How Terrorism is Propagated in the name of Religion.
How Terrorism is Propagated in the name of Religion.
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My paper topic is: How Terrorism is Propagated in the name of Religion. This is for my CJUS 480 Terrorism class.
Minimum of 5 sources from both online and printed source material.
WIKIPEDIA does not qualify as a source.
SAMPLE ANSWER
How Terrorism is Propagated in the name of Religion.
Religious terrorists, such as radical Muslims, Christians, and Judaists, kill people, commit suicidal bombings among other terrorist activities in the name of a certain religion, yet in the real sense, these terrorist actions usually do not have any connection with the religion propagated (Qamar, nd). Religious extremists interpret religious provisions strictly in a manner that serves their goals of revenging, intimidating or causing a certain influence on their audience (Stern, 2003).
In most cases, religious terrorists aim at promoting a combination of material and religious goals, for instance, the acquisition of political power for purposes of imposing certain interpretations of religious provisions or forcing a certain outcome from religious texts in the bid to justify their fight to acquire contested authority (Qamar, nd). For instance, most Islamist movements have successfully managed to convince many Muslims that “jihad” is the most effective interpretation of contemporary Islam, and this has led to conversion of many ignorant Muslims into terrorists. Islamic scholars of the 18th Century, who founded “jihadism” and justified the killing of non-combatants, is the basis for the belief that Islamic terrorism is justified (Upadhyay, R. (2005).
According to FBI reports, more than 90% of terror threats and attacks are carried out by Islamist movements and groups. Since they believe that they are fighting a holy war with ultimate spiritual benefits, religious extremists do not fear any kind of earthly penalties that they may be subjected to as a result of their “religious cause”. This is the reason for many terrorists offering to undertake such dangerous missions as suicidal bombings and attacking high-profile buildings. These radicals also wage war against other members of their religion who are not radicals (Atran, 2003).
References
Atran, S. (2003). Genesis of suicide terrorism. Science, 299(5612), 1534-1539.
This essay explores diabetes as a highly prevalent disease among Indian seniors. Diabetes mellitus is usually more common than insipidus and the essay emphasizes on the former. Two subtypes of diabetes mellitus earn most attention in the study. They are diabetes type 1 and diabetes type 2, also referred to as insulin-dependent and insulin-independent respectively (Kumar, Goel, Jain, Khanna, & Chaudhary, 2013, Pg. 524). In Indian population, diabetes type 2 is more common and severer than type 1.With the characteristic change of livelihood in the recent years, the old in India get higher risk to diabetes than in the earlier days. Some primary care measures in the management of the situation are in place, and there is prospective to better the practice.
Epidemiological Background of Diabetes in India
Diabetes has affected a large population in India, and it still remains a major health issue. The disease accounts for a large percentage of deaths in the country especially among the aged. Currently, 62 million Indians have the condition according to research (Kaveeshwar & Cornwall, 2014, Pg. 45). Studies indicate India as among the nations most affected by diabetes. In 2000, investigations indicated the country as the most hit by diabetes. While India had a diabetic population of 31.7 million, America, the second placed had 20.8 million. China was third with 17.7 million people being diabetic (Kaveeshwar & Cornwall, 2014, Pg. 45). There is likelihood that when global diabetic population increases, India will have contributed the largest population. Factors predisposing Indians to diabetes are many and the situation creates uncertainties for the nation regarding the issue. Though some factors are easily identifiable, others are complicated and stakeholders in healthcare face the challenge of understanding them. Issues that hinder researchers from understanding risk factors include the population’s heterogeneity in relation to ethnicity, culture and socioeconomics (Kaveeshwar & Cornwall, 2014, Pg. 46). Factors currently identified include genetics and the Indian environment. As an environmental factor, livelihood in India predisposes people to obesity, which in turn makes them prone to diabetes.Regional variations are also identified as risk determinants, whereby Indians in rural areas are less exposed to diabetes than their counterparts in towns. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) found that Maharashtra and Tamil regions have higher statistics of affected people than Chandigarh and Jharkhand, which are to the north of the state (Kaveeshwar & Cornwall, 2014, Pg. 46). Such disparities are also common in other countries such as Australia (Sukala, Page, Rowlands, Lys, Krebs, Leikis, & Cheema, 2012, Pg. 432). Research is yet to prove whether the fact of most people in northern India being migrants while those in south are host could influence the variations. Geographical locations in India also influence diabetes management as access to screening and necessary medication is limited in the rural areas. People who suffer from diabetes in poor regions are more likely to die of the same compared to those in developed regions. In impoverished regions, there is higher likelihood of inadequacy of education offered to people. The aged, for example, may not access education on preventive practices and could face greater risk of diabetes than their educated counterparts (Khalil, Tan, & George, 2012, Pg. 577). The prevalence of diabetes in India is peculiar in that the population is not as much exposed to obesity like in some western countries, yet it records higher cases of diabetes than them. Obesity is not more common in India than these countries, yet it is usually the lead causal factor (Rao, Kamath, Shetty & Kamath, 2011, Pg. 54). In the recent, diabetic complications have increased among the older Indians. A large diabetic population in India expresses inability to control blood sugar level, and ends up developing abnormalities in their vascular structures.
