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Mental health is a social issue Essay Paper

Mental health is a social issue
Mental health is a social issue

Mental health is a social issue

Order Instructions:

Length: 2500 words (excluding references and cover page)
Task: Students should write a 2500-word essay on the following topics:
1) Analyse the statement, ‘ Mental illness is a social problem’ . To examine this question draw on one or two of the concepts of class, poverty, ethnicity, gender or race.

Preparation: Students should read widely prior to completing the essay. This includes all required readings but they should move beyond these to include some other sources. A bibliography is available on Learnline to help you with this process. For any essay of this length you will need to include 9-11 references. Majority of the references (7-9) should be based on journal articles, books, book chapters and peer reviewed papers. You can use websites but citations from Wikipedia are unacceptable.

SAMPLE  ANSWER

Mental health is a social issue

Mental problems affect the way a person thinks and behave. There are many types of mental health disorders including depression- this mental disorder is associated with mood swings, this makes people feel hopeless, exhausted and unmotivated. This can also lower the person’s self-esteem. Lowering their appetite and the low spirits lowers the person’s daily activities and may sometimes affect the people’s physical health. In some cases, these diseases can be life threatening and could make the person feel suicidal. Anxiety is another form of mental disorders; which is described by unrealistic concerns about the various aspects of life. The clinical manifestations are comparable to the depression. Other forms of social disorders include obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), phobias, binge eating, bipolar disorders and schizophrenia (Bird Et al., 2013).

The main causes for mental disorders are childhood abuse such as trauma, neglect and violence. Other causes include; poor socioeconomic background such as homelessness, unemployment, genetic factors and physical causes such as head injury. Other medical issues include issues such as brain tumors could result to mental illness. This could also lead to social isolation due to discrimination. There exist different theories that describe the psychotic experiences including biochemical experiences, genetic factors, anatomical theories on the brain structure and environmental theories. Regardless of the causative agent for mental illness, mental health is public health threatening factor that must be addressed. To ensure that the issue is addressed, it is important to explore the concepts that make mental illness a public health and social concern. These concepts include ethnicity, gender and poverty (Wang Et al., 2013).

Despite the fact that a society draws its strength from its cultural diversity, racial, ethnic disparities and poverty has contributed to disparities across all the sectors, hitting hard the health sector.  Ethnic minorities have been associated with the highest burden of mental health, which further affects the population growth as well as the society’s productivity. According to World Health Organization, the mental disorder is among the leading cause of disability in the world. The study also reported that 33% of people with disability cite mental disorder as the factor that contributed to their disability (Mental Health across Cultures, 2010). The main reason why social minorities suffer most from mental disorder includes the limited accessibility to quality mental care. This implies that the actual prevalence rate of mental disorder is  that is equal to other major ethnic communities,  the reduced  utilization of mental health resource as well as poor quality of care implies that the ethnic minority have their healthcare demands inadequately provided.  Statistics indicate that these minority groups are overrepresented in  the society’s most vulnerable population including the incarcerated people and the homeless; and often present higher rates of mental illness as compared to the rest part of the population (Hinojosa, Knapp & Woodworth, 2014).

The greater disability and mental disorder among the ethnic minorities is an issue of concern to the public health because it contributes to reduced opportunities for the society to prosper. The    factors that are attributed  to  reduced economic growth due to  poor mental health includes; an increased cost of care, increased bias,  fragmentation  of the services as well as the societal stigmatization (Ocasio Et al., 2014). Other factors include reduced awareness to cultural issues by healthcare providers, language barriers and society’s fear and mistrust to the scope of healthcare. The cumulative weights of the aforementioned barriers are the main reason for mental healthcare disparities among the ethnic group. These factors contribute to broad day discrimination and stigmatization which affects the population even more. Existing data indicates that mental illness is a global burden. It is associated with burden of increased mortality rates and disabilities in the society.  Despite the trend, mental disorders are ranked among the most under diagnosed disorder. Patients also are reluctant to open up to the professional care (Anakwenze & Zuberi, 2013).

Statistics indicates that 2 out of 5 people have mood anxiety and have psychological problems. One of the factors contributing to the widespread of this public health challenge is gender.  Arguably, gender is an important determinant of health, especially mental health. This is because it influences various aspects of the society including; the socioeconomic position, society roles, status and ranks; which further affects the rates of accessing treatments. Therefore, gender is an important parameter which can be used to define either the susceptibility or exposure to mental health risks and illness (Goodman Et al., 2015). To understand the exact impact of mental illness in the society, it is important for a society to evaluate the concept of gender discrimination associated with gender based violence. This will facilitate the works of human rights in establishing aspects that requires justice to be readdressed, because it is these injustices which results to poor health and poor economic growth. Research indicates that most of the negative experiences and negative exposures of women increases gender based discrimination; leading to psychological disorders to predominates in women more than men. There has been an escalation of human-trafficking, particularly the women for sexual exploitation. This is a heinous human rights violation and is associated with multiple   mental healthcare consequences (Verhulp Et al., 2013).

However, healthcare disparities for severe mental complication such as bipolar disease are inconsistent with findings of mental disparities and gender differences. The disparity is high in low prevalence mental disorders such as anxiety and depression.  The general population analysis indicates that depression contributed the global burden of the mental health disease encountered in human health. Depression is experienced two folds higher in women than in men; and is projected to be the leading global health disease by 2020. There is overrepresentation of women in this healthcare disease, and it is ranked as the most contributing factor for disability in this age bracket. This is also characterized with high suicidal rates (Gagna, Vasiliadis & Praville, 2014).

It has been suggested that the development of cognitive function in women depends on the evolution of self-identity (self) and the relationship or interaction between her and the surroundings; and the understanding of truth and mind. A stable mentality requires developing equilibrium interdependence throughout their lives. Therefore, the nurses need to develop sensitive tools when evaluating women’s mental health, one which incorporates issues that seem to affect women and their experiences. The healthcare disparities affect women, in turn their productivity is lowered and in some cases, women could lose their employment. As a result, the society bears the burden of taking care for the family, her children and other basic needs.  This becomes the society burden, thus it is important for the public health to identify and implement interventions which will reduce the prevalence of the disease. Clearly, mental illness is a society issue (Wang Et al., 2013).

The healthcare disparities are also associated with the social class. The growing amount of research indicated that there is a link between mental health and poverty.  People in the society with low incomes suffer more likely to succumb to mental illness. This is associated with inability to afford the clinical services or to manage the psychological disorder early enough. These people are more likely to experience poverty due to fall in financial care and social position because when the person is unwell, it becomes more difficult for the person to get higher education qualifications (Angantyr Et al., 2015). Additionally, it also gets difficult to get a job due to the heavy stigmatization that exists in the society. Research indicates the increased reluctance for employers to employ people with the history of mental illness or due to disability. This is because they argue that it is more difficult for such people to hold down a job, because they are unpredictable and require more time to concentrate on treatment than they need for getting their jobs done. Employers fear this unreliability concept (Mental Health across Cultures, 2010).

A study conducted on mentally ill people and how they manage their finances indicated that the major concern for mentally challenged individuals is how they live their daily lives. The source for personal finance is the major problem and the main source of distress. One of every three mentally ill person is more likely to be in debts. This also affects the young people from a poor economic background.  Study indicated that children from such families are more likely to suffer from Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), self-harming behavior and autism diseases. This is attributable to poor general health events due to emotional distress (Angantyr Et al., 2015). Half of the diagnosed mental health complications are for children who are under 14 years, this implies that children to suffer from mental disorder, particularly if they face traumatic events or live in environments with mental stressors. According to world health organization, poverty is the most ruthless cause of suffering for mankind on earth. This is because poverty is multidimensional as it encompasses a person’s ability to satisfy basic needs, reduced control over resources, poor education and also poor health (Botswick Et al., 2013).

Poverty is identified as the intrinsic factor which impact development and sustenance of psychiatric, emotional and behavioral health of a person directly or indirectly. This indicates that poverty implication into mental illness is immense and it is important to distinguish between the different levels of poverty and how they differently impact mental health of individuals in the society. To start with, the gap between the rich and the poor is widening at an alarming rate.  Poverty and social inequality is affecting the society’s physical well-being and mental capacity of individuals in the society. This is because poverty is the main source of   psychosocial distress which results to mental health deterioration and increased rates for suicides. People who dwell in these underprivileged community   experience poor health because their healthcare infrastructure are  underdeveloped; this causes  stress and frustrations which could result to disruption of the society due to increased rates of homicide, violence and gender based violence (Angantyr Et al., 2015).

Research indicates that the main cause of mental health complications among the poor is that these people live in environments that possess high level of threatening environmental conditions. For instance, the individuals could  be working in unrewarding  environments  such as  depersonalizing work, unrewarding environments and or live  in environments that lacks adequate amenities to support their mental health treatment. The exposure to more stressors of life, the increased adoption of maladaptive behavior and the increased vulnerability results to long-term health problems such as increased mental disorders and increased mortality rates(Wang Et al., 2013). Stigmatization is very rampant among people with mental illness, particularly in developed countries. The increased social rejection and discrimination associated with it make it even more difficult for these people to integrate in the society.  Yet, mental health complication is continuing to thrive in the society. Statistics indicates that about one in every seventeen Americans suffer from mental illness. The mental health condition is particularly affecting the young generation, and most of them are not accessing care they need. Healthcare systems have made great steps in the management of the healthcare; but towards a wrong direction. Mental health care is still underfunded and this is only continuing to put the populations to more risks (Gagna, Vasiliadis & Praville, 2014).

Mental illness strikes to all members of a population regardless of class, religion or culture. However, the magnitude of the problem is only felt most in the underprivileged community. This is attributable to the reduced access to affordable mental healthcare because most of the individuals are uninsured. Although hidden, mental healthcare economic toll is huge on the economic system. The U.S. spends over $100 billion taxpayer’s money to manage the disease, which excludes the economic costs due to reduced productivity. In this case, the government should explore other strategies which could minimize social challenges such as funding more local clinics and hospitals to ensure that mental health care is accessible even among the underprivileged in the society. Schools should hire even more psychologist to help the deal with the children facing traumatic events or are those who are from family backgrounds with parents suffering from mental illness (Mental Health across Cultures, 2010).

Evidently, the determinants of mental health are multiple including biological, psychological and social factors.  From the analysis, the underlying concept that contributes to mental illness is the limited access to proper mental health care. The ethnic disparities, gender disparities and poverty issues escalate mental illness; because the society lacks the appropriate structure and framework to ensure that each member of the society can access adequate and quality care. To protect and promote mental health requires interventions which addresses these determinants effectively, there needs a multifactorial approach to manage the social issue and public health concerns. These include all actions which facilitate the establishments of environments which supports the mental health of individuals so that they can adopt and sustain new healthy lifestyles. It is important to establish a climate that facilitates and protects the political and civil society. The society should establish a climate that is culturally competent and upholds the social economic rights to protect the society (Brittian Et al., 2013).

The policies that are endorsed should not only address the issue of mental illness but should also focus on the other elements that promote mental health include raising the economic status of the underprivileged community. It is also important to involve other sectors such as the education, labor, transport, environment and welfare. Specific  mental health interventions include early childhood interventions such as involving the society in psychosocial activities to help the underprivileged persons in the society. It is important to support the children through skills building programs and youth based programs to keep the young minds occupied so that they do not succumb to unhealthy behaviors such as violence. The socio economic empowerments could be achieved through microcredit schemes (Gagna, Vasiliadis & Praville, 2014). This is important because it will empower women into accessing and fighting for their rights such as the reduction of gender based violence, increased access to girl child education, hence reducing the gender based health disparities. The government should also establish programs that are specific and targets vulnerable groups such as the indigenous people, minorities and also the immigrants. Violence prevention programs, housing policies, community development programs, antidiscrimination campaigns and the promotion of rights and opportunities are other important aspects that can be used to support the society and to eradicate mental disorders (Mental Health across Cultures, 2010).

