Category: Questions

Constitutional impediments and Commonwealth-State rivalry

Constitutional impediments and Commonwealth-State rivalry
Constitutional impediments and Commonwealth-State rivalry

Constitutional impediments and Commonwealth-State rivalry prevent Australia having effective national, corporate regulation.

Order Instructions:

Topic
“Constitutional impediments and Commonwealth-State rivalry prevent Australia having effective national, corporate regulation.”
Is this statement an accurate description of the situation in Australia today? Discuss, in the light of recent reforms to the regulatory scheme and problems which may arise in the future.

Guidelines
The word limit is 2400 words. If the assignment exceeds the word limit by 100 words or less, there will be no penalty. If the assignment exceeds the word limit by more than 100 words, there will be a penalty of half a mark deducted for each extra 50 words or part thereof. Footnotes will not comprise part of the word count nor will a bibliography. If the assignment word count is well below 2400 words (2100 words or less) there will be penalty.
Refer to the Rules concerning all assignments for the circumstances when these penalties may be waived. Remember that the extension to the submission deadline is exception rather than the rule and it can be granted only in exceptional circumstances.
The assignment may cover all unit objectives, though content will vary with the topic selected. In addition to matters developed in more detail below the marker will examine whether you have:
1. identified and clearly stated the relevant issues;
2. applied relevant legal principles to the resolution of these issues;
3. critically analysed deficiencies in the law and recommended appropriate changes to the law;
4. integrated and evaluated relevant knowledge from both the material covered in this unit and your own independent research;
5. developed and sustained a concise and convincing legal argument through to a logical conclusion;
6. correctly referenced and acknowledged sources;
7. fluent, clear, concise writing, not containing poor expression, grammar or spelling; and
8. answered the specific question asked.

It is most important that your assignment address the issues raised in your chosen topic. Think about the topic and make sure you understand what the topic is about before you proceed. Marks cannot be awarded for irrelevant material, no matter how good that material is.

The assignment should contain:
1. an introduction, clearly setting out the broad direction of the assignment, its objectives, any parameters of the assignment, and perhaps a summary of the arguments;
2. presentation of argument, review of literature and compilation of evidence relevant to the topic;
3. conclusion, clearly summarising the arguments or findings;
4. a reference list, setting out all the books, articles and other sources you have referred to in the course of writing the assignment. You need not have necessarily read each reference from start to finish, but you should have at least looked up each reference;
5. accurate citation of your sources of information. Your written material must be presented in accordance with the most recent Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) adopted by this School (you can download a copy of the AGLC from ).

Students should note the following:
· Many people are not familiar with the requirements of assignments. Basically they are like any other piece of good writing. They must have a beginning, a middle and an end. They must be organised so that one point leads to another in a logical sequence. Headings and subheadings are usually of assistance to the reader, who should be easily able to ascertain the logic of your arguments. You should look at the articles you read in the course of your research as a model for style and organisation.
· Statements of fact must be supported by referencing in the proper form. Also arguments and ideas you are adopting or disagree with must be properly referenced. This is one of the most important aspects of your assignment, and severe penalties will be imposed if you do not reference. Be aware of the University’s and Law School’s rules on plagiarism. You should avoid overreliance on only a small number of sources. You are expected to have read widely on the chosen topic.
· You are expected to employ your critical and analytical skills in this assignment. Avoid mere description or regurgitation and do not quote excessively. Generally speaking, no more than 10% of the assignment should be direct quotes or substantive copying of other people’s work. Both your observations and your use of other people’s writing should reflect this critical/analytical dimension. In sum, your intellectual input should be clearly discernible in the assignment.
· You are not marked for your political or social views or opinions, but rather for your ability to present coherent, rational and logical arguments, properly supported by authority.
· You are also marked for your ability to express yourself clearly, logically and succinctly. Poor expression, grammar and spelling will detract from your overall mark.

· Many students do not also realise that the more drafts of the assignment that are written, the better standard the final product will normally be. You should aim to find the time to complete at least two, if not three, drafts prior to handing the assignment in. This will be especially important in ensuring that the word limit is not exceeded.

Marking criteria
Important information: You are advised to consider the following information carefully before starting your assignment.
The assignment will be marked according to the following criteria.
Research (40%) You are expected to demonstrate a comprehensive review of the primary law sources (legislation, case law) as well as an adequate review of secondary sources (for example textbooks, journal articles, case commentary, explanatory memoranda, Law Reform Commission reports). Your research should be used to identify and clearly state the relevant issues and legal principles and support your analysis.
Analysis (50%) You are expected to analyse the information gathered and evaluate the relevant legal principles. You are expected to develop your argument logically through clear analysis and apply relevant legal principles to the resolution of issue(s). Your analysis should also:
· integrate and evaluate relevant knowledge from the material covered in this unit;
· develop and sustain a concise and convincing legal argument through to a logical conclusion; and
· importantly, answer the specific question asked.

Technical aspects (10%) You are expected to:
· correctly reference and acknowledge sources;
· use fluent, clear, concise writing that contains clear expression, correct grammar, syntax, sentence structure and spelling; and
· use headings and subheadings (where appropriate), an introduction, conclusion and bibliography or reference section.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Constitutional impediments and Commonwealth-State rivalry

Introduction

Australia is otherwise known officially as the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia is a federation of six states and several territories. The country formed a federation in 1901 after the adoption of a new federal constitution and has since functioned as a federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy (http://www.asic.gov.au/). The federal system of government formed in 1901 has three branches namely the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. Executive power is vested with the sovereign (the British monarch) who exercises it through the Governor-General (www.comlaw.gov.au). The Governor-General is appointed by the monarch at the advice of the Prime Minister. The Governor-General can dismiss the Prime Minister if there are substantial grounds to do so. The Commonwealth of Australia has a legislature that is made up of a senate and a house of representatives. Each state in the federation has its own state constitution that guides that state’s legislature, judiciary and executive. These state constitutions however are required to be read subject to the federal constitution (www.comlaw.gov.au).

The impact of constitutional impediments and Commonwealth-State rivalry on effective national corporate regulation

The Australian constitution has a lot of safeguards that provide amble space for an effective national corporate regulation. The constitution provides that any state regulation that is inconsistent with any law that has been passed by the Commonwealth parliament is invalid to the extent of that inconsistency. This therefore ensures that no state regulation can be enacted that will hamper or hinder the functions of corporates from other states and free flow of goods and services (http://www.asic.gov.au/). This ensures therefore that all regulation is applicable throughout the commonwealth states without discrimination. The Commonwealth constitution prohibits establishment of taxes and custom duties among states. This ensures that taxes are uniform throughout the Commonwealth and tariffs are also uniformly set by the federal government pursuant to acts of parliaments enacted by the Commonwealth parliament and approved by the Governor-General. The Federal constitution also provides for free trade among states and prohibits any discrimination among states (http://www.uclaw.com.au/home/;
http://www.asic.gov.au/).

According to Chapter IV of the Constitution (sections 81–105A), the constitution contains provisions to regulate trade and commerce throughout the Commonwealth states of Australia.  Provisions in the current Australian constitutions enable the country to have a single trade area.  The constitution ensures that custom duties are uniform and abolishes protectionist policies between states (MURRAY and PEETZ, 2013). This ensures that corporate regulation is applicable uniformly in all states in the realm. Section 88 of the constitution prohibits state parliaments from imposing custom duties while at the same time empowering the Commonwealth parliament to impose uniform customs duties.  The same section of the constitution provides that trade among states in the Commonwealth of Australia shall be completely free.  These provisions ensure that national corporate regulation in Australia is effective since it could be applied uniformly in all states (http://www.uclaw.com.au/home/).

The composition of the senate and House of Representatives is drawn from all the states that make up the Commonwealth of Australia. In the event of corporate regulation debate in the Commonwealth parliament each state is able to give its input equally through its elected representatives. Laws enacted must be passed by the senate and must be approved by the Governor-General. The monarch can also set aside a law if it is not in the interests of the national government. All these checks and controls ensure that corporate regulation is effective throughout Australia. The Commonwealth parliament has powers conferred by the constitution to make laws on a wide variety of issues that could impact on corporate regulation (http://www.uclaw.com.au/home/). These touch on taxation, bounties on the production or export of goods, borrowing money on public credit of the federal government, postal, telegraph, telephone, seaways, airways etc.  Commonwealth parliament has powers to make banking laws that are applicable in all states. These powers are aimed at making uniform legislation that makes interstate trade uniform, free and fair. National corporate regulation is also anchored on these provisions (http://www.asic.gov.au/).

However, there are some impediments in the constitution that may make effective national corporate regulation impossible to achieve. The first constitutional impediment appears to be in separation of powers between the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. The Constitution in Chapters I, II, and III confer the legislature the power to make laws, confer the executive the power to administer these laws and carry out the business of government through government institutions and confer the judiciary the power to determine legal disputes through established court processes (http://www.uclaw.com.au/home/).  There is however no strict demarcation between executive and legislative powers despite the structures set by the constitution. Sometimes the legislature delegates its legislative power to the executive but may thereafter disallow regulations that the executive makes. This causes confusion and is an impediment that prevents the country from having effective corporate regulation (http://www.uclaw.com.au/home/).

The next impediment is that even though the constitution confers power on the Commonwealth Parliament to make laws, this power is limited to particular subjects which include defense, external affairs, interstate and international trade, taxation, foreign trading and financial corporations, marriage and divorces, arbitration, interstate industrial conciliation and arbitration. This limitation places an impediment on the country in making effective national corporate regulation since it excludes such important areas as criminal law, education, environment etc. Some of these important subjects are handled exclusively by state constitutions which may vary depending on the state in focus (http://www.uclaw.com.au/home/). This hinders uniformity and may create confusion in its application. Under the federal system created by the Australian constitution, it guarantees the continuous existence of each state and preserves each of their constitutions. A state parliament is allowed to make laws on any subject whether corporate or not which is specific to that state and this creates an impediment to effective corporate regulation in Australia. This is because each state can modify or add to its existing corporate regulation and thus make it markedly different from what exists in other states. This would create confusion and make corporates undergo different pieces of regulation on similar issues depending on the state they choose to operate in (http://www.asic.gov.au/).

Unlike the Commonwealth parliament, it has been noted that state parliaments can pass a wide range of laws on the subjects of criminal law, education, roads etc. which would impact on corporate regulation in each state differently. It should be noted however that Commonwealth parliament has been regarded generally as superior to state parliaments. According to Section 109 of the federal constitution, if a valid Commonwealth law is inconsistent with a state parliament law then the Commonwealth law is operational and the state law is inconsistent  and invalid to the extent that inconsistency (http://www.asic.gov.au/).  As far as laws that are made by Commonwealth parliament is concerned, there is no conflict with state parliament laws as a result. The danger arises though where state parliaments make laws on subjects that Commonwealth parliament does not deal with and which have a bearing on corporate regulation. Such laws will impact corporates differently if they are different from one state to the next (TUSHNET, 2013).

Laws touching on corporate regulation have to be approved by the senate and House of Representatives before it is made an act of parliament by the Governor-General. This provides for a lengthy process which may make amending unfavourable acts hard to achieve. Again, state rivalry may work against pieces of legislation drafted by professionals from different states. In situations where legislation is viewed as potentially benefiting corporates from one state and potentially able to give it a big lead in terms of resources, other states might gang up to oppose it even if it is potentially a nice piece of regulation that could benefit Australia as a whole in the long run (http://www.asic.gov.au/).

