Health Care Ethics Essay Paper Assignment

Health Care Ethics

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Need only Australian references.
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Health Care Ethics

Patients have the right to decide what treatments and medications they would consent to or reject (Learder, 2015). It is an ethical requirement that clinicians offer their clients an opportunity to decide on their health. Instruments such as the advance care directives are there to promote the autonomy of patients (Craig, 2012). People have the right to plan for the future of their health, and they would exercise it by outlining their wishes and expectations when they are still healthy. This paper focuses on the ethical aspect of granting patient their wishes. The paper will consider the perspective of a registered nurse and that of a physician. Both professionals play significantly in safeguarding the health of their clients (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare (ACSQHC) 2010). The essay will begin by describing the features of a legal consent and why it is necessary to respect choices that patients make. The writer will then evaluate the appropriateness of paternalism in making medical decisions. The paper will also describe the roles of healthcare practitioners in upholding patient autonomy and pursuing their (patients’) wishes. The paper will end by discussing the Australian healthcare system and the legal and professional guideline that direct practitioners. By the end of the paper, the writer hopes to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the application of ethics in healthcare setups.

The basics of a legal consent include allowing patients with competent mental capacity a chance to decide on what should be done regarding their health (Eagle, & Ryan, 2014, Pg. 353). The provision is imperative that patients may have their preferred type of care regardless of the preferences of other parties including healthcare practitioners. For instance, if mentally-abled patients choose not to undergo a surgical process, other people would not overrule the decision and have them undertake the procedure. That would be regardless of how helpful the procedure could have been. Legal consent may not be a priority in emergency situations, especially when patients are unable to express their wish. The advanced care directive is an example of legal tools applied in promotion the promotion of healthcare that is centered to the patient and based on the rights and autonomy (Scholl, Zill, Härter, & Dirmaier, 2014). The form applies to adults, and it entails writing down one’s wishes, values, and directions regarding their health (The Government of South Australia, 2015). Concepts addressed in the form include future hospital and residential care, accommodation, as well as decisions and their making. People can also appoint their preferred persons to make decisions on their behalf in times when they are unable to do so due to disease. The directive applies any time that one’s decision-making is impaired as a result of disease. For its legal validity, the directive must bear the sign of the patient and a witness who is to affirm that the subject made the directions at their will and that nobody compelled them to do so (Department of Health and Aging, 2014). The understanding of mental impairment includes situations when patients are unable to understand what they are told even with the help of interpreters (Townsend, & Luck, 2012). The concept also entails the inability of patients to comprehend the consequences of receiving or not receiving care. Occasions when patients cannot communicate their choices also entail an impairment of decision-making. The complete assessment of decision-making could be performed through tools such as Darzin’s capacity assessment (Department of Health and Aging, 2014).

Respecting patient’s autonomy is an ethical provision that sustains healthy interactions between healthcare practitioners and their clients. Ethical conduct requires clinicians to educate their patients on available options but allow them to make their decisions freely. The practice protects patients from procedures they may consider unfit for them hence promoting their satisfaction. The approach also ensures that clinicians pay attention to the understanding of patients concerning health. Patients can use their understanding of health to decide on how they would wish to live. Therefore, respecting patient choices would be an important aspect of shaping the lives of the clients. The move is also important during the provision of cultural diverse and competent care. Different cultures may have varied perceptions on health issues and patient may require upholding their beliefs. Promoting autonomy and respecting the choices that patients reduces chances of conflict between one’s culture and their maintenance of health. Patients are responsible for their health, and autonomy gives them to manage it as they wish.

Under some circumstances, clinicians may not have to respect patient choices. In most cases, patients would have to give satisfactory explanations to the decisions they make. Nursing practice entails promoting the wellbeing of patients, and decisions that may not lead to the objective could be overruled. For example, patients may opt not to take medications on such explanations as the medicines are not to their taste. Nurses would try to compel and push such patients to go against their wish. In so doing, the practitioners would still be promoting the wellbeing of the patients without necessarily respecting patient autonomy and choices. Nurses may also have to overlook patient choices if such patients opt to engage in practices that would impair treatment procedures. For instance, the practitioners may restrict patients from taking certain foods that could impair treatment irrespective of how much patients would be yearning for them. Practices such as alcoholism would also attract special attention and declination of patient autonomy. Alcoholics may insist on drinking while still undertaking treatment. If alcohol would impair such treatment, nurses would most reasonably overlook patients’ choices and apply paternalism. Physicians and pharmacists would also take the same approach regarding such situations. However, the professionals may uphold patient autonomy and explore alternative strategies such as changing medication regiments to ones that patient preferences would not alter. Though the selected alternatives may not be as effective as the firstling choices, the practitioners would have achieved from the perspectives of respecting autonomy and that of treating the patient.

Paternalism entails making decisions on behalf of other people for their own good. The literal meaning of paternalism is assuming a fatherly role and controlling systems for other people as a father would do to his family. In healthcare setup, paternalism would entail having the government, hospitals, clinicians, or other persons’ wishes prevail over those of the patients. Usually, paternalism goes against autonomy as patient choices may not be regarded in decision-making. There are various reasons when parties may need to apply paternalism. The government could for instance regulate people’s healthcare choices so that they meet certain financial considerations (Wilson, 2013). Governments may also apply paternalism when controlling health behaviours of their citizens. For instance, they could control the consumption of certain foods and practices such as smoking and alcohol use (Thomas & Buckmaster, 2010). Clinicians often apply paternalism when prescribing drugs to their clients. Often, prescribers indicate drugs to patient based on their (prescribers’) own reasoning. The practice often involves an assumption that prescribers are informed about all factors necessary for consideration during treatment. Though the paternalism is unavoidable in most such situations, it may not always give the correct implication. For instance, clinicians would tend to assume that patients would not afford unfunded drugs and prescribe cheaper regiments without necessarily consulting their patients. The practice may not be justified as patients would need to know that better medications are available and make their own decisions regarding whether they would cater for their associated financial spending (Dare, Findlay, Browett, Amies, & Anderson, 2010). Paternalism may be necessary under certain circumstances in the clinical setup. For instance, practitioners may apply the move when patients do understand neither the benefits nor the consequences of the available approaches. In such situations, clinicians would choose the best approach for their clients and administer treatment. Such an approach would apply to nursing and other healthcare professionals such as physicians and pharmacists. The presence of an ACD would minimise the necessity for paternalism. Clinicians would, for instance, consult the beneficiaries included in the ACD for their decisions regarding care for the patients of interest. The persons whom the patient prefers to make decisions on their behalf are most likely to do the will of the patient.

Professional ethics and codes of conduct direct clinical practitioners to facilitate the making of informed choices by patients (Consumers Health Forum of Australia, 2013). Various frameworks guide the process of making ethical decisions in nursing. Most of the frameworks are international while others are unique to Australia. In nursing, such guidelines include the nurses’ code of conduct, the code of ethics, professional boundaries, and competency standards. The code of ethics requires nurses to focus on human rights when delivering their services (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2013a). So as to avoid conflicts regarding treatment practices for patients among the involved parties, clinicians should purpose to apply the provision of services included in the wishes of the patient s indicated in their ACDs. The code of professional practice entails maximisation of patient safety by requiring nurses to observe the law and meet create a reputable image to the community (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2013b) Practices such as the use of life support machines, resuscitation, euthanasia, and organ donation would only be appropriate if the patient does not reject them in the ACD (Ebrahimi, 2012). Patients’ preferences would significantly influence the nature of care that nurses would offer. For instance, the practitioners would have to look for alternative methods of care if patients are against practices such as the use of life support machines and resuscitations. Physicians would also encounter the same and they would have to recommend care that does not contradict the preferences of their patients (Mendelson, n.d).

Conclusion

Ethical standards are crucial considerations in health care practices. Patients are entitled to care that values their beliefs and that which addresses their concerns. There are legal and ethical frameworks guiding nurses, physicians, and other clinicians on how to administer care that meets the ethical expectations of patients. Codes of conduct, professional ethics, and legislative guidelines in Australia ensure that clinicians do not overlook the wishes and concerns of their patients. Ethical conduct of clinical practitioners has tremendous influence on patient satisfaction and it would have significant impact on outcomes. It is always ethical to let the patient’s decisions concerning their health prevail over those of other parties. The role of clinicians would mostly be informing patients so that they can make choices from the information they get. Paternalism denies patient control over their lives. Though the aim of the practice is to offer the best to subjects, it may not always generate the best results. Before resolving to apply paternalism, clinicians should seek other approaches such as the ACD. Such mechanism would reduce the chances of legal and ethical questionings, and they would also facilitate settlement of disputes among interested groups such as patients’ families and the clinical team (Lawrence, Willmott, Milligan, Winch, White & Parker, 2012, Pg. 404). Nurses, physicians, pharmacists, and other clinicians encounter different situations that would require critical decision-making to determine the appropriate approaches to adopt. During such conflicting situations, clinical professionals should refer to ethical, professional, and legal frameworks (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2013c; Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2014). Clinicians should ensure that they give satisfactory care to patients by paying attention to the concerns, beliefs, and values that their clients express (Oliveira, Refshauge, Ferreira, Pinto, Beckenkamp, Filho, & Ferreira, 2012). So as to have the necessary understanding of such factors, clinicians would have to establish interactive relationships with their subjects. Not only would healthy interactions yield desirable outcomes, but they would also enhance patient safety and minimise legal conflicts.

References

Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare (ACSQHC) (2010) Australian Safety and Quality Framework for Health Care. Retrieved from http://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Australian-SandQ-Framework1.pdf

Consumers Health Forum of Australia. (2013). Informed consent in health care. https://www.chf.org.au/pdfs/chf/Informed-Consent-Issues-Paper.pdf

Craig, E. (2012). The ethics of involuntary psychiatric treatment. University of Western Australia. Retrieved from https://repository.uwa.edu.au/R/-?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34175&local_base=GEN01-INS01

Dare, T., Findlay, M., Browett, P., Amies, K., & Anderson, S. (2010). Paternalism in practice: informing patients about expensive unsubsidized drugs. Journal of Medical Ethics, 36(5), 260-264.

Department of Health and Aging, Government of South Australia. (2014). Advanced Care Directive Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/045059804459d8048921ab76d172935c/ACD+Fact+Sheet+PC+20140613.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=045059804459d8048921ab76d172935c

Eagle, K. & Ryan, J. (2014). Potentially incapable patients objecting to treatment doctors’ powers and duties. Medical Journal of Australia, 200(6), 352-354

Ebrahimi, N. (2012). Ethics of euthanasia. Australian Medical Student Journal, 3(1).

Lawrence, S., Willmott, L., Milligan, E., Winch, S., White B., & Parker, M. (2012). Autonomy versus futility? Barriers to good clinical practice in end-of-life care: a Queensland case. Medical Journal of Australia, 196(6), 404-405.