References

Anakwenze, U., & Zuberi, D. (2013). Mental Health and Poverty in the Inner City. Health & Social Work, 38(3), 147-157. doi:10.1093/hsw/hlt013

Angantyr, K., Rimner, A., Nordan, T., & Norlander, T. (2015). Primary Care Behavioral Health Model: Perspectives of Outcome, Client Satisfaction, and Gender. Social Behavior And Personality: An International Journal, 43(2), 287-301. doi:10.2224/sbp.2015.43.2.287

Bird, P., Campbell-Hall, V., Kakuma, R., & the MHaPP Research Programme Consor,. (2013). Cross-national qualitative research: the development and application of an analytic framework in the Mental Health and Poverty Project. International Journal Of Social Research Methodology, 16(4), 337-349. doi:10.1080/13645579.2012.709802

Bostwick, W., Meyer, I., Aranda, F., Russell, S., Hughes, T., Birkett, M., & Mustanski, B. (2014). Mental Health and Suicidality Among Racially/Ethnically Diverse Sexual Minority Youths. Am J Public Health, 104(6), 1129-1136. doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301749

Brittian, A., Umaa-Taylor, A., Lee, R., Zamboanga, B., Kim, S., & Weisskirch, R. et al. (2013). The Moderating Role of Centrality on Associations Between Ethnic Identity Affirmation and Ethnic Minority College Students’ Mental Health. Journal Of American College Health, 61(3), 133-140. doi:10.1080/07448481.2013.773904

Gagna, S., Vasiliadis, H., & Praville, M. (2014). Gender differences in general and specialty outpatient mental health service use for depression. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 135. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-135

Goodman, L., Pugach, M., Skolnik, A., & Smith, L. (2012). Poverty and Mental Health Practice: Within and Beyond the 50-Minute Hour. J. Clin. Psychol., 69(2), 182-190. doi:10.1002/jclp.21957

Hinojosa, M., Knapp, C., & Woodworth, L. (2014). Family Strain Among White and Latino Parents of Children with Mental and Behavioral Health Disorders. J Child Fam Stud, 24(6), 1575-1581. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9961-0

Mental Health across Cultures – A Practical Guide for Health Professionals. (2010). Journal Of Psychiatric And Mental Health Nursing, 17(1), 95-95. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01503.x

Ocasio, K., Van Alst, D., Koivunen, J., Huang, C., & Allegra, C. (2014). Promoting Preschool Mental Health: Results of a 3 Year Primary Prevention Strategy. J Child Fam Stud, 24(6), 1800-1808. https://www.doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9983-7

Verhulp, E., Stevens, G., van de Schoot, R., & Vollebergh, W. (2013). Understanding ethnic differences in mental health service use for adolescents’ internalizing problems: the role of emotional problem identification. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(7), 413-421. https://www.doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0380-3

Wang, Y., Johnson, J., Shu, B., & Li, S. (2013). Towards the development of a gender-sensitive measure of women’s mental health. J Clin Nurs, 23(9-10), 1227-1234. https://www.doi:10.1111/jocn12346

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Teenagers and HIV/AIDS Essay Assignment

 

Teenagers and HIV/AIDS
Teenagers and HIV/AIDS

Teenagers and HIV/AIDS

Order Instructions:

DUMMY ORDER FOR 112898 TO CATER FOR THE 10 PAGES TO BE PARAPHRASED IN 10 PAGES

SAMPLE ANSWER

Abstract

Growth among teens is nowadays different from the usual past. All over the world, teens get more exposure to sexual activities than in the past. Change in teenage life has been more evident for the last two decades. Stolley and Glass noted that cases of HIV/AIDS and unwanted pregnancies have increased among the Africans in particular (2009). The situation calls for attention, and immediate measures should, therefore, be launched to save the young population from the menace.

Introduction

To establish reliable numbers and statistics about pregnancies and HIV/AIDS infection among African teens, the means used should involve grouping of the variables in the study. The instrument used in data collection should, therefore, allow for the representation of all the variables for the study (Messik, 2000). If such methods are used, then the results would be valid and reliable. In addition, the results obtained and their derived conclusions would be more credible and could be referred by other future researchers (Rubin, 2010). It is also important that the methods and tools of measurement used in the study are unquestionable and valid (Rubin, & Babbie, 2010).

Introductory Statement

In this research, problems facing African teens are addressed with more emphasis on cases of pregnancies and HIV/AIDS infections. The study also evaluates various methods of research to determine the most suitable for in the study. Validation of the methods is extensively discussed to offer credibility to obtainable results of the study. In addition to exploring the spread of HIV/AIDS in the population, the study will also offer recommendations on measures that would help reduce the incidence.

Background Information

The developing countries are the most hit by HIV/AIDS, which has as well led to moral destruction in the society (Rotheram-Borus, Song, Gwadz, Lee, Van Rossem & Koopman, 2003). In addition to the infection, female teens are also exposed to early pregnancies with the state of the environment. They have a challenging responsibility to guard their sexual health as well as their reproductive health. , African teens face the danger of sexually transmitted diseases more than their counterparts in other regions. The issue is alarming, and therefore research is necessary to establish the cause of the matter and offer appropriate recommendations to overcome the challenge.

Problem Identification

The World Health Organization reported an increase in the rate of HIV/AIDS infection among African teenagers. In addition, the organization also noted an increase in the occurrences of pregnancies in the same population (Lyon, & D Angelo, 2006). In the study, adolescents’ general attitude toward the two issues was investigated. From the research, it was found out that the inadequacy of sexual information played a role in perpetuating the problems. Urgent measures are therefore required to cope with the issues.

Objectives of the Study

The research looks at HIV/AIDS and pregnancies among African teens. In addition to exploring the incidences, the research also purposes to offer measures that can be used to address the problem. Issues addressed include the following:

  • Means by which HIV/AIDS is tested in the group
  • Stigmatization of teens diagnosed with HIV/AIDS
  • Preventive methods employed to avoid HIV/AIDS infection
  • Situations rendering HIV/AIDS infection rates to be high among African teens
  • Determination of whether HIV/AIDS infection in the population results from personal failure of the failure of the society in general

Theory

The study employs the Health Brief Model to study the incidences of pregnancies and HIV/AIDS infections among the African teens. The framework supposes that the likelihood of people to engage in certain health risks is determined by their perception of the social and health impact of HIV/AIDS infection (Rotheram-Borus, Song, Gwadz, Lee, Van Rossem & Koopman, 2003). The framework also addresses the use of several preventive measures such as the use of condoms as well as moral support to avoid stigmatization of teens infected with the disease.

Measurements and Instruments

Research Designs

Methods employed in a quantitative research design could be descriptive, experimental or correlative in nature. There are both advantages and disadvantages in the methods used for each particular investigation carried out. Various methods of research are suitable for some studies and less suitable for others. Likewise, the study on HIV/AIDS and pregnancies among African teens is best with certain research methods compared to others. In this paper, the strengths as well as weaknesses of the three methods are discussed regarding the issue of study. The study proposes the best method in the investigation of HIV/AIDS infections among the African teens.

The Descriptive Design

The method involves a description of the subject in the study. As Creswell and Plano (2007) wrote, the method allows for the use of precise methods of data collection such as case studies, surveys, and observations. This method of design can, for instance, give data on a certain event and further describe the experience and response of the subjects. However, the method may not guarantee the confidence of the data obtained. In some cases, individuals only tell what they think would be the researchers expectation. In addition, the may find some questions too personal to be sincere to the researcher. The method also has compromised confidentiality. Creswell and Plano noted that subjects tended to fear that their information could leak to people whom they may not wish (2009). A further shortcoming to the method is its high chances of error as well as vulnerability to subjectivity. For instance, the researcher may modify the information on the questionnaire to contain only the information that confers with their hypotheses. It is, therefore, hard for descriptive researchers to overcome the possibility of bias especially in data collection.

Experimental Research

The method incorporates a number of hypotheses, with the first step involving the relationship between different variables (Creswell & Plano, 2007). The method is advantageous in that it minimizes the number of variables in the study hence adequately controlling independent variables. The method also allows the researcher to establish the relationship between the causes and their effects in research studies (Creswell & Plano, 2007). Following the strict conditions and controlled set up, the method also has the advantage of offering good results.

However, the method is associated with shortcomings such as failure to do certain experiments. For instance, researchers may fail to do an experiment on ethical or practical grounds. Again, the method is prone to the use of artificial data by controlling point variables (Frankfort-Nachmias, & Nachmias, 2008). Human errors are also likely to occur with the method.

Correlations Method of Design

Data collection in this method involves a comparison between two variables. The method is noted to allow researchers more time to collect data than does any other method of quantitative research (Choudhury, 2009). Findings from the methodology are also more applicable as most of the studies are done outside the laboratory (Creswell & Plano, 2007). The method is also noted to allow for future research by providing offering a starting point for other researchers.

The strategy is, however, limited in that it fails to establish a concrete reason for the relationship seen in the variables it compares (Creswell & Plano, 2007). In most cases, the design does not determine which variable controls the other. It would be possible, for instance for a study to reveal the relationship between high affluence and high levels and education. However, either of the two could cause the other yet the method cannot determine what the primary variable is. With the method, a need would arise to resolve further the issue and in the course of the further research, another variable could as well be identified. For instance, the other variable could be living in New York. In this case, living in New York could result in both affluence and high education levels.

Correlation Method of Design as the most Appropriate

In this study, a link between the lifestyle of African teens and the two issues, HIV/AIDS and pregnancies is important. In addition, the study would require a mostly observable connection, a requirement most fulfilled by the correlation method (Mcclain & Madrigal, 2012). Again, the method allows collection of the huge amount of data that would be analyzed to establish whether the lifestyle of African teens has led to the high cases of HIV/AIDS infection and pregnancy rates.

The experimental method would be inappropriate in this study as it involves too many ethical considerations. With the method, subjects could not for instance be forced into HIV/AIDS testing neither could the testing be done in their ignorance. On the other hand, the descriptive method would fail due to its lack of confidentiality.

To sum it up, different methods of research design fit in varied situations. A method could be fit in a certain study but unfit for the other. The correlative method is the most appropriate for the study relating lifestyle to high cases of pregnancies and HIV/AIDS infection among African teenagers.

Important Levels of Measurements

In this context, levels of measurements describe the relationship between attributes of a given variable (Kelley, Noell, & Reitman, 2003). To distinguish between varied aspects of a study, one requires knowing the level of measurement and its corresponding category’s nature.  In the study regarding HIV/AIDS and teen pregnancies, three of the four major measurements of levels are applicable (Rubin & Bebbie, 2010). The three are the nominal, ratio and ordinal levels.

In the nominal level, only qualitative attributes of the variables are used (Sim & Wright, 2002). In most cases, the level involves yes or no questions, and they address issues that may require emphasis. For instance, respondents could be asked whether they are from Africa and answer they give could be either yes or no but not both (Sim & Wright, 2002). For this study, the nominal scale would be particularly important to determine whether candidates are fit for the study. It would also enable the researcher to group the respondents into different categories of the study. The researcher may, for instance, group the respondents into victims of early pregnancy or HIV/AIDS infection. This would further facilitate the subsequent research procedures.

The ratio level, on the other hand, covers most information and is it usually incorporates the absolute zero (Rupp, Templin & Henson, 2010). It further engages with other levels making it important to the study topic of this research. It allows for assessment of continuous data and overcomes the assumption that zero is always the lowest possible outcome in a research question (In Little, 2014). The scale could, therefore, be important in the determination of the different causes of both high rates of HIV/AIDS infections and pregnancies in the teen population of Africans (Gliner, Morgan & Leech, 2010).

Content Validity, Empirical Validity, and Construct Validity

Validation of different aspects of research is important as it ensures that the questions involved at different levels are relevant and helpful to the study. As Messick wrote, it is required that researchers validate their survey instruments when carrying out different activities (2000).

Content Validity

Content validation is usually non-statistical and mainly assess the extent to which a given measurement tool reveal the different facets of the social set up in question.  It is advisable that content validation be carried out by a panel and not a single person (In Little, 2014). With combined efforts, chances of making uninformed decisions are decreased and, therefore, the results of the study are more likely to be reliable. Proper validation leads to the success of the research survey. For this case, a panel would be required to review the comments and also determine whether the research engages a representative population of African teens victimized by early pregnancies or HIV/AIDS. It is necessary to subject the research process to constant content tests to ensure content validation.

Empirical Validity

The validation determines the relationship between the variables in the study and the behavior of the subject. To attain empirical validity, researchers are required to incorporate adequate samples, competent measurement procedures, as well as a comprehensive statistical survey. Empirical validation is important in research as it provides a direct relationship between study variables and subjects behavior.

Construct Validity

In construct validity, tests are done to assess the claims of the theory in question. Researchers carry out experiments that aim at exploring the many aspects of the elements of a given theory. Usually, construct validity is linked to the substantive theory it is supposed to evaluate. , construct validity enables validation of theories involved in a given research.

Reliability of the Measurements

Reliability of data obtained from the research is crucial as it would boost the confidence of both the researchers in the study as well as future researchers who may refer to the data later (In LoBiondo-Wood & In Haber, 2014). For the data to be credible, the methods used to obtain it must be valid. To validate the methods, a panel would be required throughout the whole research process to overcome the tendency of individuals to make uninformed decisions. Data reliability could also be increased through conduction of random validation tests to check on the consistency of the methods (Thompson, 2003).

Reliability and Validity of Measurement Tools Employed

For the best research results, the most appropriate tools are selected in every process. However, the best tools come at a cost and a major limitation in their use is their associated high cost. The limitation does not, however, overcome the advantage of such tools as content validity as it takes a little time to compare information to the content domain. Again in empirical validity, the tool allows determination of how various behavioral traits contribute to the high HIV/AIDS infection rate as well as the high occurrence of early pregnancies in the African teen population. Construct validity, on the other hand, relates research findings to the existing theories. Reliability and validation of measurements are crucial to the success of the research on the high rates of HIV/AIDS infection and teen pregnancies.

Sampling in Quantitative Research Plan

In most cases, research results are based on the sampling. Sampling is, therefore, a critical part of most research work and should, therefore, be undertaken in the most appropriate manner. To decide on the most applicable sampling method, researchers should evaluate the advantages and the disadvantages of the available strategies (Polit & Beck, 2004). Again as MacNee and McCabe wrote, the size of the sample selected should capture as many details as possible to offer a comprehensive analysis (2007). Improper sampling could give misleading data, and the results of the research would not be valid. Use of an inappropriate method of sampling is likely to alter the results of a research study, and the whole process would be rendered useless.