Actions of the judiciary have also made effective national corporate regulation a mirage. Recent judgments by the High Court have posed a challenge to federal structure of corporate law in Australia. Even though Corporate law in Australia has for many years been viewed as a federal law,  it is a widely held view by many legal minds in Australia that corporate law is essentially made of up of laws specific to each state with some federal features. Each state therefore has a distinctive corporate law that has some features from the federation (http://www.asic.gov.au/). The High Court judgement in the case of New South Wales v Commonwealth (1990) 169 CLR 482 necessitated the requirement that states enact their own Corporations Acts but include some aspects of federalism. In this case the High Court considered section 51 of the federal constitution as an attempt to enact Corporations Act that would be applicable nationally. In this case the court held that matters to do with incorporation of companies are not one of the mandates of the commonwealth parliament and the power to deal with such matter lie with parliaments of each state.   This judgement made it impossible to have a national corporate regulation (http://www.asic.gov.au/).

An attempt by the Commonwealth parliament to institute national corporate regulation in late 1980’s and early 1990’s (including incorporation of companies) was faced by persistent problems which included lack of a uniform administration by  National Companies and Securities Commission and the  Corporate Affairs Commissions of each state. It was also felt that the structure lacked adequate national government enforcement mechanisms. This problem led to negotiations between various state governments and the national government which saw each state being allowed to enact its own Corporations Act but required to add several federalizing features.  Some of the federalizing features included enactment of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission as the national regulator (http://www.asic.gov.au/). The Administrative Appeals tribunal and the Commonwealth Ombudsman were mandated to be corporate regulators at the federal level. Australian Securities and Investments Commission, the federal police and the Commonwealth director of public prosecutions were given the mandate to investigate and prosecute offences under the various state Corporations Acts. Matters arising under the various state Corporations Acts were to be determined by the federal court. Even though the Commonwealth parliament in the High Court judgment in case of New South Wales v Commonwealth implied that it did not have the power to deal with the incorporation of companies a lot of effort in the form of federalizing features were put in place to have national corporate regulation in place (http://www.asic.gov.au/).

However, the authority of the federal High Court to determine cases involving Corporate regulation was thrown out in the case   of Re Wakim (1999) 31 ACSR 99;17 ACLC 1,055 (http://www.asic.gov.au/). In this case the High Court struck down the mandate given after the New South Wales v Commonwealth case which gave federal court cross vesting legislation to determine corporate regulation matters.  In the Re Wakim case, the high court held that it was unconstitutional for the Federal High Court to hear such matters as brought forward in this case under Chapter III of the Australian constitution.  This position was held despite the fact that all state and commonwealth governments had agreed that the Federal court play a role of determining disputes arising under the State Corporations Acts. After this case state governments had to pass emergency validating legislation that upheld previous judgments made by the Federal court since they stood the risk of being declared unconstitutional and therefore null and void (http://www.asic.gov.au/).

The High Court decision in the Re Wakim (1999) 31 ACSR 99; 17 ACLC 1,055. Case had profound and far reaching consequences.  All corporate regulation cases pending in the federal court had to be transferred to their respective state high courts with far reaching financial implications. Many state courts were at a loss as to what jurisdiction still remains with the federal court post Re Wakim case. Expertise which the federal court had acquired over the years was lost after this case. The Re Wakim case is not the only case that proved that constitutional impediments have continued to hamper effective national corporate regulation (RAMSAY, 2000).  In the case of Bond v The Queen, the High Court held that the Commonwealth director of public prosecutions had no power to appeal against a state courts sentence for breach of the states corporations Act under the constitution. The only power that the Commonwealth director of public prosecutions, as regards to a sentence imposed for a breach of a state Corporations Act is to initiate and institute prosecutions for such breaches (LI, 2011).  Another case in focus is the case of The Queen v Hughes. The high court judgement in this case received extensive coverage by the media. In this case prosecuted by the Commonwealth director of public prosecutions the Federal High Court found that Hughes by obtaining $300,000 from investors had breached the Corporations Act of Western Australia. The high court held that appropriate commonwealth legislation needs to be enacted that will be applicable to all states.  Hughes was only able to be prosecuted because he had dealt internationally by investing money in the United States of America (LANSLEY, GIBSON and FOGARTY, 2002).

Conclusion

It is evident by reading the federal constitution that adequate clauses have been enacted which provide for uniform application of corporate laws throughout the states of Australia. The constitution clearly stipulates that states constitutions are to be read subject to federal constitution and any inconsistencies found in state constitutions are to be invalid to the extent of the inconsistencies.  There are some clauses that can be misread and misinterpreted. One of which is the separation of powers which does not easily put a demarcation between executive roles and legislative roles (http://www.asic.gov.au/). Some recent court cases have also added into the confusion. The Re Wakim case is one such case in which the prosecutorial powers of the Commonwealth director of public prosecutions were put into curtailed.  Several strategies have been advanced to resolve this mess. This includes holding a referendum to amend the constitutions to give the Commonwealth director of public prosecutions powers to initiate and institute prosecutions on breach of state Corporations Act (HUMPHRYS, 2013). The next method is by instructing state courts to refer such corporate regulation cases to the federal court for determination. This referral is allowed in the current constitution and is also tested and tried in the United States of America and found to be workable. The final method would be putting in place a split regulation that separates prosecutorial powers between the state governments and the Commonwealth director of public prosecutions. For instance the state courts could handle mergers, acquisitions, etc whereas the federal court handles cases arising from state Corporation Acts (HUMPHRYS, 2013)

References

HUMPHRYS, E., (2013). THE BIRTH OF AUSTRALIA: NON-CAPITALIST SOCIAL

RELATIONS IN A CAPITALIST MODE OF PRODUCTION? The Journal of Australian Political Economy, (70), pp. 110-129.

http://www.uclaw.com.au/home/
http://www.asic.gov.au/

LANSLEY, A., GIBSON, B. and FOGARTY, M., (2002). Corporate governance in Australia. International Financial Law Review, , pp. 33-38.

LI, Y., (2011). The Relationships of Corporate Governance, Government Regulation and Performance of Small Manufacturing Business in Australia. Rochester: Social Science Research Network.

MURRAY, G. and PEETZ, D., (2013). RESTRUCTURING OF CORPORATE OWNERSHIP IN AUSTRALIA THROUGH THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS. The Journal of Australian Political Economy, (71), pp. 76-105.

RAMSAY, I., (2000). States, commonwealth put on the gloves: Challenges to Australia’s federal corporate law. JASSA, (3), pp. 26-29.

TUSHNET, M., (2013). Constitution-Making: An Introduction. Texas Law Review, 91(7), pp. 1983-2013.
www.comlaw.gov.au

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Goralski Dance Analysis Assignment

Goralski Dance Analysis
Goralski Dance Analysis

Goralski Dance Analysis

Order Instructions:

Required text: Jeff Todd Titon et al. Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World?s Peoples, Shorter Version/3rd Edition. Belmont, Ca.: Schirmer, 2009, ISBN: 978-0=495-57010-3 (includes 3 audio CDs).

Listen to the Goralski dance suite from the rural Podhale district of Poland, recorded in 5 short sections on CD 1:25-29, textbook pp. 154-163.

A. Each of the five dances is different, but how are they similar? (minimum 250 words)

B. Is there a contemporary American equivalent to such a set of dances? (minimum 250 words)

SAMPLE ANSWER

Goralski Dance Analysis

  1. Each of the five dances is different, but how are they similar?

The first similarity that one notices as he or she listens to the dances is the instruments that are employed. The members of the band use a variety of violins which produce distinct sounds that then make up the music. The second similarity is the presence of voices that are distinctly or ideally male and female with the respective voices dominating the dance at selected times during the song. The third similarity of these dances is the language that is used by the members of the band. All of the songs are sung in the same traditional Polish dialect. Last but not least, the dances had a similar arrangement enabling a listener to predict when the climax of the song will be (Titon, 2009).

  1. Is there a contemporary American equivalent to such a set of dances?

A possible contemporary American equivalent to such dances is the collection of dances performed by ‘cowboys’ from the Western Parts of the country. These dances include line dancing and the cowboy boogie. The reason why this can be considered to be a contemporary equivalent is the fact that the American version always features one or more acoustic guitars and a lead vocalist. During the dance, men and women take up different dance moves at select moments in the duration of the song. The dances can involve a minimum of two people while the upper limit can only be restricted by floor space. The arrangement of country music which is favored by line dancers also follows a predictable arrangement pattern.

References

Titon, J. et al. Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World’s Peoples, Shorter Version/3rd Edition. Belmont, Ca.: Schirmer, 2009, ISBN: 978-0=495-57010-3

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Applying Ethical Frameworks Assignment

Applying Ethical Frameworks
Applying Ethical Frameworks

Applying Ethical Frameworks

Order Instructions:

Applying Ethical Frameworks
The 2011 National Business Ethics survey reported that 45% of respondents witnessed ethical misconduct at work, a record low for the survey; 63% of those respondents reported the misconduct, a record high. Of those whistleblowers, 22% reported retaliation (Ethics Resource Center, 2012).

These statistics seem to indicate increased attention to ethical business practice. However, they also point to an ongoing need to continue to strengthen commitment to ethical business practice. Business professionals and scholars need to know how to face ethical dilemmas and make sound ethical decisions. DBA students should have a basic understanding of various ethical frameworks and understand how these frameworks influence real-world business decisions. Northouse (2013) stated, “ethical theory provides a system of rules or principles that guide us in making decisions about what is right or wrong and good or bad in a particular situation. It provides a basis for understanding what it means to be a morally decent human being” (p. 424). Ethical values are used daily for decision making in business. Understanding and analyzing various ethical frameworks will enable you to better solve ethical dilemmas.

Use academic justification and two scholarly resources, in addition to those presented in the Learning Resources, to support your solution.
•By Day 7 of Week 6, read all of your colleagues’ posts and respond to three colleagues. Provide scholarly critiques of their analyses. For each response, be sure to include all of the following:
•Two strengths of your colleague’s analysis
•Two weaknesses of your colleague’s analysis and solution
•Suggestions of ways to improve upon the weaknesses
•An alternative solution
Be sure to include at least one new scholarly resource to support each response.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Applying Ethical Frameworks

Two strengths of my colleague’s analysis

Colleague #3’s analysis has two significant strengths, first of which is that he provides a framework of the virtues that guided him in arriving at his ethical decisions and the hierarchy of importance of the various values (Bagozzi, Sekerka & Hill, 2009). This framework is especially useful for anyone questioning the basis of his ethical decisions and it is a crucial strength in his solution, despite the final decisions being either ethical or unethical. The decision-making chart is a perfect example of a leader teaching his followers how to make ethical decisions even in scenarios that are ambiguous based on a set of values and their personal importance. The second strength is in the decision, which was totally appropriate as it incorporated all the virtues and attributes of leaders just as stipulated by Northouse (2013). There was no doubt about the leader’s decision.

Two weaknesses of my colleague’s analysis and solution

The first weakness identified is in colleague #1’s response. I find it too general, as it does not recommend any specific actions that the individual faced with the ethical dilemma can take to resolve the dilemma (Jackson, Wood, & Zboja, 2013). The virtue and deontological ethical theories might apply in this scenario, but the question remains, how do they apply? The second weakness identified lies in colleague #2’s response, which gives a lot of detail about what motivates individuals to choose the ethical response. He clearly states that most individuals are motivated by their inner need to do what is right or their fear of consequences. His teleological and deontological solutions are both his strengths and weakness because they advocate for the individual to act ethically for fear of the consequences of his actions. However, a question arises as to how the individual would act in a scenario where his actions would have no visible negative consequences for the accused employee.

