoted, and their thinking broadens. They then realize that being merely in that position makes them corrupt. When dealing with the issue of corruption we should first assess our behaviors and thinking. This way we shall have realized that corruption is not in the leadership hierarchy but is within us. Just as murder is punished by death, corruption should also be punished by death (Tate 2010). Corruption handles the misery most people in countries with corrupt leaders suffer. As a result of corruption, most services that are a right for citizens are not offered or are offered badly and inefficiently. The best solution to corruption and embezzlement would be to make the corrupt individuals return all the stolen money. Another workable solution will be to incite the masses to elect out all the leaders and elect fresh faces into political offices. Policies and laws against corruption should be implemented (Bernstein, 2013).
Several questions and thoughts people have been whether they are trying to offend others or if their belief in something is strong. The answers to these questions are targeted on whether or not to hold their tongue in political and democratic debates. The thoughts and speech may be hindered if it will offend someone else or be in vain. This situation, however, falls for people rather than their leaders who in most cases do not care about the repercussions their words will have. A correct form of political correctness is not generalizing an individual as people regardless of their religion, race or even gender. The younger generation today is outspoken and very intelligent. They are more aware of their rights and are less afraid to offend others who may care less. They make all proud as the future of today’s politics has a bright light of hope. Political leaders that will emerge from this generation will be less in control as the electorate will be more aware and outspoken on what they want and require from their leaders. The media and social groups can help pass this information to people who are not politically aware (Tate 2010).
Benefits of implementing the solutions
A close examination of China’s anti-corruption rhetoric gives an indication on how corruption is conceptualized. It also explains how the importance of fighting corruption is put across to the masses and how public visions are inspired. It explains how desired actions are recommended (Bernstein, 2013). A rhetorical perspective, therefore, enables us to understand better the making of China’s anti-corruption policy and its contents. The making of the current anti-corruption policy, however, takes place mainly in the context of reform.it has been well-noted that the market-driven reform since 1978 is accompanied by an increase in cases of corruption. This observation appears in new and complicated ways and reaches unimaginable and moral ways while encouraging people to make more money illegally to enrich themselves. Most officers and members of the political elite are restrained from badly portraying the government’s image by ridiculously trying to make money. Enacting these policies and laws is the most beneficial of all solutions. The laws are permanent and do not favor anyone, for this reason, everyone can be charged with corruption. This solution also encases other solutions that are aimed at fighting corruption (Tate 2010).
The death of all politicians that are corrupt would not the answer to this problem. A suggestion that a more realistic way to punish corrupt politicians was to make them pay back all the money they have embezzled and have their assets frozen. This suggestion would prove efficient as the money would go to more productive activities in the affected economies. There are clear benefits for taking up this solution as there would be visible economic growth from the recovered funds. Having all the politicians ejected and fresh faces elected was also a beneficial solution. It is advantageous, as the new politicians will not have people to encourage them to become corrupt. Ensuring the political system remains free of corrupt individuals would mean that the levels of corruption in the government remain low (Bernstein, 2013).
Conclusion
Some of the solutions have proven to be a difficult task to accomplish. Making of the anti-corruption laws and bill goes through a range of processes each of them symbolized by different ideologies of corruption and fresh policy measures. However, the important goal remains unchanged. Within the steps of making these laws, the rhetorical strategies have also evolved. Changing the political mindset of people is a task aimed at gaining political correctness in society. The media, social groups, and schools can help spread this new and improved mindset to the society. An educated and knowledgeable society makes good political decisions.
References
Bernstein, R. J. (2013) The Abuse of Evil: The Corruption of Politics and Religion since 9/11.Cambridge Polity.
Brownlee, J. (2012). Democracy prevention: The politics of the U.S.-Egyptian alliance. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press.
Rosati, J. A., & Scott, J. M. (2011).The politics of United States foreign policy.Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Using your thesis statement and research, present the problem that needs to be addressed with your proposed solution. Note: Your solution, advantages, and challenges, will be in Parts 2 and 3.
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you:
1. Provide an appropriate title and an interesting opening paragraph to appeal to your stated audience (appeal with logic, ethics, or emotion).
2. Include a defensible, relevant thesis statement in the first paragraph. (Revised from Assignment 2)
3. Describe the history and status of the issue and provide an overview of the problem(s) that need to be addressed. This should be one or two (1-2) paragraphs.
4. Explain the first problem (economic, social, political, environmental, complexity, inequity, ethical/moral, etc.) and provide support for your claims. This should be one or two (1-2) paragraphs.
5. Explain the second problem (economic, social, political, environmental, complexity, inequity, ethical/moral, etc.). and provide support for your claims. This should be one or two (1-2) paragraphs.
6. Explain the third problem (economic, social, political, environmental, complexity, inequity, ethical/moral, etc.) and provide support for your claims. This should be one or two (1-2) paragraphs.
7. Provide a concluding paragraph that summarizes the stated problems and promises a solution.
8. Develop a coherently structured paper with an introduction, body, and conclusion.
9. Use effective transitional words, phrases, and sentences throughout the paper.
10. Support claims with at least three (3) quality, relevant references. Use credible, academic sources available through Strayer University’s Resource Center. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting guidelines:
• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
Note: Submit your assignment to the designated plagiarism program so that you can make revisions before submitting your paper to your professor.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
• Recognize the elements and correct use of a thesis statement.