Leader, S. (2015). Complicating consent. Medical Journal of Australia. Retrieved from https://www.mja.com.au/insight/2015/16/stephen-leeder-complicating-consent

Mendelson, D. (n.d). Legal and ethical ramifications of withdrawal of life support systems from incompetent patients. School of Law, Deakin University. Retrieved from http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/medicine/mendleson.pdf

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2013a). Code of ethics for nurses in Australia. Retrieved from http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD10%2f1352&dbid=AP&chksum=GTNolhwLC8InBn7hiEFeag%3d%3d

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2013b). code of professional conduct for nurses in Australia. Retrieved from http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD10%2f1353&dbid=AP&chksum=Ac7KxRPDt289C5Bx%2ff4q3Q%3d%3d

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2013c). National competency standards for the registered nurse. Retrieved from http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD10%2f1342&dbid=AP&chksum=N5ws04xdBlZijTTSdKnSTQ%3d%3d

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2014). Nurse practitioners standards for practice. Retrieved from http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD13%2f12248&dbid=AP&chksum=F8%2bT8IAwM%2b3Z%2fPacPxiVnA%3d%3d

Oliveira, V. C., Refshauge, K. M., Ferreira, M. L., Pinto, R. S., Beckenkamp, P. R., Filho, R. F. & Ferreira, P. H. (2012). Communication that values patient autonomy is associated with satisfaction with care: a systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy, 58(4), 215-229

Scholl, I., Zill, J. M., Härter, M., & Dirmaier, J. (2014). An Integrative Model of Patient-Centeredness – A Systematic Review and Concept Analysis. PLoS ONE, 9(9), e107828. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107828

The Government of South Australia. (2015). Advanced Care Directive. Retrieved from http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/Public+Content/SA+Health+Internet/Clinical+resources/Advance+care+directive

Thomas, M. & Buckmaster, L. (2010, December 15). Paternalism in social policy when is it justifiable? Parliament of Australia. Retrieved from http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1011/11rp08

Townsend, R. & Luck, M. (2012). Protective jurisdiction, patient autonomy, and paramedics challenge of applying the NSW Mental Health Act. Australian Journal of Paramedicine, 7(4).

Wilson, T. (2013, December 12). Paternalism an unhealthy threat to freedom. The Australian. Retrieved from http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/opinion/paternalism-an-unhealthy-threat-to-freedom/story-e6frgd0x-1226781030925

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Marketing strategy Research Paper Assignment

Marketing strategy

Order Instructions:

You have to write about 2 business models and 2 marketing strategies that its provided on the file. just need a short introduction and 1000 words per 1 model/strategy. Total around 4000 words.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

Marketing strategy is a plan aiming at a goal of increasing sales and having a comparative advantage over the competitors. On the other hand, a business model is an actual representation of an organization of all interrelated architectural and financial designed by a business institution for both present and future guiding to reach a specific goal. Business models and marketing strategies nowadays are becoming more and more important in any business field. They are serving, as a core management discipline in the present world business is it in a financial or accounting organization. The thesis of this essay is to find out what are the characteristics of a good business model. It entails finding its importance in the field of business, the challenges that are faced when coming up with a business model. In addition, the discussion will discuss the diversified different types of marketing strategies. The importance of marketing strategies and what difference they bring in an organization will also be given.

Discussion

Business Models
- SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis has been defined by Yean Ying, Min & To Phuong (2009, p. 1105) as a strategy tool that is aimed at determining a company’s competitive advantaged. Ding-Hong, Tie-Dan & Chang-Yuan (2014, p. 68) argue that SWOT analysis is a tool that is aimed at analyzing a company’s strengths and opportunities against the threats and weaknesses. This tool is important as it can help practitioners determine the best ways possible to assist their organization to become competitive in the market. The motive behind this toll is to analyze a company’s prospects with paying attention to the bigger picture in mind (Everett 2014, p.58). For this tool to be certain effective information need to be acquired. This information ranges from internal to external factors that affect the business either positively or negatively Milosevic (2010, p.78). The internal information assists the practitioners to spot the strengths and weaknesses the firm establishes in its operations. The external factors are critical to ensuring that a company analyzes its threats and opportunities in the external environment.

Strengths are essentially factors that give a firm a competitive edge. Weaknesses, on the other hand, are factors or elements that are harmful if certain competitors to use them against the respective firm (Ying, Min & To Phuong 2009, p.1110). Opportunities are those favorable situations that can bring competitive advantages. Lastly, threats are unfavorable circumstances that tend to diminish the competitive advantage of a firm. The use of SWOT analysis best sits when assessing the services provided by a project. In addition, the tool is indispensable to determine the relationship between project stakeholders. In emphasis, the toll is indispensable in digging dip a problem in a company. The tool is applicable in intense situations that require the immediate solution to emerging issues. The emerging issues can include a drastic fall in profit (Ying, Min & To Phuong (2009, p. 1109). The tool can also be used to determine where change is possible. The effectiveness of the tool can be measured easily. The tool is effective if it clearly sports the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats of a company. Furthermore, the performance of the tool is measured by the extent at which the recommendations given by the tool assist the organization to become competitive advantage (Ying, Min & To Phuong 2009, p.1106). In simper terms, the performance of the tool is determined by the extent at which the opportunities are exploited together will the strengths to outweigh the repercussions of threats and weaknesses.

The SWOT analysis is characterized with strengths and limitations. One of the strengths is that the tool is simple to perform. In addition, the tool has practicability (Everett 2014, p.79). A practitioner will find that collecting external and internal factors as well as comparing them to determine a firm’s competitive advantage is very simple. The other strength of the tool is that it is simple to understand. Notably, it gives all the four dimension of a firm using understandable format. Every factor is described individually (Ying, Min & To Phuong 2009, p.1115). It is being observed that the SWOT analysis tool is indispensable when identifying future goals. The tool assists practitioners to predict where the company will be in the future when it excels in manipulating its strengths and opportunities to fight its weaknesses and threats. Another observance pertinence of the tool is that it provides opportunities for further analysis. The tool allows the use of other models such as Blue Ocean Strategy and PEST analysis.

However, the SWOT analysis is short to limitations. Many critics argue that the toll is never serious. Its simplicity makes it a low-grade evaluation tool. One of its drawbacks is that it is cumbersome to read through. This is since it has excessive lists of strengths, threats, weaknesses, and opportunities. In addition, the tool is argued to have no prioritization of factors. In this regard, the tool is said to give each factor an equal measure. This is not true as Everett (2014, p.58) argue because some factors have more pressure on the firm than others. Another drawback of the tool is that it broadly describes its factors. This creates confusion in some cases. Ying, Min & To Phuong (2009, p.1105) argue that mush of what it is given by the tool are just opinions and not facts. Everett (2014, p.68) adds that a tool is a confusing tool since it lacks a recognizable method to distinguish between strengths, opportunities, threats, and weaknesses.

One instance in which SWOT analysis was used effectively was when Teys Australia was experiencing falling profits (Milosevic 2010, p.98). The top management carried a quick analysis to determine what was affecting the organization despite that the company is one of the biggest meat processing companies on the Australian land. The management got that its strengths include a strong brand, efficient production methods, and accessibility to global markets. The analysis also found that the firm had the weaknesses of vagaries of weather, animal disease outbreaks, fluctuating on major world currencies (Ying, Min & To Phuong 2009, p.1125). On top of that, the company found out that it had the opportunities to enjoy a larger market share in Japan and Indonesia. However, it observed that the threats ranged from the growth of the poultry industry, disease outbreaks, and climatic conditions. Therefore, it came to find that outbreak of diseases and climatic conditions were the major cause if decreasing profits. Thus is devised to use the government and its resources to do research to find cures for major cattle-related diseases (Milosevic 2010, p.145). Currently, the company is one of the major exporters of beef to Japan, Taiwan, and Indonesia. In conclusion, the SWOT analysis has fund four pillars of seizing and maintaining competitive advantage (Everett 2014, p.78).

Build on strengths
Minimization of weaknesses
Seizure of the opportunities
Counteract threats

PESTEL Analysis

The PESTEL model is the different version of the SWOT analysis. This is because it entirely deals with external forces. The PEST analyzes the political, economic, technological, and social factors in the external environment of a firm (Kader, Noor, Wilson & Mohammad 2014, p.67). These external factors are known to affect the activities and performance of a firm. The model engages in collecting and portraying information that deals with external factors which affect or might have affected the firm. The importance of this model is that it needs a firm to create both opportunities and threats for an organization. The practitioners need to know the instances when to use the tool (Gregorić 2014, p.562). These situations are best favorable when finding the current external factors that influence the organization.

The analysis is also applicable to identify external factors that may alter in the future. The other instance when the model is applicable is when the company wants to manipulate changes (opportunities) to shield against them (threats) better than competitors would do (Kader, Noor, Wilson & Mohammad 2014, p.68). The idea behind the analysis is that if a project is better placed than that of competitors, the company will be able to respond to changes more effectively. The political aspects can include both internal and external factors. The internal factors deals refer to those political aspects that are within the firm such as personal interest in the implementation of the projects. The eternal political factors include those factors that a firm cannot control such as governmental regulations. The economic factors include the macro and micro-economic events that relate to the function of an organization. The internal microenvironment engages in verifying the viability of an activity in the organization developments (Zalengera, Blanchard, Eames, Juma, Chitawo & Gondwe 2014, p.316). The macro-economic include the unavoidable government taxes, inflation, and unemployment. The sociological factor includes taking into consideration all events that affect the market and community socially. Technological factors involve taking into considerations all issues that affect the technology of the firm.

The performance of the PEST analysis can be evaluated by observing the extent at which a firm responds to the external factors (Kader, Noor, Wilson & Mohammad 2014, p.70). For instance, it assists a firm to product development. Carrying out a proper appraisal of the external factors, a firm can balance the outcome of each to see if it will unleash the product to the market. The other dimension in measuring the performance of the PEST analysis is by looking how an organizational change has been experienced developments (Zalengera, Blanchard, Eames, Juma, Chitawo & Gondwe 2014, p.326). For instance, when a firm wants to change one function of the department, the tool can be very helpful in identifying the hidden aspects that SWOT analysis, for instance, cannot find.

However, there are certain limitations and advantages associated with the PEST analysis. One of the advantages is that the tool is important it encourages the development of strategic thinking (Kader, Noor, Wilson & Mohammad 2014, p.72). It enables the concerned parties to think strategically on how to deal with a project. The other advantage is that it may raise awareness of the potential threats to a project. It also assists an organization to identify opportunities. Not only does the tool enable the form to identify opportunities, but it also assists the organization to exploit the opportunities (Zalengera, Blanchard, Eames, Juma, Chitawo & Gondwe 2014, p.346). In emphasis, it assists an organization to anticipate future difficulties to take actions on how to avoid or minimize them. Notably, one of the disadvantages is that the tool is entirely external. It only deals with external factors. It ignores the place of internal factors such as the place of the employee in the production line. The other limitation of the model is that it requires constant updating for it to remain relevant. The other observable feature of the model is that is based on assumptions. Much of what it says cannot be verified. Most of the recommendations given by the tool are rigid. It, therefore, becomes a problem for the projects of a firm to anticipate developments (Zalengera, Blanchard, Eames, Juma, Chitawo & Gondwe 2014, p.336). This is as far as the business environment is ever changing. The last noted disadvantage of the tool is that it allows its users to over-simplify the information that is used. Therefore, it creates the possibility of missing the most important data.