Suggestions of ways to improve upon the weaknesses

My suggestion for the improvement of colleague #1’s response is that he should recommend a specific action that the leader should have taken so as to act ethically in accordance with the supporting theories he has given (Morales-Sánchez & Cabello-Medina, 2013). An example of such an action would be the leader saying no to his friend and reporting his actions based on his virtue of honesty and personal responsibility. My next suggestion is for the improvement of colleague #2’s response, which I find to be quite appropriate, but I do feel that it lacks the aspect of the inner personal desire to do what is right. According to Abrhiem (2012), people are motivated to act ethically based on their sense of duty for what is right or wrong and my colleague’s response does not take this fully into account. I believe that as a leader he should have allowed the officers a chance to rethink their actions by making them personally responsible through articulating the consequences of their actions.

An alternative solution

An alternative solution would be to combine both the strengths of colleague #3’s response and the weaknesses of the other two colleagues and to combine them with the suggested improvements. The alternative solution should have a decision-making chart that clearly explains the decision-making process and highlight the values used by the leader in making his decision just like #3’s solution suggests. Lastly the solution should incorporate an element of training where the leader gives the individuals an opportunity to show him that they have learned how not to make unethical decisions again, just as suggested in the improvements section (Thiel, Bagdasarov, Harkrider, Johnson & Mumford, 2012).

References

Abrhiem, T.H. (2012). Ethical leadership: Keeping values in business culture. Business & Management Review, 2(7), 11-19.

Bagozzi, R., Sekerka, L., & Hill, V. (2009). Hierarchical motive structures and their role in moral choices. Journal of Business Ethics, 90, 461-486.

Jackson, R., Wood, C., & Zboja, J. (2013). The Dissolution of Ethical Decision-Making in Organizations: A Comprehensive Review and Model. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(2), 233-250.

Morales-Sánchez, R., & Cabello-Medina, C. (2013). The Role of Four Universal Moral Competencies in Ethical Decision-Making. Journal Of Business Ethics, 116(4), 717-734.

Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and practice (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Thiel, C., Bagdasarov, Z., Harkrider, L., Johnson, J., & Mumford, M. (2012). Leader Ethical Decision-Making in Organizations: Strategies for Sensemaking. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(1), 49-64.

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Business Plan for Urgent Care Center in Anaheim California USA

Business Plan for Urgent Care Center in Anaheim California USA
Business Plan for Urgent Care Center in Anaheim California USA

Business Plan for Urgent Care Center in Anaheim California USA

Order Instructions:

The purpose of this application is to provide the student an opportunity to develop an advanced practice nursing (APN) professional business plan.

BUSINESS PLAN for Urgent Care Center in Anaheim California USA

Introduction to the APN professional business plan:
Introduces the purpose of the paper and addresses all background information elements (who, what, where, when, and why) for the proposed APN professional business plan.

Description of proposed APN business profile:
Individually addresses each element of the proposed APN business profile with discussion of how each element could be achieved if implemented.
When describing the proposed APN business profile, be sure to include: (a) proposed vision statement; (b) proposed services; and (c) proposed process for obtaining all anticipated registrations (i.e., Central Contractor Registration [CCR#]; Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment [CLIA#]; Commercial And Government Entity [CAGE#]; Dun & Bradstreet Number [DUNS]; Employer Identification Number [EIN]; Marketing Partner Identification Number [MPIN]; National Provider Identifier [NPI#] and Taxonomy Registration; North American Industry Classification System [NAICS#]; Small Business Administration [SBA#]; Standard Industrial Classification [SIC#]; Trading Partner Identification Number [TPIN]), if implemented.

Presentation of proposed APN service delivery:
Individually addresses each element of the proposed APN service delivery with discussion of how each element could be achieved if implemented.
When presenting the proposed APN service delivery, be sure to include: (a) proposed staffing (emphasis on total number of practice years as a licensed healthcare professional); (b) marketing plan and economic feasibility analysis (address potential sources of funding); and (c) management plan with proposed organizational chart

Conclusion:
An effective conclusion identifies the main ideas and major conclusions from the body of your manuscript. Minor details should not be included. Summarize important aspects of the proposed APN professional business plan.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Business Plan for Urgent Care Center in Anaheim California USA

Introduction

Background

Emergency rooms in Anaheim California are characterized by long queues that translate to long waiting hours and for the young children having critical conditions, pediatric urgent care centers have become an alternative for providing child care especially in the after-hours. Taking care of the chronically ill requires a lot of patience and compassion and even more of these attributes are demanded when taking care of sick children especially in the afterhours. Sickness does not consider convenience and with a few urgent care centers and a population of approximately 345,000 people there is a definite need to introduce extra urgent care centers in Anaheim. There is an ever growing need and urgent requests that require filling due to the shortage of emergency pediatric urgent care centers. To help reduce this burden, the Urgent Pediatric Care Centre (UPCC) will be established on the State College Boulevard to cater for the emergency pediatric needs of the citizens in the area.

Business Profile

Mission Statement

It is the mission of the Urgent Pediatric Care Centre (UPCC) to provide high-quality child-centered care for all the children at an affordable price and in the shortest time possible in all of Anaheim.

Vision Statement

Our vision is to become the best pediatric urgent care centre in the country that provides the high-quality pediatric services through continuous education of our staff at affordable prices and the centre of choice for all children and parents nationally.

Services Offered

Children need special attention and care in times of illness. Therefore, UPCC will provide comprehensive care for the children and cater for the needs of the parent while at the centre. The multidisciplinary team comprising of General Practitioners, pediatric doctors, specialists, nurses, surgeons, and other support staff will provide a wide range high-quality services that are walk-in hours throughout the week and year. These include pharmacy, laboratory and x-ray services for quick diagnosis and monitoring, and a fracture program that is comprehensive and overseen by the pediatric specialist. treatment will be provided by for cuts and bruises, cold and flu-like symptoms, ear infections, burns, throat infections, sprains, and rushes just to mention a few. Apart from these, counseling services will be provided for the parent, guardian and or significant other in case of severe life conditions. Where emergency services are required, the support staff will immediately connect you to the nearest hospital or Emergency Room for specialized treatment. The center will be dedicated towards the provision of care and support to the child patient including their parents in every step in the recovery process. While providing such care parents are required to provide company to their child from the start to finish and be actively involved in the recovery and healing process to ensure acceptance and adherence to treatment and positive treatment outcome. 

Process for Obtaining all Anticipated Registrations

To obtain all the relevant registrations, the following processes would be applied. First is the Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments (CLIA). Since the centre intends to provide laboratory services, certification and registration will allow provision of laboratory services through Medicare and Medicaid payments perks. Second, since the centre is going to provide care under different payment plans, the NPI standard will be sought for accountability purpose and for the sake of sharing with other institutions. Finally, for identification purposes, the Employer ID Numbers will be crucial as this is used by the IRS identify a business entity.

Service Delivery

Staffing

Pediatric care involves both the theoretical and evidence-based approach to practice and provision of care. The care here is not limited to the provision of differential diagnosis and treatment of conditions relating to medical interventions and therapeutics that occurs whether there is a disease or not. Interventions here are holistically provided and incorporate the human and family norms in treatment. Therefore, staffing will be done in a manner that supports the United States healthcare system and requirements and meets the needs of the patients. Staffing will involve supporting the United States healthcare system and the need to acquire highly qualified and well experienced and registered staff. Several options of clinical leads are available, and these leads will handle the emerging cases that “walk-in” to these centers and stabilize the patients before further treatment is provided, or referrals made. The leads will be required to have a minimum of eight years of practice as a licensed pediatric caregiver. The total number of staff required is forty to provide the best care possible.

 

Clinical Leads

Number

General Practitioner

1

Pediatric Doctor

1

APRN

1

Lab Specialist

1

Pharmacist

1

Radiologist

1

Medical Staff

 

Nurses

10

Pharmaceutical Technologist

2

Pharmacy Assistant

1

Lab technologist

2

Lab assistant

1

Physician Assistants

4

Counselor

2

Non-medical  staff

 

CEO,

1

Human Resource Manager

1

Chief Financial Officer

1

Accountant

1

Other Staff

6

 Marketing Plan and Economic Feasibility Analysis

The marketing strategy will be focused on the target population of children and their parents in Anaheim. Since there is a specific target group, the marketing strategy can be narrowed down only to address this group. Advertisement and media usage will be at the heart of the centre’s marketing strategy. Since television advertisements are often very effective, a short one-minute advert will be used with most of the media advert being done on local radio stations for a period of two weeks. The publicity and promotional approach that will be significantly used will be the print media. Billboards will be stylishly designed and placed in the region in strategic locations. Adverts will be published in the Newspaper on a daily basis for the first two weeks then on weekends only for the next four weeks. Pamphlets and brochures will also be prepared that will be handed out to individuals on the streets and to large organizations such as schools, hospital, and day care centers just to mention a few. Since gas filling stations often allow businesses to place their advertisements, posters will be prepared that will be placed on filling stations and the same applied to supermarkets, convenient stores, public toilet, or near children play areas. A promotional event will be organized and sponsorship of local events. The opening will be a community event aimed at introducing the staff and practice to the Anaheim populace. Free services such as blood screening will be done on a monthly basis in public institutions and facilities.

The cost structure will be semi-structured depending on the method of payment and source of payment. Medicare, Medicaid, and other insurance programs will have their price structures that will be dependent on the services provided.  There will be three levels of pricing that will be based on a full comprehensive visit at $75, an intermediate problem that is new $65, follow-up visits at $35, and lab services $50. Counseling will be offered free of charge if the child is treated at the centre, however, for those who come from outside, a flat rate of $50 per every 45 minutes will be charged. Educational programs will be free at the hospital, but in case of outside invitations, the fee will be dependent on the location, depth of the program, and number of days the education shall be provided. The closest Urgent care centre here is the Anaheim Urgent Care. They charge higher prices and, therefore, UPCC is expected to attract more clients due to its lower prices and; in addition; they do not open for 24 hours. The centre will seek funds from the government; in addition, the CEO is expected to contribute towards the establishment of the funds. Through community activities, the centre will request for donations, grants, and gifts for establishing and running the institution. Finally, a bank loan will be sought to finance setting up of the centre, and this will be a quarter of the amount required as most financing will come from the government.

Management Plan

UPCC will be incorporated to become a limited liability corporation. This is with the goal of enabling the centre to benefit from taxing regulations, separate liability, and hence similar to a sole proprietorships but with reduced risk associated with sole-proprietorship. This form of business allows a single owner; however, it allows the addition of partners. The main decision maker will be the CEO for the non-medical decisions while the APRN will be the leader decision maker for the non-medical staff; however, this will be on consultation with the management team. This team will comprise of the CEO, CFO, and the HRM.

Conclusion

             From the mission statement, UPCC aims at becoming the best urgent care centre not only in Anaheim but the entire nation. The institution will employ three approaches to ensure efficient registration and compliance with the IRS that are CLIA, EIN, and NPI. This will also ensure it provides care to a large population with different insurance plans and payment methods. The institution will offer a broad range of services that include pharmacy, laboratory and x-ray services for quick diagnosis and monitoring, and a fracture program. These will be offered on top of the conventional treatments in pediatric urgent care centers that include treatment for cuts and bruises, cold and flu-like symptoms, ear infections, burns, throat infections, sprains, and rushes just to mention a few. The centre will employ a total of 40 staff members that are highly qualified and experienced. Although it will be located near a well established urgent care centre it will provide the services at a reduced cost and on a 24 hour basis that will give it a competitive advantage. The government will be the main source of funding, and the rest will be sought through the bank, CEO contributions, and grants and gifts from the community. The CEO will be the overall decision maker, but for the medical staff the APRN will be the head responsible for decision making.