• Recognize the use of summary, paraphrasing, and quotation to communicate the main points of a text.
• Analyze the rhetorical strategies of ethos, pathos, logos in writing samples and for incorporation into essays or presentations.
• Prepare a research project that supports an argument with structure and format appropriate to the genre.
• Recognize how to organize ideas with transitional words, phrases, and sentences.
• Incorporate relevant, properly documented sources to substantiate ideas.
• Write clearly and concisely about selected topics using proper writing mechanics.
• Use technology and information resources to research selected issues for this course.
Click here to view the grading rubric for this assignment.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Politics and Leadership in Today’s Society
Introduction
When the name politician is mentioned, we tend to think immediately of a person who holds some honor. On several occasions, we may think they are people who may hold a criminal record. It is common for many politicians to be surrounded by many controversies. When election time comes, they are seen begging for votes among people and trying to change the general public opinion about them. They also give many promises that often give false hopes to the citizens. However, after the election, citizens end up being disappointed with their hopes shattered. The politicians go back to their offices until the next elections (Wald & Calhoun-Brown, 2011). The citizens realize they were right about the political leader. They also realize, however, that political views and socialization can be altered, as it is not permanent. This paper aims to study the problems associated with politics and politicians. The paper also critically evaluates the challenges that are brought about by the political environment. It specifically concentrates on the social, economic and psychological effects of elections and politics in the society.
The thinking process of politicians is no different from ours as they have come from among us. This statement provides the first major problem associated with politics. Citizens tend to think that politicians have a special way of thinking. They are questioned by quotes from a thinker like Tom Stoppard, who said that democracy is not in the voting but rather in the counting (Brownlee, 2012). Alexis de Tocqueville once said that the health of democracy in a society is measurable by the constitutional functions performed by individual citizens. This way we shall have realized that corruption is not in the leadership hierarchy but is within us (García, 2009). Politicians have played a big role in making citizens believe that they have a different thinking process than themselves. This challenge is psychological and is the hardest to eliminate in the society.
Political correctness usually fails the freedom of speech granted by the first amendment to the constitution. The main problem with this stand is that people often overlook their position to be politically correct. It is impossible to speak our minds openly if we are not willing to offend others. People usually think of ways that may end up hurting or offending others even if they don’t intend to cause any harm. It may seem like people today think of various ways in a manner that nitpick offensive things to others. These offensive ways may be in terms of pictures, speech or even billboards that may be termed by people as offensive. Citizens should have the ability to speak freely without any discrimination. They should also be able to think in a free manner without the concern of being politically correct. There is a very large disparity between being a good, fair, caring person, and being what others call being politically correct. It is a common belief that people are caring and, therefore, cannot intentionally want to hurt each other. However even, the most caring person will at some point end up offending someone from their point of view. The result of people being so frightened of being politically incorrect is them not being able to think or speak freely. The questions of what will happen to democracy and political openness will then arise (Rosati & Scott, 2011).
Several questions and thoughts people have been whether they are trying to offend others or if their belief in something is strong. The answers to these questions are targeted on whether or not to hold their tongue in political and democratic debates. The thoughts and speech may be hindered if it will offend someone else or be in vain. This situation, however, falls for people rather than their leaders who in most cases do not care about the repercussions their words will have. A correct form of political correctness is not generalizing an individual as people regardless of their religion, race or even gender. The younger generation today is outspoken and very intelligent. They are more aware of their rights and are less afraid to offend others who may care less. They make all proud as the future of today’s politics has a bright light of hope. Political leaders that will emerge from this generation will be less in control as the electorate will be more aware and outspoken on what they want and require from their leaders (Storey, 2010).
The second major challenge is the existence and influence of political parties. From the very beginning of political affiliations, political parties have been a controversial factor in the society. Political parties have in equal measure strengthened and weakened many countries and their political framework. They have taken part in many negative purposes as they are aimed at shifting political focus in countries (Rosati & Scott, 2011).By taking an example of the American political landscape, there was a huge debate on the first couple of political parties, the Federalists, and the Anti-Federalists. After the ratification of the Constitution and under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson, the Anti-Federalist changed their name to Democratic-Republicans. However, the Federalist Party ended soon after the 1812 war. The Democratic-Republicans began to argue over policies. These arguments led to the defection of Andrew Jackson and his sympathizers forming the Democrats. Those against Andrew Jackson and his policies formed the Whigs. Policies on slavery ended the Whig party, and the Republican Party was formed. Republicans were anti-slavery whereas the Democrats were pro-slavery. The two parties had people with different ideologies and objectives and have battled since then in American elections. Both have had an equal share in the leadership of the country through Congress representation and the presidency (Brownlee, 2012).