The use of the PEST analytical tool assisted a firm to a scenario. The tool was used by Wal-Mart Australia to identify its potential threats for the external environments (Kader, Noor, Wilson & Mohammad 2014, p.72). The supermarket observed that political factors such as heavy taxation and currency fluctuations. The supermarket also found that economic facts such as high inflation rate and higher consumer debt in Australia made to unable to diversify its operations (Zalengera, Blanchard, Eames, Juma, Chitawo & Gondwe 2014, p.366). In addition, the company realized that social factors such as an emphasis on safety by the Australians made it unable to unleash new products due to fear of rejection. The technological factor that Wal-Mart assessed was that ecological factors such as sustainability made to lose its role on sustainability. With that information in mind, Wal-Mart was able to differentiate the existing products (rebranding) to attract customer attraction (social factor) to make sales to counter heavy government taxes (political) (Shilei & Yong 2009, p.2097). In addition, by product differentiation, Wal-Mart was able to increase sales to diversify its operations (technological) to remain competitive in the market (economic).

Marketing strategy
- Blue Ocean Strategy

Definition

This concept works based on developing uncontested market space rather than competing with substitute opponents selling similar goods or services in the market (Chan &Mauborgne 2011, p. 105). In other words in Blue Ocean marketing strategy, demand is created rather than competing over the limited demand, which makes competition eventually unnecessary. This explains the reason for the revival of circus industry despite the long-term decline of the industry, which now is doing incredibly well profit wise (Mohamed 2009, p.28). The concept is distinct to another model because it does not encourage direct competition with rival firms. Relatively, the model advice on the importance of using skill to create a strong image/brand. Čirjevskis, Homenko & Lačinova (2010, p.162) argues that the modern companies are not able to leverage their activities such that they want to achieve competitive advantage by using price strategies to outdo each other. The author attested that the most significant weapon to win in the market is the one that is focused on attracting as many customers as possible. Therefore, there is a need to come up with an innovative strategy to deal with the competition in the market.

Aims and Objectives of Behind Concept of Blue Ocean Strategy

The main objective of this concept is to enhance national development in nations worldwide by transforming local public sectors, states, low costs that cut across ministries, agencies, NGOs, and municipalities at large (Mohamed 2009, p.29). The model is important to ensure that most of the projects formulated by organization go through the implementation stage. The model assumes that a firm can best utilize the available resources to make it competitive in the market (Chan &Mauborgne 2011, p.107). The intention here is not to engage in cutthroat competition with rival firms, but to create a strong brand that other competitors can hardly challenge.

Requirements Favoring the Concept Usage

To discover the ‘Blue Ocean’ primarily the entrepreneurs should discover the five action frameworks to break the trade-off and eventually come up with a new curve. There are certain framework key questions that favor this concept usage (Mohamed 2009, p.38). One of the questions is related to elimination. Elimination, in this case, implies that the company identifies the factors that have existed in the organization that lowers its competitive advantage. In addition, the company needs to remove such factors. The other question relates to creation (Chan & Mauborgne 2011, p.115). In this particular occasion, the company identifies which products that can capture the market share in the market. The third question is associated to reduction strategies. Reduction entails that a company identifies what it should reduce below its level standard.

Measurement of ‘Blue Ocean’ Strategy performance

This strategy uses various approaches to measuring performances (Mohamed 2009, p.48). These approaches include developing a strategic canvas approach. It also gives a map of key performance indicators (KPI’s) which involves comparing one’s company with that of the competitors (Dr.Hilarly,2010), The straight forward approach. Blue ocean development analysis here uses (ERCC) grid meaning elimination, reduction, and rise (Chan & Mauborgne 2011, p.121). The above measures are important to ensure that a firm gauges the extent it has excelled in making its brand strong.

Strength of Blue Ocean strategy

A blue ocean strategy is a crucial tool used in diagnosing whether one’s business has developed a comparative advantage proposition and supporting business models. It has made most businesses grow at a high rate since they can be able to diverse their energy from irrelevant competitions. In addition, the strategy is simpler to use (Čirjevskis, Homenko & Lačinova 2010, p.172). The model gives some of the mechanisms that can be adopted by firms to make them competitive in the market. These include product differentiation and increased advertisements.

Limitations of blue ocean strategy

One of the limitations is that the model is unfeasible. The model is viewed as unfeasible since it is claimed no group was used since it is not stated how many companies failed as a result of using this strategy (Čirjevskis, Homenko & Lačinova 2010, p.171). It is argued that rather than Blue Ocean becomes a theory; it attempt to backup the already existing frameworks. This statement implies that Blue Ocean draws assist form other models such SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis. The model has no any established methods of testing its recommendations. Another limitation of the model is that it is easily manipulated since each factor seems to contradict each other (Chan &Mauborgne 2011, p.127). The final limitation of the model is that is assuming that marketing success will come as just a matter of course. This is not true on the market situation. Gaining market share is a strenuous activity that takes a considerable time to perfect it.

Applications of Blue Ocean Strategy

China mobility is one of the instances the Blue Ocean strategy was implemented perfectly. China CEO Wang Jianzhou said that China market has been adapting the ocean market strategy, and that is why they have no worries of their rivals whatsoever, Starwood. In an interview Robin Pratt vice president, ‘six sigma’ said how they are taking systematically in applying the concept, TATA Motors (Čirjevskis, Homenko & Lačinova 2010, p.178). They have adopted the skills of differentiation and low cost as it is stated in Blue Ocean Strategy. Another instance where the application of the Blue Ocean strategy was effectively used was experienced by Casella Wines in Australia. The company decided to make new wines drinking rules (Chan &Mauborgne 2011, p.131). The final product that was unleashed was Yellow Tai. The brand became highly recognizable on the Australian land. However, the price remained the same even with the unleashing of the Yellow Wine.

Michael Porters Competitive Positioning Strategies

Definition of concept

The three porter’s generic strategies target as he had written in 1980 comprised of; cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. The basis of this concept is to describe how an organization or a company does to have a competitive advantage in the market (Grigore 2014, p.32). According to this strategy, a company has a choice of choosing one of the three or gain the risk of wasting its economic resources. Porter’s strategy was designed to combine and interact cost minimization strategy, market focus strategy and finally product differentiation strategy. According to Porter’s strategy, a company is comprised of major segments and there exists two major types of competitive advantage. One of the segments is oriented towards the minimization of costs (Lombana 2011, p.33). The other segment is designated to affect product differentiation. One requirement for a company to gain a competitive advantage is that it has to make an effort of picking a scope ahead of its competitors at least five times.

Aims and Objectives of Michael Porters Competitive Positioning Strategies

The aim of the model is to find the competitive rivalry in the market. By identifying the degree of competitive rivalry in the market, a company drafts mechanism on how to counteract it. The degree of rivalry may be high, for instance, due to the presence of high exists costs. The model also aims at observing the threat of new entrants. The company must be aware of the newcomers in the market to come up recommendations on how to deal with them (Lombana 2011, p.36). The threat of new entrants may be high due to government-driven obstacles. The other function of the model is to identify the threats of substitutes. The threat of substitutes is brought by such factors as brand loyalty, switching costs, and trends. The fourth factor of the model is the determination of the bargaining power of suppliers. Suppliers have power in the market when they are small in numbers (Grigore 2014, p.34). The last factor addressed by the model is the bargaining power of consumers. Consumers have power when the there are close substitutes, or there are different companies in the market that offer the same products.

Requirements and Conditions that Favor Competitive Strategy

This particular strategy works efficiently when the cost of production is quite costly. The model is mainly used when it comes in minimizing the cost. The model is also pertinent in a situation where the particular product is well developed, and no similar products can rival it due to its uniqueness (Grundy 2009, p.213). When a company focuses entirely on a particular segment that is demanded by customers, this leads to a quality product thus enhances loyalty to customers making it difficult to compete.

Approaches used in Measuring porters Competitive Strategy Performance

Cost Leadership Approach

This simply means that a company is enjoying more profit by producing at a lower cost and even if there is a price war, the company still gets profits while its rivals suffer losses. The company can have the privilege to enjoy this if there is accessibility to the capital required. When a company can obtain capital investment in both assets and raw material, this blocks other rivals since not many can afford such an investment. Furthermore, it ensures continuity in profit enjoyment, high level of expertise in the manufacturing process (Grundy 2009, p.223). This is meant to ensure that a company enjoys minimal cost because of the qualified and experienced workforce and efficient distribution channels. To attain a minimum cost possible, a company requires its means of transporting products.

Differentiation Approach

This approach mainly entails developing products that offer unique attribute and at the same time valued by consumers. Companies that enjoy this approach they have the following strengths; access to leading scientific research, high level of skills developed products and creative team (Grigore 2014, p.43). It also enjoys a strong sales team with the ability to communicate efficiently that markets products to the consumers.

Focus Approach

Here, a company concentrates on a particular narrow segment and tries to it’s best to perfect it so as to win the consumers loyalty thus able to beat their competitors of the similar product (Grundy 2009, p.225). By this, it considers itself to have performed.

Strengths of Michael Porters Competitive Positioning Strategies

With the help of this strategy, companies have been able to run their companies while producing at a minimum cost, which makes it not to collapse due to profits enjoyment. Companies have been able to lower price to powerful buyers (Grundy 2009, p.232). Companies can comfortably lower prices to defend substitutes without incurring any loss, customer loyalty. In addition, companies can discourage potential entrants in the market. The customers become more attached to differentiating attributes thus reducing threats on substitutes. Brand loyalty has been known to keep customers from potential rivals. A company can focus develops competencies (Grigore 2014, p.43). For instance, buyers have less power to negotiate because of fewer alternatives of similar goods, specialized products protect against substitutes. Finally, proper use of the tool can make rivals firms unable to meet differentiation-focused customer wants.

Limitations of Michael porters Competitive Positioning Strategies

Porters stated that use of more than one strategy would result in failure of the organization. Hence, there is no clear future direction trajectory. It is mentioned that differentiation strategy will be costly which clearly contradicts with that of cost minimization cost (Grundy 2009, p.236). Research writings of Davis state that companies were applying a hybrid strategy perform better than those adopting the generic strategy. Grundy (2009, p.237) challenged Porters by arguing that application of two strategies will result in more competitive. After eleven years, Porter revised his thinking and saw that hybrid strategy can exist (Grigore 2014, p.46). The two focal objectives of low-cost leadership and differentiation clash with each other leading to no direction. Porter had a primary belief in his concept about the invalidity of hybrid business strategy. He argued that the highly prone and turbulent market conditions would not allow the survival of concrete business strategies, since long-term establishment will depend on the ability and the quick responsiveness towards the market and environmental conditions.

Examples of How Concept have been appropriately used

Influencing and thinking in the United States of America and other countries towards health care deliveries (Grundy 2009, p.253). The strategy helps business managers and marketers to look at business powers between different types of departments and enhance the attractiveness and maximum profit.

Reference list

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Čirjevskis, A. Homenko, G. & Lačinova, V. (2010). NEW APPROACHES IN MEASUING AND ASSESING VIABILITY OF BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY IN B2B SECTOR. Journal of Business Management. Issue 3, p162-179

Ding-Hong P. Tie-Dan W. Chang-Yuan GAO. (2014). INTEGRATING NONHOMOGENEOUS PREFERENCE STRUCTURES IN SWOT ANALYSIS TO EVALUATE MULTIPLE ALTERNATIVES. Economic Computation & Economic Cybernetics Studies & Research. 2014, Vol. 48 Issue 3, p110-163. 24p. Database: Business Source Complete

Everett, Robert F. (2014). A Crack in the Foundation: Why SWOT Might Be Less Than Effective in Market Sensing Analysis. Journal of Marketing & Management. Issue Special 1, p58-78.