Challenges in the management of diabetes in India include unavailability of HbA1c tests to most Indians (Kumar, 2010, Pg. 128). Insulin therapies are also hard to administer following decreased clinical activeness. Indian guidelines also fail to sufficiently address issues with insulin use therefore making it hard to practice the clinical role (Unnikrishnan, Anjana, & Mohan, 2011, Pg. 10). Managing the current status of diabetes in India requires efforts from the, government as well as other involved parties (Kumar, Goel, Jain, Khanna, & Chaudhary, 2013, Pg. 530). The Indian government has made efforts toward the control the illness. Efforts by the government include the establishment of National Diabetes Control Program (Kumar, Goel, Jain, Khanna, & Chaudhary, 2013, Pg. 524). Healthcare practitioners require helping the population with strategies that address early detection, prevention, and management of diabetes (Kaveeshwar & Cornwall, 2014, Pg. 47). Generally, issues addressed on management of diabetes in India include increasing access to services, increasing the affordability of medicines, improving service quality as well as conducting more studies to develop helpful initiatives (Kumar, Goel, Jain, Khanna, & Chaudhary, 2013, Pg. 525).
Social Determinants in the Management of Diabetes in India
Management of diabetes is subject to several social factors. Stakeholders need to pay attention to such factors in their strategies to improve outcomes in diabetic patients. There is the necessity of research to test outcomes based on social determinants. To curb the increased prevalence of diabetes in India, such research studies are mandatory. Social factors also entail environmental issues, in addition to cultural ones. Diabetes is prevalent among the poor, middle-earning as well as rich populations. India is generally a middle-earning country, and diabetes is more prevalent among the poorer people. Environmental influences in diabetes include feeding habits and physical activities. Intake of food that is highly calorific has increased among Indians causing development of obesity and hence diabetes. Measures in diabetes management include monitoring of one’s diet to lower the risk of taking too much fats and sugar. Asif wrote that people aim at maintaining the safest concentration of sugar and lipids in blood (2014). Health professionals advocate for increased uptake of fruits, whole grains, vegetables, low-fat dairy products and food high in unsaturated fats (Asif, 2014). On the other hand, diabetes management requires reduced intake of red meat, legumes, fish and nuts (Asif, 2014).The International Expert Committee provided dietary guidelines for management of diabetes. In the guidelines, experts advise patients to take carbohydrates as starch. While patients should avoid refined sugars, they may take non-nutritive sweeteners. In addition, people should avoid animal fats, salt, and tobacco smoking (2009, Pg. 1328). Again, failure to engage in physical strains as is the common situation with advanced technology, places people at the risk of diabetes. Given that India has realized substantial developments in technology, the aged in the country are unlikely to take manual activities. For instance, the old would prefer driving to walking even when covering short distances. Failure to exercise leads to too much fat deposits in the body and individuals are likely to become obese. Since the old have machines at their disposal, management of diabetes could be difficult as it requires them to forego machines for manual actions. As a measure to manage diabetes, care providers educate patients on matters relating to the disease. As Larranaga, Docet and Garcia-Mayor wrote, teams concerned with the management of diabetes should monitor insulin regimens, while still educating patients (2011, Pg. 190). Psychosocial approaches are also important in the management of diabetes in India. Kalra, Sridhar, Balhara, Sahay, Bantwal, Baruah, and Kumar addressed psychosocial influences in diabetes management. The researchers indicated that optimal outcome in managing the disease entails physical, social as well as psychological fitness (2013, Pg. 380). Psychological status, particularly, affect administration of self-care in diabetic patients. Kalra et al. noted that psychological factors affecting patients in India differ significantly from those associated with patients elsewhere (2013, Pg. 380). Economic factors are also crucial in the management of diabetes. A significant part of the Indian population is poor, and may not meet the financial costs of insulin treatment. In addition, culture and religion as social practices determine the level of diabetes management. Generally, these practices interact with healthcare provision, hence influencing it. Some attitudes developed with culture, combined with illiteracy may hinder care for diabetic patients. Some uneducated people are unlikely to understand the complexity of issues associated with diabetes management. Use of traditional medicine, a relatively common practice in India, also influences diabetes management from a societal perspective. 14% of Indians use herbal medication and some people in the population may not readily accept convectional medicine that most care providers offer (Kalra, et al. 2013, Pg. 379).