Corruption is an endemic issue in developing countries around the world. Incidences of social unrest that have been fuelled by recent protests have resulted for the calls to end impunity. Many social and public officers have been linked to being the main perpetrators of incidences of corruption. The fight against corruption led by the government has been limited to a rhetorical approach has proved to be a little lukewarm and has only managed to control specific social groups. When talking about tackling corruption in developing countries, the issue is often limited to words. It has involved the design and implementation of institutions that have increased bureaucracy has resulted in solved nothing (Rosati & Scott, 2011). During Mexico’s presidential transition, Enrique Peña, and his team put forward a reform initiative that had in mind creating a National Anti-Corruption Commission. However, this institution has not been implemented. While the initiative remains inactive in Congress since last February, it has not been supported by the presidency. Instead, President Peña seems to have the idea that corruption is a cultural issue, as he stated a few weeks something that would perhaps explain his lack of enthusiasm for implementing his proposal. The truth is that the present situation requires not only the three branches of government to act, but to do so in a blunt and convincing way. Given the current credibility of institutions, this will be a massive challenge (Storey, 2010).
Conclusion
It can be stated that political leadership and representation is centered in democracy. Based on political leadership, most citizens have their opinions towards politicians and political parties. The influence of political parties is a major challenge, as people tend to affiliate themselves with them rather than the leaders the society needs to represent their needs. Corruption is the biggest challenge that comes with politics. The thinking process and political correctness of the citizens influence the type of leaders in the society. Solutions for these challenges have been found and are being advanced in some of the most affected areas.
References
Brownlee, J. (2012). Democracy prevention: The politics of the U.S.-Egyptian alliance. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press.
Garcia, B. L. (2009). Latino politics.Cambridge: Polity.
Rosati, J. A., & Scott, J. M. (2011). The politics of United States foreign policy.Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Storey, W. (2010). US government and politics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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This is an open-book exam. Feel free to use the assigned readings, lecture outlines, and notes. Do not use outside sources (like online encyclopedias) – they will lead you astray and weaken your answers. I will be looking for answers that come from the assigned readings and lectures.
Work on the exam alone.
Type your answers in the space below the questions. Use the same font type, size, and color. Do not delete any of the questions.
Please upload your exam to the Turnitin link for the final exam on Learn by Sunday, September 7th.
What I am looking for:
In your answers, relate specific details from the lectures and readings to the broader themes of the history of world civilization. If you quote directly from the course materials, you need to cite the source, for example (Balcer, pg 55). You do not need to cite the lecture material. You will need to be efficient in your writing. The best strategy is to write a general statement answering the question, then provide the best examples from the reading and lectures to support this statement.
NOTE: The questions come directly from the Discussion Board—This is more than another chance to evaluate those readings, it is an opportunity to relate them to the lectures and other readings.
Part I – Writing History. (500 Words, 60 Points)
Using a selection of the following sources and questions assigned for the Weekly Responses write an essay that discusses the general challenges and process of writing history for the medieval period. In your essay address the following points:
A) The Questions: What questions (or thesis) did the historians we have read this quarter ask in their essays and books? How do you think they chose these questions? That is, are they responding to ongoing debates in their fields?
B) The Sources: What kinds of sources did the historians use to answer their questions? Are these sources new ones, or are the historians using the usual sources but interpreting them in a novel way? Do you think these are the best sources available, or are they too limited or the wrong ones?
C) The Answers: What is new about the historians answers to the questions they posed? Do you think that they made the best answer, or is something missing? What would you like to have read to make it a better answer? That is, are you convinced by their arguments?
*** Make sure to cite the essays you are using (author, page number).
1. “Isolation” Mike Paine, The Crusades (Pocket Essential, 2001), pp. 7-46. Available as an e-book at: http://records.library.drexel.edu/record=b1415916~S9
2. “Frontiers in Motion I” George Saliba, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007), Chapter Five, ‘Science between Philosophy and Religion: The Case of Astronomy,’ pp. 171-192. Available as an e-book at: http://records.library.drexel.edu/record=b1834128~S9
3. “Frontiers in Motion II” Jacques Gernet, Daily Life in China: On the Eve of the Mongol Invasion (Stanford University Press, 1962); pp. 13-112. (http://quod.lib.umich.edu.ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;idno=heb01844)
4. “Empire Building” — See Donald Ostrowski,’ Chapter 1 of The Military and Society in Russia, 1450-1917, edited by Eric Lohr and Marsh, pp. 19-40: Use the file (pdf) on the course website, or visit http://records.library.drexel.edu/record=b1539587~S9
5. “The Plague” — See Philip Ziegler, The Black Death (Harper & Row, 1969); Chapter 1, “Origins and Nature;” and also one additional chapter of your choice. Find the readings on the BbVista course website in the Readings Folder, or on Google Books at: http://books.google.com/books?id=NgF42WlOaWMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=black+death+ziegler&client=safari&rview=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
6. “Ecological Revolution” — In Visions of Savage Paradise: Albert Eckhout, Court Painter in Colonial Dutch Brazil, Rebecca Parker Brienen analyses Eckhout’s images of native people. How does her story relate to the history of the ecological revolution. See Rebecca Parker Brienen, Visions of Savage Paradise: Albert Eckhout, Court Painter in Colonial Dutch Brazil. (Amsterdam University Press, 2007), “Introduction,” pp. 11-26; and Chapter 5 “Black, Brown, Yellow: Eckhout’s paintings of African, Mestizos, and Mulattos,” pp. 131-161. Use the files on the course website, or visit http://records.library.drexel.edu/record=b1834647~S9