Grigore, A. (2014). Book Publishing Business in Romania – An Analysis from the Perspective of Porter’s Five Force Model. Review of International Comparative Management / Revista de Management Comparat International. Vol. 15 Issue 1, p31-47

Grundy, T. (2009). Rethinking and reinventing Michael Porter’s five forces model. Strategic Change. Vol. 15 Issue 5, p213-229. 17p. retrieved from EBSCOhost Database: Business Source Complete.

Gregorić, M. (2014). PESTEL ANALYSIS OF TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF BUSINESS TOURISM (MICE). Faculty of Tourism & Hospitality Management in Opatija. Biennial International Congress. Tourism & Hospitality Industry. Pp.551-565. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Database: Hospitality & Tourism Complete.

Kader, Ali. Noor N. Wilson, P. Mohammad, Y. (2014). SYMPTOMS VERSUS PROBLEMS FRAMEWORK (SVP): AN INNOVATIVE ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS TOOL.

Lombana, J. (2011). LOOKING FOR A DISTINCTIVE MODEL WITH WHICH TO ANALYZE COMPETITIVENESS. Advances in Competitiveness Research. 2011, Vol. 19 Issue 3/4, p32-74

Milosevic, I. (2010). Practical Application of SWOT Analysis in the Management of a Construction Project. Leadership & Management in Engineering. Vol. 10 Issue 2, p78- 106.

Mohamed, A. (2009). Analysis of the Use of the Blue Ocean Strategy; on 14 Different Agencies Strategy; Case Study An. Integration & Dissemination. Vol. 4, p28-74.

Shilei, L. & Yong, W. (2009). Target-oriented obstacle analysis by PESTEL modeling of energy efficiency retrofit for existing residential buildings in China’s northern heating region Energy Policy. Vol. 37 Issue 6, p2098-2101

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Zalengera, C. Blanchard, R. Eames, P. Juma, A. Chitawo, M. & Gondwe, K. (2014). Overview of the Malawi energy situation and A PESTLE analysis for sustainable development of renewable energy. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. Oct2014, Vol. 38, p305-377.

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CSR strategies Research Paper Assignment

CSR strategies

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Table of contents

Introduction. 3

CSR and its Origin. 3

Literature review.. 4

Basic components of Corporate Social Responsibility -extractive industries. 6

Requirements for CSR strategies and reasons for engaging in CSR.. 7

Extend of CSR initiatives and level of performance in developed and developing countries. 9

Introduction

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept that has gained prominence in many companies including extractive ones. CSR is one of the business strategies that these companies are using to participate in the sustainability of the environment as well as the community. It is one way of giving back to the societies in which they operate.

In developed countries, the scenario is considerably different. Such countries have an already developed infrastructural and social sector. They are therefore involved in well-established CSR programs which have international set standards. These programs’ main aim is to enhance the competitiveness of these extractive industries in the international market. In addition, developed countries unlike the developing countries have readily adopted these CSR policies and strategies with great support from their government. An exemplary country with well-established CSR programs in its extractive industries is the Canadian gas and oil mining industries. This paper deliberates on whether extractive industries embrace CSR to best of their abilities and any performances variations in developing and developed countries. Development and definition of CSR are incorporated as well as critical examination of various literatures on the mining industry among many other aspects relating to the topic.

CSR and its Origin

According to McWilliams & Siegel (2001), the term Corporate Social Responsibility even though has been in the public domain for many decades, it became popular in the 1960s and is nowadays used indiscriminately in organizations more to further moral and legal responsibilities. Definition of the term CSR is both complicated and complex because of the context and nature of the problems. The complexity arises from the fact that CSR is intimately involved in the society, ecology, and economic systems that are high complex dynamic systems (Sheehy, 2015). Regardless of these complexities, in general CSR is defined as a form of corporate self-regulation entrenched in the business models of companies. Its main role is to act as a self-regulatory mechanism through monitoring business to ensure that they comply with the spirit of law, national or international norms, and ethical standards. Some firms that have implemented CSR have gone beyond compliance to engaging in acts that promote social good, and beyond the interests of the firm (Sheehy, 2015). CSR as well involves the corporate actions aimed at encouraging positive impact on the stakeholders including employees, consumers, investors, communities and others as well as impacting on the environment.

Literature review

According to Littlewood (2014), different people, ascribe different meaning to the term CSR. In 2001 European Commission Green Paper, CSR is defined as the concept where “entities integrate social and environmental concerns in their operations as well as their interactions and association with stakeholders on a voluntary basis” (Littlewood, 2014, p. 17). CSR in the mining industry therefore, ought to be on voluntarily basis if this defining is to go by.

Various institutions and initiatives have also been advanced to ensure that mining industries remain compliance and engage in social corporate responsibilities. Such initiatives include the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) and Mining and Minerals Sustainable Development Project (MMSD) (Littlewood, 2014). Other initiatives include corporate reporting on companies’ websites and engaging with ISO 26000 social responsibility performance measurements, development of best practices, toolboxes, and guidelines relating to CSR issues such as mining community development and sustainability and mine closure among many others (Littlewood, 2014).

Despite the growth of CSR initiatives in industries, many questions remain about the role of mining in economic and social development remain unanswered (Du Venage, 2015). A good case is South Africa where despite discussion of CSR in the industry, there are still questions on the depth of the adoption and implementation and the extend this has impacted on the social and economic industry in South Africa.

According to Littlewood (2014), mining industry in Namibia contributes around 16 percent of the GDP and close to 50 percent of the merchandise exportation. This means that it is a central industry in the economy of Namibia. Mining began between 1884-1915 under the Germany colony. Copper mining started in 1906 in the northern region also known as German South West Africa at that time. Diamonds were also found in the South West in 1906. Mining since 1970 has become diverse in Namibia and more minerals such as gold and zinc are mined. Companies involved in mining have managed to deal with issues of community sustainability and viability after mining through their CSR. This has been done in different ways. The government also has laws that require compliance to legal requirement. For instance, after mining, all structures and buildings are removed as per the license terms (Littlewood, 2014).

According to Kirschke (2014), mining industries are impacting negatively on the lives of many people especially is DRC, a top cobalt and the sixth copper producer nation. Kirschke (2014) further argues that CSR activities of some of these companies are not working as expected and therefore what they do can be described as, “Greenwash”. He argues the companies have caused community displacement, and caused environmental wreckages.

According to Arko (2013), mining industry in Ghana has been in operation for close to one hundred years. The companies to a large extent have been doing well and this has enabled them to participate in corporate social responsibilities. They have supported the communities in different ways through CSR. Nevertheless, the support provided by these companies has been small and has not made any substantial differences. The Ghana Chamber of Mines reports of these expenditures exemplify this fact. The way forward, is to ensure that appropriate measures are in place to ensure that these companies participate in CSR (Arko, 2013).

Stakeholder in the mining industry such as the government, mining companies, civil society, international financial organizations among others have a role to play in the operations and CSR engagements of mining industries (Yakovleva & Vazquez-Brust, 2012). Mining companies have to develop plans that will ensure that they do not pollute the environment and contribute to climate change. They have as well to ensure that they support the welfare of the people in the community. The level of commitment of different countries when it comes to implementation of CSR has varied. These variations are because of different reasons such as the negative perception in relation to the industry, controversial nature of many mining investments, social and environmental externalities that for decades have been associated with the mining industry. Other reasons are the weak legislations and ability of states to monitor the activities of mining companies across the globe (Kirschke, 2014).

Basic components of Corporate Social Responsibility -extractive industries

Different extraction companies have adopted different CSR programs basing on the type of the environment they are based upon. A CSR program has to be formulated with regard to the situation at hand. A typical CSR program should encompass the main areas of the community including social, environmental and the economic factors of a community.

A CSR policy entails the approval of the company by the local community. Furthermore, an extractive company ought to be involved in the community activities, such as involvement in local charities as well as supporting the local growth and sponsoring the community events. Adopting a CSR program entails the consideration of the three aspects including people, the planet, and the profits. The deviation in the corporate motives from profits oriented operations to adopting the CSR program can be associated to the worldwide change in the conscience of the corporate (Kirschke, 2014). The deviation entails that the corporates exercise four particular responsibilities in addition to generating profits.

The main environmental factors that the policy should encompass include the sustainability of the environment through waste recycling as well as proper waste management strategies. Other approaches include provision of clean water for use, the establishment of renewable sources of energy and the recyclable materials. It is the role of the extractive industry to maintain an appropriate working environment as well decent social appearance.

As much as CSR strategy is aimed at the voluntary social responsibilities, it is also important to make sure that the economic aspects of the community are take account of. A good CSR program should seek to promote the economic status of the community and at the same time that of the extractive industry. The economic roles apply particularly to the developing countries that are in the verge of establishing development for their countries. For instance, an appropriate CSR strategy for extractive industry in developing countries is the establishment of infrastructure and improvement of the communication networks in the regions.

Requirements for CSR strategies and reasons for engaging in CSR

One s the strategies is sustainability whereby Corporates establish a foundation and come up with ways of avoiding harmful effects of the mining activities in the environment t they operate in. The CSR program should have the capability of sustaining the environmental as well as the economic aspects of the community. License is another important aspect as each extraction industry should be legitimate and should satisfy all the legal requirements. To prove the legitimacy the company should obtain a letter of approval accompanied with a license for operation.

In addition to the license for operation and sustainability, the CSR should also comprise of a moral obligation meaning that it has responsibility to do the right thing, uphold the ethical values pertaining to all the activities the company is involved in. The company’s long-term commitment to social responsibility is also important when ascertaining the well-being of the company to the commitment to CSR (Kirschke, 2014). The establishment of a good past relationship is important in ensuring that the extractive company is well acquainted to the CSR responsibilities.

In addition to the effectiveness of branding, companies have developed a new trend in enhancing their CSR programs. Companies with well-developed CSR programs are perceived more positively than those with poorly developed CSR programs. It is important to have a mission and vision that goes beyond the profit driven purpose. Such companies give the stakeholders as well as investors a warmer and better image and an impression that it will be easy to interact with (Arko, 2013).

Extractive corporations engage in CSR programs so as to have an easier time when dealing with the government regulations (Arko, 2013). The better the relationship a corporation will establish with the immediate society, the better the perception of that corporation in both the legal as well as in the public perspective. The participation of the extractive corporation in the society’s social responsibility will also bar the company from harmful activists that may launch against it. Lastly, one of the main benefits of CSR in the workplace is the appropriate working environment created for the employees as well as for the occupants of the society. CSR creates a sense of community and teamwork between the society, stakeholders, and generally the overall corporation(Kirschke, 2014).

Extend of CSR initiatives and level of performance in developed and developing countries

A number of international CSR initiatives and associations that promote CSR policies in the extractive industries include the United Nations global contact initiative where the extractive companies perform self-evaluations and report their performance in regard to the ten principles. Another international initiative is the Europeans commission strategy for CSR and sustainable consumption sustainable industrial policy (Miningfacts.org, 2015). The global committee on mining and metals is managed by the largest mining companies and comprises of a number of programs to improve sustainable mining. Extractive companies additionally, have started pursuing certifications such as ISO 14000 which is an environmental certification. SA 8000, which is a working standard certificate, and also AA 1000 which is accountability certificate (Miningfacts.org, 2015).