As Melnyk and Morrison-Beedy (2012) indicated, randomization is one of the best strategies for quantitative research data sampling. A study on high cases of early pregnancies and high rates of HIV/AIDS infection is unquestionably more of a quantitative research and is least concerned with the theories. As such, randomization would be the best method for data sampling. Usually, randomization can involve further categorization such as cluster sampling, simple randomization sampling, and systemic sampling as well as stratified sampling. The method gives subjects an equal chance to be sampled in the study and the data collected is, therefore, least likely to be biased. In addition, randomization ensures that the selection of each participant is independent of the others allowing for an almost entirely representative group of samples. With the independence of selection, the probability for any subject to be selected is not influenced by the picking of other subjects.

Sample Size

Before conducting a study, researchers first estimate the size of the sample they require. Sample size is influenced by population size, the resources available as well as the type of sampling being conducted (Rubin & Babbie, 2010). For this study, teenagers comprise 50% of the entire African population (Falola, 2004). It is, therefore, recommendable that the research should at least involve a tenth of the teen population with equal coverage in all the African countries and based on appropriate ratios of population sizes. Unequal representation could lead to data misleading data, and therefore it should be emphasized that all African countries be equally represented in the study.  A sample to small may not offer fair representation while a sample too large could be difficult to handle and would reduce the accuracy of the data obtained. Randomization should be used in the selection of participants.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Randomization

Randomization is beneficial in that it gives a good coverage of a population with minimal bias. The method is often generalized to represent the entire population being investigated. Participants enjoy an equal opportunity to participate in a research study as long as they fit into the group being tested. It is impossible to involve the entire population in the study and randomization is usually the most appropriate means to ensure that the whole population is represented.  The method further allows researchers to relate their findings to the probability theory. In most cases, statistical data is based on randomized gathering. With proper randomization, data obtained from research offers a general view of the groups being investigated.

However, randomization faces limitations just like any other method of data collection and sampling. Proper representation of the population under test may fail especially with some strategies of randomization such as cluster-sampling and multi-stage methods of sampling. In most cases, failure of any method of randomized representation would result from initial selection of clusters. For a conclusion to be credible, the research is required to incorporate many clusters and in turn, many resources are required. Ensuring that optimal randomization is practiced is also a major problem with the method. Errors may occur with the many processes involved.

References

Creswell, J. W., & Plano, C. V. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Choudhury, A. (2009). Statistical Correlation. Retrieved March 20, 2015, from url: http://www.experiment-resources.com/statistical-correlation.html

Creative Research Systems (2010).  The Survey System. Correlation. Retrieved March 21, 2015, from url:http://www.surveysystem.com/correlation.htm

Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (2008). Research methods in the social sciences (7th ed.). New York: Worth.

Gliner, J. A., Morgan, G. A., & Leech, N. L. (2010). Research methods in applied settings: An integrated approach to design and analysis. New York: Routledge.

In Little, T. D. (2014). The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods in psychology: Volume 1.

In LoBiondo-Wood, G., & In Haber, J. (2014). Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice.

Kelley, M. L., Noell, G., & Reitman, D. (2003). Practitioner’s guide to empirically based measures of school behavior. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub.

Messick, S. (2000). Validity. In R. L. Linn (Ed.), Educational measurement (3rd ed.) (pp. 13-103). New York: Macmillan.

Macnee, C. L., & McCabe, S. (2007). Understanding nursing research: Using research in evidence-based practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Melnyk, B. M., & Morrison-Beedy, D. (2012). Intervention research: Designing, conducting, analyzing, and funding. New York: Springer Publishing

Rubin, A. (2010). Statistics for evidence-based practice and evaluation. Belmont, Calif: Brooks/Cole.

Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. R. (2010). Essential Research methods for social work. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

Rupp, A. A., Templin, J., & Henson, R. A. (2010). Diagnostic measurement: Theory, methods, and applications. New York: Guilford Press.

Sim, J., & Wright, C. C. (2002). Research in health care: Concepts, designs and methods. Cheltenham: N. Thornes.

Thompson, B. (Ed.) (2003). Score reliability: Contemporary thinking on reliability issues. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Song, J., Gwadz, M., Lee, M., Van Rossem, R., & Koopman, C. (2003). Reductions in HIV risk among runaway youth. Prevention Science, 4(3), 173-187.

Wright, K., Naar-King, S., Lam, P., Templin, T., & Frey, M. (2007). Stigma Scale Revised: Reliability and Validity of a Brief Measure of Stigma for HIV+ Youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(1), 96-98.

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Implementing and Monitoring WHS

Implementing and Monitoring WHS
Implementing and Monitoring WHS

Implementing and Monitoring WHS

Order Instructions:

1. Report

2. Identify Hazards.
Find 4 hazards anywhere at…….

3. Potential risks.

4. Priority of risks.
(a) Calculate the Priority of the risks by first assessing the consequences, exposure and probability using the Risk Level Calculator below
(b) Complete the Safety Sign Check List

5. Control Methods. Describe how you would control each hazard and or risk using the hierarchy of control and any induction and training necessary.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Implementing and Monitoring WHS

Employees and customers are often faced with risks when in the business premises. Managers try to minimize the risks occurring by trying to mitigate them to ensure that the workplace is safe and the workers and customers are also safe and free from hazardous exposure. A risk is not avoidable and is present in everyday activities. A risk can be defined as an uncertainty that surrounds events to be performed in future and the outcome (Chance & Brooks, 2015). That is the expression of the likelihood and impact of an activity which has the potential of influencing the achievement of the objectives of a company.

However, this paper addresses four hazards that might be experienced in Winter Garden noting down the potential risks, prioritizing the risks by calculating the priority list and finally provides the control methods to control each hazard using the hierarchy of control.

Identification of risks in the workplace

There are four common types of hazards that employees are exposed in the workplace. That is Physical hazards, ergonomic hazards, biological hazards and chemical hazards (Burke, 2013). The most common type of workplace hazards are Physical hazards. Four hazards that might occur in Winter Gardens include:

  • Slip and fall accidents
  • Negligent security
  • Elevator and Escalator accidents
  • Food poisoning

The above mentioned hazards are real and often occur in workplace. The management should often develop measures to mitigate such risks in order to have a safe working environment.

Potential of risks

Clients in Winter Gardens might succumb to injuries and hazards such as tripping and slipping. These injuries expose clients to potential risks such as broken limbs, sprains, injured necks and backs etc (Chance et al., 2014). Security negligence may expose the clients visiting Winter Gardens to crime which might lead to loss of property or even injuries in the event of crime or terrorism related crimes. Elevators and escalators also expose clients to accidents when they move from one place to another in the Winter Gardens. Food poisoning is also a potential danger which can occur even in exotic places like Winter Gardens. Food poisoning might expose individuals to risk of being diagnosed with E. coli and Salmonella. Therefore, it is important to observe safety measures in the workplace (Hoyt et al., 2013).

Priority of risks

Type of risk
Slip and Fall accidents Consequences VL 1
exposure VH 8
probability C 10
Risk value 19
Negligent Security Consequences VH 8
exposure L 2
probability H 6
Risk value 16
Elevators and escalator accidents Consequences VL 1
exposure H 6
probability C 10
Risk value 17
Food Poisoning Consequences L 2
exposure M 4
probability VH 8
Risk value 14

Safety Control checklist

HAZARD OR RISK YES NO LOCATION
1.      Are people able to identify what protective equipment must be worn? ü
2.      Are employees and visitors required to keep specific instructions? ü
3.      Are any arieas restricted accesses to authorized persons only? ü
4.      Are any activities prohibited in the workplace? ü
5.      Are persons warned of any dangerous areas of risks? ü
6.      Are persons warned of hazards that may cause injury or damage? ü
7.      Can persons be injured due to the way that they carry out their tasks? ü
8.      Are dangerous goods stored or used in the workplace? ü
9.      Are fire-fighting appliances properly identified ü
10.  Is the lacation of First-Aid equipment clearly identified? ü
11.  Are emergency exists, evacuation routes and assembly areas properly identified? ü
12.  Is traffic flow and parking controlled around the workplace. With safe speed limits defined? ü

Recommendations and Measures to Control Each Hazard

The best way to hazards is to put measures that can help in mitigating the risks involved. To avoid tripling in the garden, items within the buildings should be arranged in an orderly manner also to reduce accidents caused by tripling while at work (Rampini et al., 2014). All grease, food or water spills should be wiped off the floors immediately. On the same note, loose wiring and electrical cords within the environment should be taped on the walls or floors.

The management of Winter Gardens should also tighten up security and bar individuals having weapons from accessing the facility to prevent crimes that might occur due to negligence. Security also needs to monitor all security cameras within the facility especially the parking garage (Rampini et al., 2015). To prevent elevator and escalators accidents, the management of Winter Garden should ensure that all elevators and escalators in the facility are well maintained and put in place. On the same note, the organization should also address safety concerns that may arise during maintenance checks. Finally, food should be cooked properly and hygiene should be observed while handling either cooked or raw food to prevent the occurrence of food poisoning within the Winter Gardens.

References

Chance, D., & Brooks, R. (2015). Introduction to derivatives and risk management. Cengage Learning.

Rampini, A. A., Sufi, A., & Viswanathan, S. (2014). Dynamic risk management.Journal of Financial Economics, 111(2), 271-296.

Hoyt, R. E., & Liebenberg, A. P. (2011). The value of enterprise risk management. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 78(4), 795-822.

Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.

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Health care service in the USA Assignment

Health care service in the USA
Health care service in the USA

Health care service in the USA

Order Instructions:

I want to know the cost to paraphrase this paper please.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Abstract

The United States of America offers the best health care services in the world.  It is however unfortunate that some Americans still lack the best of the services due to varied reasons. Differences are evident along the lines of ethnicity and race. The less fortunate are mainly the non-white Americans, the blacks and the Indians. The situation has indeed attracted attention from researchers and academicians all over the globe. Quality health care should be available for all Americans regardless of their skin color. The health care system therefore needs to be more inclusive and available to people of different beliefs, sexuality, and religion among others. In general, a better health care system is needed to offer equal services to the entire population. Humanity is endorsed with intelligence that enable hem realize inequality and launch uprisings to fight for their rights. However, the affected groups are unable to air their concerns as a competent leadership is lacking in the system to call for quality health services to the groups.

Introduction

It is evident that change is required in health care but the lack of efficient leadership to drive the transformation offer the greatest challenge. Researchers have been reluctant in addressing the issue especially from the perspective of implementing changes that would result to equal services to people of different ethnicities. In some research works, however, researchers only point out the relation between health care for the public and emotional feelings. In this project, the role of appropriate leadership in driving transformations for provision of equal health care services to all Americans is discussed as a measure to ensure that the disadvantaged groups get their fair share. Studies carried out aim at improving health care services to all ethnic groups and races. Generally, emphasis is put on the minority groups

Disparities in the Provision of Quality Health Services to the Minority

In the US, ethnicity has been noted to influence access to health care with more difficulties for the non-whites. The research project takes a critical position and exhaustively examines the existence of disparities in access to health care for the minority groups. Transformation leadership is taken as the most appropriate vehicle in conveying the inevitable change required in the sector. In the paper, the influence of disparities in the health care sector on the implementation of the Affordable care act is examined and recommendations made on the best ways of handling the unacceptable situation. Extensive research is done to ensure that reliable evidence is used in the call exploration of the issue.

Research and review

Disparities in the health care sector as The Kaiser Family Foundation termed them entail inequality in care provision for Americans of different origin, religion, beliefs among other aspects of life (2013). With the disparities, different groups receive different levels of care and for the US skin color is among the leading factors leading to the differences. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality wrote that differences are evident in the means in which diseases are handled in different populations as expected, disease outcomes also take the trend initiated by the variations in care provision (2012).

To further illustrate, the disparities also cause differences the type of diseases, injuries as well as disabilities and mortalities that different groups experience. From another perspective, differences result from insufficiency of health care services and cultural practices as a result of differences in social; and economic backgrounds.  A link is noted between the disparities, emotions as well as the societal issues for different populations. As Deng and Gibson (2008) noted, people with poor economic background receive poor quality care as compared to their rich counterparts. It is also noted that financial instability plays a role in destabilizing the emotional status of individuals. Economic factors are noted to be one of the leading contributors in determining the quality of care people receive regarding their health. People with poor socioeconomic status often get low quality care and end up being emotionally discouraged.

Disparities in access to health care are translated in the life expectance for people in different categories. The minorities are generally found to lead a shorter life as compared to the more abled majority of the Americans. The Affordable Care Act initiated by president Obama has nevertheless achieved in minimizing the gap in health care access between people in different groups. Since its establishment, disparities in the health sector are noted to have subsided with an approach toward equality.