And an additional one I did not cover in class:
7. “Political and Social Change” — In her monograph, Jocelyn Hunt describes education during the Renaissance. In what ways is the term “Renaissance” an accurate portrayal of history, and in what ways is it not? In your answer provide examples of what things changed during this period (for example, art, science, architecture). See Jocelyn Hunt, The Renaissance, (London ; New York : Routledge, 1999) in the series Questions and Analysis in History, read the ‘Introduction,’ ‘The Beginning of the Renaissance,’ and ‘Humanism,’ pp ix-32 : Use the files on the course website or visit http://records.library.drexel.edu/record=b1589349~S2
lucy:
SAMPLE ANSWER
Themes in World Civilization
Writing History
The Questions
The historians used a wide array of questions and theses for the purpose of guiding and shaping the research they did. These questions were based on already existent knowledge about the events that took place in the past. For each of the topics discussed in the books, the researchers had to ask questions about how current societies in different parts of the world came to be and how their current state may have been influenced by historical occurrences. The thesis statements that the historians and authors had during their preparation of the different publications highlighted sought to highlight the significance of the historical events being illustrated. In “Isolation” for instance, the historians’ thesis statement was about the significance that the religious affiliation had on the fight for control of Jerusalem (Payne, 39). Questions that were asked sought to establish a link between apparently separate historical issues. In “Frontiers of Motion 1,” the historians want to establish if Islamic science of the time had a profound impact on Europe’s Renaissance.
Sources
To answer the questions and investigate the theses that had been forwarded, the historians relied on both primary and secondary sources of data. Most of the historical events highlighted in the publications have been researched over and over again in different contexts such as anthropology, religion, culture, geography, archeology and also political history. The sources of information that the historians used were the typical ones, the only difference being that they did their investigations in a novel way based on the titles that they were operating under. This narrowed down the material they highlighted during authoring to information relevant to the title and possible hypotheses they had developed (Saliba, 178). The use of primary sources is mostly based on government documents that were published during the periods when the historical events in question took place. These sources were the best and it was only practical to use them. Looking for fresh primary information for events that took place is tantamount to reinventing the wheel given that other respected historians had gathered the same.
The Answers
The answers the historians gave to the questions are quite satisfactory since they maintain the theme and provide solutions to the titles they were operating under. As a reader, I have to admit that my knowledge on the topics discussed was expanded in line with the direction taken by the respective historians. Their narrowing down of the topics from broad areas that I had general knowledge about brought my attention to specific elements and I got to see them from a different perspective. From “Frontiers of Motion 2” I got to empathize with the victims of the invasion and also better understand the motives that the Mongols had in as far as territorial expansion was concerned (Gernet, 19). It was a strategy that had proven effective and there was no need to attempt another method. With respect to the answering of questions posed, I believe that all the historians did an excellent job. My understanding of the dynamics that directly impacted world civilization is deeper based on the arguments I was exposed to.
References
Paine, Mike “Isolation”, The Crusades (Pocket Essential, 2001), pp. 7-46. Available as an e-book at: http://records.library.drexel.edu/record=b1415916~S9
Saliba, George “Frontiers in Motion I”, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007), Chapter Five, ‘Science between Philosophy and Religion: The Case of Astronomy,’ pp. 171-192. Available as an e-book at: http://records.library.drexel.edu/record=b1834128~S9
Gernet, Jacques “Frontiers in Motion II” Daily Life in China: On the Eve of the Mongol Invasion (Stanford University Press, 1962); pp. 13-112. (http://quod.lib.umich.edu.ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;idno=heb01844)
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The Committee system in the Scottish Parliament is a much better model for debating and scrutinizing draft legislation than its equivalent at Westminster.?
Discuss.
There is no minimum requirements for the number of sources you use however as a general guideline an academic paper can have 1 source per hundred words. In regards to the currency of the references, it is generally expected that sources are within 5 years published age. However if you have sourced a reference that is older than this you must demonstrate how it is relevant in your writing.
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Essay Question: what role do food producers play in the rising levels of obesity.
All essays must be printed or typed, lines spaced double or space-and-a-half, leaving a 2.5cm (one inch) margin all round, in a font no smaller than the one on this page, and should not exceed 2,000 words or 7 pages of A4. You must reference your essays properly, preferably using the Harvard style ? i.e., Author (year): page number in the text, full reference in bibliography at the end. Your bibliography should contain all items cited in the text. Please remember to
check your spelling. Lapses of spelling and grammar will cost you marks.
Obesity
Recent years has seen a rise in obesity across western societies, so much so that it has been termed an epidemic by the World Health Organisation, with
obesity among children a particular concern. Obesity is associated with poor health outcomes, particularly in relation to cancer, heart disease and Type II
diabetes. In this session we explore the complex of factors that underlie this growing problem. We also examine critiques of the way obesity is presented in
modern culture and the political role of these.