Canada

Canada is one of the developed countries that have embraced CSR programs in its extractive industry. The Canadian extracting industries has laid out a foundation to ensure that there is greater rationality in the advancement of the sector’s in the Canadian extractive sector is a well-defined strategy as pertains to other developed countries (Andrews, 2007). The CSR strategy for the enhancement of business and prosperity consists of four major provisions. Examples of CSR strategies implemented include promoting the industry, securing access to global markets, improving infrastructure among others.

The government of Canada has enhanced international performance guidelines for the Canadian extraction companies. Such guidelines include first, the social and the environmental sustainability for the mining projects with potentially harmful environmental and social repercussions (Miningfacts.org, 2015). Secondly, the guidelines on voluntary principles on human rights and security for projects involving public or private security forces (Miningfacts.org, 2015). The global reporting initiative for CSR is the other guideline for reporting by the mining sector. Canada has therefore, succeeded in its CSR initiatives in this sector.

Developing nations in Africa and Asia have also embraced CSR initiatives in extractive industry due to various reasons such as prevention of pollution, conserving environment, adhering to international codes, take advantage of the natural resources to achieve economic and social development as well as protect its environment among other reasons (Mzembe, and Downs, 2014). Most of the African countries have devoted their CSR efforts in protection of the environment, social economic development, and improvement of infrastructure (Smith, 2008). Various African countries that have adopted the concept of CSR include; Mali, guinea, Tanzania South Africa and Nigeria among others (Mzembe, and Downs, 2014).

South Africa

In the recent past, CSR has become globally popular accompanied by widespread management methodologies, technologies, and new ideologies. The impact of the CSR in South Africa has seen great developments with increased social responsibility and sustainability of the countries mining industries. The CSR initiatives in South Africa’s mining industry have resulted to increased communities growth as well as infrastructural development. The major impacts CSR in South Africa’s mining industry include; increased efficiency in the societal gains pertaining to the aspects energy and water usage. In addition, safeguarding of the environment has been more efficient following the establishment of CSR policies by the mining industries. Furthermore, safeguarding local employee’s safety has been more addressed (Mzembe, and Downs, 2014).

Advocates of CSR believe that CSR is a major breakthrough to solving majority of the social issues that the government has failed to address. In addition, they also argue that knowing that an institution is morally and socially responsible will attract more investors. However, the opponents of CSR argue that the most important goal of a business if profit generation and not social development. Other critics argue that corporate industries are not institutions meant for moral purposes (Mzembe, and Downs, 2014).

South Africa has played a major role in defining and enhancing the CSR initiatives. Nevertheless, for the CSR to be fruitful and to be properly executed in South Africa, it is important to lay emphasis on the liability and equality of businesses CSR practices. CSR is viewed as exclusively associated to big businesses which explains why there has been reluctance in smaller companies in complying with the CSR measures since they feel that their operations will go unnoticed (Bond, 2008).

Nigeria

Nigeria is one of the largest nations with the largest economy in Africa classified under developing economies. The country had enjoyed its oil and gas extractions that have contributed to its economic growth.

The country has various policies that companies must adhere to when engaging in their activities. CSR is one of the ways that oil and Gas Company give back to the society through their CSR initiative. In a study conducted by Gabriel (2007), most of the multinational companies in Nigeria dealing in gas and oil participate actively in the corporate social responsibility. The company contributes to the society through various as including, measures to curb environmental pollution, sponsorships, community services among many others (Watts, 2004). Many of the host communities in Nigeria have higher expectations in community development initiative. However, pressure from the community keeps on piling up because some of the companies do no keep their promise (Frynas, 2005).

Most of the community members are interested in the social projects that give them hope of a stable and prosperous future. The companies in Nigeria have as well embraced development initiatives to portray to the people how socially responsible they are. In some areas in the Niger Delta, they are marred with unstable environment as there is ethnic disputes and conflicts over oil revenues (Gabriel, 2007). Companies such as Shell and Oil have participated in the CSR to resolve the conflicts. Recommendations to solve the problems have as well been made. These recommendations includes, enhance further cooperation with the Nigerian government to ensure that the situation is peacefully resolved. There is also need to improve transparency in order to avoid human rights violations as well as resource exploitation. Shell has the duty to continue handling the situation to see if there would be any positive outcome.

It is therefore, evident that both developed and developing countries have embraced CSR initiatives in their countries to foster change and to achieve certain goals and aims. Countries such as Canada have put in place various measures to ensure that it protects its environment as well as contribute to social and economic development of their people. Most African countries such as South Africa and Nigeria have also embraced the concept of CSR and is transforming their them on different frontier. Even though, most developing nations have lagged behind on this area, the concept is gaining momentum on daily basis.

Conclusion

Creation of awareness is a major trend occurring in most extractive industries all over the world. Integration of the CSR programs with the functioning of the extractive industries has resulted to development of multiple benefits in both developed and developing countries. In addition, there has been contribution of the implementation of CSR policies by the international community. Some extractive companies in the developing countries however, have remained reluctant to adopting CSR strategies as a component of their conventional business. Most developed countries have successfully implemented CSR strategies to advance different interests. The developing countries such as Congo, South Africa and Botswana among others are in the process of putting in place such strategies to impact positively on the society, and environmental.

There has been great impact in integrating CSR into the business strategies of the extractive industries .The benefits of such integration has resulted to robust impact on both the appearance and the accomplishments of a company. Extractive industries all over the world continue to seek opportunities to comprehensively capture a greater proportion of the benefits of resources extraction and at the same time ensure that they develop the community that they operate in. Local governments should support their extractive industries so as to ensure that they in the best way reap the benefits that accompany the implementation of such. Upcoming small and medium sized industries should also be encouraged to adopt such strategies. Besides, large mining industries should be taught on the benefits that accrue the implementation of CSR industries.

References

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Andrews, T. (2007).National Roundtables on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and the Canadian extractive industry in developing countries. [Ottawa, Ont.: Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada].

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Small Business Preference Essay Paper

Small Business Preference

Order Instructions:

Imagine you are a service-disabled veteran and have made your hobby of building model airplanes into a small business that produces very small remote control aircraft capable of long sustained flights. You are ready to expand your business by competing for Department of Homeland Security contracts.

Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:
1. Determine at least three (3) specific programs created by Congress that benefit your business.
2. Analyze the small-business programs created by Congress and provide details of how they will benefit your company over large multinational organizations that build aircrafts (e.g., Lockheed Martin).
3. Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
• Differentiate between business sizes and analyze the opportunities for small businesses.
• Evaluate common small-business preference programs.
• Use technology and information resources to research issues in contract administration and management.
• Write clearly and concisely about contract administration and management using proper writing mechanics.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Small Business Preference

Small business is responsible for many of the job opportunities that exist in the United States. Therefore it becomes imperative that the small problems be given a preference when it comes to certain matters in business. The Congress decided to come up with an initiative and passed specific laws that saw the incorporation of small business compete effectively with the large corporations for the business space. The small business act of 1953 states that a fair proportion of the federal contacts should go to the small business. Also congress set aside 23% of the contracts to go to small business while 5% would go to small disadvantaged groups. Additionally another 5% would go to women owned small business and the last 3% would go to historically neglected business zones. The small Business administration is in charge of all the above programs as permitted by the congress law (Calof, 2006).

The small set aside program is one of such programs implemented by small business administration. It is one of the most suitable socioeconomic programs that have been put forward by the Unite state. For example, only small business is eligible for contracting under such a program. Big business and firms who might have applied for the same contract are rejected since they do not meet the required set standards by the program. A business is considered to be small when it does not have more or close to five hundred employees and its revenue is way beyond $ 7 billion annually. Additionally the small business under this program are much likely to benefit from subcontracting as they are able to cut down or reduce on the costs required in the purchasing of certain items (Dachis,& Lester n,d). For example they are only required to cater for 50% of the total cost making it more favorable for them. In this case such a program provided will enable small companies to be able to contracts without fear of competition from the big companies such as Lockheed Martin

The second congress plan that favours small business is referred to as small disadvantaged business. The rules that fall under this category essentially lock out most of the large multinational countries. For example it requires that the business be identically small as put across in the small business acts and by the small business administration. Also it requires that the business be about 51% owned by the individuals who are socially disadvantaged in this case refereeing to either one being black American, Hispanic , native American or east pacific American (Maher, 2015). Furthermore, it classifies the disadvantage as either being physically handicapped in terms of gender or age and lastly that the net salary is less than $ 750,000 which categorically fits into the company I intend to model. Additionally such a program is provided if only you fall under specific categories as outlined by the law. In this case, the contract would fall under the transportation system.

The service disabled veteran program is the last law that exclusively falls within the scope. First I qualify because I am already a disabled veteran. The awards in this case are made at a fair market price and the contracting officer ensures that at least two or more service disabled officers can raise the required amount. A contract can also be awarded on a solo basis if the contracting officers realises that no two service disabled officers can raise the required amount to be given the contract. Basically, the contract has same features as the Historically Underutilised Business zones.

The above three laws shows the difference between small business and large business. It also shows the opportunities that are presented by the preference programs. Large companies are those which have a great number of employees and can therefore be comfortably be able to raise more revenue in this case greater than $7 billion. Because small programs cannot raise such revenues that are provided by an equal opportunity to be able to compete effectively in the market. The small preferences programs that have been put across reduce the monopoly that is normally a practise of the large corporations. The awarding of the specific contracts as seen from the above features follows strict management policy. A contract is only given to the small business provided it meets the set criteria that have been established by the various laws. Each contracting officer is required to follow the laid down stipulations in following the laws and if a small business is not identified in the process the contract is given to two small business owners who come together to join their business and raise the required funds.

In conclusion laws that have been enacted by congress promote an equal chance for competition between the small companies and the established large incorporation. Since majority of the people in the United States have smaller business the law serves to protect them against monopoly that is commonly associated with the large corporation. Lastly it is only fair enough for the small business to be protected to avoid their extinction in the market and also since they contribute to more jobs in the United States.

References

Calof, J. (2006). ANALYSIS OF SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS’ FINANC PREFERENCES. Journal Of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 3(3), 39-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08276331.1986.10600238

Dachis, B., & Lester, J. Small Business Preferences as a Barrier to Growth: Not So Tall after All. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2609527

Maher, C. (2015). Social enterprise manager’s career path preferences. International Journal Of Globalisation And Small Business, 7(1), 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgsb.2015.069032

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Rule of the Road Essay Paper Assignment

Rule of the Road

Order Instructions:

Imagine you made your hobby of building model airplanes into a small business that produces very small remote control aircrafts capable of long sustained flights. You are ready to expand your business by competing for Department of Homeland Security contracts.

Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:
1. Analyze how the federal act supports and favors your business over large multinational organizations that build aircrafts (e.g., Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation).
2. Create an organizational chart that would best support working within the federal contracting system and explain the value of each position (i.e., internal contracting officer) to your proposed business.
3. Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
• Explain the basics of how and from whom the federal government buys what it needs.
• Apply the rules of federal government contracting.
• Compare the government’s key players and describe their main functions.
• Use technology and information resources to research issues in contract administration and management.
• Write clearly and concisely about contract administration and management using proper writing mechanics.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Rule of the Road

The American government is the world’s biggest purchaser of services and products. Purchases by civilian and military installations total almost $500 billion annually (Johns, 2015). Small firms countrywide can and need to make the most of contracting opportunities since such opportunities could actually be an essential revenue source that would help them in growing, innovating and creating employment opportunities. This paper provides an exhaustive analysis of how the federal act supports and favours the small business over big multinational corporations such as Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation which build aircrafts. In addition, an organizational chart is developed which would best support working within the federal contracting system and the value of each position to my proposed business is explained.