Primary Healthcare Delivery in the Management of Diabetes among the Aged in India
Milat, O’hara and Develin explained that primary care usually focuses on disease prevention (2009, Pg. 87). As such, campaigns characterize the type of care. If properly conducted, primary care can reduce the occurrence of diabetes. In people who are already diagnosed with the disease, elderly Indians for this case, primary care aims at attaining a normal concentration of sugar in their blood. (Ramachandran, Das, Joshi, Yajnik, Shah, & Kumar, 2010, Pg. 8). There is need for clinicians to offer quality care to patients as complications of diabetes could result into other life-threatening illnesses. Ramachandran et al. noted hat more than half of diabetic patients in India possess poor ability to control their blood sugar, and their vascular structures have abnormalities (2010, Pg. 8). Clinicians also require awareness on high standards of care especially with newly developed therapeutic agents. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) offered recommendations that 53% of diabetes patients receive insulin therapy for six years, while 75% should take more than one treatment strategies for approximately nine years. When offering primary care, practitioners should understand that too much insulin could induce obesity, worsening the situations of patients resistant to it (Ramachandran et al., 2010, Pg. 8). In primary care, clinicians can attend large populations of patients and establish follow-ups. When attending aged people with diabetes, practitioners in India should establish links with their patients to facilitate the process of care delivery. Nurses should lead in implementation of strategies that educate patients on diabetes. In addition, primary care providers need to be optimistic, and encourage their patients to increase their chances of recovery. Though diabetes is a chronic disease, patients can still lead an enjoyable lifestyle if they receive high quality primary care. Since nurses have intensive expertise in counseling, they assume the most effective position in primary care for diabetic patients. In addition to offering primary care, nurses should develop strategies to improve their services to patients. Nurses require being creative and initiative as professional virtues. When combined with their caring character, the two traits would enable nurses make essential transformations in diabetes management.It is also advisable that since the occurrence of diabetes varies with genetics, culture, social practices and geographical locations, nurses and other practitioners should be sensitive of the variations. Generally, primary care should see to it that preventive measures are fully exploited just as the ones addressing diabetes treatment. In primary care for instance, clinicians should encourage patients to engage into healthy livelihood. Dietary and exercise intervention are essential at the primary level of care for old people with diabetes. Other parties involved in primary care for diabetic patients include dieticians, pharmacists, physicians and psychologists. Professionals from various fields should cooperate to facilitate primary care. Team work as seen in interdisciplinary teams could offer the best outcomes in diabetes management. Patient care is often complex but can be promoted if stakeholders associate appropriately. Practitioners should ensure that the care they offer is patient-centered, and that it constitutes healthy communications with patients, partnerships and focuses beyond the situation at hand. Practitioners require explaining essential concepts of the disease to patients. In addition, they should be able to assess the feelings, expectations as well as beliefs of their patients. Generally, care providers need developing common grounds with their patients. When primary care is patient centered, there are higher chances that satisfaction will be obtained for both the providers and receivers of services.
Future Healthcare Directions in the Management of Diabetes among the Aged in India
Currently, the occurrence of diabetes among the aged in India is alarming. There should be long-term strategies to help overcome the situation. There are, therefore, rapid changes in the management of diabetes as approaches are unlimited (Universit5y of Melbourne, 2011). Researches are carrying out studies to develop better means of addressing diabetes among all populations. For instance, there are moves to develop new drugs that can be more effective than the current regimens. Ramachandran et al. explored possible drugs that may help fight diabetes in the future. The researchers indicated that analogues of glucagon as well as those of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 could offer better therapeutic agents in the future (2010, Pg. 8). Researchers are carrying out clinical studies on new drugs and in the near future, there could be drugs that would change the common regimens applied for diabetes. Drugs in advanced developmental stages include DPP-4 inhibitors, which include vidagliptin and sitagliptin (Ramachandran et al., 2010, Pg. 8). As Ramachandran et al. expressed, the two drugs improve the sensitivity of beta cells to insulin, and could be useful for diabetes mellitus type 2 (2010, Pg. 8). Measures that address livelihood seem to offer the best approach on management of diabetes. Dietary modifications and engagement in exercise can lead to high performance in minimization of diabetes cases in India, especially among old people. Oral drugs, which currently are the most used in diabetes, may not be the first-line choices as times goes by. Better means of managing diabetes will be developed to ease the burden of having to take medications on daily basis.Drugs that would be more preferred in the future, should not only manage diabetes, but also its comorbidities. Again, their use should guarantee optimal safety while still being effective. Since insulin is the central hormone in diabetes, researchers are likely to develop its receptor agonists as therapeutic agents (Sanofi Diabetes, 2012). There are also moves to develop long-acting drug compounds that would have great effect in management of diabetes.Usually, challenges with the current diabetes therapies necessitate the development of new therapies.
Conclusion
India has the highest cases of diabetes mellitus in the world. Diabetes mellitus is more prevalent among the old than it is with the young. Indian population faces several risk factors that predispose them to the disease. These factors include genetics as well as social and cultural factors. Social practices and cultural beliefs often influence health care provision. In most cases, cultural beliefs work against care provision for the aged diabetic patients in India. To address the high occurrence of diabetes in India, clinicians and the government take a central position. It is upon clinicians to ensure that they offer quality care to diabetic patients in the move to manage the disease.
References
Asif, M. (2014). The prevention and control the type-2 diabetes by changing lifestyle and dietary pattern. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 3, 1. doi:10.4103/2277-9531.127541
Kalra, S., Sridhar, G. R., Balhara, Y. P. S., Sahay, R. K., Bantwal, G., Baruah, M. P., … Prasanna Kumar, K. M. (2013). National recommendations: Psychosocial management of diabetes in India. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 17(3), 376–395. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.111608
Kaveeshwar, S. A., & Cornwall, J. (2014). The current state of diabetes mellitus in India. The Australasian Medical Journal, 7(1), 45–48. doi:10.4066/AMJ.2013.1979
Khalil, H., Tan, A., & George, J. (2012). Diabetes management in Australian rural aged care facilities: A cross-sectional audit. Australas Med J, 5(11), 575–80
Kumar, A., Goel, M. K., Jain, R. B., Khanna, P., & Chaudhary, V. (2013). India towards diabetes control: Key issues. Australas Med J, 6(10), 524–531.