Reference

Cox, C., Hill, M., & Lack, V. (2013). Advanced Practice in Healthcare: Skills for Nurses and  Allied Health Professionals. New York, NY, United States: Routledge.

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Local, State, and Federal Partnerships: Terrorism

Local, State, and Federal Partnerships: Terrorism
Local, State, and Federal Partnerships: Terrorism

Local, State, and Federal Partnerships: Terrorism

Order Instructions:

Local, State, and Federal Partnerships: Terrorism
For this level, access the following:

1. Federal Government Partner Guide of the NRF. The “Partner Guide provides a targeted index to information in the NRF core document that is specifically pertinent to local [state and federal] government leaders and emergency management practitioners. The Guide is intended to serve as a ready reference to assist users in quickly locating sections of the NRF that are applicable to local [state and federal] partners.” (Source: FEMA.gov)

2. National Incident Management System (NIMS). NIMS works hand in hand with the NRF. NIMS provides the template for the management of incidents, while the NRF provides the structure and mechanisms for national-level policy for incident management.
Respond to the following:

1. Explain the chain-of-command structure when receiving information about a possible act of terrorism in your city. The incident is confirmed to be the work of terrorists. Now what?

2. Review the NRF and the NIMS in reference to terrorism (e.g., explosions, shootings, biological attacks) and note the locations in these documents.

3. What do the documents note concerning biological, chemical, radiological, and nuclear terrorism?

4. Go to the Texas Department of Public Safety website and find the document regarding the biological terrorism response plan. Summarize the document’s strengths and weaknesses as a response plan in light of the prior questions and readings.

Assignment Expectations
Length: Case assignments should be at least three pages long.
References: IN addition to the required readings, at least two additional references should be included from an academic sources (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles). The references should be cited within the text and also listed at the end of the assignment in the References section (preferably in APA format).
Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is critical thinking). Use your own words and build on the ideas of others. When material is copied verbatim from external sources, it must be enclosed in quotes.
Organization: Subheadings should be used to organize your paper.
Format: APA format is required for this assignment

The following items will be assessed in particular:
• Relevance – All content is connected to the question.
• Precision – Specific question is addressed. Statements, facts, and statistics are specific and accurate.
• Depth of discussion – Points that lead to deeper issues are presented and integrated.
• Breadth – Multiple perspectives and references, multiple issues/factors considered.
• Evidence – Points are well-supported with facts, statistics, and references.
• Logic – Presented discussion makes sense; conclusions are logically supported by premises, statements, or factual information.
• Clarity – Writing is concise, understandable, and contains sufficient detail or examples.
• Objectivity – Paper avoids use of first person and subjective bias

SAMPLE ANSWERS

Local, State, and Federal Partnerships: Terrorism

1. Explain the chain-of-command structure when receiving information about a possible act of terrorism in your city. The incident is confirmed to be the work of terrorists. Now what?

When a possible incident of terrorism is reported in the city of Los Angeles, California, patrol officers will be the first on the scene among other first responders who arrive at the scene with the sole aim of helping the public who may be wounded or in harm’s way. Once the first responders arrive at the scene, they will radio in the situation to their respective departments for appropriate response with the police officers radioing the situation to their base station. A senior officer at the base is usually assigned the case immediately it is reported who then appoints an incident commander who has special training in emergency response who shall be in charge of the operation (Kane, 2004). The incident commander quickly takes over and starts gathering important information from officers who are at the scene while at the same time dispatching an emergency police unit to the scene. The incident commander also coordinates with the city’s emergency response center so as to confirm that the incident is actually an act of terrorism after which the matter becomes a top priority for homeland security, but they will still coordinate with the police and the emergency response command center.
 2. Review the NRF and the NIMS in reference to terrorism (e.g., explosions, shootings, biological attacks) and note the locations in these documents.

According to the NRF document, the references to terrorism are located in the chapters II and II of the document, which are dedicated to response actions and in case of such incidents. The term is mentioned between pages 27 in the introduction to page 70 at the close of chapter III. On page 48, which discuses the role of a Multiagency Coordination System (MACS) whose role is to coordinate events away from the field and allocate resources in high demand within the field (FEMA, 2008a). Page 53 mentions the role of Homeland Security in staffing counterterrorism units. Page 54 mentions the Counterterrorism Security Group (CSG), which is an interagency group that develops terrorism prevention measures. The National Counterterrorism Center (NCS) is mentioned on page 57.

The NIMS document mentions the term terrorism on page 5 all the way throughout the document up to page 148, addressing all forms of terrorism including bioterrorism and nuclear terrorism. There is also a definition of terrorism done by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, which characterizes it as an act that poses danger to human life or has the potential to cause damage to critical infrastructure. In the U.S, it is a violation of state or federal criminal laws, its objective is to coerce or intimidate civilians, or to affect the operations of a government by mass criminal acts (FEMA, 2008b).

3. What do the documents note concerning biological, chemical, radiological, and nuclear terrorism?

The NIMs document is very categorical about all the above types of terrorisms attacks, which should be managed by an Incident Command System (ICS) since they involve multiple agencies and may cover multiple jurisdictions. The ICS should facilitate the coordination of response actions by integrating equipment, personnel, facilities, procedures, and communication system between response teams. The NIMS document also proposes that additional command staff may be necessary for the above terrorism attacks (FEMA, 2008b). An Area Command is also recommended for the above types of terrorism attacks, as they require the coordination of large-scale responses and different types of organizations that are managed by different ICS. Emergency Operations Centers may also be established in times of such terrorism attacks that have significant lasting effects and will usually include staff from a variety of jurisdictions and disciplines. The Operations Section discuses the management of terrorism sites so as to save lives and property, while also establishing control and returning the situation to normal (FEMA, 2008b).

4. Go to the Texas Department of Public Safety website and find the document regarding the biological terrorism response plan.

Strengths

The strengths of the Appendix 6 to Annex H (Biological Terrorism Response Plan) document lie in section IV on situation and assumptions as most of the situation described are correct and extremely accurate, thus, they represent the situation on the ground in the state of Texas (TxDPS, 2011). Situations that describe how terrorist may carry out attacks on specific populations or areas in the state and the motivations for such targeted attacks being to cause mass casualties or to inflict economic loss are extremely accurate. The situation is quite accurate because it reflects the definitions of acts of terrorism, which is contained in the NIMs document. Another appropriate situation is described as a biological terrorism attack that may target critical infrastructure and vital resources. The assumptions in the document are also appropriate as they reflect the nature of terrorism attacks, such as in order for a response to a bioterrorism attack to be successful, accurate information should be released to the public on time so that they can take appropriate measures regarding public health issues (TxDPS, 2011). Most of the other assumptions are also quite accurate.

Weaknesses

The main weaknesses of the document lie in its description of the concept of operations and the biological terrorism response strategy and policy, which I find is quite inadequate and might not reflect the true situation on the ground during bioterrorism attacks. I recommend that the department adopts much faster detection systems such as the use of monitoring drones to minimize the time lag between the biological attack and its detection. Such measures will ensure that the response have maximum effect.

References

Kane, J. (2004). The critical incident response manual for supervisors and managers. California: D-Prep, LLC.

FEMA. (2008, January). National Response Framework. Washington  DC. Department of Homeland Security.

FEMA. (2008, December 18). National Incident Management System. Washington DC. Department of Homeland Security.

Texas Department of Public Safety. (2011, September). State of Texas Emergency Management Plan. Texas: Texas Department of State Health Services

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Knowledge of Foundation Concepts

Knowledge of Foundation Concepts
Knowledge of Foundation Concepts

Knowledge of Foundation Concepts

Order Instructions:

Assignment Assess your Knowledge of Foundational Concepts
Assess your knowledge of foundational concepts essential to the nursing management of client health by taking the interactive quiz, located in the media “Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation.” http://lc.gcumedia.com/zwebassets/courseMaterialPages/nrs410v_self-assessment-v1.1.php
The quiz is designed as a tool for self-assessment. When you encounter questions that seem vaguely familiar, click on the media’s study materials, which are organized by topic (e.g., anatomy, biology, chemistry, pharmacology). This media will serve as a refresher for the concepts that build upon one another in nursing practice.
You will have the opportunity to retake the quiz until you achieve a passing score of 100%.
Once completed, please save your results and submit to the instructor.

SAMPLE ANSWERS

Knowledge of Foundation Concepts

Student ADA Version

of the Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation Pre-Assessment

Anatomy

Backward effects of left-sided heart failure include:

  1. Pulmonary congestion
  2. Jugular vein distention
  3. Dependent edema in the legs
  4. Bounding pulses

Anatomy

In performing a physical assessment, the nurse notes the patient has a “barrel” configuration to the chest. This is a consequence of:

  1. Reduced intrapleural pressures
  2. Bronchial airway expansion
  3. Increased vital capacity
  4. Increased residual lung volume

Student ADA Version

of the Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation Pre-Assessment

Anatomy

Backward effects of left-sided heart failure include:

  1. Pulmonary congestion
  2. Jugular vein distention
  3. Dependent edema in the legs
  4. Bounding pulses

Anatomy

In performing a physical assessment, the nurse notes the patient has a “barrel” configuration to the chest. This is a consequence of:

  1. Reduced intrapleural pressures
  2. Bronchial airway expansion
  3. Increased vital capacity
  4. Increased residual lung volume

 

Anatomy

Ausculation of the chest reveals bilateral fine crackles in the bases bilaterally, indicating:

  1. Right-sided heart failure
  2. Left-sided heart failure
  3. Pneumonia
  4. Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Biology
The signs and symptoms of anemia are all related to what common pathophysiologic feature of the condition?

  1. Increased oxygen consumption by tissues
  2. Decreased blood oxygen content
  3. Vasodilation
  4. A shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Biology
In addition to hypertension, preeclampsia is characterized by:

  1. Nausea and vomiting
  2. Fatigue and lower back pain
  3. Protein in the urine and edema
  4. Retinal changes and rates in the lungs

Biology
Common manifestations of bacterial pneumonia include all of the following except:

  1. Fever
  2. Productive Cough
  3. Tachypnea
  4. Hyperinflation

Biology
Closed drainage systems work to re-expand a lung after pneumothorax by:

  1. Re-establishing the normal negative intrapleural pressure.
  2. Creating a positive pressure in the pleural space
  3. Removing excess fluid from the pleural space so that there is room for lung expansion.
  4. Pulling oxygen into distal air sacs to re-expand lung tissue

Biology
Patients with chronic renal failure usually exhibit:

  1. Bradycardia
  2. Hypokalemia
  3. Hypocalcemia
  4. Hematomas

Biology
The diet of a patient in end-stage kidney disease is restricted in all of the following except:

  1. Fluid
  2. Potassium
  3. Protein
  4. Calories

Anatomy

Which of the following is true of the biological functions of progesterone?

  1. Progesterone is the most important hormone associated with pregnancy.
  2. Progesterone directs male sexual characteristics.
  3. Levels of progesterone increases if the egg is not fertilized.
  4. Levels of progesterone remain stable if the egg is not fertilized.

Anatomy

Which of the following is true of the biological functions of testosterone?

  1. Testosterone is not secreted by the ovaries.
  2. Testosterone is needed for development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
  3. Testosterone stimulates ovulation.
  4. Testosterone is needed for development of male secondary sexual characteristics.

Anatomy

Which of the following is true of the biological functions of estrone?