Federal agencies by law are required to formulate goals of contracting in such a way that 23 percent of all government purchases are procured from small businesses. Additionally, there are contract goals established for small disadvantaged businesses, businesses owned by women, companies owned by disabled veterans and businesses situated in HUBZones. These government-wide goals are 5 percent, 5 percent, 3 percent and 3 percent respectively although they are at times not attained (Government Contracts USA, 2015). They are vital since federal agencies have a constitutional duty of reaching out and considering small firms for procurement opportunities. As such, it is up to the small business owners to market and match their business services and products to the federal agencies’ buying needs (Government Contracts USA, 2015).

Small business contracting is a top priority for President Obama. The President established an inter-agency taskforce that came up with suggestions for increasing small business contracting. Moreover, he signed the Small Business Jobs Act that increases the access of small business to contracting opportunities and levels the playing field (Johns, 2015). It is notable that these initiatives have really made a major difference. Within the last 2 years alone, the number of contracts which have gone to small firms has increased steadily. In 2014, nearly 23% of all federal contracting funds went to small companies (Johns, 2015).

The Office of Government Contracting has the function of creating an environment for full participation by women-owned, disadvantaged, and small firms in federal government contract awards. The Office of Government Contracting advocates for small businesses in the federal procurement (U.S. Small Business Administration, 2015). The mission of U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) is to promote and stimulate economic development by way of providing help to new firms to get started and established businesses to expand and grow. The SBA could help small firms overcome significant barriers which they typically encounter when they try to win federal contracts. This is because the U.S. Small Business Administration works directly with other federal agencies and America’s major federal contractors to make sure that small firms actually get a fair share of subcontracts and contracts of the federal government (Government Contracts USA, 2015).

Organizational chart

There are various responsibilities and roles within the federal government as regards federal contracts.

Internal Contracting Officer (CO): individual who is in charge of negotiating or directing changes to Period of Performance, Statement of Work, delivery schedule, among others. The value of this federal government employee to my proposed small business is that he/she will authorize reimbursement of costs, that is, he or she is in charge of approving invoices. On the whole, a Contracting Officer has the role of awarding and administering the contract to my proposed business. The individual also has the role of terminating contracts, delivery orders, purchase orders, task orders and modifications. They also have role of obligating federal finances, and make findings as well as determinations. All these roles are subject to the Contracting Officer’s Certificate of Appointment (Federal Acquisition Institute, 2014).

Contracting Specialist (CS): with approval of the Contracting Officer, the person holding this role carries out procedural steps. The value of this federal government official to my proposed business is that he or she will carry out pre-award functions: the individual plans the acquisition strategy and prepares solicitation documentation. The individual will also perform contract award functions: this individual evaluates responses, negotiates terms of the contract, and prepares award documentation. He or she will also perform post-award functions: the individual modifies contracts, monitors performance of the contract, and closes out contracts (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2015).

Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR): the individual in this role performs specific contract management duties pertaining to technical oversight as well as administration of a given contract. The value of this individual to my proposed business is that he or she monitors technical progress. He or she also recommends changes in requirements to the CO. The COR will ensure that as a contractor, my small business actually meets the commitments of the contract. The federal employees in this role are typically the first ones to know when a given contract or program is underperforming (Federal Acquisition Institute, 2014).

Inspector: the person in this role has value to my small business since he/she has limited quality assurance responsibility of: determining whether supplies of my small business comply with the legal requirements and requirements of the contract; preparing correspondence, and reports of investigations or inspections; and making necessary suggestions for legal or administrative authorities. He or she also has the role of examining and testing the services or manufactured supplies of the contractor, including intermediate assemblies, components as well as raw materials. The inspector also inspects materials and equipment owned by the government which are in the contractor’s – my small business – hands in order to prevent irregularities such as theft, damage and waste (Federal Acquisition Institute, 2014).

References

Federal Acquisition Institute. (2014). Contracting Officer’s Representative. FAI.

Government Contracts USA. (2015). Federal contract opportunities for your business. Retrieved from http://www.governmentbids.com/cgi/en/bidding.advice.articles/Article/federal-contract-opportunities-for-your-business

Johns, M. (2015). Federal contracting: Basics and Resources. HUBZone Contractors National Council.

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2015). Contract specialist. Retrieved from http://mycareeratva.va.gov/careers/career/110215

U.S. Small Business Administration. (2015). Office of Government Contracting. SBA. https://www.sba.gov/offices/headquarters/ogc

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Coding of the Interview and Theme Analysis

Order Instructions:

Coding of the Interview and Theme Analysis
You must have learn about the core elements of qualitative data analysis. Coding the data is the first step. In this process, you reduce the data gathered into segments, assigning names as you go along. Your assignment for this week is to code your interview transcript to find themes. Be sure to consider your research question as you begin to code.
Your assignment should contain the following elements:

1. Your research question for this interview

2. A list of the codes you developed for your interview transcript

3. A description of your thinking or working process, explaining how you developed your codes, including any evolution of your coding system

4. In-text coding for your interview. This means that you are to select chunks of data and apply the codes to your interview transcript. Keep your interview transcript intact as a whole and show where you have applied the codes to the text.

SAMPLE ANSWER

The qualitative analysis is necessary after the preparation of the interview transcript. Thematic coding will be the form of qualitative analysis that will involve the identification and recording of the texts or images that are linked to the specific themes (Joffe, 2011). In this case, the information will be categorized to create a framework of thematic ideas relating to it. Coding of the interviews will make it easier to retrieve the coded labels for further analysis and comparison (Vaismoradi et al, 2013). The interview concerns the research on the relationship between the college behaviors and actions in while considering past experiences and memories in high school. The interview questions include the following.

What are your most outstanding memories in high school?
How did it make you feel about the school?
What are the memorable experiences with the students either pleasant or unpleasant?
Do you recall any unpleasant smell associated with your high school?
What are the memorable visual images about your high school?
Are there outstanding images between your college as compared to your high school?
Has the high school experiences compare to those in college?

These are some of the questions used to interview the sample population in the research study. The responses to the questions were categorized to either be events or persons. The code 1 and 2 were used to represent the negative and positive responses respectively. The answers given were coded to be visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile or unclear depending on the question’s structure. The respective codes used would be 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e and 1f for the nature of the answer given. The alphabetical letters would be used to categorize the level of agreement e.g. A for agreeing, D for disagree, SA for strongly agree and also SD for strongly disagree. The percentage of agreement was also considered when it came to the categorizing of answers given after the interview (Vaismoradi et al, 2013).

The working process was followed in development and evolution of the coding system. In this case, identification and coding of the themes would be made possible and easier(Joffe,2011). Defining of the coding categories is the first step undertaken e.g. the respondents will either be classified as male or female. The same definitions are used in coding of similar interview materials. Assigning of category symbols will be necessary when it comes to analyzing the qualitative data (Decuir et al, 2013). The color, letter or the geometric shape may be used. The assigned symbol will indicate both the answer category and also the question dimension. The measuring reliability that is closely related to the percentage of agreement is crucial when it comes to the development of the codes. The sources of unreliability will be easily detected by proper checking of the interview transcript. The level of agreement or disagreement will be considered while developing the codes for the responses given (Decuir et al, 2013). The procedure followed would start at fully describing the different types of responses and later on the analytical coding of the interview data. Making of records about the ideas and the thoughts relating to the codes of the interview is necessary. Accurate numbering is crucial in the generation of the coding system (Vaismoradi et al, 2013).

The open coding system was developed in categorizing of responses acquired for the interview. The accumulation of the variables will lead to the emergence of the themes. The questions would be labeled 1 to 7 with sub-categories of the questions named as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 e.g. for question one. An example is a response to the question, Are there unpleasant smells associate with your high school? The yes represented by 1 and No represented by 0 would be used. The value two would represent the code for non-response. The female and male will be categorized as F and M respectively. The coding of the data to get the themes will mainly involve the breaking down of responses given into first level concepts or the second level categories (Decuir et al, 2011). Categorizing of the chunks of data will make it easier to interpret data and also efficient analysis.

References

DeCuir-Gunby, J. T., Marshall, P. L., & McCulloch, A. W. (2011). Developing and using a codebook for the analysis of interview data: an example from a professional development research project. Field Methods, 23(2), 136-155.

Joffe, H. (2011). Thematic analysis. Qualitative methods in mental health and psychotherapy: A guide for students and practitioners, 209-223.

Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & health sciences, 15(3), 398-405.

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Small-Scale Qualitative Research Project

Small-Scale Qualitative Research Project—Conduct the Interview

Order Instructions:

For this paper the writer will have to reference to 113375, 113394, and 113444 to be able to complete this paper as it is a continuation of what was done on those previous papers. The writer has to properly transcribe the interview and it should not be more than 20 minutes as mention.

Small-Scale Qualitative Research Project—Conduct the Interview
This week you will be conducting an interview based on the interview guide you completed in Week 2.

For this assignment,
• Review the media resources for planning and conducting interviews in preparation for conducting your interview.
• Your interview should last 15–20 minutes and must be audio-recorded since this is the standard for good practice in qualitative research interviews. Please save your interview audio-recording in case your Instructor asks to review it.
• You will then transcribe the entire interview from beginning to end. (If your interview lasts longer than 20 minutes, transcribe only 20 minutes maximum.)

SAMPLE ANSWER

Interviewer: How are you?

Emily Lawson: Good. How are you?

Interviewer: I am fine. Thank you for agreeing to have this interview with me. I will not take much of your busy time. The interview normally takes about 15-20 minutes. Your confidentiality will be maintained and I will give you a sample of the transcript before publishing. As I told you before, I am conducting a research to get an idea on the management practices for future business management and production. Do you have any questions before we begin?

Emily Lawson: No. Just go ahead.

Interviewer: What are the common human resource management techniques that can motivate employees to work hard without any financial compensation?

Emily Lawson: Generally, employees are motivated by appraising them on work done, including them in overall company projects, as well as involving in major decisions that affect the company. They feel appreciated which motivates them to work harder.

Interviewer: What policies in HRM can optimize productivity?

Emily Lawson: The best policies in HRM that can maximize productivity are; paying employees well, constant promotions of the employees, giving out bonuses to employees for extra work done, and giving commissions especially to sales people. Other non-financial policies include team work activities to make employees part and parcel of the organization as well as periodical on-job training.

Interviewer: Give examples of the policies that have succeeded in increasing productivity in your current or previous position?

Emily Lawson: Since we specialize in provision of qualified personnel to potential recruiters, we normally focus on the job training to the prospective employees. We train the employees on what is expected of them while in the job and provide both theoretical and practical skills that will make them experts in their field.

Interviewer: Provide details of human resource management strategies those employees would positively prevent staff turnover and possibly attract employees from other rival companies besides financial or monetary compensation.