To solve the problem of disparities in the sector, it is important for the leaders to bring changes by collaborating with the framers of policies in the sector. by developing appropriate strategies, leaders would lead their subjects out of the emotional setbacks that result with inequality in access of high standard care in health institutions. It would be important if leaders for example, enact policies that would bring the poor closer to the rich. The policy makers also have the responsibility to solve the issue and end the long-felt disparities. By improving the socioeconomic status of the minority, All Americans would afford the current insurance plans and access to care would be generally be equaled for all. As the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality wrote, Americans would afford quality health care and there would be minimal pooling of funds into healthcare (2012). It should be noted that most of the shortcomings in ensuring equal access to quality health care are financial in origin.

Research shows that transformational leadership is the best tool in identifying change, formulating a vision as well as executing the changes from an authoritative position to obtain the required changes. (Assanova & McGuire, 2009). To create equality, leaders should institute essential reforms that create coordination and supervisory guidelines for the care of the minority groups (Alino & Alban, 2011). By taking the measure, leaders would be at a better position to evaluate their progress and implement the policies provided on the eradication of the disparities in the health sector. Leaders are in addition expected to understand the need of emotional intelligence as well as its influence on the lives of their subjects. In the mode of leadership, leader’s performance should go beyond the anticipations. This would be achieved by encouraging integrity and fairness through support provision and recognition. As Deng and Gibson (2008) wrote, leaders in transformational leadership try as much as possible to avoid self-interest and would therefore steer up toward elimination of the disparities and lead to the achievement of equal care for people of varied backgrounds.

Gap in the literature

In this research, a gap is noted to exist at the level of leadership and therefore needs to be filled. Assanova and McGuire noted that there exist volumes of leadership that can address the healthcare disparities for the different groups (2009). It is important to address the gaps as by so doing, the transformational leadership and an approach to emotional intelligence forms the basics in achieving curbing the disparities evident in health care provision.

Problem Statement

Disparities in the health sector involve provision of care between for people of varied races, ethnicities, religions and many other divisions. The imbalance existing in the sector results from social, economic as well as cultural factors. Disparities are seen in many forms. Among them is the access to health care, attendance given for various diseases, as well as genetic and ethnic factors. Disparities eventually lead to differences in disease outcomes for different populations.  In most cases, the outcome is more adverse for the disadvantaged minority groups as compared to the outcome seen in most other Americans. According to research, a link exists between disparities and low birth weights, and premature miscarriages among other reproductive health abnormalities. These issues often have significant effect on emotions and hence social activities undertaken by the different individuals.

Identifying Gaps to Impact Change

General health includes optimal body functionality inclusive of one’s mental status and functioning. Emotional senses also comprise the general wellness. It is therefore important that people’s emotions are protected from by offering the quality services to them without incidences of discrimination based on skin color, race, ethnicity, religion or any other factor likely to create divisions. It is necessary that leaders realize the impact of emotions on ones health. People often experience emotional destruction from discriminative treatment based on their status in the society. Obstacles noted to affect quality care provision to people include geographical locations, ethnicity, race, gender as well as one’s social status. Health disparities have effect on the psychological states of people and their performance is often influenced. Among personal factors affected by disparities are abilities, acquaintance as well as skills. In addition, health disparities are known to predispose people to chronic diseases and high death rates (Agency of Heathcare Research and Quality, 2012). Research has shown for example that African Americans have a 10% higher risk to cancer as compared to their white counterparts. The same case is seen with diabetes and other common chronic illnesses.

It is also notable that minority groups are less likely to consult private doctors as compared to the people in the majority groups. Poor access to health services is one of the factors that predispose the minority to diseases. Again, the problem roots from the economic status of the people. It is however saddening that the gap between the rich population and their poor counterparts often widens instead of narrowing. The whites in America continue to access health services with increasing efficiency while the situation worsens for the blacks. Such situation as Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality wrote impacts negatively on the livelihood of the minority groups. Minimizing the disparities in the sector would boost emotions at the personal level leading to improved health conditions for the minority groups. Transformational leadership that aims to care for emotional intelligence would lead to better lives for the minority groups and they would in turn enjoy a longer life span.                 

Personal Public Health Leadership Theory

One of the key pillars of an organization is its leadership. There has been intensive research to explore on appropriate forms of leadership. Researchers have developed multiple theories explaining leadership. Qualities that distinguish quality leaders have been outlined in many research works. Transformational leadership is one of the theories that offer explanations on most appropriate leadership practices. The theory emphasize on individual achievements. The theory for instance indicates that charisma is a necessary trait for leaders. Together with the ability to lead people toward high productivity, charisma makes a leader more appropriate to execute transformations (Lang, 2010). The bond that exists between transformational leaders and their subjects is a motivational factor and reduces incidences of distrust between the parties. In transformation leadership therefore, behavior of the parties is modified to allow healthy interactions between the parties.  The mode of leadership in addition orients employees toward a common goal making it easier for organizations to run smoothly. A serving interaction is established in the organization rather than that dominated by a feeling of power (Bass & Riggo, 2006). In addition, the leadership depicts direct relation with personal characteristics. Confidence and emotional feelings are depicted in transformational leadership. In this way, leadership integrates personal attributes with management. It is therefore necessary that transformational leaders be constituted in the management of organizations that require reforms. The style of leadership would work for situations requiring behavioral change in addition to improved management.

Nature of Organizational Change in Healthcare using transformational
Leadership approach

Professionals in health care provision are working to ensure that improvements are noted in the sector. Differences in care provision based on ethnicity, race, religion and color are intolerable for the profession. Leaders in health care are expected to be skillful and to depict competence by being emotionally supportive. The disconnection between leadership and emotional competence should be corrected for the best outcomes on the move to improve equal access to quality health care.

It is important for the framework employed in closing the gap to ensure that health goals are pursued. The framework should offer strategies to which leaders are expected to base their decisions. Such strategies should see to the reduction of individual interests and prioritize on achievements as an organization. By using such leadership methods, the disparities seen in quality health care provision would be solved.

A Representation of the Public Health Leadership Theory

       Set Directions: Mission, Vision and Strategy

 

Fig.1  Transformational leadership style cycle using emotional intelligence

Fig 2    The Nature of Organizational Change in Healthcare using transformational Leadership approach.

How the Visual Representation addresses the Literature Gaps

The system addresses gaps by development of concepts from scientific methods of data collection (Les & Magdelena, 2008). Among the developed concepts are theories that that explain different situations in from a scientific approach. The representations are scientific in origin and are the concepts are therefore reliable to refer to in order to understand scientific issues. After identification of the relevant issues, leadership strategies can be formulated to help solve the problems. Generally, visual representation offers proper understanding of situations which in turn allow for development of appropriate leadership techniques to handle the issues.

Method of Data Collection and Analysis

Data was collected by the use of structured questionnaires. Data analysis was enabled by the use of the SPPS statistical software as well as Monkey Survey.com. Data evaluation on the other hand was done through T-test. To maintain the validity of the research, randomization was used in selection of participants in the study. To evaluate transformational leadership, the Pearson coefficient was used together with ordinal and nominal measurement scales. By the use of the tools, the impact of transformational leadership on the lives of the minorities in the US  was determined.

Significance of the Study

The research study addressed a problem that is often neglected by researches. The research may open the way for more comprehensive studies regarding provision of quality services to the American minority groups. The study also offered transformative leadership as an approach to overcome the disparity. The research outcome provides important information and strategies that would help in handling the disparities.

Ethical Considerations

All activities in the study were bound within ethical requirements. To further guarantee privacy, standard guidelines regarding information handling will be strictly adhered to. As a requirement, the study will be approved by Public Health Department of Walden University. Permission will also be sought from relevant authorities in the community under test.

Conclusion

            The health sector in the United States has been characterized with disparities for long. As observed, the disparities root from differences between the rich and the poor. The larger the gap between the two classes, the more the disparities observed in the health sector. Among the key factors resulting to the disparities are socioeconomic status of the people, ethnicity, race, religion, values and beliefs among others. The best means of addressing the disparities as seen in this research involve the use of transformative leadership. Such leadership should see to increased social welfare among the minority and increased wages to close the gap. All Americans are entitled to equal access to quality health care and leaders should ensure that citizens enjoy the right. Emotional intelligence should also be coupled with transformative leadership for fast achievements in provision of equal access to services.

References

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2012). National Health Care Disparities Report.
Retrieved from http://ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/.

Alimo-Metcalfe, B., & Alban-Metcalfe, J. (2011). The development of a new transformational Leadership Questionnaire . The Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 1 – 27 .

Assanova, M. & Mc Guire (2009). Applicability Analysis of the Emotional intelligence Theory.Indiana University. Retrieved from http://indiana.edu/~spea/pubs/undergrad-honors-honors_vol3_no1.pdf.

Creswell, J. (2011). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach Custom Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.

Deng, L. & Gibson, P. (2008). ” A Qualitative Evaluation on the Role of Cultural Intelligence in Cross-Cultural Leadership Effectiveness,” in International Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 3 Iss. 2, 2008, pp. 181-197, 2008 School of Global Leadership & Entrepreneurship, Regent University. URl.

Lang, M. (2010). Transformational leadership: fundamental, models, differences and impact on employees Norderstedt. Germany. Duck und Bindung.

Les, Z & Magdelena, L (2008) Shape Understanding System: The First Step towards the Visual Thinking Machines. Heidelberg. Springer.

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DuPont Analysis of companies for the past three years

DuPont Analysis of companies for the past three years
DuPont Analysis of companies for the past three years

DuPont Analysis of companies for the past three years

Order Instructions:

This week the writer will build on what he completed on the first week with order #112856 and will add the respond to the questions hear below as week 2 and will take the completed solutions from #112856 and add as week 1 at the beginning of the paper like that he will be building the paper up as we go forward. Remember this is a continues assignment and it will run for a couple of weeks. As mentioned earlier, week one was order #112856 and the response to the questions below will be week 2 so take note and I have resubmitted a template hear to use to add week one and 2, so let the writer pay attention to those details. Also when the writer adds the references from 112856 to this paper, he must make sure the are in alphabetical order as per APA.

• Investment Analysis and Recommendation Paper – continued from #112856

During this week, you will assess the company you selected for your Investment Analysis and Recommendation Paper relative to its competitors in terms of financial ratios. Financial ratio reports are available on numerous Web sites (examples: Reuters, Google, Finance, Hoovers). Remember, different Web sites may use slightly different definitions.

Using income statements and balance sheets for your company AND at least one of its main competitor’s, respond to the following:

• Calculate the DuPont identity for both companies for the past three years.

• Discuss any differences and/or trends that emerge.

Write up a 2-page summary minimum of your findings, including any calculations you made, and how you gathered your information. Please follow the template and present the information base on the templates headings.

SAMPLE ANSWER

DuPont Analysis of companies for the past three years

Return on Investment (ROE) is the is one of the most important company analysis tools that is used to measure how well a company manages and creates value to their shareholders. However, the values on the ROE can sometimes be misleading in terms of real value and risks associated with a particular investment. The numbers in the ROE can easily be misleading to financial analysis if the individual components of the ROE have not been broken down to their individual components. In this regard, DuPont can bridge the gap created by the ROE and provide a reliable measure of how the company creates value for its shareholders (Mitchell, Mitchell, & Cai, 2013). DuPont is the financial analysis tool that enables the breakdown of the ROE into its various individual components such as financial leverage, asset turnover, and profit margin (Haskins, 2013). The following is the financial calculation of DuPont of Chesapeake Energy Corporation, together with their competitor, Anadarko Petroleum Corporation (APC) (Cheasapeake Corp, 2015).

DuPont takes utilizes the basis of the individual component of ROE which is given by;

Profit Margin X Asset Turnover X Leverage Factor

Chesapeake Energy Corporation (CEC) Financials for the past three years

2014 2013 2012
Total Assets $40,751,000 41,782,000 41,611,000
Shareholders’ Equity $16,903,000 15,995,000 15,569,000
Revenue $20,951,000 17,506,000 12,316,000
Net Income $1,917,000 724,000 769,000

Anadarko Petroleum Corporation (APC) Financials for the past three years

2014 2013 2012
Total Assets 61,689,000 55,781,000 52,589,000
Shareholders’ Equity 19,725,000 21,857,000 20,629,000
Revenue 18,470,000 14,581,000 13,411,000
Net Income (1,750,000) 801,000 2,391,000

In the year 2012;

The DuPont for Chesapeake Energy Corporation is given by

Net Profit x Asset Turnover x Leverage Factor

(769,000/12,316,000) x (12,316,000/41,611,000) x (41,611,000/12,316,000)

= 0.0624 x 0.256 x 3.379 = 0.054

The DuPont for Anadarko Petroleum Corporation (APC) is given by

(2,391,000/13,411,000) x (13,411,000/52,589,000) x (52,589,000/20,629,000) =

=0.1783 x 0.255 x 2.541 = 0.116

In the year 2013;

The DuPont for Chesapeake Energy Corporation is given by

(724,000/17,506,000) x (17,506,000 / 41,782,000) x (41,782,000/15,995,000) =

0.041 x 0.419 x 2.612 = 0.045

The DuPont for Anadarko Petroleum Corporation (APC) is given by

(801,000/14,581,000) x (14,581,000/55,781,000) x (55,781,000/21,857,000) =

0.055 x 0.21 x 2.55 = 0.029

In the year 2014;

The DuPont for Chesapeake Energy Corporation is given by

(1,917,000/20,951,000) x (20,951,000/40,751,000) x (40,751,000/16,903,000) =

0.091 x 0.514 x 2.411 = 0.113

The DuPont for Anadarko Petroleum Corporation (APC) is given by

(1,750,000/18,470,000) x (18,470,000/61,689,000) x (61,689,000/19,725,000) =

0.095 x 0.299 x 3.127 = 0.089

Differences and trend that emerge

In the year 2012, the operating efficiency of APC (0.18) was higher than that of CEC (0.06) as can be seen in their profit margins. In the same year, it can be deduced that the asset use efficiency of between the two companies are almost the same since they stood at 0.255 for APC and 0.256 for CEC. On the other hand, the financial leverage for CEC was higher (3.4) than the financial leverage for APC (2.5).