Larrañaga, A., Docet, M. F., & García-Mayor, R. V. (2011). Disordered eating behaviors in type 1 diabetic patients. World Journal of Diabetes, 2(11), 189–195. doi:10.4239/wjd.v2.i11.189
Mkilat, A. J., O’Hara, B., & Develin, E. (2009). Concepts and new frontiers for development – What role should health promoters play in lifestyle-based diabetes prevention programs in Australia? Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 20(2), 86-94
Ramachandran, A., Das, A. K., Joshi, S. R., Yajnik, C. S., Shah, S., & Kumar, K. M. (2010). Current Status of Diabetes in India: Need for Novel Therapeutic Agents. JAPI, 58, 7-10
Rao, C. R., Kamath, V. G., Shetty, A., Kamath, A. (2011). A cross-sectional analysis of obesity among a rural population in coastal southern Karnataka, India. Australas Med J, 4(1), 53–57.
Sukala, W. R., Page, R. A., Rowlands, D. S., Lys, I., Krebs, J. D., Leikis, M. J., & Cheema, B. S. (2012). Exercise intervention in New Zealand Polynesian peoples with type 2 diabetes: Cultural considerations and clinical trial recommendations. Australas Med J,5(8), 429–35
The International Expert Committee. (2009). International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care, 32, 1327–34
Unnikrishnan, R. I., Anjana, R. M., &Mohan, V. (2011). Importance of Controlling Diabetes Early–The Concept of Metabolic Memory, Legacy Effect and the Case for Early Insulinisation. JAPI, 50, 8–12.
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Research and read the article by Donald Dripps entitled “The Case for the Contingent Exclusionary Rule,” from the American Criminal Law Review (Winter, 2001).
•Based on the article and your current level of exposure to the topic of constitutional criminal procedure, outline your position as to how Dripps’ model would work in the real world.
State whether Dripps’ Model of “Contingent Suppression” is in any way compatible with restorative justice. If not, how could it be made more compatible?
•Provide at least 1 reference
SAMPLE ANSWER
The Exclusionary Rule
With the exclusionary rule in place, problems such as those of political interference of the court system will be resolved given that the highest court has the power to impose any rule that is encrypted in the constitution. The problem of valuation will also be long gone with the exclusion rule in place because it balances the sanctions and the illegal gains of the government. Despite, these benefits, this rule have certain weakness given that it poses a crucial psychological challenge to the judgement. It is not a very easy for the judges to set free a suspect whom they are aware is guilty as charged. In an attempt to deal with this challenge, judges who are on trial are forced to change their truth seeking attention against the tenets of exclusion (Clancy, 2013). On the other hand other judges in the court chambers are forced to interpret the laws on constitutional rights contrary to that of the trial judges. Therefore, it for a fact that amendment on exclusion law remains inadequately implemented.
In his article about contingent exclusionary rule, Donald Drips suggests a model that can be used in the implementation of the exclusionary rule. He says that it is possible to bring together damages and exclusion in order to do develop a much more effective nd sustainable solution to all violations of the constitution. He further adds that courts can be allowed to suppress some of those orders that are considered uncertain in nature probably because of failure of the police force to do is job well (Dripps, 2010). However, friendly as this offer may seem to be, it not so compatible with the theory of restorative justice. As much as the cases are suppressed by the judges, it would be necessary to keep the suspected criminals on probation to take care of the interests of the crime victims rather than allowing the suspect to freely get back to the community and prematurely interact with victims of crime. This way, restorative justice shall have been achieved.
Thomas K. Clancy (2013), ‘The ExclusionaryRule: Is It On Its Way Out? Should It Be?’: Guest Editor: Christopher Slobogin: The Fourth Amendment’s ExclusionaryRule as a Constitutional Right. The Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2013/04/01, Vol: 10, p357
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Jessica has been feeling unwell for the last 2 days with cold like symptoms, clear discharge from her nose, low grade fever and occassional coughing at night. The following nigh Jessica woke short of breath. Jessica’s mother, Anne , also noticed that Jessica’s breathing was quite noisy.
Anne, Jessica’s mother sat Jessica upright, found her salbutamol puffer and spacer which was on her bedside table and administered six puffs via her spacer as instructed by the asthma nurse at her local GP practice. Jessica’s breathing appeared to settle not long after the puffer and she then went back to sleep.
Anne woke with a start 2 hrs later and rushed to Jessica’s room and found her becoming increasingly short of breath and coughing continuously. Anne gave Jessica a further 6 puffs of salbutamol through her spacer. Jessica’s breathing did not appear to be improving, so Anne decided that they should go to the hospital.
One of Jessica’s cousin is a second year student nurse. He tells you he doesn’t understand the pathophysiology of asthma and how it affects the respiratory system. Jessica’s mother Anne asks you to explain to him the pathophysiology of asthma and how it affects the respiratory system using the correct medical and nursing terminology. You are also to explain two signs and symptoms that the patient Jessica has presented, therefore, shortness of breath and wheezing/coughing and explain why they manifested as part of the illness/disease.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Pathophysiology of Asthma
Asthma is a long-lasting inflammatory ailment of the breathing systems. It can be classified in different ways; physiologically, pathologically and bronchoconstriction. Physiologically it can be observed as an adjustable. It can also be partly reversible by blocking of airflow just as in the case of Jessica. Your aunt Anne, following doctor’s instructions used salbutamol puffer and as pacer to reverse the blocked air.