Emily Lawson: A strategy that is mostly effective is the lean approach. When employees are entrusted with the firm’s activities and decision making, they are likely to feel secure in the company and not have the need to resign. Also, ensuring that an employee gets promoted after reaching a certain minimum target or years of work will highly influence employee retention as well as attract employees from rival companies.

Interviewer: Can you outline stock options strategies that can motivate employees without diluting the company’s stock values?

Emily Lawson: One strategy is setting a portion of the stock to be bought by desiring employees and making them shareholders. Another way is giving the employees a clue on the next price for stock before making it public.

Interviewer: Can you explain how making employees shareholders act as a motivator?

Emily Lawson: I will. Shareholders receive value for their investments in form of dividends. If the company is performing poorly, no dividends are available to be given out. But when the company is performing well, returns are generated for the shareholders. When the employees are shareholders, they will be motivated to perform better so as to improve the company value and eventually increase their share value.

Interviewer: Last question for this interview, how often do you review your HRM policies?

Emily Lawson: As often as possible. We make sure we are up to date with the changes both in the internal and external environment for sustainability. The policies have to be reviewed so as to maximize productivity.

Interviewee: Thank you for your time Emily. I really appreciate.

Emily Lawson: It’s my pleasure. You are welcome.

Interviewee: Thank you. Do have a good day.

Emily Lawson: Thank you. Good day.

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Critiquing a Systematic Research Review

Critiquing a Systematic Research Review Order Instructions: Purpose
The purpose of this assignment is to provide students with practice in identifying, reading, and critiquing systematic research reviews related to nursing.

A systematic review is defined as “A summary of evidence, typically conducted by an expert or expert panel on a particular topic, that uses a rigorous process (to minimize bias) for identifying, appraising, and synthesizing studies to answer a specific clinical question and draw conclusions about the data gathered (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011, p. 582).

Critiquing a Systematic Research Review Requirement

1. Describe the relevance of the nursing research problem addressed in an SRR to practice. USE PROVIDED PAPER ATTACHED FOR THIS PAPER
2. Critique the levels of evidence of the studies used in the SRR, specifically the designs of the studies included. (CO 6)
3. Critique the clarity with which the studies are presented and critiqued. (CO 6)
4. Describe the overall findings of the studies, as summarized in the SRR. (CO 3, 6)
5. Critique the conclusions of the SRR, with implications for your current practice and future research. (CO 3, 6)

7. Paper length should be between 4-6 pages.
PREPARING THE PAPER
Consult your faculty member if you are uncertain about whether your article is a true SRR. If it is not, your grade will be affected because you will not be able to address all of the above objectives.

Important: Submit a copy of the systematic research review that you are critiquing as a separate document before submitting your paper. This will help Turnitin from returning a high similarity percentage on your written work. Remember to keep Turnitin similarity to 20% or less or you will be deducted points on APA.

Critiquing a Systematic Research Review References

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2011). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins.

TURNITIN®
This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin. You learned about Turnitin in your NR500 course, so you should be familiar with how to access it. Additionally, you will find an instructional announcement about Turnitin® in the course and in the Student Handbook.

Critiquing a Systematic Research Review Sample Answer

Critiquing a Systematic Research Review

The purpose of systematic research reviews (SRRs) is to ensure that clinical practice is based on reliable information (Gopalakrishnan, & Ganeshkumar, 2013, Pg. 9). They do so by summarizing multiple studies and integrating their findings in a comprehensive and a non-biased manner so that they can generate accurate accounts of previous studies. The conclusions made in systematic reviews often drive clinical practice, and therefore, it would be necessary to subject the reviews to critique to ensure that the performance of practices in clinical care is at its best (Uman, 2011, Pg. 57). Weller, Buchbinder, and Johnstone developed an SRR concerning interventions that would promote adherence to compression treatment among venous leg ulceration (VLU) patients (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013). This paper appraises their research.

The Relevance of the Nursing Problem in the Review

The researchers indicated their research problem clearly and focused it on the improvement of patient outcomes. They narrowed their review to VLU, a condition whose treatment attracts the attention of nurses to an appreciable extent. The condition presents with lesions on the skin surface between the ankle and knee joints. The lesions account for approximately 70% of leg ulcers reported in patients (Vasudevan, 2014). The condition impairs mobility in patients hence lowering their quality of life. The systematic review offers interventions that would promote treatment adherence and hence improve patient recovery and restoration of high-standard lives. The researchers noted that compressions were among the most reliable treatment strategies for the condition (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 6). They gave a broad range of interventions that would promote patient adherence to compressions. The interventions ranged from educational, medical, nursing, as well as multidisciplinary types (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 7). The researchers further indicated measurable outcomes that they were expecting from the application of their proposals. The ultimate goal of the intervention was to encourage people to adhere to compressions and promote healing while reducing the recurrence of the condition (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 7). Nursing has the primary goal of achieving the best for the patient, and the SRR of interest was relevant in the pursuit of the objective.

Level of Evidence and the Design of Applied Sources

Use of electronic methods was the primary approach to obtaining studies to include in the review. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles were reasonable, and the researcher gave a clear diagrammatic representation of the process. However, the quality of evidence in the generated sources was mostly low as the researchers indicated. The first outcome in the researchers’ outline was the number of persons healed, and the quality score for the evidence that addressed it was low (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 4). Recurrence of ulcers was the second outcome in the outline, and the researchers did not grade the evidence that addressed it since it was not measured. Other outcomes that were not measured were a time of healing, adherence to compression therapy, and adverse events, and researchers could not grade the evidence concerning them (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 4). Nevertheless, the researchers were able to grade evidence regarding quality of life and pain, and they described it as low for both outcomes (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 4-5).

Clarity of the Presentation and Description of Studies

The review included an in-depth description of the studies to which it referred. Crucial concepts described included the methods that investigators used when performing the studies (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 24). Other aspects described included the properties of the studied populations, investigated interventions, as well as the realized outcomes. The researchers gave the descriptions of both the included and excluded sources. Some of the excluded sources had no interventions purposed to improving patient compliance with treatment procedures including compressions (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 29). Others were non-RCT while others did not address VLU patients as such. The exclusions ensured that the review was based on the most relevant and appropriate data rather than general information. Also, excluding such studies minimized the possibility of researcher manipulating the results by making deductions in studies that did not necessarily address the proposed intervention.

The researchers also described and critiqued studies that met the inclusion criteria. Among the aspects that the researchers described was the risk of bias (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 28). The researchers indicated authors’ classifications of the risks that their studies bore. The studies had elevated risks to certain biases while they only had minimal of the same to others. To further facilitate the description of their sources, the researchers quoted authors so as to affirm the assertions that they gave.

Overall Findings

The research indicated that various forms of interventions realize varied degrees of success in promoting compressions treatments and improving the outcome of care in VLU patients. Though the levels of evidence varied when linking interventions to success, researchers could establish and compare the effectiveness of different interventions. Emphasis on socialism and peer support was found to have almost the same degree of impact on improving treatment adherence when compared to visiting patients in their homes (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 19). However, the two sets of interventions varied significantly in pain reduction. The trial that produced the evidence did not offer a comprehensive indication for certain crucial outcomes such as time of healing, reoccurrence, adherence to therapy, and occurrence of adverse events.

Attendance at outpatient wound clinics also had the same impact as the combination of nursing counseling, behavioral change, and engagement in exercises in some of the outcomes. Such outcomes included the rate of healing, adherence to compressions therapy, and recurrence (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 19). Again, the trial indicating the relationship did not report on adverse events, healing time, pain, and the impact of the interventions on life quality (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 19). The review did not offer reports on such as educational and healthcare interventions yet they probably had a significant influence on improving adherence to compressions therapy.

Conclusions and their Implication to the Current as well as Future Nursing Practice

The researchers had a limited number of studies meeting their inclusion criteria. Again, the studies had their quality compromised to a significant extent, and as a result, the researchers could only derive a few conclusions. Events that compromised the quality of the studies include a high possibility for bias, inadequate reporting, and use of a small sample size (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 20). Again, no studies reported on interventions that improved adherence to compression therapy. As such, the review had little impact on current nursing practice as it could neither recommend nor discourage nurse-led care in place of the standard type.

The researchers concluded that further research was necessary so as to determine the effectiveness of multifaceted interventions in improving patient adherence to compression adherence. Future studies would also be necessary for the innovation of treatment approaches that would encourage adherence to compression therapy and cause significant improvements in patient outcomes. Such studies should also report on outcomes such as recurrence, healing, adverse events, and reasons for non-adherence to the intervention (Weller, Buchbinder, & Johnstone, 2013, Pg. 20).

Critiquing a Systematic Research Review References

Gopalakrishnan, S., & Ganeshkumar, P. (2013). Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis: Understanding the Best Evidence in Primary Healthcare. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 2(1), 9–14. http://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.109934

Uman, L. S. (2011). Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(1), 57–59.

Vasudevan, B. (2014). Venous leg ulcers: Pathophysiology and Classification. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 5(3), 366–370. http://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.137819

Weller, C. D., Buchbinder, R., & Johnstone, R. V. (2013). Interventions for helping people adhere to compression treatments for venous leg ulceration (Review). The Cochrane Library, 2013(9), 1-40.

Data Gathering and Market Research

Order Instructions:

Write a paper regarding data-gathering and market research.

Assignment Description: You may choose quantitative, qualitative methods, or both. Feel free to pick a service or product that you feel could be marketable and profitable for your organization. In this paper you are to fully discuss the process for gathering your data, how to interpret the data that you have gathered, and how you will analyze and apply the data is appropriate to a proposed marketing plan.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Data Gathering and Market Research

In the past century, the debate of quality detergent products has been wagging on the lips of many individuals. The information entailed herein provides vivid background details of the research process conducted, and an interpretation of the information gathered. It also provides an analysis of the research data for the manufacture of highly sustainable and better quality detergents in the market.

For starters, the company has been searching for ways to make a market statement through the sale of washing detergent. This has been met by numerous obstacles ranging from a very competitive environment by similar pre-existing companies manufacturing the same product to the presence of counterfeit washing detergents. The company resolved to conduct a market research study to capitalize on the market demand and profit realization (Creswell, J. W., 2013). The research was conducted by ethical means and provides an in-depth look at the nature of the product and its influence on the ever-changing market.

In conducting the research, various research methodologies were put into an account in the collection of viable information. It was conducted in a metropolitan region and the nearby suburban areas with over two thousand participants to be credited. This location was an ideal area and provided the right type of information that would be very useful once the analysis process of the study was reached. Some of the methods used to collect the data included oral interviews from respondents, provision of questionnaires, surveys, newspaper articles and journals just to mention a few.

The research process was conducted in a two week period. This necessitated the use of numerous resources for the provision of efficient and reliable information that would be used by the company in its motive of realizing the customers’ needs and satisfaction.

During the research, individuals from the area of study were provided with questionnaires that they were required to fill both accurately and candidly. It should be noted that a one major highlight from the research study was that the subjects who participated did it voluntarily. The few who declined purported due to personal restraints that could not be overcome. The institutional review board approval was in fact obtained from the research agency in which the study was conducted to conform to the regulations of the research. The questionnaire contained information concerning the company’s product about other similar products from other companies.