In the year 2013, the operating efficiency of APC (0.05) was still higher than that of CEC (0.04). In the same year, the asset use efficiency of CEC was higher than the asset use efficiency of APC. Similarly, CEC had a higher financial leverage in the year 2013 than APC. Overall, it can be deduced that CEC performed better than APC in the year 2013.

In the year 2014, the operating efficiency of APC (0.095) was higher than that of CEC (0.091). However, the asset use efficiency of CEC stood higher (0.5) than that of APC (0.3). On the other hand, APC had a higher financial leverage (3.1) than CEC (2.4) as can be deduced from the financial calculations. The higher the financial leverage, the better a company is placed to provide good value for its shareholders (Brian, Sandra, & Jennifer, 2013)

References

Brian, J. H, Sandra, M. T. & Jennifer, C. H. (2013). Benefit Corporation Concerns for Cheasapeake Corp. (2015). Company Profile: Chesapeake Energy Corporation. MarketLine Financial Service Professionals. Journal of Financial Service Professionals. 74-82.

Haskins, M. E.(2013). A decade of DuPont ratio performance. Management Accounting Quarterly, 14(2), 24-33.

Mitchell, T., Mitchell, S., & Cai, C. (2013). Using the DuPont decomposing process to create A marketing model. Journal of Business & Economics Research (Online), 11(11), 485.

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Nursing Process and Nursing care plan

Nursing Process and Nursing care plan
Nursing Process and Nursing care plan

Nursing Process and Nursing care plan

Order Instructions:

Tips for Success
The M6A3: Application of the Nursing Process Paper counts as 30% of your grade for this course.
We suggest that you develop and outline and use the following time-line as your guide for completing your paper:

Week 1: Review the requirements for the paper.
Week 2: Begin developing an outline for your paper.
Week 3: You should have your outline completed.
Week 4: You should be using your outline to write your paper.
Week 5: Continue work on your paper.
Week 6: Finalize your paper and submit by the end of the week.

linked item M6A3: Application of the Nursing Process Paper
Using APA format, the information from this course, and your assigned readings write a six (6) to ten (10) page paper (excludes cover and reference page) addressing the application of the nursing process to a patient care scenario. Use these directions and the scoring rubric as you develop the paper. Outlines and abstracts are NOT required with this paper. Do not include the scenario in the paper
A minimum of three (3) current professional references must be provided excluding a nursing diagnosis book. Current references include professional publications or valid and current websites dated within five (5) years. Additionally, a textbook that is no more than one (1) edition old may be used. Do not use abbreviations…write out everything.
The paper consists of three (3) parts:

The meaning and use of the nursing process in making good nursing judgments that effect patient care
The development of a plan of care using the nursing process for a specific patient situation
The preparation stage for a teaching plan to prevent a recurrence of a similar situation

The following sheet will assist you when composing the plan of care for the paper: Overview of the Nursing Process.
Part 1 (3-4 pages)

Review the required readings about the nursing process. In your own words, define each step of the process and provide an example for each step.
In the implementation step, what is meant by direct and indirect care as described by the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) project?
Discuss the three (3) types of nursing interventions (nurse-initiated, dependent, and interdependent) that applies to the patient care situation. Provide an example of each (refer to your textbook).
Explain how the nursing process provides the basis for the registered nurse to make a nursing judgment that results in safe patient care with good outcomes.
Discuss how the registered nurse evaluates the overall use of the nursing process. Identify three (3) variables that may influence the ability to achieve the desired outcomes for the patient.
How is the plan of care modified when the outcomes are not met?
How does the RN use the nursing process to make decisions about the priority of care?

Part 2 (3 pages)
Patient scenario
A 78-year-old man is living in an assisted living facility. He is able to walk very short distances and uses a wheelchair to transport himself to the communal dining room. He administers his own medications independently and bathes himself. Over the last year he prefers to remain in the wheelchair even when in his room. He has a history of CHF, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and lower extremity weakness. He is able to state his current medications include metoprolol (Lopressor) 50 mg once daily by mouth, furosemide (Lasix) 20 mg once daily by mouth, Quinapril (Acupril) 20 mg once daily by mouth, atorvastatin (Lipitor) 20 mg once daily by mouth. During a routine examination, his physician noted a pressure ulcer over the ischium on the right buttocks. The wound is oval about 10mm x 8 mm, with red and yellow areas in the middle and black areas on some surrounding tissue. It has a foul odor. The patient had been padding the area so “it doesn’t get my pants wet”. The physician arranged for him to be admitted to the hospital in order for intravenous antibiotic therapy and wound care to be initiated. After being admitted to the hospital his medications are: metoprolol (Lopressor )50 mg orally every 12 hours, furosemide (Lasix ) 40mg once daily by mouth, quinapril HCl (Accupril) 40 mg once daily by mouth, cefazolin (Ancef)1.5 Grams in 50 mL 0.9 % Normal Saline intravenously three times a day. The result of the wound culture identified Methicilin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. After a surgical debridement of the black tissue a SilvaSorb® (antimicrobial gel) dressing was ordered daily.
Develop a Plan of Nursing Care for this patient that includes all steps of the nursing process:

One (1) actual NANDA-I nursing diagnosis statement addressing the priority problem the patient is experiencing. You need to provide the entire nursing diagnosis statement. For example: Acute pain, related to tissue trauma, as evidenced by patient rating pain at 7 on the 0-10 verbal pain scale. Provide a rationale, with evidence, why this nursing diagnosis is the priority for this patient.
What is the assessment data that supports the use of this nursing diagnosis? These are the assessments you will collect to determine if the patient has this nursing diagnosis. For example: Will assess the patient’s pain using the 0-10 verbal pain scale.
One (1) expected outcome (realistic, measureable and contains a time frame). that addresses the diagnosis and meets the criteria for an expected patient outcome. Discuss whether the outcome is a cognitive, psychomotor, affective or physiologic outcome. Discuss why the time frame selected for the evaluative criteria was selected. Use evidence as the basis for the time frame and criteria. You need to be specific to this particular patient. For example: Patient will rate pain at 3 on the 0-10 verbal pain scale. Of course, you would also need to answer the rest of the items in this section.
Four (4) nursing interventions that includes at least one (1) nurse-initiated, one (1) dependent, one (1) interdependent intervention. Label your interventions as above. Provide a rationale for each intervention that is evidence-based. Lastly, your interventions must be able to move the patient toward the achievement of the outcome. Select interventions, you as the RN can perform, that could reduce the pain and provide the rationale as to why; be sure they are evidence-based. For example: Teach patient guided imagery to distract attention and reduce tension.

Part 3 (1-2 pages)
To assist the patient in preventing a recurrence of a similar incident once he returns to the assisted living environment, the RN needs to develop a teaching plan. Use the nursing process to consider the information the RN would need prior to development of the plan. Respond to the following and be able to support your answers. You will not be developing a teaching-learning plan but demonstrating using the teaching-learning process to prepare for an individualized plan.

How does the RN decide the format of the teaching plan, i.e., written, verbal, or other?
How does the RN know which information needs to be included?
When does the RN determine how and when to evaluate the teaching-learning process?

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SAMPLE ANSWER

Nursing Process and Nursing care plan

Part 1: Nursing Process

Nursing process is the key factor that facilitates the nurses in delivering quality patient centered care. Nursing is defined as the science and art concerned with protecting and promoting peoples psychological, physical, psychological and cultural aspects. The science is based on a big theoretical framework whereas its art is depicted on the caring capacities and skills of each nurse. The concept of nursing process was established to defined to guide the nurses when making decisions on  care  provision and it involves five major steps namely; a) Assessment, b) diagnosis, c) planning/identification of outcome, d) implementation, and e) evaluation (Bruylands Et al., 2013).

Assessment is the first step of nursing process and involves gathering of information and data concerning a particular event. The nurses are encouraged to perform holistic care assessment of both patient healthcare history and physical examination so as to determine the specific healthcare demands of a patient. The data gathered is sorted, organized and documented for future references. Nursing diagnosis is the second step in nursing process; which involves analysis of the assessment and data gathered. Diagnosis process is conducted with the aim of establishing the patient’s specific healthcare needs.  It involves identifying the actual problem including disease clinical manifestation. It also includes identification of risks factors and ways to improve patient’s outcome (Liu, 2013).

Planning step entails all activities geared towards   development of priorities, objectives and the identification of the desired outcomes. It involves identification of specific nursing interventions as documented by action plan. Nursing action plan is effective if it is guided by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and the Betty Neuman’s system theory. The implementation process involves putting the action plan into action to achieve the desired outcome set for each patient. The patient continued to receive treatment and quality care until their healthcare condition is achieved. The last step is evaluation and it involves assessing of the outcomes to see if it is congruent with the action plan. If the outcomes are negative, the interventions are modified appropriately (Fleming, 2014).

According to Nursing Interventions Classifications (NIC), direct nursing interventions refer to nursing interventions which involve direct interaction with the client/patient. For example, medication therapy being provided to person with congestive heart failure.  Indirect nursing interventions include strategies that are implemented to improve patient’s health but the client is indirectly involved. This includes issues such as introduction of hourly rounding’s in hospital to reduce the number of hospital falls. Nursing interventions are classified into three broad categories including; a) dependent, b) interdependent, and c) independent intervention.  Interdependent intervention involves nursing actions that are implemented through partnership and teamwork. It involves intensive consultations across the healthcare provider before any intervention is implemented. These includes actions such recommend surgery to patients with hyperthyroidism.  This will only be done if all other therapy implemented has failed, and it involves a lot of consultation between the healthcare providers before the decision is made. The dependent interventions involve strategies that are recommended by higher health care authorities to the nurses. These include actions such as terminating patient’s medication due to reactions. The   independent intervention includes all actions that can be implemented by the nurse without any consent from the authority.  These involve all practices permitted by nurse practitioner scope of practice (Kehrel, 2015).

The nursing process guides the registered nurse in taking patients medical history while still remaining culturally competent.  Nursing process requires the nurses to identify the healthcare problem, identify the etiology analyze the risk factors. Using the data generated form these process, the nurse can design patient focused action plan.  The process also guides the identified intervention implementation in an orderly and structured manner.  The outcomes expected are goal oriented and focused in providing care to the patient (Lu Et al., 2015). The process requires documentation in each step and well communicated whenever it is necessary. The nurse interventions are then evaluated to check if they match the expected patient outcome. The evaluation process requires joint effort between the   healthcare providers; and where the outcomes are not achieved, it may require a little bit of brainstorming to identify the gap and to establish the variables that need to be re-evaluated. Some of the variables  that can be re-evaluated include  the data gathering/ assessment to check if the information was collected thoroughly or there was some information that  were overlooked. The second variables include diagnosis to check if risk factors were adequately explored (Vaillant-Roussel Et al., 2014).

In some cases, the etiology can be wrong or inadequately explored.  In some cases, the expected outcomes and interventions developed could be unrealistic or unreasonably unmanageable.  If the outcomes are not met, the nursing process begins all over again from the assessment, diagnosis and action plan to implementation. This time, the nurse can involve other peers so that they can contribute to the healthcare dilemma and hopefully identify the relevant ideologies in establishing the best intervention. The best intervention is the evidence based one. The nurses need to make thorough research to identify the best practice which must be agreed by all the health care providers and the stake holders involved. This way, the nursing processes helps the registered nurse by helping then identify and define the problem, gather the healthcare information relevant to the matter and to generate the best possible conclusions (Svavarsdottir Et al., 2014).

Part 2: Nursing care plan

Assessment

George King lives in a residential care facility. His movement is restricted and mainly depends on wheel chair. He can manage the daily living activities such as bathing and dining. He likes living in isolation. He has history of Cardiac Heart Failure disease, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension and lower extremity weakness. He is under the following medication. His previous  medication  including  Lopressor 50 mg, Atorvastatin  20 mg, Furosemide 20 mg and Quinapril 20 mg.

He is currently on Metoprolol 50 mg; Quinapril 40 mg, Furosemide 40 mg which are administered orally and cefazolin 1.5 g diluted in 50 mL 0.9% normal saline which is administered thrice a day. Recent routine medical checkup reported a pressure ulcer on his right side of the buttock.  The ulcer is estimated to be around 10 mm by 8 mm. It is red in color with yellow sports all over it. The ulcer produces foul odor.