Pathologically it comes with overdeveloped mucus glands and airway thickens due to scarring inflammation and bronchoconstriction and thinning of the respiratory system in the lungs due to the tightening of adjoining soft muscles.It has many symptoms and among them is feeling extreme cold, clear discharge from the nose, low-grade fever and frequently coughing at night. These symptoms of asthma have implications for the diagnosis, management, and potential prevention of the disease (Murphy, 2011, Pg. 78).
Pathophysiology or physiopathology is a word that is formed by the combination of two words;pathology and physiology. Pathology is a medical discipline that is used to explain conditions that are initially seen during a disease and in this case, Jessica’s ailment, On the other hand, physiology is the biological word for defining procedures or methods which operate within a person. Pathology has always been used to describe the irregular or undesired disorder. On the other hand, pathophysiology tries to explain the physiological processes or mechanisms in which such a condition grows and advances. (Marthan., R, et al. 2014, pg. 153)
Pathophysiology is also used to mean the functional variations related with or resulting from illness or injury. Lastly, it can also be defined as the practical changes that accompany a specific disease.
How it affects the respiratory system
During an asthma incident, swollen breathing system react to environmental activates such as smoke, dust, or pollen. The airways become narrow due to excess mucus, these makes breathing difficult. In essence, asthma is the result of a resilient response in the bronchial airways (Loo, 2009, Pg. 67). The airways of asthma patients are oversensitive to certain activates, also known as stimuli. In response to exposure to these triggers, the bronchi having large airways contract into spasm that is an attack by asthma. Further Inflammation leads to further narrowing of the breathing system due to excessive mucus that is produced. This causes coughing and other breathing difficulties. Bronchospasm may resolve impulsively in a period of two hours, or in about half of the subjects, may become part of a delayed response.
This initial insult is followed three to twelve hours later with further bronchoconstriction and inflammation.The normal ability of the bronchus is usually maintained by a stable operative found in the autonomic anxious system. Both of them function involuntarily. The parasympathetic impulse circle having afferent nerve finales that originates underneath the inner linings of the bronchus. Whenever these afferent nerve endings are stimulated by different things such as dust, cold air or fumes, impulses travel to the brain-stem called the vagal center, and then it moves down the vagal efferent pathway up to the bronchial small breathing system (Harver & Kotses, 2010, pg. 585). When it reaches here acetylcholine is released from the afferent nerve endings which results in the extreme creation of inositol one, four and 5-trisphosphate (IP3) in the bronchial smooth muscle cells which lead to muscle shortening and this initiates bronchoconstriction that brings the chest problems of difficulty in breathing that is called asthma (Murphy, 2011, pg. 46).
Shortness of breath in asthma and its manifestation
Asthma is a lifetime ailment that makes someone’s lungs hypersensitive and hard to breathe. It is an incurable disease, but with right treatment, people with asthma can lead healthy, active lives. Shortness of breath is a feeling whereby you get a dyspnea. Dyspnea is having a difficulty in breathing. If one has asthma, their breathing passages are highly sensitive. Some things can thereby make their respiratory system encounter some problems. One of the problems faced is swollen and blocked airways. This is as a result of excessive mucus. The swelling and mucus make the respiratory system narrow. This causes difficulty in breathing. This is one of the primary signs of an asthma patient even before diagnosis is carried out (Wolfson & Montgomery-Downs, 2013, Pg. 751). Other symptoms of asthma include wheezing, chest tightness and chronic cough as in the case of Jessica.There is no medical terminology for shortness of breath. Asthma patients will frequently describe this trouble of breathing in different ways. While others call it unable to catch my breath, others call it gasping for breath. (WebMD. 2015)
Wheezing and in asthma and its manifestation
These are some of the most common asthma symptoms and are often the purpose why many people look out for care. Wheezing makes a patient produce a high-pitched sound during respiration. Mostly, it occurs when he patient breaths out but can also be heard when they breath in. The narrowing of the respiratory passages due to inflammation is the primary cause of wheezing.
References
Marthan., R, et al. 2014. Pathophysiology of asthma. Europe Pub Med CenteMorris., J, et al.2015. Asthma. Medscape
WebMD. 2015. Symptoms of Asthma. Medical Health Center.Viewed at www.webmd.com 25/05/2015
Murphy, W. B. (2011). Asthma. Minneapolis, MN: Twenty-First Century Books.
Wolfson, A. R., & Montgomery-Downs, H. (2013). The Oxford handbook of infant, child, and adolescent sleep and behavior.
Loo, M. (2009). Integrative medicine for children. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier.
Harver, A., & Kotses, H. (2010). Asthma, health, and society: A public health perspective. New York: Springer.
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The advancement of leadership and the development of leaders seem to concentrate more on training through investigation of theory or literature.
According to the attached article, why is this ineffective?
Evaluate the appropriateness of such a training focus.
Based on your other readings, what other elements may be included to increase the self-knowledge and effectiveness of leadership?
Each of the following conditions must meet the essay:
1)The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
2)The answer must include examples from aviation experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real aviation companies. I prefer example from Qatar Airways, Etihad airline, Emirates airline, Al Arabia Airline.
3)Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System.
4)Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
5)I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.
Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Effective leadership
Introduction
There has been a tendency of advancement of leadership and the development of leaders concentrating more on training through investigation of theory or literature. This approach is associated with certain drawbacks which altogether fail to produce effective leaders. The following discussion will engage in reviewing some of the limitations on this form of training. In addition, the paper will examine how self-knowledge and effective leadership can be pronounced in a company.