Reading
* Nestle, M and Jacobson, M F (2015) ?Halting the obesity epidemic: a public health approach, Public Health Report, Jan/Feb, 115
*Lang, T et al (2014) Food Policy, Oxford: OUP
Twigg, J (2016) The Body in Health and Social Care, chapter 6
Julier, A. (2017) ?The political economy of obesity: the fat pay all?, in C.Counihan and P.Van Esterik (eds) Food and Culture: A Reader, An alternative view
of the role of obesity.
National Audit Office (2001) Tackling Obesity in England, Short Loan Collection and general collection
Royal College of Physicians, Royal College of Paediatrics and Faculty of Public Health (2014) Storing Up Problems: The medical case for a slimmer nation: Report of Working Party
Please see the attached instructions for my part of the group assignment. I want this response to focus on Path Goal Theory if possible.
The instructions are very important as it needs to form part of a group assignment. Any queries please let me know
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Leadership is a crucial aspect in any given organization. This is because; the undertakings of any given business are shaped by the leadership. It is therefore crucial that the leadership in any given organization is articulated well such that there are high chances of success of the business undertakings. The leadership determines the success or the failure of the business. This paper analyses the leadership of a manager in a coffee making organization. The alignment of the leader to the path goal model of leadership has been analyzed especially in view of the strengths and the weaknesses attributed. The suggestions to the improvement have been given in respect to the improvement that would arise in the organization.
Description
The manager in this organization can be said to be the ultimate authority in this organization. He heads this coffee making organization which specializes in making coffee from the coffee seeds. This organization, (Coffee top- pseudo name) has been in success in its undertakings under the leadership of this manager. This success is denoted by the expansion of the organization in terms of its market share as well as the profits. The leadership of this manager is experienced by the different stakeholders. The employees are affected by the leadership decisions made the manager. The suppliers of the raw materials such as the coffee seeds are also affected by the leadership in one way or the other. The customers are also affected by the decisions of the manager as the ultimate leader and authority in this organization. The manager leads under some challenge. A great challenge here is the stiff competition from the other businesses of similar orientation. There has been sprouting of businesses oriented to making of coffee just like the coffee top. This has come with a lot of competition which call for articulation of responsible leadership to ensure that the organization is kept afloat.
Effectiveness with model
To some extent, the leadership of the manager in this organization can be said to be oriented to the path-goal model of leadership. This model of leadership denotes the orientation of the leader’s style and behavior such that they match the employee and work environment in a bid to achieve the goals, (Landrum & Daily, 2012). The aim of his is to make the employees become more productive members of the organization, (Johnson, Garrison, Hernez et al, 2012). This idea is based on the expectancy theory. This is whereby the employees are said to perform well depending with the expected outcome of the undertaking which depends on the excellence of their performance. On this note, when the employees are aware that their excellence performance will be appreciated with something beneficial to them, they are more likely to work harder to improve their performance, (Hayyat Malik, 2012).
The leadership of the manager of coffee top can be said to align to this model of leadership. This view emanates from the efforts observed in articulating the leadership style such that it orients towards motivating the employees, empowering them and ensuring satisfaction. Under the leadership of this manager, there has been adoption of programs that are geared towards motivating the employees. There have been establishment of channels such that the employees are able to air their views without encumbrances. This has gone a long way in ensuring that the employees are satisfied. This is because; they are able to air their grievances whenever they are not satisfied. This keeps the management informed on the demands of the employees.
Some of the efforts of the manager which have been oriented to motivating the employees and ensuring their satisfaction include the motivational package at the end of the year. This is whereby the employees are washed with gifts at the end of the year such as parties, gift hampers as well as gift vouchers. This has gone a long way in ensuring motivation of the employees and has translated to improved performance due to the expected appreciation at the end of the year.
The form of leadership
The form of leadership adopted by this manager can be said to be transformational. Transformational leadership is the kind of leadership that denotes efforts of the leader to make positive transformations in the persons being led. There are deliberate efforts made to ensure that there are positive advances made not only in the performance within the organization but also in the general life of the employees, (Rowold, 2014). The transformational leadership of the manager of coffee top is first denoted by the traits portrayed in his undertakings. The manager is energetic, enthusiastic and passionate. Those are basically traits that are associated with transformational leaders, Bruce, Avolio, William et al (2005)For a leader to be transformational they must articulate the trait of being energetic. Being energetic enables the leaders to ensure that they inspire their subjects in adopting the transformative advancements with ease. If a leader does not become energetic in their leadership, it becomes difficult to convince the subjects to adopt the transformational advancements.
In transformational leadership, there are always efforts of the leader to ensure that the employees are motivated so that they become innovative and creative for the good of the organization. This aspect is opposed to the idea of having to push the employees for every deed and for innovation. When the employees are motivated, they come up with creativity and innovation, Joseph (1968). When such aspects are displayed, it is crucial that the leaders appreciate.
In any given organization, it is crucial that that the leader is armed with leadership psychological capacities. These include confidence, optimism hope as well as resilience. These aspects are personal resources of an authentic leader. It is crucial that the leader does not engage in forcing the employees into adopting changes. There could be adoption of soft power. This is whereby; the leader has the ability to shape the preferences of the others so as to like what they like.