Physical examination

Height: 5’8”; Weight: 56 kg; Temperature: 36.60C; Pulse: 90 BPM; Respiration: 22/Minute; Bp: 160/7 80 mm Hg: Skin is most but pale; the pupils dilated; the neurovascular system, muscular system and gastrointestinal system are intact. The patient complains of memory loss.

 Nursing diagnosis

  • Manage the pressure ulcer
  • Pain relieve
  • Patient education

Pathophysiology

The pressure ulcer is on the patient’s right side of the buttock.  The ulcer is estimated to be around 10 mm by 8 mm. It is red in color with yellow sports all over it. The ulcer produces foul odor.

Outcome expectation

The main objective is to relieve the discomfort associated with the pressure ulcer. The patient has to verbalize reduction of pain by 80%. The patient must be taught on ways to ensure that the pressure ulcer does not progress and to prevent occurrences of the pressure ulcer in the future.

Nursing interventions

  1. Establish the main reason why the patient prefers to use the movement aid rather than walking. This will facilitate identifying strategies to ensure that the patient does not remain sitting most part of his life
  2. Record the patients agility to record and monitor the patient pattern of movement so as to determine alternative walking aids that can be used other  than the wheel chair
  3. Nurse will conduct evidence based practice that can be applied to reduce progression of the disease and to relieve as well as cure the pressure ulcer nursing interdisciplinary approach.
  4. Educate the patient on behavioral modification such as mild exercises that can be done routinely to ensure that the patient does not remain seated most part of his life

Rationale and evaluation

  1. The patient verbalizes pain relief. There is little discomfort. The main reason the pressure ulcer occurred was the prolonged sitting in one position. The patient verbalizes the understanding of the disease pathophysiology
  2. The routine monitoring and increased exercise relieved the patient pressure ulcer. The patient was also advised to use roho cushion seats to reduce the  pressure on the wound
  3. The teaching program was objective and realistic. The RN is considering to teach other patients on strategies to reduce the pressure ulcer

 Part 3: Patient teaching plan

Working in partnership between the patient and the healthcare provider is important because it makes it possible to establish an all-inclusive relationship between these two parties. The man aim of partnership is to improve the quality of care. Communication is a key factor in teaching the patient on the best self-care management.   Patient education program is important because it enables patient understand their health conditions thereby improving their self-esteem.  The registered nurse is responsible for the development of a teaching plan; and during the process, the nurse should put several factors into consideration. To decide the format of teaching, the nurse must be close with the patient so as to identify their specific care needs that needs to be addressed through education (Fleming, 2014).

The main objective for patient education is to empower the patient, and once the teaching process initiates, it should not cease until the registered nurse is sure that the patient can take great care of themselves.  The patients’ health care demand can be assessed through physical examination and through consultation of medical history so that the nurse can identify the specific patients’ healthcare requirements. Based on the patient’s assessment report, three approaches can be used to teach the   patient. Cognitive approach involves using the patient cognitive function. The affective teaching involves applying of social cultural values and beliefs to make the patient trust the registered nurse education. This is particularly important when dealing with patient who belief in traditional and cultural values. Psychomotor involves physical teaching to the patient. Additionally, the nurse should   use the best format based on the patient age, education back ground and cognitive function to strategize if he/she will use verbal, written or audiovisual approach (Bruylands Et al., 2013).

Using the best approach, the nurse can identify the best intervention for each need. This includes identification of long term and short term objectives. Other close persons that interact with the patient can also join in the teaching process so that they can accord the patient the support he/she needs. For the mentally challenged person, the psychomotor teaching approach is the best. For the elderly, the registered nurse is advised to use audiovisual approach because it makes it better for the patient to understand. The young and those whose cognitive function is in good condition   can be taught using cognitive approach and both verbal and written format. The registered nurse should always check for feedback to evaluate if the patients completely understand the education completely. During the assessment, the nurse should assess weakness and strengths. This will enable the nurse to address the weakness better. Assessment can be conducted through questionnaires and observations. The report made can be used to enhance the patient teaching plan even more. In some cases, the objectives may not be realized because they are too complicated or unmanageable. In this context, the registered nurse should begin the whole process again, and where necessary integrate the peers so that they can contribute to strategies to help the patient self-manage their care (Svavarsdottir Et al., 2014).

   References

Bruylands, M., Paans, W., Hediger, H., & Müller-Staub, M. (2013). Effects on the Quality of the Nursing Care Process Through an Educational Program and the Use of Electronic Nursing Documentation. International Journal Of Nursing Knowledge, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/j.2047-3095.2013.01248.x

Fleming, J. (2014). A Future for Adult Educators in Patient Education. Adult Learning, 25(4), 166-168. doi:10.1177/1045159514546217

Kehrel, U. (2015). The acceptance of process innovations in drug supply – An empirical analysis of patient-individualized blister packaging in stationary nursing facilities. International Journal Of Healthcare Management, 8(1), 58-63. https://www.doi:10.1179/2047971914y.0000000085

Liu, J. (2013). Exploring nursing assistants’ roles in the process of pain management for cognitively impaired nursing home residents: a qualitative study. J Adv Nurs, 70(5), 1065-1077. doi:10.1111/jan.12259

Lu, C., Tang, S., Lei, Y., Zhang, M., Lin, W., Ding, S., & Wang, P. (2015). Community-based interventions in hypertensive patients: a comparison of three health education strategies. BMC Public Health, 15(1). doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1401-6

Svavarsdottir, E., Sigurdardottir, A., Konradsdottir, E., Stefansdottir, A., Sveinbjarnardottir, E., & Ketilsdottir, A. et al. (2014). The Process of Translating Family Nursing Knowledge Into Clinical Practice. Journal Of Nursing Scholarship, 47(1), 5-15. doi:10.1111/jnu.12108

Vaillant-Roussel, H., Laporte, C., Pereira, B., Tanguy, G., Cassagnes, J., & Ruivard, M. et al. (2014). Patient education in chronic heart failure in primary care (ETIC) and its impact on patient quality of life: design of a cluster randomised trial. BMC Family Practice, 15(1). doi:10.1186/s12875-014-0208-3

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Cultural competency in health and social care & nursing care  

Cultural competency in health and social care & nursing care
Cultural competency in health and social care & nursing care

Cultural competency in health and social care & nursing care

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This is a 7 pages paper
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The M6A3: Cultural Competence: Registered Professional Nurse Responsibility Paper counts as 30% of your grade for this course.
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linked item M6A3: Cultural Competence: Registered Professional Nurse Responsibility Paper
Using APA format, write a six (6) to ten (10) page paper (excludes cover and reference page) that examines culturally sensitive nursing care. The paper consists of two (2) parts and must be submitted by the close of week six (6).
A minimum of three (3) current professional references must be provided. Current references include professional publications and valid websites dated within five (5) years. Additionally, a textbook that is no more than one (1) edition old may be used.

Part 1 – Introduction
Address the following:

  • Using your own words, define culturally competent nursing care. Support the definition with a professional literature citation.
  • Identify four (4) guidelines the registered professional nurse may use to enhance the ability to provide culturally competent nursing care. Provide one example the culturally competent nurse applies to each of the four (4) selected guidelines. At least one example must address care of patient(s) not occurring in an acute care hospital.
  • Describe how the registered professional nurse evaluates if the patient’s cultural needs have been met.
  • Describe whether cultural practices must be accommodated in all aspects of health care. Provide a specific example and rationale to support your response.

Part 2- Demonstrating Culturally Competent Nursing Care
Address the following:

  • Select one of the following cultures:
    Asian
    Native American
    Hispanic
  • Select four (4) cultural features, associated with the selected cultures that influence the provision of nursing care for patients with chronic illness and at the end of their lives. Describe how the four (4) cultural features influence the provision of care to the patients.
  • Provide two (2) nursing interventions that demonstrate nursing care, which reflect the respect for the dignity and uniqueness of those cultural features for patients experiencing chronic illness and at the end of their lives.

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SAMPLE ANSWER

Part A:  Cultural competency in health and social care

The reforms in health care industry are focusing on ways to embrace diversity in providing care. Cultural differences affect patient’s perceptions about sickness, their assessment and disease outcome. With the advancement in technology, it has become easy for people to move from place to place making countries to be ethnically diverse than the nursing forces.  Thus, the nurses work with the patients from various cultural backgrounds. Therefore, the health care facility must provide a culturally competent healthcare environment.  Cultural refers to the way of life of a population including shared values, skills and languages (McClimens, Brewster & Lewis, 2014). It is the aspect of the society which defines person’s character due to the conscious and unconscious beliefs that have been installed in them. In this context, cultural competency refers to the ability to deliver quality care which is congruent with people’s social background and cultural expectations. A culturally competent organization is one that demonstrates that their organizations integrate awareness of the community health related cultural beliefs and how they impact the disease prevalence and the mortality rates. The healthcare settings must be established in a manner that acknowledges the value of culture and the repercussions if the health care providers fail to respect the diversity (Legha Et al., 2014).

Four essential elements are necessary in ensuring that the institutions are culturally diverse including a) valuing cultural diversity; b) valuing the cultural dynamics that makes the community interact effectively; c) adapting and reflecting to the understanding of the existing cultural diversity and d) possessing institutionalized cultural knowledge.  From all levels, the nurse must reflect on the diversity on the population the healthcare facility serves. This will facilitate the nurses to push better for care for the underprivileged and the underserved populations.  Valuing the diversity in the community it facilitates their understandings of the community perceptions about health. Everybody in the society or a nurse interacts with has a cultural identity which in one way impact their perception about culture. Importantly, the nurse must understand that culture is not static. It evolves over and over again with time (Dudas, 2012).

A client from developing country was admitted in one of the healthcare facility in this country. The person migrated into this country as an asylum seeker and all her life, she has believed and worshipped in one religion in the country of origin. Fortunately, on migration, the patient found other members in this country and fellowshipped together.  Whenever a person is admitted in hospital, there must be a ritual that has to be performed so as to scare away the evil spirits. The ceremony involves chanting, burning of the incense stick and produces some smoke. When the nurse in charge was requested, she was in a dilemma because she had never experienced these cultural rituals in public places before (Mareno & Hart, 2014). However, understanding the value  of cultural competence she discussed the matter with the senior  management  who evaluated the impact of disturbances  to the other clients  due to noise from chanting, risks for fire as the  burning of the things was being done  and the effects of smoke to patients from these  processes. The administration provided a separate room for the ritual. They even went ahead in incorporating the cultural concepts in their medication process. The patient was requested to chant prayers three times while facing west before taking the medication. Within a week, the patient condition had improved due to the increased cooperation with the medical providers (Norton & Marks-Maran, 2014).

From the case scenario, valuing the cultural components in the community will help the nurse reduce reactions and prejudices which could impact the patient-nurse relations. As a matter of fact, nurse culture is influenced by professional values as are slightly influenced by nurses’ beliefs.  Valuing cultural diversity is an important guideline because it the nurses responsibility to assess the patient’s needs and expectations as established by the patient cultural values.  For instance, some community beliefs that giving birth to disabled children is a curse; and is often associated with evil spirits. In such a case, it is more likely that the infant’s mother could feel distressed and confused. The nurse must listen to the patient to understand her concerns; and it is their responsibility to ensure that the mother overcomes the fear. These impacts the whole society as the woman could be bold to speak out for her child, empowering other women who are under similar circumstances (Legha Et al., 2014).

Additionally, the ability to recognize the cultural dynamics within the society is important. This is because it acts as a guide on how the community uses the dynamics to make sure that they live in harmony and that their health is protected or promoted. The cultural dynamics and potential interactions among the community increase the probability for stereotyping and misjudging. For instance, a nurse can associate certain ailments with cultural practices which seem unhygienic. In other cases, the nurse can discuss topics which are identified as bad omen to the society such as discussing issues of unborn child.  In this case, the nurse must listen to the patient’s description of their health conditions, the reason the patient thinks the disease is manifesting its symptoms and their perception on treatment (Norton & Marks-Maran, 2014).

Adapting and reflecting to the understanding of the existing cultural diversity is the third guideline that facilitates the nurses provide culturally competent care.  Every patient has a set values and beliefs that affect the way they view life and how they react to the world.  The best way to ensure that the nurse provides culturally competent care is through self-reflection on the values and barriers that could underscore his/her strategy to provide quality care to the patient. It is important for a nurse to reassess their interventions to various situations so as to identify issues that hinder or introduce cultural biasness; and where necessary seek assistance from other peers to establish the best intervention for a particular objective (Diaz, Clarke & Gatua, 2015).

Possessing institutionalized cultural knowledge is very vital in all sectors of health care systems. Nursing profession has cultural values too. These values include truthfulness, empathy, caring respect to patient preferences and promotion of health and autonomy. This nurse culture determines how a nurse interacts with the clients. For instance, a nurse who values patient empowerment and autonomy meets a patient whose cultural values does not allow them to make healthcare decisions for themselves, but the decision making process integrates the entire extended family could be in a dilemma, especially if the decision involves a  health care therapy that must be performed quickly to save the patient’s life. Therefore, the nurses must be empowered adequately so that they can make the right decision when faced by an ethical dilemma.  If the concept of cultural competency is ignored in medical schools, there will be increased mortalities, disease burden nurse burn out and increased turnover rates; especially in underprivileged societies in this nation (McClimens, Brewster & Lewis, 2014).