Discussion
The advancement of leadership and the improvement of leaders seem to concentrate more on training through investigation of theory or literature. This is ineffective due to a number of reasons. One of the explanations is that assortment of aspirants to join training is mostly uncertain. This is because most firm targets the familiar aspirations of those employees who chase to rise to leadership situation. Therefore, getting a suitable sample of candidates to train to be converted into leaders is ineffective as every employee wants to become a leader as that status has power, reputation, and increased income (Taylor 2012). At Etihad Airline, for instance, CEOs find it hard to pick up prospective aspirants to be future leaders at the company when they step down. The training has also some elements of ineffectiveness as it mainly covers on reinforcing self esteem of candidates. However, in doing so, it does not give long-term adjustments in their consciousness or conduct. This is witnessed by the actions of the graduates retreating back to their old ways of doing things as rudimentary behavioral transformation lack due to the training unable to provide the graduates an environment and time required to reshape behavior.
Another noted reason why this form of training is ineffective is because it is mainly grounded in teaching the candidates about leadership, providing them cognitive experience, and infusing new leadership models to them. This is quite similar to a teaching guide (O’ Connell 2011, p.339). Therefore, it calls for experimentation and learning, followed by simultaneous recurrence of a dedicated practice. The training also lacks a metric for evaluating leadership appropriateness. This form of training fails to give consensus on who a leader is or what are responsibilities of a leader (Bérard 2013). There is loss of connection between empirical correlation and leadership performance with leadership outcomes and qualities. It is being found that the case histories only try to buttress current mythologies. At Qatar Airways, for instance, line managers find it difficult to deal with the leadership wrangles at the Gulf area in dealing with high competition due to the action of clinging to traditional methodologies of dealing with HR emerging problems. .
It is also noted that despite many ineffectiveness of training though investigation of theory or literature, there is a number of appropriateness derived from that form of training. Notably, candidates in the training program do buff up specific skills, particularly in communication networks (Adle, Kwon & Heckscher 2008, p. 361). Effectiveness resulting from such program is that that training may challenge the candidates or reinforces their self esteem. For instance, Emirates Airline working with its subsidiaries provides a platform where various leaders of the subsidiaries meet to share experiences (Connell 2011). This is mainly by intensifying candidates’ awareness of the behavioral inclinations in their ways and psyche. Consequently, candidates are given cognitive experience by these training programs, that is, the hopeful leaders are taught about leadership, latest leadership paradigms, offered with historical consideration on leadership theory, and being offered with a record of leadership desirable qualities.
There are some factors that may be included to enhance self-knowledge and effectiveness of leadership. Empathy is one of the critical fundamentals that should be embraced to enlarge self-knowledge and effectiveness of leadership. Empathy emphasizes the leadership with the ability to improve juniors, challenge those who act unfairly in a firm, and provision of constructive feedback. Social skills also come under components to electrify self-knowledge. An effective leader should be oriented to mechanisms to which he or she can learn how to not sit back and make their juniors do the work Grimme 2011, p.482). This factor can be continual actions of a leader to congratulate employees to inspire the loyalty of the team. Leaders at Emirates Airways engage in giving their subordinates gift and bonuses to boost their urge in fulfilling the objectives of this respective airline. Learning conflict resolution skills is also important under the elements of social skills as the leader will be able to be trained to arbitrate wide-ranging conflicts occurring in the line of duty. To develop self-knowledge and effective leadership it can be done through learning challenges. Trial and error makes leaders better in their roles through learning from their failures and successes.
Selecting the right candidate for the leadership position is one of the crucial factors for an effective leadership. Through strong motivation, a leader develops his or her self knowledge by being motivated by a strong embebbled urge for the sake of achievement. The type of leaders oriented to this element is able to explore new approaches to their duties. It is interesting to find out that these types of leaders keep score by tracking such complicated measures as market share, for instance, money manager at Qatar Airways gauge the performance of his stock fund aligned with Etihad airline, Emirates airline, Al Arabia
Airline (O’ Connell 2011, p.340). Even when the score is against them, highly motivated leaders will continue to remain optimistic. In such process another element of self-regulation comes in to merge with achievement motivation to enable frustrations and agony that can be felt from such failures. It is being observed that at Etihad Airways, portfolio managers are not fired when a failure occurs at their line of duty. Rather, the company elevates them to senior position where they will be given an opportunity to prove that they can lead a turnaround (O’ Connell 2011). Self-regulation makes effective leaders abandon the habit of attacking others verbally, stereotyping others, and to compromise their values. This form of self-knowledge is brought in by the tendency of the leader to know his or her values and hold him/herself accountable incase of mistakes. Leader’s own reflection falls under some of the elements to be included to increase leadership effectiveness and self-knowledge. Most of the managers at Etihad Airline meet severally in a year to discus what each of them encountered during that financial period, and the mechanism as well as strategies to handle the situation (Grimme 2011, p.487). Through this reflection, a leader is supposed to learn from the mistakes of other leaders. Learning from experience of peers who face analogous leadership problems can be an important factor to effective leadership and self-knowledge development.
Conclusion
In summary, effective leadership is derived if leaders are oriented to harsh crucible organizational experience. Training through investigation of theory or literature is pragmatically teaching of which it should be learned. Upon making better leaders, they should be given an environment where they will acquire self-knowledge to enable them run the operations of a company efficiently.