In order to be transformational, there must also be enthusiasm in the leader, Gregory (2003). The manager of the Coffee top organization has been enthusiastic especially in adopting the advanced technology. This enthusiasm has made him ensure usage of the advanced technology in the undertakings of the organizations. The transformative leadership of the manager can be seen in the efforts made to ensure that the employees advance in the performance and also in their general life such as in the considerations given in permitting employees to attend to their other matters when it is necessary. It is also crucial that the leader embraces the spirit of diversity. In the wake of globalization, there is need for every leader to ensure diversity in their area of duty. Different lifestyles and orientations must be embraced due to the realization of the diversity of customers. The diversity also touches on inclusion of women in the right ratios and not to show any kind of discrimination. In responsible leadership, there must also be embrace of deliberate efforts to address the practical challenges facing organization. Relevance is sought in addressing the issues because every organization is unique in its own way and therefore, solutions to problems cannot always be generalized.
This kind of leadership can be said to be effective in ensuring that there is improved performance of the employees following the consideration of their needs and ensuring that there are avenues of achieving improvement, (Dixon & Hart, 2010). This translates to higher profits which necessitate the expansion of the business.
However, it would be crucial for the manager to consider advancing the empowerment of the employees, (Gilmore, Hu, Wei et al, 2013). This aspect is associated with the goal path theory but has not been well articulated in the leadership of the manager in this organization. This aspect can be attributed to the lack of advancement opportunities in the organization. There has been noted stagnation of the level of the workers in the job such that they do not get promoted to advanced levels even after working for longer periods of time such that they deserve to be promoted.
It could be suggested that the manager as the leader in focus in this organization should endeavor to improve in ensuring that the employees are provided with opportunities for improvement. For instance, the manager could consider ensuring that the employees are provided with opportunities to venture in furthers studies so as to ensure that they improve their knowledge and skills which n turn will improve their performance, (McCleskey, 2014). At times, the employees could be presented with so much of duties to perform throughout the time such that it becomes difficult for them to engage in studies even on part time basis. This subjects the employees to stagnation in their jobs. Adoption of these kinds of changes would ensure that the organization has higher skilled employees. This would improve the performance and the profitability of the organization.
References
Bruce J. AvolioT, William L. GardnerAuthentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership: The Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005) 315–338
Dixon, M, & Hart, L 2010, ‘The Impact of Path-Goal Leadership Styles on Work Group Effectiveness and Turnover Intention’, Journal Of Managerial Issues, 22, 1, pp. 52-69, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 May 2015.
Gilmore, P, Hu, X, Wei, F, Tetrick, L, & Zaccaro, S 2013, ‘Positive affectivity neutralizes transformational leadership’s influence on creative performance and organizational citizenship behaviors’, Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 34, 8, pp. 1061-1075, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 May 2015.
Gregory, A. S. (2003) Transformational versus servant leadership: a difference in leader focus Retrieved from: www.emeraldinsight.com/0143-7739.htm
Hayyat Malik, S 2012, ‘A Study of Relationship between Leader Behaviors and Subordinate Job Expectancies: A Path-Goal Approach’, Pakistan Journal Of Commerce & Social Sciences, 6, 2, pp. 357-371, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 May 2015.
JOHNSON, S, GARRISON, L, HERNEZ-BROOME, G, FLEENOR, J, & STEED, J 2012, ‘Go For the Goal(s): Relationship Between Goal Setting and Transfer of Training Following Leadership Development’, Academy Of Management Learning & Education, 11, 4, pp. 555-569, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 May 2015.
Joseph, s. (1968) The power to lead. Oxford: Oxford University.
Landrum, N, & Daily, C 2012, ‘Corporate Accountability: A Path-Goal Perspective’, International Journal Of Business Insights & Transformation, 4, pp. 50-62, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 May 2015.
McCleskey, JA 2014, ‘Situational, Transformational, and Transactional Leadership and Leadership Development’, Journal Of Business Studies Quarterly, 5, 4, pp. 117-130, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 May 2015.
Rowold, J 2014, ‘Instrumental leadership: Extending the transformational-transactional leadership paradigm’, Zeitschrift Für Personalforschung, 28, 3, pp. 367-390, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 May 2015.
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PoliticalAnalysis of the Great Strategists Part 1:
Length: Initial Post 250-400 words on EACH of four people you select
For this writing/research assignment, you are to independently research the following individuals in history who may rightfully claim some aptitude, if not genius, for strategy (and tactics).
Political Analysis of the Great Strategists
Please choose four of the following six people to research. Since the purpose of this exercise is to learn something new,
please opt for those persons with whom you are least familiar. You are to utilize both online and traditional methods of research.
Sun Tzu
Robert E. Lee
Erwin Rommel
Karl Rove
Steve Jobs
Nicco Machiavelli
Political Analysis of the Great Strategists Analysis Requirements
At a minimum, your commentary, where possible, should include the following:
A maximum of three statements as to why this person could be considered a brilliant strategist.
A reference to a book or treatise authored by this person or statements made.
A famous quote associated with this person.