  1. Estrone is required for proper development of male secondary sexual characteristics.
  2. Level of estrogen degreases if the egg is not fertilized.
  3. Estrone is required for proper development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
  4. Estrone affects only the reproductive organs.

Biology

What is the function of hemoglobin?

  1. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells of the body.
  2. Hemoglobin is a lipid in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells of the body.
  3. Hemoglobin is a protein in white blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells of the body.
  4. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that is not responsible for carrying carbon dioxide to the cells of the body.

Biology

Why is heat an effective means of sterilization?

  1. Heat is an effective means of sterilization because it destroys the proteins of microbial lifeforms, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
  2. Heat is an effective means of sterilization because it destroys the proteins of anaerobic microbial lifeforms, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
  3. Heat is an effective means of sterilization because it destroys the lipids of microbial lifeforms, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
  4. Both (B) and (C).

Chemistry:

List the enzymes whose levels are elevated in the blood serum following an MI.

  1. CPK, LDH, AST, and SGOT
  2. LDH, AST, and SGOT
  3. CRE, AST, and ALT
  4. None of the above

Chemistry

What is the physiological function of gluconeogenesis?

  1. Gluconeogenesis is production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules in times when blood glucose levels are low. This ensures proper function of brain and red blood cells, which only use glucose as fuel.
  2. Gluconeogenesis is production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules in times when blood glucose levels are high. This ensures proper function of brain and white blood cells, which only use glucose as fuel.
  3. Gluconeogenesis is production of glucose from carbohydrate molecules in times when blood glucose levels are low. This ensures proper function of brain and red blood cells, which only use glucose as fuel.
  4. None of the above

Chemistry

What effect does glycogen metabolism have on glucose levels?

  1. Glycogen metabolism traps glucose within liver cells and increases storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. These processes decrease blood glucose levels.
  2. Glycogen metabolism traps glucose within liver cells and increases storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. These processes increase blood glucose levels.
  3. Glycogen metabolism releases glucose within liver cells and increases storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. These processes decrease blood glucose levels.
  4. None of the above

Chemistry

Carbon monoxide binds tightly to the heme groups of hemoglobin and myoglobin. How does this affinity reflect the toxicity of carbon monoxide?

  1. Since carbon monoxide binds the heme groups of hemoglobin, it is easily removed or replaced by oxygen. As a result, the effects of oxygen enhancement result in what divers call the “bends.”
  2. Because carbon monoxide binds the heme groups of hemoglobin, it is easily removed or replaced by oxygen. As a result, the effects of oxygen deprivation result in suffocation.
  3. Because carbon monoxide binds tightly to the heme groups of hemoglobin, it is not easily removed or replaced by oxygen. As a result, the effects of oxygen deprivation result in suffocation.
  4. None of the above

Pathophysiology

Which of the following may be a reason to order an ABG on a patient?

  1. The patient suddenly develops shortness of breath
  2. An asthmatic is starting to show signs of tiring
  3. A diabetic has developed Kussmaul’s respirations
  4. All of the above

Pharmacology

How do sulfa drugs selectively kill bacteria while causing no harm to humans?

  1. Folic acid is a vitamin required for the synthesis of a coenzyme needed to make the amino acid methionine and the purine and pyrimidine nitrogenious bases for DNA and RNA and folic acid is produced by humans.
  2. Sulfa drug binds to the enzyme, no product is formed, folic acid is made and the biosynthesis of methionine and nitrogenous bases increases.
  3. Humans are not harmed because they do not synthesize their own folic acid. It is obtained in the diet.
  4. None of the above

Pharmacology

What occurs when glycogen metabolism is stimulated by insulin?

  1. Insulin stimulates glycogen synthase, the first enzyme in glycogen synthesis.
  2. Insulin stimulates glycogen synthase, the first enzyme in glycogen synthesis. It also stimulates removal of glucose from the bloodstream into cells and phosphorylation of glucose by the enzyme glucokinase.
  3. Insulin stimulates glycogen synthase, the first enzyme in glycogen synthesis. It also stimulates uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells and phosphorylation of glucose by the enzyme glucokinase.
  4. All of the above

Pharmacology

What is the medical application of cortisone? Cortisone is used to treat:

  1. Rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, and a variety of skin conditions.
  2. Kidney disease, high blood pressure, and osteoporosis.
  3. Muscle disorders, tuberculosis, and thyroid disorder.
  4. All of the above

Anatomy

Oxygen saturation is likely to be lowest when an asthmatic with a diagnosis of pneumonia is positioned:

  1. In a high Fowler position
  2. Lying on the left side
  3. Lying on the right side
  4. Lying supine with the head of the bed flat


Chemistry

Laboratory test results indicative of thrombocytopenia, in addition to a low platelet count, would be:

  1. Increased PT
  2. Prolonged bleeding time and poor clot retraction.
  3. Increased aPTT
  4. Decreased RBC count.

Pharmacology

The purposes of epinephrine injection include all of the following except:

  1. Stabilizing mast cell membranes.
  2. Relaxing bronchial smooth muscle.
  3. Supporting arterial blood pressure.
  4. Blocking histamine receptors.

Pharmacology
Therapeutic interventions focused on increasing the oxygen supplied to the heart and decreasing the heart’s demand for oxygen include:

  1. Antiplatelet drugs
  2. Anticoagulants
  3. Morphine sulphate
  4. Thrombolytic drugs

Pharmacology
An intervention that would contribute toward the healing of a peptic ulcer is:

  1. Steroid administration
  2. Blocking or neutralizing of acid secretion
  3. Surgical removal of the ulcer
  4. Intravenous nutritional support

Pharmacology
Aspirin and NSAIDs are causative factors for the development of peptic ulcer disease because they:

  1. Increase acid secretion
  2. Allow proliferation of H. pylori
  3. Damage the mucosal barrier
  4. Alter platelet aggregation

Pharmacology
Your patient is interested in trying medication to improve low mood/depression. All of the following medications might be appropriate except:

  1. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  2. Amitriptyline
  3. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
  4. Benzodiazepines

Anatomy

Ausculation of the chest reveals bilateral fine crackles in the bases bilaterally, indicating:

  1. Right-sided heart failure
  2. Left-sided heart failure
  3. Pneumonia
  4. Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Biology
The signs and symptoms of anemia are all related to what common pathophysiologic feature of the condition?

  1. Increased oxygen consumption by tissues
  2. Decreased blood oxygen content
  3. Vasodilation
  4. A shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Biology
In addition to hypertension, preeclampsia is characterized by:

  1. Nausea and vomiting
  2. Fatigue and lower back pain
  3. Protein in the urine and edema
  4. Retinal changes and rates in the lungs

Biology
Common manifestations of bacterial pneumonia include all of the following except:

  1. Fever
  2. Productive Cough
  3. Tachypnea
  4. Hyperinflation

Biology
Closed drainage systems work to re-expand a lung after pneumothorax by:

  1. Re-establishing the normal negative intrapleural pressure.
  2. Creating a positive pressure in the pleural space
  3. Removing excess fluid from the pleural space so that there is room for lung expansion.
  4. Pulling oxygen into distal air sacs to re-expand lung tissue

Biology
Patients with chronic renal failure usually exhibit:

  1. Bradycardia
  2. Hypokalemia
  3. Hypocalcemia
  4. Hematomas

Biology
The diet of a patient in end-stage kidney disease is restricted in all of the following except:

  1. Fluid
  2. Potassium
  3. Protein
  4. Calories

Anatomy

Which of the following is true of the biological functions of progesterone?

  1. Progesterone is the most important hormone associated with pregnancy.
  2. Progesterone directs male sexual characteristics.
  3. Levels of progesterone increases if the egg is not fertilized.
  4. Levels of progesterone remain stable if the egg is not fertilized.

Anatomy

Which of the following is true of the biological functions of testosterone?

  1. Testosterone is not secreted by the ovaries.
  2. Testosterone is needed for development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
  3. Testosterone stimulates ovulation.
  4. Testosterone is needed for development of male secondary sexual characteristics.

Anatomy

Which of the following is true of the biological functions of estrone?

  1. Estrone is required for proper development of male secondary sexual characteristics.
  2. Level of estrogen degreases if the egg is not fertilized.
  3. Estrone is required for proper development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
  4. Estrone affects only the reproductive organs.

Biology

What is the function of hemoglobin?

  1. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells of the body.
  2. Hemoglobin is a lipid in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells of the body.
  3. Hemoglobin is a protein in white blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells of the body.
  4. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that is not responsible for carrying carbon dioxide to the cells of the body.

Biology

Why is heat an effective means of sterilization?

  1. Heat is an effective means of sterilization because it destroys the proteins of microbial lifeforms, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
  2. Heat is an effective means of sterilization because it destroys the proteins of anaerobic microbial lifeforms, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
  3. Heat is an effective means of sterilization because it destroys the lipids of microbial lifeforms, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
  4. Both (B) and (C).

Chemistry:

List the enzymes whose levels are elevated in the blood serum following an MI.

  1. CPK, LDH, AST, and SGOT
  2. LDH, AST, and SGOT
  3. CRE, AST, and ALT
  4. None of the above

Chemistry

What is the physiological function of gluconeogenesis?

  1. Gluconeogenesis is production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules in times when blood glucose levels are low. This ensures proper function of brain and red blood cells, which only use glucose as fuel.
  2. Gluconeogenesis is production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules in times when blood glucose levels are high. This ensures proper function of brain and white blood cells, which only use glucose as fuel.
  3. Gluconeogenesis is production of glucose from carbohydrate molecules in times when blood glucose levels are low. This ensures proper function of brain and red blood cells, which only use glucose as fuel.
  4. None of the above

Chemistry

What effect does glycogen metabolism have on glucose levels?

  1. Glycogen metabolism traps glucose within liver cells and increases storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. These processes decrease blood glucose levels.
  2. Glycogen metabolism traps glucose within liver cells and increases storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. These processes increase blood glucose levels.
  3. Glycogen metabolism releases glucose within liver cells and increases storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. These processes decrease blood glucose levels.
  4. None of the above

Chemistry

Carbon monoxide binds tightly to the heme groups of hemoglobin and myoglobin. How does this affinity reflect the toxicity of carbon monoxide?

  1. Since carbon monoxide binds the heme groups of hemoglobin, it is easily removed or replaced by oxygen. As a result, the effects of oxygen enhancement result in what divers call the “bends.”
  2. Because carbon monoxide binds the heme groups of hemoglobin, it is easily removed or replaced by oxygen. As a result, the effects of oxygen deprivation result in suffocation.
  3. Because carbon monoxide binds tightly to the heme groups of hemoglobin, it is not easily removed or replaced by oxygen. As a result, the effects of oxygen deprivation result in suffocation.
  4. None of the above

Pathophysiology

Which of the following may be a reason to order an ABG on a patient?

  1. The patient suddenly develops shortness of breath
  2. An asthmatic is starting to show signs of tiring
  3. A diabetic has developed Kussmaul’s respirations
  4. All of the above

Pharmacology

How do sulfa drugs selectively kill bacteria while causing no harm to humans?

  1. Folic acid is a vitamin required for the synthesis of a coenzyme needed to make the amino acid methionine and the purine and pyrimidine nitrogenious bases for DNA and RNA and folic acid is produced by humans.
  2. Sulfa drug binds to the enzyme, no product is formed, folic acid is made and the biosynthesis of methionine and nitrogenous bases increases.
  3. Humans are not harmed because they do not synthesize their own folic acid. It is obtained in the diet.
  4. None of the above

Pharmacology

What occurs when glycogen metabolism is stimulated by insulin?