Part B: Culturally competent nursing care                                                   

The cultural belief is that illness is caused by ghosts, a punishment for not following taboos or loss of equilibrium between the body and the environment. The sick will often be stoic and quiet because the culture demands so. The sick person is more likely to request alternative therapy. The nurse must devise strategies that will integrate the patient culture when providing care. The culture does demands that terminal illness must not be discussed directly to the patient or in open discussion because it may hasten death events. The Native American like many other cultures emphasizes on cooperation and mutual aid.  In this context, the patient’s relatives will be mostly involved in decision making processes. The head of the family is the spokesperson of the person who is ill; and in most cases it is this person that will be used to communicate the family decisions.  Therefore, the nurse should consider integrating the community and the family in patient education. However, it is important for the nurse to observe the professional values including autonomy and independence (Hodge & Limb, 2010).

The most important issues in Native American culture are the spiritual; healing and that vary considerably from one tribe to another. The community is stratified into ranks, and member of each rank can be differentiated from the type of dress they wear. The dresses also indicate person rank in the society. Everything worn has a symbolic meaning on either prayer or healing. In this context, the healthcare must be vigilant when removing any clothes or ornament from the patient. If patient is not conscious to make decision if the cloth or the ornaments have to be removed, the items must be put very close to the patient and should be replaced back as soon as the medical operation is done. Some practices that are congruent with the health is burning sage, therefore, the nurse can spray sage as it is considered as a method of purification (McClimens, Brewster & Lewis, 2014).

The Native American culture has set standards for means and modes of communication. The person with higher authority is respected. Religious people are accorded the highest respect and must be addressed with respect.  Respect is shown by avoiding eye contact, keeping distance and having as little body contact as possible. In fact, the nurse should avoid hand shake. When the patient is speaking, he/she should not be disrupted as it is perceived as sign of disrespect.  In most cases, the client could make long pauses which are considered as a means of conversation, which implies that the patient is not in agreement with whatever the nurse is suggesting.  Speaking loudly to Native American indicates aggression, and it must be avoided. Where there is need to make an imperative command, the nurse must be emphatic and direct. If there is more healthcare recommendation or requests to be made, the nurse must give succinct explanation why the recommended process is important in a personable and polite way (Hodge & Limb, 2011).

Cultural assessment is one of the nursing interventions that is important in ensuring that quality healthcare is provides. This involves asking open-ended questions to the patient if he/she is conscious or a family member. This will improve the relationships between the nurse and the patient; making the patient becomes more cooperative. There are several cultural competence health assessment programs online which can be used to perform the process.  However, it would even be more appropriately if the health care facility designs their own tailor made cultural assessment program, one that fits the diverse people in the community. The nurse must also perform transcultural studies to understand the geographic region and values, beliefs and of the community living in the neighborhoods (Hodge & Limb, 2010).

Communication barriers are other challenges that enhance health disparities. Effective communication between the patient and the nurse facilitates better partnership. The patient is able to express about how he/she feels and his/her perceptions about the disease. The nurse can interact with the patient’s thought process which in turn facilitates the designing and implementation of the action plan. Health citizens will require establishing of a culture that embraces cultural competencies and reduces misunderstandings.  This way, the patients get empowered on ways to self-manage their health condition to meet their health care demands and   to improve the quality of life.  Effective communication between the patient and the nurse implies that the patient will be well informed and can be integrated in decision making processes. This in turn will facilitate provision of quality care, increase patient self-esteem and autonomy and improve their quality of life (Norton & Marks-Maran, 2014).

References

Diaz, C., Clarke, P., & Gatua, M. (2015). Cultural Competence in Rural Nursing Education: Are We There Yet?. Nursing Education Perspectives, 36(1), 22-26. doi:10.5480/12-1066.1

Dudas, K. (2012). CULTURAL COMPETENCE: An Evolutionary Concept Analysis. Nursing Education Perspectives, 33(5), 317-321. doi:10.5480/1536-5026-33.5.317

Hodge, D., & Limb, G. (2010). Native Americans and Brief Spiritual Assessment: Examining and Operationalizing the Joint Commission’s Assessment Framework. Social Work, 55(4), 297-307. doi:10.1093/sw/55.4.297

Hodge, D., & Limb, G. (2011). Spiritual Assessment and Native Americans: Establishing the Social Validity of a Complementary Set of Assessment Tools. Social Work, 56(3), 213-223. doi:10.1093/sw/56.3.213

Legha, R., Raleigh-Cohn, A., Fickenscher, A., & Novins, D. (2014). Challenges to providing quality substance abuse treatment services for American Indian and Alaska native communities: perspectives of staff from 18 treatment centers. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 181. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-181

Mareno, N., & Hart, P. (2014). Cultural Competency Among Nurses with Undergraduate and Graduate Degrees: Implications for Nursing Education. Nursing Education Perspectives, 35(2), 83-88. doi:10.5480/12-834.1

McClimens, A., Brewster, J., & Lewis, R. (2014). Recognising and respecting patients’ cultural diversity. Nursing Standard, 28(28), 45-52. doi:10.7748/ns2014.03.28.28.45.e8148

Norton, D., & Marks-Maran, D. (2014). Developing cultural sensitivity and awareness in nursing overseas. Nursing Standard, 28(44), 39-43. https://www.doi:10.7748/ns.28.44.39.e8417

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Hong Kong healthcare systems Essay

Hong Kong healthcare systems
Hong Kong healthcare systems

Hong Kong healthcare systems

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SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

Hong Kong healthcare systems can be described as mixed structure where private, public and alternative traditional medical therapy.   Research estimates that the public hospitals offer about 90% of the inpatient and outpatient services. The private sectors cover 70% of the outpatient and in-patient services. The public sector obtains funds from the government taxation and complemented by little copayments amounts from the patients pocket.  Due to the high life expectancy, Hong Kong population consists of the elderly people; consequently, this translates to a high frequency of diseases associated with old age such as psychosocial disorders, increased frequency of disease, high morbidity and mortality as well as the rate of government dependency.  Consequently, the health care costs are high and has been anticipated to rise. This has increased pressure to avail quality care to the society and at affordable costs. There are numerous health care reforms and introduction of new policies to ensure that Hong Kong citizens are healthy (Huque, 2013).

Hong Kong healthcare system is robust and has provided quality care to the citizens for the longest time. The government has continued to strengthen the healthcare system so as to improve the system.  The life expectancy of the Hong Kong people is highest in world which is reported as 80.9 years in males and 86.6 years in female. The infant mortality is the lowest and is recorded at 1.6 per 1000 births.  The growth rate is slow and is reported to be between 0.4 to 0.6% in the last three decades. The proportion of youths has continuously reduced by 5% from 17% in the last three decades. On the other hand, the number of the elderly people has continuously increased. The age trend in this nation indicates higher elderly than the youth. Whereas it is a good thing, this acceleration in the increase of the elderly people is not only affecting the nation’s Economic growth but also attributed to the healthcare burden especially among the chronic diseases (Lueng Et al., 2015).

 Health care system in Hong Kong

Healthcare reports estimates that about 50% of diabetes incidences in Hong Kong are from the elderly people. This metabolic syndrome has been listed as the leading cause of death as it accounted for 1.4% mortality in Hong Kong in 2013.  The psychological issues and mental health such as dementia has also been on the rise. These rates at which the psychological disorders are increasing seem to overburden the social workers making them seek for other alternatives.  Other non-communicable diseases such as thyroid cancer, respiratory disorders such as influenza, pneumonia and asthma have been reported to be the leading cause for hospitalization (Wong Et al., 2011). The most communicable disease which has been reported in Hong Kong is rotavirus and gastroenteritis. According to world health report in 2005, 35 million of 58 million deaths reported in the world are attributable to non-communicable (NCD) diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, accidents and injuries. The increases in these NCD are attributable to unhealthy lifestyle which involves consumption of unhealthy dietary, binge consumption of alcohol and sedentary lives. These brought forth increased burden among the families, the community and the government at large.

With this background of health concerns in Hong Kong, it is evident that primary health care is the frontline factor that acts as an interface between the healthcare system and the population.  Effective primary care indicates that there are greater equity in healthcare and that care is easily accessible and at an affordable cost. Literature indicates that there effective partnership and collaboration between the healthcare  and  service users provides the best patient outcome including reduced  emergency visits, better preventive care, better self-management for diseases with chronic diseases and reduced   hospitalization cost.  With the increased cost of care; and the challenges facing the health systems in Hong Kong calls for reforms in the primary care. HK government has been striving to reform its primary care.  Fortunately, Hong Kong health care systems are among the best in the world (Kung Et al, 2014).

However, NCD is the leading burden in Hong Kong and it is projected to continue to rise in the future years to come due to advancement in technology. This poses major challenge to the public health. Research indicates that improving primary care has economic benefits.  Promoting the primary health is a joint responsibility which requires everyone to participate in various sectors. The government major role is to provide legislative  policies and frameworks which regulate service user  and provider safety  by controlling the  hazards at the hazards; whereas  the business sector’s major responsibility is to improve  competitiveness  to facilitate  healthy choices. The Non-governmental   movements and community organizations role is to implement the programs that focuses on health promotion on subgroups and the vulnerable and underprivileged people in the society (Wong Et al., 2015). To achieve a high performance demands a healthcare system demands higher expenditure and efforts in fighting the NCD.   Investing in preventive care has been found to be the most the key factor in ensuring the economic development. For this reason, the government main objectives have been to provide the citizens with adequate support to enhance their sense of belonging and to maintain their dignity and enhance their worthiness. For the elderly and people living with disability, the government aims at providing cost effective care services. One of the systems that the government has embraced and is continuing to improve by expanding the home care based healthcare services as well as taking care through support such as “The Elderly Health Care Voucher Scheme (Yam Et al., 2011).”

The new infrastructure that the government has continuously planned to improve is the provision of healthcare services. The government has begun its initiative by increasing the number of hospital beds and surgery operation rooms to ensure that the healthcare capacity is widely accessible and meets the increasing demands.  Additionally, the government has continued to promote   primary care because it is the main link between the citizen and the health and social care.  This involves expanding community healthcare facilities so that healthcare can be easily accessible. The government is also establishing frameworks specific for each NCD to promote the healthcare of individuals.

Secondly, the government has broadened the quota systems for both the general practitioners in the outpatient and in the in-patient services. There are ongoing strategies to improve the emergency department to ensure that waiting time for emergency care is reduced.  The government in a joint venture with the private developers has increased service volume at an affordable cost. Some of these ventures include procuring of new haemo-dialysis services to ensure that the treatments are eligible to most patients with chronic renal failure.  Radiology resources are also being outsourced for patients from underprivileged patients with chronic diseases (Liu & Yueng, 2013).

The government has continued to strengthen the geriatric rehabilitation services and the outreach services at the community level. This is with the aim of improving quality of life of elderly, people with mental disorders and people living with disability. The government have also increased their regulations on the residential care for these people to ensure that the issue of safety and healthcare management. Currently, they are ongoing pilot study on the general outpatient Clinic and the impact of privatization of public program in Kwun Tong, Tuen Mun and Wong Tai Sin districts. This is with the effort to increase   the scope of care for the long term care of chronic diseases. The infrastructural development involves all the sectors in health including the mental health concerns. For example, the government is planning to increase the number of hospital beds in the largest mental health hospital in Siu Lam Hospital (Mercer Et al., 2010). This strategy aims at clearing up cases of severe complications of mental health associated with the prolonged waiting lists before the sick patients are attended to. This aims at strengthening the manpower of the mental health expertise through the introduction of peer support for patients with mental disorders. To promote the healthcare of its citizen, the government is also supporting other alternative traditional medicine. The Department of Health acknowledges this therapy and has funded several researches to evaluate the feasibility of these medicines.  Additionally, it has been indicated by the evidence based research that NCD is the major healthcare burden in Hong Kong. Therefore, the government has continued to regulate the nutrition and safety of the processes food. In fact, the food safety Laboratory in Pok Fu Lam is being expanded by the government to ensure that there is effective testing of packaged food product so as to safe guard the people safety (Owolabi Et al., 2013).

Additional to the establishment of these infrastructures that supports and promotes health, the department of health has implemented several pilot schemes that will provide financial care services   to the elderly. This includes implementation of discharge support program to the patients after they are discharged from the hospital and have challenges self-managing their health.  There are also on going pilot study to ensure that the elderly that need long the care such as Guangdong Residential care Service Scheme (Hui, 2010). These strategies are great and very beneficial to the   the society and the nation at large.  One cannot quantify the financial cost of any disease to the individual or even the community.  Economic analysis indicates that the cost of treatment for healthcare associated with NCD, injuries and poisoning is higher than the cost of NCD prevention and would save Hong Kong citizens from suffering and  reduce the death rates. The existing healthcare has limited focus on effective preventive strategies.  There needs more resources to establish systems that will inform the public as well as empowering the society. The voluntary organization and the department of health need to come together to integrate the necessary efforts towards both primary and secondary prevention strategies (Rashed Et al., 2014).