Your opinion—based on reason and fact-as to why this person should or should not be included in a survey of “Great Strategists.”
A list of source(s) used.
Click the hyperlinks provided below for a review on how to acknowledge sources and make bibliographic listings for both print publications and web citations.
Note: Wikipedia should not be used as either the primary or sole source in research assignments.
The Chicago Style Citation Quick Guide. This website provides two ways of making citations. You are free to choose either one, the important thing is your
sources are acknowledged properly.
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
Part 2: 3 pages
Using information from the Almanac of American Politics, campaign and official websites, and/or any other respectable source, prepare an analysis memorandum
of a presidential candidate match-up. Assume the Republican presidential primaries in 2016 produced one of two different nominees and that the Democrat
presidential primaries in 2016 produced one of two nominees. Pick one of the match-ups below as your focus of review and analysis.
Pick only one possible combination to analyze:
Chris Christie v Hilary Clinton
Marco Rubio v. Hilary Clinton
Marco Rubio v. Joe Biden
Chris Christie v. Joe Biden
Your analysis should use the Leesburg Grid template as your principal tool for assessing this potential race. In developing your memo, you should also
include a Leesburg Grid which must be annotated with each candidate’s perceived strengths and weaknesses. As part of this analysis, include:
Your assessment of their respective real strengths and weaknesses.
Any insights from past races.
Your assessment of the most significant potential issue contrast.
Your forecast of the likely winner of this match-up.
While your memo is arguably an exercise in speculation, the challenge is to use facts to support your claims. Don’t hesitate to reference past statements or
positions made by either of these individuals to illustrate your points.
This writing exercise should demonstrate:
Your research capabilities.
An understanding of the Leesburg Grid analysis.
Your capacity to write a fact-based analysis.
Part 3: 4 pages
You just graduated from the political science program and you are seeking employment on a campaign. For the purpose of this assignment and to allow ample
time for this scenario to play out, the year is 2013. A friend who works at a Hollywood talent agency sends you the following email message:
Hey (your name):
I just heard from one of our senior partners that one of our clients, Harrison Ford (the actor has a second home in Austin, Texas), is thinking about running
against Senator John Cornyn. My boss has been asked to conduct a quick search of individuals capable of serving as this candidate’s director of research.
Can you write a memo outlining your thoughts on what will be required in terms of research for this race. For you to be considered, we would need your memo
ASAP. Thanks.
Your friend, Joe Entertainment
Hollywood Talent Agency
Political Analysis of the Great Strategists Assignment Instructions
Using information from the Almanac of American Politics or other respectable sources, prepare a memorandum that demonstrates:
Your knowledge of Senator John Cornyn.
An understanding of the Texas electoral landscape.
Most importantly, a detailed discussion of all of the types of research you think a Harrison Ford campaign will need to undertake if he decides to becomes a
candidate.
Don’t hesitate to raise questions that may make this professional actor uncomfortable but which you believe will need to be addressed before an announcement
of candidacy. This request has come to you today and you have been told Harrison Ford wants to announce in 90 days or so. Do your best to outline a timetable
for the research activities you would recommend Mr. Ford should take in a pre-announcement stage. The objective is to provide aroad map on how this possible
candidate should manage his research resources.
In developing your memo, you should also address the following:
The candidate’s real and perceived strengths and weaknesses.
The incumbent’s real and perceived strengths and weaknesses..
Any lessons from past Cornyn races?
The potential issue landscape.
The impact of the past presidential election.
While your memo is arguably an exercise in speculation, the challenge is to use facts to support your claims. Don’t hesitate to reference past statements
made by either of these individuals to illustrate your advice or suggestions.
Part 4: 1000 words
For the purpose of this assignment assume the year is 2015. You have been the director of communications at the RNC for last two years and are leaving your
position in February, 2015. You are now in search of a job and looking for a horse in the next Presidential contest: 2016. Among the possible contenders are
the following (click on names for a more detailed explanation):
Governor Chris Christie of New Jersey
Former Speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich of Georgia
Former Senator Rick Santorum of Pennsylvania
Former Governor of Alaska and Presidential Candidate Sarah Palin
Senator Ted Cruz of Texas
Governor Bobby Jindal of Louisiana
Senator Marco Rubio of Florida
Pick one and write a memo to him or her providing strategic advice. The objective is to provide a plan on how your candidate should spend his or her
resources (friends, time, money, media commentary, etc.) over the next two years – 2015 and 2016.
Please consult the Almanac of American Politics or another reputable source to read up on your chosen contender. It will be necessary to comment on the
candidate’s personal background, political history, past statements, among others. Most importantly, you need to discuss what aspects of the candidate’s
present profile need to be enhanced or diminished to better position his or her candidacy.
Assume the Following:
Hillary Clinton is running as the presumptive the Democrat nominee.
The House is in Republican control and the Senate is Democrat control.
Your memo should address the following key elements in developing any serious campaign plan:
The candidate’s perceived strengths and weaknesses.
Likely primary opponents and their strengths and weaknesses.
Lessons of 2012 primary election.
The 2016 primary calendar.
The issue landscape.
The impact of President Obama’s two terms in office.