This was used to gauge the product’s sustainability in the market as well as the level of demand among its users. The results were then collected and analyzed for credible results. Secondly, the other method used in collecting data was through individual interviews. This not only provided firsthand information but also offered an in-depth perspective of the buyer’s thoughts about the product (Wedel, M., & Kamakura, W. A., 2012). These interviews were conducted by ethical procedures and were carried out on over seven hundred participants. The views were either recorded through audio and video or by note taking. It should be clarified that the views received were neither biased nor mitigated for credibility purposes.

The other method used to conduct the research was through newspaper articles and journals. Some of the data collected from the articles dated over ten years ago. Information on the articles collected included details of the shortcomings of former pre-existing products or companies, the challenges faced by some of these companies and pricing details about these products. One major highlight on the information from the articles and journals was stiff competition from foreign detergents in comparison to the locally produced. This was evident from the many advertisements that were present in the local dailies.

Moreover, government records disclosed the high importation of foreign detergents that are flooding the market scene. It was discovered that close to thirty-six percent of the available detergents in local stalls and shops were imports of the product. Thus, locally manufactured detergents face stiff competition that necessitates the need for adequate advertising and

The company also conducted a survey on its products on the market. This was time-consuming since required a lot of information from the users’ perspective of the product. The outcome was of mixed reactions since many individuals had contrasting views upon the survey. The methodology for conducting the survey was through T.V advertisements, posters and their general views about the detergents

For data consistency and clarity purposes the company also had to implement observation as a means of collecting information about the detergent. The company resolved to use individuals within its ranks to have a reflection of the product’s demand in the market (Easterby-Smith, M., et al, 2012). This involved sending selected individuals to a variety of stalls and shops to oversee the level of purchase and the availability of the product among its esteemed customers. They also had the added role of talking to the customers on their knowledge of the product and their personal views about the changes that perhaps need to be effected on it.

This, of course, was met with some challenges that might have inhibited information that would have been very essential to the company’s chief goal. One of the obstacles encountered was the reluctance of some individuals to express their views due to personal constraints. Moreover, some the stalls that were part of the research were not welcoming claiming it was part of their security protocol to bar strangers from collecting data relating to their stock and pricing

The findings showed a relation between the demographics of the regions and the customer demands for the product (Bryman, A., & Bell, E. 2015). It was noted that close to 48 percent of the locals in the sub -urban areas were not fond of using washing detergents while doing their laundry. This means close to half of the population preferably used ordinary soap only or nothing at all.

Therefore, mass sensitization needs to be effected on the benefits of using washing detergents. The interviews carried out proved quite evidently that the product was familiar with the locals and received several accolades from all corners. Despite the fact it is new in the market, most of the respondents preferred it in contrast to the rival products.

In contrast, some of the respondents questioned the supply of the products since it was inaccessible in most of the local stalls. This was also met with the user’s preference of local pre-existent products that are firmly becoming a monopoly. The respondents showed an interest in older local detergents that have shown success over their period of existence. The survey conducted also showed that the locals have an interest and approval in new products that was quite commendable by all manner.

For the success of any product in the market, user needs have to be met by all standards. Therefore, the products need to be in reach of the customer for the company to realize the profits (Miles, M.B., et al. 2013). One approach in providing sufficient service to the customers is by satisfying the users’ needs. It involves the provision of sufficient information about the product in this case and giving an indication of why your product is of better quality.

With respect to the results from the data collected is an analysis of the research process. It provides a summary of the research findings and an in-depth look. First and foremost, for the company to establish a profitable approach in its quest for delivering its products, some structures need to be in place. One of them is proper advertising, as is in the case of suburban areas.

It was realized that close to 22% of the respondents had little or no knowledge of the detergent. This could be attributed to poor advertising methods since there were no posters or any form of advertising media available in this area. Therefore, this necessitates the creation of avenues for advertising the company’s products.

Despite the increasing number of imported detergents, locally produced detergents are very much popular and appreciated by the users. The survey conducted indicated about 57% of detergent users preferred using locally manufactured detergents in comparison to those imported. It was also discovered that many people opted for washing detergents rather than ordinary soap due to the added advantages such as the removal of stains and the scent effect after a thorough cleaning.

In summary, the research was conducted provided a significant amount of information. The information submitted by the study was acquired through ethical means and considerations were put into the research methodologies of the study. Once the information is obtained company will use the information to meet its prosperity goals.

References

Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods. Oxford university press.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.

Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., & Jackson, P. R. (2012). Management research. Sage.

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. SAGE Publications, Incorporated

Srinivasan, S., & Hanssens, D. M. (2009). Marketing and firm value: Metrics, methods, findings, and future directions. Journal of Marketing research, 46(3), 293-312.

Wedel, M., & Kamakura, W. A. (2012). Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations (Vol. 8). Springer Science & Business Media.

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Selecting a Research Design Assignment

Selecting a Research Design

Order Instructions:

The writer will have to read each of this post and react to it by commenting, analyzing and supporting with relevant articles. The writer will have to read carefully before giving constructive comments or criticism on the post. The writer should write a one paragraph of at least 150 words. APA and in text citation must be use as each respond to the 4 article must have in text citations. The writer will have to use an article to supports his comments and criticism on each of the article. Address the content of each post below in a one paragraph each, analysis and evaluation of the topic, as well as the integration of relevant resources. The writer cannot just say “I agree or disagree” the writer must constructively support and use relevant sources to support his point why expanding on the article.

Article 1

Selecting a Research Design

The importance of qualitative research is utilizing the points of communication effectively. The researcher not only selects a study to conduct but decides the type of study within the three choices (Creswell, 2013). Social constructivist researchers engage in the interactions of those around them, where people work, and live (Creswell, 2013). Constructivism deals with qualitative research while seeking to understand the context and background of participants, utilizing researcher’s experiences and knowledge (Creswell, 2013). The importance of longevity in an organization speaks for itself and its reputation.
Outsourcing refers to the completion of business tasks, functions, or processes outside the firm’s home country. The Boeing crisis illustrates how offshoring can not only increase costs; but also raise mission-critical issues potentially affecting the survival of entire firms, whole industries and eventually the economy (Dening, 2013). As a researcher, doctoral research to provide qualitative data used in the future of business organizations. The constant debate on whether to conduct a qualitative case study or a qualitative phenomenon was overwhelming. Returning from residency in November 2014, the final decision was to conduct a qualitative phenomenological study.

References

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Research and Theory Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Sage Publications Limited.
Denning, S. (2013). Boeing’s offshoring woes: Seven lessons every CEO must learn. Strategy & Leadership, 41(3), 29-35. https://www.doi:10.1108/10878571311323190

Include the one paragraph comments hear using a pear review article to support your comments. Also include in text citations in APA.

Article two

Doctoral Study Proposal: Selecting a Research Design for Your Study

A researcher’s philosophical worldview and the underlying research problem influences the research design selected (Creswell, 2009). In this discussion post, I will argue for the selection of qualitative research design for my doctoral proposal. In addition, I will identify the traditional method I will utilize.
When determining the best fit of research design, it is important to consider philosophical worldviews. Creswell (2013) suggests that researchers clearly state within the research proposal their philosophical ideas. Philosophical worldviews include postpositive, social construction, advocacy/participatory, and pragmatic (Creswell, 2009). Understanding a researcher’s worldview can assist the reader in understanding why a researcher selected a particular research method (2013). My worldview aligns with social constructivism. Researchers prescribing to this worldview begins with a broad, open-ended outlook. Through interactions with others, social constructionists inductively form a theory or pattern of meaning (Creswell, 2009). This philosophical perspective typically aligns with a qualitative research approach (Creswell, 2013).
Within a quantitative study, the researcher explores the relationship among variables (Creswell, 2009). Quantitative design methods include surveys and experiments (Creswell, 2009). Experimental designs are meant to test the effect of treatment or intervention (Creswell, 2009). Within this study, there will be no application of treatment or intervention; therefore, the research questions cannot be tested under experimental design conditions. Quantitative surveys are intended to provide numeric accounts of trends, attitudes or opinions of a wider population based on a sampling of a subset of that population (Creswell, 2009). However, as noted above, my social constructivist philosophical worldview aligns better with qualitative research design.

Within a qualitative study, the researcher seeks to describe, explore, or understand the research topic (Creswell, 2013). Researchers use qualitative studies to seek to identify factors that cause or influence a phenomenon (Creswell, 2013). Case study research focuses on a particular case as the object of study and data is usually collected in the research participants setting (Creswell, 2013). Data analysis and discussion within a case study focuses on identifying themes (Creswell, 2013). This method is appropriate for DBA research because the themes and issues recognized within the case may contribute to improving a business function (Schultz, n.d.).

I plan to incorporate a case study design including interviews and financial documents review to collect data. This approach is fitting for my study because I am attempting to understand how accounting skills influence business success but interviewing small business leaders at their firms. Interviewing small business leaders will be the primary data collection method. Interviews will be semistructured and open-ended, and conducted at the business owner’s place of business or by telephone. An interview protocol will be developed to facilitate the interview process. Furthermore, the sessions will be audiotaped and transcribed. Data will also be collected by observing financial documents prepared by the small business leader. Participants will be asked to provide monthly or quarterly annual statements for a specific period. All information used in the study analysis will be collected from the case studies and financial documents.

References

Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Shultz, W.C. (n.d.). Research Design Considerations Flowcharts [PDF document]. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/USW1/201620_02/DR_DDBA/DDBA_8991/Week%201/Resources/Resources/embedded/Research_Design_Flowchart_DBA_V1_JP.jpg

Include the one paragraph comments hear using an a pear review article to support your comments. Also include in text citations in APA.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Selecting a Research Design

Article 1

The writer has done a remarkable job in putting his points down on paper precisely. The paper is mainly focusing on the importance of communication in a qualitative research. I go hand in hand with most of the view the writer included in his or her article. Communication is a tool that is most useful in most organizations as clearly illustrated in the article. It is with effectively communicating with their surroundings that researchers tend to get the best out of a qualitative study. Moreover, looking at constructivism from a social perspective, it tries to make use of resources from the experience of the researcher (Chen et al., 2011). Consequently, the aspect of longevity in an organization is without doubt very significant. Moreover, outsourcing and offshoring have brought a significant amount in the business of organizations in the recent years. However, the researcher comes to a good conclusion in making his choice between qualitative case study and a qualitative phenomenon.

Article 2

The article argues the choice of qualitative research design remarkably in a way that captures the mind of the reader. The author vividly explains the traditional methods and the philosophical worldviews he or she chose to implement in the research. Moreover, the thoughts of the author in matters philosophical have been explained in a simple manner that beats the necessity to read through twice to understand the scope of philosophical worldviews the author has chosen to pursue. Consequently, the author identifies the relationship between qualitative research and social constructivism that is significant to his or her doctoral study (Silverman, 2013). The importance of qualitative research against that of other research designs has been outlined and gives that the reasons for the decision made in the research design. Considering that qualitative research tends to explore, describe and understand the research topic. I would say the research design chosen is best for the research topic in discussion

References

Broad, C. D. (2014). Religion, philosophy and psychical research: selected essays. Routledge.

Chen, Y. Y., Shek, D. T., & Bu, F. F. (2011). Applications of interpretive and constructionist research methods in adolescent research: philosophy, principles and examples. International journal of adolescent medicine and health, 23(2), 129-139.

Gray, D. E. (2013). Doing research in the real world. Sage.

Silverman, D. (2013). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. SAGE Publications Limited.

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