When socio economic evaluation was conducted on primary care in Hong Kong, it was found that most people use private health care as their main source of health care and often prefer to finance their health care costs from their pockets. The study indicated that Hong Kong citizen are more satisfied by the care quality compared to the public health care. The trend indicated that people who get quality care are those whose income is considerably high. This implies that only these people   who are above average as compared to those who used public clinics. Several other studies have found a stronger association between the qualities of care with the socio economic background of a person. The lower income group cannot afford primary care which attributes to the increase in NCD incidences and mortality rates. Even with the Voucher system which was established to help the elderly whose main aim was to provide financial assistance to the elderly so that they can also access care in the private sector. Such schemes are meant to reduce burden on the public health care facilities (Hui, 2010).

This is particularly important because Hong Kong epidemiological studies indicate that NCD are at high prevalence’s among the old and the low income households. It is estimated that the prevalence rate for chronic illness in Hong Kong is five folds higher in individuals above 65 years than the youth. The level of education is also associated with better health care and lower incidences of overweight. People with low education reports higher rates of diabetes type 2, hypertension and cancer (So Et al., 2012). Despite the increase in health care disparities, the department of health has offered little if any solutions to rectify the prevailing social and health care disparities. Most studies indicate that much economic costs can be saved through collaboration and working in partnership between the service user, service provider and other stakeholders whose energy is geared towards healthcare protection and promotion. Through pooled knowledge and information sharing, the existing disparities can be reduced effectively by applying public regulations and policies and collaborative actions by the public actions. The actions could range from investing in human capital to quality education. These mechanisms are the best approaches to combat poverty through increased employment (Rashed Et al., 2014).

The best strategy to reduce the prevalence of NCD is through an establishment of a clear vision which focuses on reminding people on the long term outcomes of their effort.   For a successful strategic framework, the Hong Kong must inform her citizens on the advantages of maintaining their health. This in turn will establish a caring community which integrates all the relevant stakeholders to ensure that the community sustains healthy lifestyle as guided by competent healthcare providers. Consequently, the country will establish a sustainable healthcare culture which aims at promoting health and incorporating strong elements of disease prevention with equal strength as the curative care among the public. This will significantly reduce the disease burden including premature mortality due to NCD or disability associated with NCD (Lam, Liu & Wong, 2012).

However, not even the voucher scheme that has facilitated reduction of health care burden. The NCD still remains a burden to the health ministry. This implies that it is time the government seeks other approaches to promote cultural change which places higher value preventive care   than the curative care. It has been suggested that the financing healthcare reform is more of a political move than a strategy to help the healthcare industry. The problem of the aging population is here to remain and so is the issue of increase in healthcare expenditure. There needs a critical analysis in the health care to look into new approaches that will ensure that the society health is protected, promoted and sustained. There  are other numerous  non ambitious elements that the   government can explore  to promote  health  which will involve the health care providers, service users  and other relevant  stake holders  so that they can be collaboratively  reach to a consensus and  pave way for more improvements  in the future (Cheng Et al., 2013).

Conclusion

In summation, it important for the department of health to establish strategic framework that will facilitate establishment of an environment which will promotes the health of the citizens. The government must engage the population in promotion of their health, their relatives and the community at large.  It is important for the health care department to establish strategies that will prevent or even delay the onset or progression of NCD for the Hong Kong populations. Drawing together the strengths each stakeholder to a pooled knowledge and also skills from   various relevant stake holders in the society will ensure that each aspect of the society is represented adequately and prevailing gaps are adequately addressed. The determinants of health are very pervasive such that health promotion and prevention of disease   will require involvement of the community in all sectors and all realms of environment including education and work place. Partnership is the most effective strategy of working with people from diverse backgrounds, tradition, values and beliefs.  This is because collaboration maximizes the strengths and weaknesses prevailing in the healthcare with the aim of attaining the overall objective which is establishing a healthy nation.

References

Cheng, V., Tai, J., Wong, Z., Chen, J., Pan, K., & Hai, Y. et al. (2013). Transmission of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in the long term care facilities in Hong Kong. BMC Infect Dis, 13(1), 205. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-205

HUI, E. (2010). Perceptions of ethical practices in Hong Kong public hospitals: inter- and intra-professional similarities and differences. Journal Of Nursing Management, 18(6), 746-756. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01102.x

Huque, A. (2013). Can Public Management Contribute to Governance in Developing Countries?. Public Organization Review, 13(4), 397-409. doi:10.1007/s11115-013-0259-2

Kung, K., Wong, C., Wong, S., Lam, A., Chan, C., Griffiths, S., & Butler, C. (2014). Patient presentation and physician management of upper respiratory tract infections: a retrospective review of over 5 million primary clinic consultations in Hong Kong. BMC Family Practice, 15(1), 95. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-15-95

Lam, W., Lui, P. L & Wong, W. (2012). Contemporary Hong Kong government and politics.        Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

LEUNG, R., CHUNG, K., LI, V., CHEUNG, R., LAM, C., & ZIEA, E. (2015). Development of Electronic Health Record for Chinese Medicine eHR(CM) Sharing System in Hong Kong. Integrative Medicine Research, 4(1), 115. doi:10.1016/j.imr.2015.04.205

Liu, S., & Yeung, P. (2013). Measuring fragmentation of ambulatory care in a tripartite healthcare system. BMC Health Services Research, 13(1), 176. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-176

Mercer, S., Siu, J., Hillier, S., Lam, C., Lo, Y., Lam, T., & Griffiths, S. (2010). A qualitative study of the views of patients with long-term conditions on family doctors in Hong Kong. BMC Family Practice, 11(1), 46. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-11-46

Owolabi, O., Zhang, Z., Wei, X., Yang, N., Li, H., & Wong, S. et al. (2013). Patients’ socioeconomic status and their evaluations of primary care in Hong Kong. BMC Health Services Research, 13(1), 487. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-487

Rashed, A., Wilton, L., Lo, C., Kwong, B., Leung, S., & Wong, I. (2014). Epidemiology and potential risk factors of drug-related problems in Hong Kong paediatric wards. British Journal Of Clinical Pharmacology, 77(5), 873-879. doi:10.1111/bcp.12270

So, W., Chan, C., Choi, K., & Chan, D. (2012). Perspectives on the use of and service needs of cancer preventive services for ethnic minorities in Hong Kong: a study protocol. J Adv Nurs, 69(9), 2116-2122. doi:10.1111/jan.12067

Wong, E., Coulter, A., Hewitson, P., Cheung, A., Yam, C., & Lui, S. et al. (2015). Patient Experience and Satisfaction with Inpatient Service: Development of Short Form Survey Instrument Measuring the Core Aspect of Inpatient Experience. Plos ONE, 10(4), e0122299. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122299

Wong, F., Chan, F., You, J., Wong, E., & Yeoh, E. (2011). Patient self-management and pharmacist-led patient self-management in Hong Kong: A focus group study from different healthcare professionals’ perspectives. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 121. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-11-121

Wong, J., Cheung, E., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Chan, M., & Chua, S. et al. (2004). Psychological responses to the SARS outbreak in healthcare students in Hong Kong. Med Teach, 26(7), 657-659. https://www.doi:10.1080/01421590400006572

Yam, C., Liu, S., Huang, O., Yeoh, E. K & Griffiths, S. M. (2011). Can vouchers make a difference to the use of private primary care services by older people? Experience from   the health care reform program in Hong Kong. BMC Health Services Research, 11, 255.

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Business communication in nursing emails

Business communication in nursing emails
Business communication in nursing emails

Business communication in nursing emails

Order Instructions:

business communication but the class is nursing

Acting as supervisor for a company of your choice, draft two examples of formal company e-mails to employees.

The first email will be good-news message delivering information that your employees will likely view as positive.
The second email will be a bad-news email delivering information that your employees will likely view as negative.
Each email will be approximately two-three concise, professionally-written paragraphs in an appropriate tone. Post both emails in the same document.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Business communication in nursing emails

Bad Email

Dear employees,

Our company’s turnover rate for the last financial year is reported to be unexpectedly low. Consequently, the company is experiencing financial downside and this call for a contingency plan to reduce the operation costs. For this reason, the management has agreed to reduce the number of employees.

We have strived to the best of our abilities to avoid this approach but there is no other alternative to stabilize the financial crisis. We regret to inform you that we have to terminate some positions held by new employees, interns and freshers.

We are sincerely grateful for your diligence and commitment towards achieving the company goal. We assure you that this move is only a temporary measure and when the situation stabilizes, we may consider hiring you back. The company will give you some bonus as a measure of our gratitude.

Yours Sincerely,

HR

Good Email

Dear employees,

Kindly accept our warmest gratitude for your hard work and marvelous contributions to the organization. We value the much time and energy dedicated towards achieving the organization goals and mission. It is a great pleasure to know that we can always account on you as we strive to climb even higher.

The company management was delighted to learn that our company was voted among the best performing company in the world. We understand that this was not easy, and that it is your willingness strives above and beyond.

For this reason, the management has decided that every employee shall have a pay raise of 13% of their current salary. The employees will also have increase in major allowances including house allowance, medical allowance and transport.

Yours Sincerely,

HR

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Tuckman’s Framework Term Paper

Tuckman’s Framework
                     Tuckman’s Framework

Tuckman’s Framework

Order Instructions:

my group is Crown Resort Ltd, group work is prepare 3 presentation about Crown Resort Ltd background, Corporate Social Responsibility and Internal and External Environments.

Essay requires you to write about your/the group work stages based on the reading i.e. forming (what your group did in the forming stages; storming etc) and how this links to the tuckman reading. You must begin with an introduction i.e. the group work approach by tuckman can be found in our own Crown Resort Ltd group. Each stage should be a heading under which you should write about it.

Then the conclusion is basically what you think about tuckmans model – did it work for your group or not. You must read the articles provided in the question outline to know how to effectively complete the assignment correctly.

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Tuckman’s Framework

Working in groups has never being an easy experience because of the different views from group members. Therefore, when creating a group it is very important to ensure that the group has fewer members because huge groups tend to have many misunderstandings. Effective groups make work easier, each member’s opinion is considered, work is done on time and a lot of information and ideas is available for the task. Groups help people to gain good communication skills, improve on their leadership and teamwork skills. Cooperation and communication between teams is very important because group members are able to arrange and discuss on how to handle the task assigned to them. Working in a team also requires proper time management, communication and working together. Issues of ignoring some member’s opinion cause conflicts between them which is not healthy for the work to be done (Wlodarczyk, 2011, pg 50).

In our group, it was not that easy for us to form the group. We had to choose members who are active though it was not that easy because the activity was an outside one. We required members who will work together more effectively and efficiently. We wanted to form a team with common goals, and who will make it possible for us to finish the task on time. It was not easy for us to know which person to choose as our leader because we were not that familiar with one another. Identification of each individual’s role was not also that easy because we were not aware of each group member’s ability.  Though this stage was quite challenging we managed to form the group (Corey, Corey, & Haynes, 2014 pg 13).

In our storming stage, we experienced a lot of disagreements between ourselves and sometimes we couldn’t agree on anything at all. This was greatly affecting our work progress. In this stage, everyone wanted to prove that they were fit for some roles and there was too much competition on who was to become the group leader and who was to do a certain role. At this stage, we almost felt like doing away with the group because some members did feel comfortable with the tasks we had assigned to them. At the end, we came up with problem solving solutions and we used them to solve the disagreements between members (Wlodarczyk, 2011, pg 63).

Finally, our group was now established everyone was aware what roles he/she was to play in accomplishing the task and ready to work together. We established process of decision-making and we experienced fewer conflicts in this stage. At the end of our norming stage we were closer with one another and we almost had a brand for our group. In our performing stage, our group had common goals of achieving the task and everything was being done as we had planned. Work was easier and conflicts were no more. At this stage any challenges which occurred were being handled by the whole group. There was more teamwork compared to the other stages (Owen, Brooks, & Grunwald, 2013, para 5). Our adjourning stage was not that easy because we had become friends with one another and we had become of great influence to each other’s life actually the group at this stage felt more of a family. A lot can be done in teams compared to when done individually. Also, have learned that conflicts will always be present in groups what is important is how they are handled. It is very important to be part of an active group this is because active groups act as a motivation to group members. This is because active groups accomplish their tasks on time and they have proper time management and are goal oriented.

Reference list

Corey G, Corey S.M, & Haynes R. 2014. Groups in action: evolution and challenges. New York. Cengange Learning.

Owen C.B, Brooks, B.C & Grunwald, J. 2013. The Problems of Maintaining Effective Teamwork During Out of Scale Events, 2013 Research Forum. Retrieved may 14/2014 from: http://www.bushfirecrc.com/resources/research-report/problems-maintaining-effective-teamwork-during-out-scale-events>

Wlodarczyk Z.A. 2011. Work motivation: a systematic framework for a multilevel strategy. Bloomington.  Author House.

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