Reference list
ADLER, P.S., KWON, S-W. AND HECKSCHER, C. (2008). Professional work: the emergence of collaborative community. Organization Science, March–April, 19(2): 359–76
ANDERSON, R., & BRAUD, W. (2011). Transforming self and others through research: transpersonal research methods and skills for the human sciences and humanities. Albany, State University of New York Press.
BÉRARD, J. (2013). Accelerating leadership development: practical solutions for building your organization’s potential. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10740165.
GRIMME, W. (2011). The Growth of ailine global alliances: an empirical assessment of the perceptions of business travelers. Transportation Research part A, 37,479-497.
O’ CONNELL, J. (2011). The rise of the Arabian Gulf carriers: An insight into the business model of Emirates Airline. Journal of Air Transport Management, 17, 339-346.
ODONI, A. (2009). The international institutional and Regulatory Environment 9Chaoter @). In P. Belobaba, A. Odoni, & C. Barnhart, The Global Airline Industry. John Wilesy & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-74077-4.
Complete this assignment based on an industry of your choice.
*Examples of industries: electrical appliance, pharmaceutical, market research, fashion, music, movie, books/ publications, supermarket, education provider, travel, non-for profit, finance/bank, online dating, social networking sites, online gaming, auction etc.
Part A (Recommended page-length: 2)
Critically analyse the roles of internet in this industry. Has internet changed the way this industry operates in any significant ways?
Part B (Recommended page-length: 7)
Identify two competing e-businesses within this industry. To make your analysis more interesting, it is recommended that you choose two e-businesses with different positioning (See Lecture: STP & Positioning Strategy)
Critically analyse, compare and contrast the two e-businesses on their e-marketing mix strategy (e.g., product, price, distribution and communication). Draw insightful connections between your analysis and course materials.
In the conclusion of this assignment, (Recommended page-length: 1)
• provide a summary of your key findings / observations in a concise yet comprehensive
manner
• In your opinion, does one of the businesses have more superior marketing mix strategy than
its competitor? What makes you think so?
There should also be a one-page executive summary.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Role of internet in music industry
The digital platforms have been of great use in the music industry and this has been evident in case more businesses have come up to carry out e-marketing strategies in various ways. This has led to increased sales and reduction in the piracy of music from the middlemen who use music to enrich themselves at the expense of the artists (Alexander, 2002). The internet is really doing well in the scrapping of the unscrupulous dealer who used to use the music that is well loved by people in making money in uncouth means. The internet has played a key role in ensuring that music that is released can be availed in the YouTube, where many people can access it without having to go and buy it from the shops a factor that is time consuming and tedious as well (Alexander, 2002). One of the biggest advantages of internet in marketing is the ability to reach millions of people at the same time from all the corners of the globe (Curient, Nicholas, & Moreau, 2009). This has made many people to access the internet as they mostly employ the use of smartphones that are very fast in downloading music content and listening to it from the internet. The internet has led to increased sales of music and many of the musicians have become rich through the use of internet in their music. The internet has become a new business opportunity for the music industry and this is mostly in the distribution area of the industry and on areas of entertainment. The internet has brought high innovation in the music industry and this is currently proving to enable the music industry to take a center stage if internet continues to be used as statistics shows.
How the internet has been of significant impact in the music industry
On the other side the internet has changed the way the music industry operates in any significant ways that is evident where an unknown smart artist can be in a better position of connecting with an audience without the aid of backing of a major label or they start by putting their works in digital platforms. This latter is loved by many and they start making money whenever people download their works from the digital platforms while using the internet (Curien, Nicolas, and Moreau, 2009). Despite the fact the audience might not be as many as expected, but on the other side the musician benefits because he does not need to share his profit with the labels. This is the reason as to why up to this far, the internet is of great importance to the users of the consumers in the music industry (Ryan, 2014).
Competing e-businesses within the music industry
The two commerce that has proven to be highly competitive in the music industry are inclusive of the Spotify and the iTunes. Spotify has been ranked as the most well-designed and user friendly of all the digital music services that are found on the internet. This is the reason as to why it has been noted to be highly competitive in the music industry. Spotify has used the right path that is loved by many and this has been to its advantage in racing to the top of the music industry that it loves the more (Richardson, 2011). This is evident in its aspect of continuing to blaze as an entrepreneurial model and this has created the success story of the company in its making. Music is becoming an ambiguous passion for many people and Spotify is a successful e-marketing in this industry. Spotify was established with a more recognizable and existing services that could be of great use to the music industry and this is then reason as it has remained to be competitive in the industry for a long period of time (Moscaritolo, 2014). Spotify successfully comes along with the combination that is evident in the ingenious branding campaign and this makes the company to focus on exclusivity that draws high interest form the public. This is a strategy that helps in appeasing the all the digital music lovers who intron users this type of commerce for being one of the best together with designing the required business model that is as well an attraction to many people. This eCommerce has risen to the top ranking in terms of digital music providers and this factor has made it to be very competitive as it is loved by many people who are interested in obtaining music in the internet (Luker, 2012). Despite its good work that exists in the industry Spotify faces high competition from the Apple iTunes Stores who are proving to capture the music industry and in the midst of all this Spotify has managed to bridge the gap and provide services that have been proven to be legal. These have been proven to an attractive option to the whole globe in helping customers to connect with their favorite artist and songs (Farber, 2009).