  1. Insulin stimulates glycogen synthase, the first enzyme in glycogen synthesis.
  2. Insulin stimulates glycogen synthase, the first enzyme in glycogen synthesis. It also stimulates removal of glucose from the bloodstream into cells and phosphorylation of glucose by the enzyme glucokinase.
  3. Insulin stimulates glycogen synthase, the first enzyme in glycogen synthesis. It also stimulates uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells and phosphorylation of glucose by the enzyme glucokinase.
  4. All of the above

Pharmacology

What is the medical application of cortisone? Cortisone is used to treat:

  1. Rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, and a variety of skin conditions.
  2. Kidney disease, high blood pressure, and osteoporosis.
  3. Muscle disorders, tuberculosis, and thyroid disorder.
  4. All of the above

Anatomy

Oxygen saturation is likely to be lowest when an asthmatic with a diagnosis of pneumonia is positioned:

  1. In a high Fowler position
  2. Lying on the left side
  3. Lying on the right side
  4. Lying supine with the head of the bed flat


Chemistry

Laboratory test results indicative of thrombocytopenia, in addition to a low platelet count, would be:

  1. Increased PT
  2. Prolonged bleeding time and poor clot retraction.
  3. Increased aPTT
  4. Decreased RBC count.

Pharmacology

The purposes of epinephrine injection include all of the following except:

  1. Stabilizing mast cell membranes.
  2. Relaxing bronchial smooth muscle.
  3. Supporting arterial blood pressure.
  4. Blocking histamine receptors.

Pharmacology
Therapeutic interventions focused on increasing the oxygen supplied to the heart and decreasing the heart’s demand for oxygen include:

  1. Antiplatelet drugs
  2. Anticoagulants
  3. Morphine sulphate
  4. Thrombolytic drugs

Pharmacology
An intervention that would contribute toward the healing of a peptic ulcer is:

  1. Steroid administration
  2. Blocking or neutralizing of acid secretion
  3. Surgical removal of the ulcer
  4. Intravenous nutritional support

Pharmacology
Aspirin and NSAIDs are causative factors for the development of peptic ulcer disease because they:

  1. Increase acid secretion
  2. Allow proliferation of H. pylori
  3. Damage the mucosal barrier
  4. Alter platelet aggregation

Pharmacology
Your patient is interested in trying medication to improve low mood/depression. All of the following medications might be appropriate except:

  1. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  2. Amitriptyline
  3. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
  4. Benzodiazepines

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Local, State and Federal Partnerships

Local, State and Federal Partnerships
Local, State and Federal Partnerships

Local, State and Federal Partnerships

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If possible, use sub headings.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Local, State and Federal Partnerships

Introduction

Federal, state, and local partnerships are crucial to the implementation of many policy programs in the United States given that all these levels of government cover different administrative areas, which could not operate independently of the two. The federal government covers the whole nation and is most concerned with implementation of policies across the whole country. Some of its roles include the construction and maintenance of interstates highways and the national healthcare system. The state government has jurisdiction only over the individual state that it is responsible over and it executes all the administrative duties within a particular state in conjunction with the federal government (Ebel, Petersen, & Vu, 2013). Lastly, the local government, on the other hand, is usually responsible for a small administrative unit such as a county or a municipal and is usually in direct contact with the residents of a particular area. The local government is usually the most effective at reaching out and coordinating government programs with the local residents. For maximum efficiency, these three levels of government must work in partnership with each other in order to implement government programs in crucial areas such as education, healthcare, and trade facilitation among many other partnerships as explained below.

Federal/State Partnerships in the Support of Humanities Councils

The National Endowment for the Humanities is a federal agency that operates independently under the executive arm of government whose main function is to provide general operating support to the state humanities councils for over 56 jurisdictions (NEH, n.d). The NEH through the Federal/State partnerships office provides grants to most of the state humanities councils that are run by volunteer boards and also provide technical support on the ground in the implementation of most of the state humanities councils’ programs. The Federal/State partnership enables the NEH to achieve its two critical mandates of advancing knowledge and understanding of the humanities throughout the United States and of increasing public awareness, support, and access to the humanities. The partnership office gives grants to the state councils, consults with them onsite and reviews their work, offers the councils insurance and maintains a communication network across the humanities network. Through this partnership, people in most local areas of the state have been able to benefit from specific humanities programs that target them with content that is relevant and interesting to them. The impact of this partnership has been profound on local communities as they get access to humanities they could not access without the grants given through the partnership.

Federal and Local Partnerships Crucial to Public Safety and Justice

At a recent meeting organized by the National Association of Councils (NACo), the importance of federal and local council’s partnerships in terms of the implementation of justice and public safety programs was emphasized. Most of the councils represented reiterated the need for greater partnership with the federal government in the areas of administration of justice, especially in relation to the indigent defense system (Harris & Murray, 2011). Many county councils asked for more funding from the federal government so that they could deliver better services to their local communities, which especially relates to the rural communities that rely heavily on government programs. The Department of Justice was also put to task about how they could assist local councils in setting up demonstrations that would create rural public defender systems. Other issues that were covered included the steps that were to be taken for the implementation of bail reform, the issue of long-term communications infrastructure for disaster management and recovery, and the role of partnerships between governments in reducing prison populations. All the issues raised and discussed at the meeting highlighted the critical role that the federal government plays in the implementation of justice and public safety programs that affect local people especially in the rural areas.

State-Federal partnerships in healthcare

One of the major roles of the federal government is tom provide universal healthcare to all Americans and it cannot achieve this mandate without the full collaboration of state governments that are usually responsible for staff and provision of care. The most crucial role of the federal government in the healthcare industry is to provide health insurance to all Americans through programs such as Medicaid and other social safety programs. State governments play a crucial role in ensuring that everyone receives the appropriate medical coverage that they deserve under the health insurance programs funded by the federal government (Fisher, 2012). Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) there were several options that were created for both state-based and federal medical insurance programs with majority of the states opting out of the state-based insurance exchanges that place responsibility for the program directly on state governments. Many state are leaning towards the state-federal partnership option in the insurance exchanges program where most of the heavy lifting is left to the federal government as these partnerships do not require a 50-50 split in labor between the state and  the federal government. Observers and experts warn that these partnerships could cause major problems for the federal government.

Conclusion

In summary, the few topics do not come close to describing the full scale of federal, state, and local partnerships in the United States, as such partnerships exist in all government functions with only a few exceptions. It is important that these partnerships continue to be nurtured and refined so that they become more effective for the benefit of the local citizen who pays taxes and funds most government activities. Therefore, I believe that these partnerships are crucial to the welfare of all Americans.

References

NEH. (n.d). About the Federal/State Partnership. Retrieved from http://www.neh.gov/divisions/fedstate/about.

Ebel, R. D., Petersen, J. E., & Vu, H. T. (2013). The Great Recession: Impacts and Outlook for U.S. State and Local Finance. Municipal Finance Journal, 33/34(4/1), 33-77.

Harris, D.  & Murray, D. (2011, January 31). Federal, local partnerships crucial to justice, public safety. Retrieved from http://www.naco.org/newsroom/countynews/Current%20Issue/1-31-11/Pages/Federal,localpartnershipscrucialtojustice,publicsafety.aspx.

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Information Technology Systems Case Study

Information Technology Systems Case Study
Information Technology Systems Case Study

Information Technology Systems Case Study

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For this paper , the writer need to access the articles in the resources section at the bottom of this page to get all the information necessary to complete this paper. The writer must pay close attention to all that is require for this paper no miss steps.

IT Systems Case Study
Email, intranets, voice over internet protocol (VoIP), and web-based applications that manage everything from enterprise resource planning to the supply chain have made communication across and between organizations nearly seamless. This has inevitably affected the way organizations are structured. There has been a steady move away from top-down hierarchical structures toward flat, decentralized, virtual organizations with units that maintain an increasing measure of independence from direct central control.

Two articles in your reading this week, one by Hitt and Brynjolfsson and the other by Lucas and Baroudi, offer different, yet complementary, analyses of the impact of technology on organizational structures. The former presents an empirical study supporting the idea that information technology necessarily drives firms to decentralize authority within the organization, while the latter concludes that IT design and organizational design are inextricably linked.

Your task is to read the case study “The Effect of Technological Innovation on Organizational Structure: Two Case Studies of the Effects of the Introduction of a New Technology on Informal Organizational Structures” and, applying the research in your readings this week, write an essay that addresses the following questions:
• What specific challenges faced each of the universities relating to the new technology?
• What type of strategic responses did the universities attempt to implement in response, and which ones led to greater success?
• Do you think social action theory is a useful framework for understanding the relative success or failure of each of these universities?
• Considering that universities are often very traditional in structure and have remained relatively unchanged compared to other types of organizations, what are the implications of this case study for organizations that are less bound by tradition?
• To what degree does this case study confirm or deny the research presented in this week’s journal articles?
Your paper should comprise 3–5 pages in APA format.

Resources for this paper.
Course Text
• Management Information Systems for the Information Age
Chapter 7, “Enterprise Infrastructure, Metrics, and Business Continuity Planning: Building and Sustaining the Dynamic Enterprise”

This chapter discusses the value of service-oriented architecture and hardware and software considerations of an organization, analyzes commonly used metrics for assessing IT systems, and describes business continuity planning.
Articles
• Mukherji, A. (2002). The evolution of information systems: Their impact on organizations and structures. Management Decision, 40(5/6). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.

This article provides a brief history of the development of information systems and how these systems have changed organizations.
• Hitt, L.M., & Brynjolfsson, E. (1997). Information technology and Internet firm organization: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Management Information Systems, 14. Retrieved from Computers & Applied Sciences Complete database.

This article offers an empirical study supporting the idea that information technology drives firms to decentralize authority within the organization.
• Lucas, H.C., & Baroudi, J. (1994). The role of information technology in organization design. Journal of Management Information Systems, 10(4). Retrieved from Computers & Applied Sciences Complete database.

This article concludes that information technology design and organizational design are inextricably linked.
Kahn, R.L. (2000). The effect of technological innovation on organizational structure: Two case studies of the effects of the introduction of a new technology on informal organizational structures. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 14(3). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.

This article compares the outcomes at two university campuses related to the implementation of technological innovation in their administrative offices.
Sor, R. (2004). Information technology and organisational structure: Vindicating theories from the past. Management Decision, 42(1/2). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.

This article reflects on the impact of information technologies on organizational structures.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Information Technology Systems Case Study

  1. What specific challenges faced each of the universities relating to the new technology as illustrated in the case study?

 

Organizational structures of many organizations have received tremendous revolution from the case study. The study noticed that universities were faced by many challenges connected to the introduction of the new technology. One of the challenges was that they were dependent to the central control center. Therefore, they lacked independence to make innovations. Another challenge that universities faced was unavailability of business intelligence. Business intelligence aids an organization to obtain resources from digital data for firm business-production mechanism (Kahn, (2000). Universities were also frequented with non-elaborative and disorderly electronic records. This denied them chances to go through various records to update the existing technology. Most of the universities information methodology to efficiently improve communication and correlation of various information sources was poor. According to (Kahn, (2000), information technology, that is mainly appropriated in communication, does not affect human data processing capabilities as human can analyze the information produced by computers. Heavily built bureaucratic structures hindered universities from accessing relevant agencies so as to improve their current technological status (Kahn, (2000).

 

  1. What type of strategic responses did the universities attempt to implement in response and which ones led to greater success?