As a speculative analysis, your memo must be a broad outline. This said, as a communications plan, it should comment on all of the necessary communication
tactics your candidate should take to prepare for a run for the presidency.
As a general guide, I suggest this memo be no less than 1,000 words and include some type of timeline starting in February of 2015 and lasting until August
of 2016.
Acts of Political Donations in Australia Order Instructions: Write a response to the below discussion topic making reference to contemporary Australian governmental issues.
Acts of Political Donations in Australia
Acts of political donations in Australia have been called into question over the past 12 months following the much publicised scandal involving Indepenent Commission Against Curruption (ICAC), a watchdog which attempts to keep track of things such as the source and effect of political donations, and several local and state politicians in NSW who were found to have received donations from developers, a practice outlawed by Barry O’Farrell’s Election Funding, Expenditure and Disclosures Amendment Bill 2012. The bill also capped individual donations at $1000.
Nevertheless, political parties gain the majority of their funding from corporate and public donations, with 2005 numbers estimating that the Liberal and Labor parties raised over $60 million each from corporate and public donations (The Age, 2006). Considering that the combined total of corporate donations for both parties in the year 2002-3 was approximately $69.4 million (The Age, 2004), it is evident that the amount of revenue political parties are able to generate through donations is increasing each year.
There is a negative stigma attached to private political donations, especially from corporate entities, as it can be seen as an attempt to influence policy. The majority of the large political doners will conduct business in areas that are affected by government policy, which allows them to benefit from government contracts (ABC Radio, 2004). For example, the Trade Unions have traditionally donated substantial amounts of money to the Australian Labor Party (ALP), which they have been closely alligned with in terms of sharing members and idealogies. As a result, critics have accused Trade Unions of buying seats for the ALP (Albrechsten, 2006) and they expect resulting policies to benefit their members.
However, not all political donations are shrouded by allegations of corruption. The Hawke government introduced public donations in 1984 as a means of lessening political parties’ reliance on corporate funds. Public funding is essentially the act of a state of federal government providing their own capital, gained via taxation etc., to fund campaigns from any registered political party. The rate of funding for an individual candidate is estimated by multiplying the number of primary votes received by the amount of money payable at the time, which is controlled by the Consumer Price Index (Australian Electoral Commission). The rate in January 2014 was $2.52 per vote.
Acts of Political Donations in Australia Presentation Content
The angle I will be taking with my presentation will be looking at the good side of political donations by looking at instances of positive changes, policies etc. that were implemented as a result of political donations. Also I will discuss public funding and its system of providing funds to candidates in a way that can be quantified in terms of votes/popularity, even if Liberal and Labor candidates enjoy the majority of public funding, as opposed to the more murky corporate funding.
The information that I have gathered so far has mostly originated from news artilces and government websites detailing funding numbers and processes.
Acts of Political Donations in Australia Questions:
1. Do you think public funding is an equitable system of political donations in regards to funding campaigns? Is it simply a case of making the dominant parties, Liberal and Labor, stronger?
2. Can you think of examples of private or public political donations and corporate funding having a positive effect on determining policy, infrastructure etc.?
Acts of Political Donations in Australia Sample Answer
Political donations have always been a thorn in the flesh of many a politician and political party across the globe and closer home in Australia as well. Australia being a developed country prides itself with its democratic system which is essentially governed on the principle of fairness and equal representation of the population in the governance of the country. Political donations in themselves fall into what is considered freedom of expression, but the fact that these could be used o manipulate democratic processes by handing power to the so to say ‘highest bidder’ make it somewhat of a complicated process (Clemens, 2015). This exercise seeks to briefly illustrate the seldom covered positive aspects of this issue.
The issue of public funding as a matter of public interest has led to several pieces of legislation that ensure the integrity of Australia’s democratic integrity remains untainted. The first example of such a policy came into play in 1984. The law sought to limit the influence of corporates in the country’s legislative system. While this did not automatically eliminate the influence of corporates, it served as a prime-mover in an avalanche of discussions and legislations that would protect the power of the people. Public funding also served to bring about accountability to the electorate by the politicians and this would lead to the resolution of issues the population is facing and not the streamlining of the business environment for the sake of a few corporates at the expense of the public (Smith et al, 2012).
The regulations on disclosure have also helped a great deal by highlighting the biggest private donors. The relatively low threshold for disclosure means that the public can monitor the activities of political parties especially with respect to the way they legislate and compare this to the laws they make. Any incidence of bias will then be more easily reported and investigated. Special interest groups in the public domain such as workers also have a chance to support parties that look into the interests of their members and this has been seen in the close relationship between the labor party and trade unions which represent workers. This way it is easier to lobby for legislation that looks into the protection of workers’ rights (Gauja, 2013).
Acts of Political Donations in Australia References
Clemens, E. (2015). The Democratic Dilemma: Aligning Fields of Elite Influence and Political Equality. In Elites on Trial (pp. 223-241). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Gauja, A. (2013). Political parties and elections: Legislating for representative democracy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd..
Smith, R., Vromen, A., & Cook, I. (Eds.). (2012). Contemporary politics in Australia: Theories, practices and issues. Cambridge University Press.