The universities came up with three strategic responses in the attempt to implement responses to the challenges faced relating to the new technology. One of the strategies was normativistic communication. This type of communication, as proposed by the universities, has the pro to be regulated and precise, but on the other hand, it was very fixed and this could halt the spontaneous rising of initiatives from the base of the organization. Descriptivist communications was also devised by the universities to overcome the challenges (Müller, (2003). The advantage of this response strategy was that it was being bidirectional, by the fact that data came from more than one source. The universities asserted that this would promote participation from the background and the ability for the top management to detect the mood of the whole firm. The setbacks from this form of response were that that there could arouse dispute at top-level management (Müller, (2003). The management could take into account the responses from the basis but not necessarily meaning that the lower levels are satisfied with the outcome. The areas of disappointment to the juniors could emanate from the feeling that their suggestion have to follow clearly stated procedures that are biased from the top management’s stand, even if they pretend to be neutral (Müller, (2003).

Constructivist communication was another response technique proposed by the universities to overcome the challenges. The response was commendable as it had the advantage of being isolated from imposed procedures. This type of response ensured that communication matters are solely left to the actors involved in the process. The effect of this response was that it affected new and predictable outcomes and creating space for innovations and inventions (Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, (2006). The universities noticed that the response was frequented with certain drawbacks. The response was associated with aspects such as communication being fuzzy and could not be controlled. This made the top management unable to extract the findings of these processes, as they are frequently not available. Constructivist communication gave remarkable results as it calls for isolation of management to other stakeholders. It enabled universities to gather diverse information which promoted discoveries in technological advancements (Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, M. (2001).

 

  1. Do you think social action theory is a useful framework for understanding the relative success or failure of each of these universities?

Social action theory is quite important in understanding the comparative success or failures of these universities. It agrees and support that human beings have the ability to act differently in different social contexts. The correlation between organizational structure and technology anatomy is reinstated by social action theory approval on technology as well as information technology (Sor, (2004). Social action literature governs universities leaders to apprehend the relationships between technology and information formation and the university’s response to transformations (Sor, (2004). Arguably, this correlation is established in the case study where certain universities uphold decentralized form of record management. The institution embraces the result of the spontaneous change in budgetary system due to computerized financial regulation system.

Sor, (2004) attest that embracing of new technology prompted universities to start new alliances by sending email text messages, announcing of online workshops and seminars and disbursing information to other campuses. Social contract theory also exhibits itself in the case study with the actions of other universities that declined to accommodate the new technology. These universities never formed alliances through internet and continued to apply the traditional practices of technology (Sor, (2004). These activities are emanating from the perceptive that social action theory is accountable for rearrangement of work duties, production of communication networks, transformation in leadership and the decentralization of power process. The case study concludes that social action is effective. The case study also proposes that organizations (universities) facing technological revolution should revitalize communication between workmates, decentralization of power and authority and boundary-bridging regulation techniques (Sor, P. (2004).

 

  1. Considering universities are often very traditional in structure and have remained relatively unchanged compared to other types of organization, what are the implications of this case study for organizations that are less bound by tradition?

Organizations that are bound to traditional structure prone themselves to so many challenges. One of the challenges is that they will be in vicious cycle of high cost and consequently will decrease in productivity in their operations as it is less likely to form alliances to enable it to appropriately use new technology (Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, (2001). Concentration on old forms of organization structure kills innovation. This is as a result of unavailability of information which acts as raw materials to inventions. Dependency is propagated by the fact that universities will always wait for other institutions to feed them with information (Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, (2001).

 

  1. To what degree does this case study confirm or deny the research presented in this week’s journal articles?

According to week’s journal articles, despite many organizations upholding the virtue of new technology, traditional elements of communication are still being used. The articles appears to contradict the case study on the impacts of the orientation of  new technology on informal organizational structure by arguing that the modern form of technology incorporates both traditional and modern aspects of technology (Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, (2001). The journal articles calls for incorporation of both technologies, but not discard of the traditional type as it acts as the reference point to the new technology. The case study denies the allegations by putting forth arguments that a complete configuration of organization to modern world must do away with the native methods of information structure (Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, 2006).

References

Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, M. (2001). Managing           information technology in a global environment. Hershey, PA: Idea Group                                 Publishing.

Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, M. (2006). Emerging            trends and challenges in information technology management. Hershey, Penn: Idea      Group.

Kahn, R. (2000). The effect of technological innovation on organizational structure: Two case     studies of the effects of the introduction of new technology on informal         organizational structures. Journal of Business and Technical communication, 14 (13).       Retrieved       from ABI/INFORM Global database.

Müller, R. (2003). Communication of information technology project sponsors and managers        in buyer-seller relationships. S.l.: Dissertation.com.

Salazar, A. J. (2007). Handbook of information technology in organizations and electronic             markets. New Jersey: World Scientific.

Sor, P. (2004). Information technology and organizational structure: vindicating theories   from the past. Management decision, 42 (1/2). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database

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Closing the Deal Essay Term Paper Available

Closing the Deal
             Closing the Deal

Closing the Deal

Order Instructions:

Double space essay on CASE 6.4 Closing the Deal.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Closing the Deal

Introduction

When a customer feels pressured into making decisions or taking action that he or she feels is inconsistent with what is right, ethical conflict is said to have occurred. Sales people are constantly faced with various ethical dilemmas as they interact with the customers, competitors, and employers. They are frequently exposed to high levels of ethical pressures than employees holding other positions in a company. This is as a result of the freedom they have, since they tend to work in relatively unsupervised settings. They are also responsible for the generation of a firm’s revenue, which may also be stressful.

Question 1

I disapprove of Wright’s sales tactic because the method being used is not ethical. The whole technique is based on dishonesty and deceiving the customer (Ferrell, Johnston & Ferrell, 2007). It also puts pressure on the customer to seal the deal immediately. Wright, however, is trying to cover up for it by giving directions that only customers who seem to want the product can be persuaded. Direction is also given that the technique will only be influenced for someone who actually needs the land. From this perspective, this sales tactic may be dismissed as moral since the customer indeed needed the land, and the sales person knew that the land would satisfy the client’s needs fully (Ruiz-Palomino & Martínez-Cañas, 2014).

Question 2

If I knew that the prospect in the case study would eventually buy the property or that it would be in the prospect’s interest to buy it, my moral assessment of this closing technique would not be affected. This is because I still think that it is morally wrong for salespersons to play with their prospect’s psychology through deceit, just to seal deals. Dishonesty is a factor that has been discouraged for a very long time, especially for salespersons (McClaren, 2013). There are no way the sales person will be in a position to know if that prospect actually needs the land. Hesitation does not mean that the land is needed; but that the client is not sure which one will fully satisfy his or her needs. Therefore, when the sales person uses Wright’s tactic, the pressure of missing out on a product is exerted on the prospect.

If the law allows three days for the prospects to change their minds, there will be reasonable grounds for complaining about the closing technique used against them. First, the sales person was being dishonest in the attempt of getting the prospect to sign the deal. Once the prospect realizes that all the phone calls and reference to headquarters were all face, dishonesty may be claimed. It is always important to be truthful about information given to the customer. This is very important because the client needs to feel confident about the company in case of complaints. Second, after a day or two, the prospect may discover that the product is not what he or she hoped for. However, after being pressured using illegal means, he or she ended up signing the deal. Therefore, the prospects may argue that they were pressured into purchasing a product they were not sure satisfied their needs.

Question 3

There are many things which Jean needs to take into consideration before making any decisions. First, she needs to consider how her action will affect her future deals. No prospect would want to be associated with a dishonest salesperson. Lying about the presence of headquarters, and making fake phone calls to lure a client into signing the deal may easily backfire. If the client notices that all these were a lie, this may be the end of jean’s career. Second, as a sales person, Jean has the obligation to ensure that her actions are not interfering, in any way, with the rights of the customer. The customer has a right of making his or her own decision; the duty of the sales person is to help the customer decide on a product and finally make a purchase (Ross & Robertson, 2003). The duty of the sales person is not to pressure customers into purchasing the goods or services.

Question 4

Jean should give very little weight to self-interest in her deliberations since ethics suggest that a salesperson must always do what is best for his or her customers. It is not stated that she should also consider her own interests. If this code of ethics is considered, the sales person will be foregoing short-term profits but investing in long-term profits that may take longer to show (McClaren, 2013). The long-term benefits are always better because the sales person will eventually start gaining from referrals. Therefore, Jean should stick to her code of ethics and avoid doing what she thinks is wrong. She should always be honest to customers and refuse to pressure them into signing deals. Despite the fact that she is lagging behind, there is hope for more prospects in future because the few she has closed deals with will refer others to her because of her honesty and patience with customers.

Question 5

A rule utilitarian would encourage real estate agents in such a situation to follow a simple rule: “Happiness is not the rational end and purpose of human life and action; virtue is a better end or goal than happiness,” (Qtd. From Ferrell, Johnston & Ferrell 2007, p. 296). This rule implies that the sales person should not focus on his or her own benefits, but rather on virtue or goals. When this rule is followed, the real estate agents will always focus on taking the right actions and making good decisions for the sake of their customers, since the more loyalty there is, the better the performance of an organization.

The realtors’ professional code of ethics needs to reflect a lot on closing techniques. It should warn against using negative means of influence on prospects just to seal a deal. The rights of the customers must always be respected by ensuring that the closing techniques used are not going to disrespect these in any way.

Conclusion

The ethics of salespersons is a factor that will almost never be followed. This is because the job of salespersons has been closely associated with being dishonest, using pressure, and many more activities that ensure the customer signs a deal no matter what. This case study is basically an example of the decisions that salespersons have to make daily. At times, they are often pressured into using the wrong techniques to ensure they sign the deals. However, it is always advisable to use the proper means since the benefits associated with the latter outweigh its shortcomings.

References

Ferrell, O. C., Johnston, M. W., & Ferrell, L. (2007). A Framework For Personal Selling And Sales Management Ethical Decision Making. Journal Of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 27(4), 291-299.

McClaren, N. (2013). The Personal Selling and Sales Management Ethics Research: Managerial Implications and Research Directions from a Comprehensive Review of the Empirical Literature. Journal Of Business Ethics, 112(1), 101-125.  http://www.doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1235-4

Ross, W. T., & Robertson, D. C. (2003). A Typology of Situational Factors: Impact on Salesperson Decision-Making about Ethical Issues. Journal Of Business Ethics, 46(3), 213-234.

Ruiz-Palomino, P., & Martínez-Cañas, R. (2014). Ethical Culture, Ethical Intent, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Moderating and Mediating Role of Person-Organization Fit. Journal Of Business Ethics, 120(1), 95-108. http://www.doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1650-1.

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Clinical Guidelines and Nursing Sensitive Outcomes

Clinical Guidelines and Nursing Sensitive Outcomes
Clinical Guidelines and Nursing Sensitive Outcomes

Clinical Guidelines and Nursing Sensitive Outcomes

Order Instructions:

This paper is critical and the writer must make sure that all details are taking into consideration. every question must have a detail respond. hear below are the instructions and also some resources that will be use for this paper , let the writer reference to all the resources are he writes the paper . Take note that each section must have 3 cited sources from pear review scholarly articles.

This paper is in two section just as some of my other papers. It should have a reference list at the end of each section, and proper grammar must be used to complete this paper. It has been cited in most of my papers that proper grammar and spellings was not applied and that has caused me a lot of points in this class. As we come to the end of this particular class I want you guys to pay attention to details. Read the instructions and respond accordingly. Take note that all points must be detaily explained. For section A you will use the clinical guidelines which is included hear below to respond to this section of the paper. The link is provided below and you must also quote a minimum of 3 sources for each section.

SECTION A (1.5 pages minimum)

Clinical Guidelines and Nursing Sensitive Outcomes
Clinical focus
The falls clinical guideline in reference is meant for health care professionals. There is a summary regarding the assessment and screening of falls among the elderly (focused history, physical examinations, functional assessment, and environmental assessment). There are also recommendations for old people in different care settings. The guideline can be obtained from http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/clinical_practice/clinical_guidelines_recommendations/prevention_of_falls_summary_of_recommendations

Clearly describe the best practice or clinical guideline above and provide a working link to resource that is helpful in understanding this practice or guideline.
1. Discuss why this best practice or guideline should be utilized in nursing practice. Why do they lead to improved patient outcomes? What are the nursing actions identified in the guideline? What are the nursing sensitive outcomes?
2. End your discussion with suggestions as to how you might implement this evidence-based best practice or clinical guideline in your health care setting. As you do so, identify any potential barriers you might anticipate and offer ways to overcome these barriers.
3. Provide at least three citations with full references to credible nursing scholarly articles supporting your definitions and discussion.

SECTION B (1.5 pages minimum)

Collaboration for Research and Evidence-based Practice
1. Consider the role of the nurse as an interdisciplinary team member in completing research and using research findings to inform health care practices.
2. Using insights gained from visiting the Women’s Health Initiative retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/whi/ and by reading the article on collaborative strategies by Engelke and Marshburn (2006):
3. Discuss the role of the advanced practice nurse as an interdisciplinary research collaborator and member of the interdisciplinary team obligated to co-participate in the implementation and use of evidence-based practice.
4. End your discussion by providing an example of an evidence-based change that would require the collaborative efforts of nursing and at least two other health care disciplines and that would lead to quality improvement in healthcare.
5. Provide at least three citations with full references to credible nursing scholarly articles supporting your definitions and discussion.

Resources for this paper

Required Activities

• From your textbooks, read:
• Introduction to Nursing Research Incorporating Evidence-Based Practice
• Chapter 15: “Application of EBP”
• Please retrieve and read the following journal articles.
• Engelke, M.K., & Marshburn, D. M. (2006). Collaborative strategies to enhance research and evidence-based practice. Journal of Nursing Adminstration, 36(3), 131–135.
• Booth, J., Tolson, D., Hotchkiss, R., & Schofield, I. (2007). Using action research to construct national evidence-based nursing care guidance for gerontological nursing. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 16(5), 945–953.
• Hoss, B., & Hanson, D. (2008). Evaluating the evidence: web sites. AORN Journal, 87(1), 124.
• Munroe, D., Duffy, P., & Fisher, C. (2008). Research for practice. Nurse knowledge, skills, and attitudes related to evidence-based practice: before and after organizational supports. MEDSURG Nursing, 17(1), 55-60.
• Harvath, T., Flaherty-Robb, M., White, D., Talerico, K., & Hayden, C. (2007). Best practices initiative: nurturing partnerships that promote change. Journal Of Gerontological Nursing, 33(11), 19–26.
• Reavy, K., & Tavernier, S. (2008). Nurses reclaiming ownership of their practice: implementation of an evidence-based practice model and process. Journal Of Continuing Education In Nursing, 39(4), 166–172.
• Review these Web resources.
• Revisit Clinical Guidelines and Best Practices such as the following:
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence©. Retrieved from
• http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg/index.jsp
• Revisit Nursing Sensitive Patient Outcomes
• Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nurseshdbk/
• National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators. Retrieved from https://www.nursingquality.org/
• Nursing Sensitive Patient Outcomes (ONS). Retrieved from http://www.ons.org/Research/NursingSensitive/
• Collaboration
• Physician-Nurse Collaboration in Research in the 21st Century. Retrieved from http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/22/5/774.full

SAMPLE ANSWER

Clinical Guidelines and Nursing Sensitive Outcomes

Section A

The guidelines are developed by the geriatrics societies in America and Britain and are based on evidence based trials among other players in areas such as occupational therapy, physical therapy, home care, pharmacy and hospice. They aim at assisting care providers on fall prevention after older patients’ recurrent falls, difficulty in walking or after acute falls. They may be implemented in caring for older persons in communities, long term care and for those with cognitive impairment (The Panel on Prevention of Falls in Older Persons, American Geriatrics Society and British Geriatrics Society, 2011).

Discuss why this best practice or guideline should be utilized in nursing practice

The best practice guideline should be utilized in nursing practice because there is need to reduce the risk of falls among older persons who are more susceptible to falls than younger patients. Falls are also related to higher rates of morbidity and mortality among older patients and it is thus imperative that nurses apply the guidelines to reduce the rates of death and illness. The guidelines on preventing falls are also imperative in preventing impairment of older persons’ overall functioning as well as untimely admission in longer term care settings (Feder, Donovan, & Carter, 2000). The following link to a resource is helpful in understanding this guideline (http://www.medcats.com/FALLS/frameset.htm).

Why do they lead to improved patient outcomes?

The guidelines result in improved patient outcomes because they bridge the theory-practice gap. They are particularly essential because uncertainty about care is rampant in nursing care for older patients. The guidelines are developed through a participatory approach which gives nurses confidence in caring for older patients. Patients provide experiential information about their falls and health practitioners evaluate appropriate interventions among those provided in the best practices guidelines. This approach reduces medical errors and results in better quality of care.

What are the nursing actions identified in the guideline?

Nursing actions that are required include a multifactorial risk assessment on patients’ history, physical balance, functional abilities and their environment.  After assessing the risks, nurses recommend interventions to reduce the risk factors such as minimizing medications, incorporating an exercise program and treating vision impairment, administering vitamin D supplements. Providing education on fall prevention is also imperative among other interventions like modifying the home environment, addressing foot wear problems, managing heart rhythm problems and postural hypotension (medcats.com, 2010).

What are the nursing sensitive outcomes?

The nurse sensitive outcomes emanate from the fact that the guidelines are developed by a mixture of nurses from the diverse areas of gerontological practice and other experts in healthcare. The outcomes are that nurses provide safe and error free interventions. They assess the risk and offer interventions that are supported by tacit knowledge rather than mindlines. When nurses lack formal clinical guidelines, they base their decision making on mindlines. Mindlines as knowledge developed instinctively from their interactions with colleagues, opinion leaders and patient and practice experiences can be unsafe for older patients (Booth, Tolson, Hotchkiss, & schofield, 2007).

The guidelines are applicable in an acute health setting admitting older patients with cardiovascular conditions. It would require a variety of interventions to verify whether the reported falls are as a result of syncope or postural hypotension (The Panel on Prevention of Falls in Older Persons, American Geriatrics Society and British Geriatrics Society, 2011). One setback or barrier is that it would call for prolonged patient observation to ascertain the cause of the falls. However, admission in a home care setting may be necessary to verify the reasons for recurrent falls and execute appropriate interventions such as cardiac pacing and exercise to reduce the risk for falls.

References

Booth, J., Tolson, D., Hotchkiss, R., & Schofield, I. (2007). Using Action research to Construct National Evidence Based Nursing Care Guidance for Gerontological Nursing. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 945-953.

Feder, G., Donovan, S., & Carter, Y. (2000). Guidelines for the Prevention of Falls in People Over 65. British Medical Journal, 321, 1007-1011.

medcats.com. (2010, July). Prevention of Falls in Older Persons: AGS/BGS Clinical Practice Guideline. Retrieved August 7, 2014, from medcats.com: http://www.medcats.com/FALLS/frameset.htm

The Panel on Prevention of Falls in Older Persons, American Geriatrics Society and British Geriatrics Society. (2011). Summary of the Updated American Geriatrics Society/British Geriatrics Society Clinical Practice Guideline for Prevention of Falls in Older Persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(1), 148

Section B

Nurses are increasingly collaborating in interdisciplinary research initiatives. For nurses’ participation in research to work well, there is need to ensure that open lines of communication are in existence. It is also imperative to ensure clear communication about goals, objectives, roles, processes and outcomes is issued at the onset of the research. It is also imperative that the interdisciplinary dynamics also entrench mutual trust and respect as well as value for the unique expertise that nurses and other members contribute (Houldin, Naylor, & Haller, 2004).

Nurses must use evidence based research findings as the basis of their health care practices in education, management and direct patient care. Implementing the evidence based practices have proven to provide safe, cost effective and personalized interventions to patients. Participation in collaborative research and implementation of the findings also develops nurses’ communication and critical thinking skills and leadership abilities to a significant extent. Nurses’ participation also increases their enthusiasm for work leading to increased practice ownership and greater appreciation for evidence based practice (Reavy & Tavernier, 2008).

There is a growing need for service and academia collaboration in research that informs evidence based practice (Engelke & Marshburn, 2006).Educators entrench utopia in nursing practice while healthcare settings cope with the reality of care on a daily basis. It is therefore important that nurse and educators share their perspectives to develop a shared understanding that bridge the gap between practice and education. For example, students can access an externship program that requires that they work the same shifts as their designated preceptors. Such an arrangement facilitates a mentorship relationship because students are not bombarded with new coworkers in every shift.  Students must also report to a faculty member to access counseling on problems and learn effective team work strategies. A collaborative experience between preceptors and faculty members allows students to gain clinical experience which is an important form of evidence based practice (Horns, Czaplijski, Engelke, Marshburn, McAuliffe, & Baker, 2007).

The advanced practice nurse plays a collaborative and a co-participatory role in interdisciplinary in research and implementation. This is because partnership is an increasingly important value in organizational life. Advanced practice nurses continuously interact with other researchers in research and also use research results in practice (Harvath, Flahherty-Robb, White, Amann, & Hayden, 2007).  The Women’s Health Initiative constitutes one of the collaborative research undertaking involving health care providers such as physicians, nurses, psychologists, nutritionists, epidemiologists and biostaticians for over a decade. The diversity in expertise of the team was imperative in adequately addressing the scientific and operational goals of the longitudinal, multifactorial observational study. It involved randomized controlled clinical trials that were made possible through the teams’ collaborative effort (Houldin, Naylor, & Haller, 2004).

Advanced practice nurses require making clinical decisions using the best research evidence, draw on their clinical experience and patient preferences. An example of collaborative effort in wound care evidence based change in a veteran wound care unit would incorporate nurses, pharmacists and dermatologists. The team would conduct a review of literature on pressure ulcer and venous stasis ulcer management to inform their research based treatment protocol. The dermatologists would provide insight on the most effective care strategies, the pharmacist would provide vital information on dosage in the different medicines while the advanced practice nurse would monitor nurses to ensure that policies and practices at the unit are evidence-based.

References

Engelke, M. K., & Marshburn, D. (2006). Collaborative Strategies to Enhance Research and Evidence-based Practice. Journal of Nursing Administration:, 36(3), 131-135.

Harvath, T. A., Flahherty-Robb, M., White, D. L., Amann, K., & Hayden, C. (2007). Best Practices Initiative: Nurturing Partnerships that Promote Change. Journal of Gentological Nursing, 33(11), 19-26.

Horns, P. N., Czaplijski, T. J., Engelke, M. K., Marshburn, D., McAuliffe, M., & Baker, S. (2007). Leading Through Collaboration: A Regional Academic /Service Partnership That Works. Nursing Outlook, 55(2), 74-78.

Houldin, A. D., Naylor, M. D., & Haller, D. G. (2004). Physician-Nurse Collaboration in Research in the 21st Century. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22(5), 774-776.

Reavy, K., & Tavernier, S. (2008). Nurses Reclaiming Ownership of Their Practice: Implementation of an Evidence-Based Practice Model and Process. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 39(4), 166-172.

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