Apple iTunes
The iTunes store is a digital platform that is used in used to listen to music that is in the internet. It is highly competitive as it service are very good and loved by many who use them in accessing music in then internet. This has been proven to be a large music vendor in the United States of America and this is one of the reasons as to why it remains to be very competitive and loved by many in terms of listening to the music that is present in the internet (Deegan et al, 2009). The introduction of iTunes has simplified the music work that is present in the internet as people are in a better position by downloading the software and listening to any music of their choice that they feel like. The Apple iTunes store is best in offering of an application that is used in various tasks that are inclusive of games that are very interesting and applicable during leisure times. The use of applications is useful in the provision of news and productivity for the customers who are interested in downloading music from the internet. The Apple iTunes gets high benefits; since, when a person downloads an application, 30 percent of the benefit goes to the Apple iTunes and 70 percent goes to the developer of the application, implying that this software company earns a lot when an application is downloaded (Moscaritolo, 2014).
The apple dominates the music market since it has employed the use of some useful strategies that are of great benefit in its success. The use of complex business model is all that is evident in the software that has contributed to its success at a very fast rate in this current growing music industry. The site of the iTunes has contributed to its growing success in the music industry not forgetting the work that software plays in ensuring that all Apple business model are overarched (Ross, 2013). Through the creation of its own music store Apple has been able to dominate the music industry as it is very competitive compared to any other software.
Comparison between Apple iTunes and the Spotify
These two software’s that are used in the music industry are similar as they all aim in making the listening to music to be easier and faster as required by the consumer. The introduction of iTunes and Spotify software’s has simplified the music work that is present in the internet as people a are in a better position by downloading the software and listening to any music of their choice that they feel like. In both the Apple iTunes and the Spotify their businesses are highly protected sand, they do not easily allow any piracy to take place as far as they are concerned with their parts of operations in the music industry (Wilson, 2013). They all ensure that any song that is purchased, all the details is saved in the computer in combination of all the metadata that have been used in the industry. All the direct transfers of music by the use of the two software’s are made simple and easily accessible to all the consumers of the whole globe. The two software’s that is the Apple iTunes and the Spotify all used in the music industry are very sensitive in ensuring that they incorporate massive catalogue that attach the song that has been purchased by the consumer from the internet. The two music, vendors have been able to sell music a lot to the customers across the globe and this has made them to attain high returns through higher sales that they make. The two vendors have had integration with music devices and a cloud that they use to access all the information concerning music across the globe. The sales of the two music, vendors have been rated high and this has proved to be one of the similarities between them in their operations in the industry.
Contrast of Apple iTunes and the Spotify software
The site of the iTunes has contributed to its growing success in the music industry not forgetting the work that software plays in ensuring that all Apple business model are overarched. Through the creation of its own music store Apple has been able to dominate the music industry as it is very competitive compared to any other software. On the other side Spotify is not that much competitive as compared to Apple iTunes despite the fact that it’s really trying to dominate the market, but it has not crated its own music store as Apple iTunes has done. This is one of the sectors that bring contrasts between it Spotify and Apple iTunes. Apple is diverse for the Spotify; since, it was one of the quick music stores that had the capacity given an “individually” choice of music that was preferred by numerous individuals who are fans of music in the web. Apple gave high access to must that was given in the web accordingly, making it to be adored by numerous individuals who were more keen on all that they overcame the utilization of the product. On the other side, Spotify has been demonstrated not to utilize the utilization of the “individualist” determination of music that made Apple iTunes to be extremely aggressive in the business. Spotify adaptability has not been quick as that which was given by Apple iTunes and this is one of the reasons concerning why it was beaten by Apple iTunes regarding rivalry. Apple was the first in joining the mp3 that was delivered by a percentage of the organizations when it was set up and made it function admirably with the music stores that were in prisons before making its own music store. The Spotify software did not combine the working of the two at an early stage, thus it was a bit slow and Apple bet it in competition thus bring a contract between the two in their operations. The way Apple iTunes carries out its operation is very different from the way Spotify operates and this means that the two contrasts a lot in their operations. This is quite evident were the Apple iTunes device makes a comparison to the Spotify online distributor of music to customers to be quite unbalanced as they might require. Apple iTunes as compared to the Spotify have made their downloading services of the music in the internet quite easy and reliable and this is another contrast that is evident between it and Spotify. Spotify is more concerned with ensuring that their customers subscribe to monthly music downloading services that prove to be expensive to some extent, while Apple gives its customers a chance to download music from peer to peer services and since, Spotify gives high limitation concerning what should be done with the music that has been downloaded. The Apple iTunes business model is simple and clean as compared to the Spotify business model that they have employed for use.
Executive summary
These two companies have ventured well in the music industry since they have employed the use of good marketing skills in their music that is loved by most of their customers across the globe. These music industry has proven to attain high succeed in the use of e-marketing that has been evident in the use of Apple iTunes and the Spotify that are very much impressing to the industry in terms of promoting their music. Time is no longer wasted like there before when people used go physically to the music vendors to purchase certain songs of their choice, instead they just need a click onto the internet and they access any music of their choice. The use of internet is a faster and an assurance that the artists have released and this is a t reason as to why digitization has made things easy through the use of the internet. Technology has really impacted how marketing of music is done today and this has proven to be one of the ways that has made the music industry to be in the forefront in terms of revenues. The Apple iTunes and Spotify have really taken advantage of the media to capture the attention of many customers in the music industry. The marketing gives a room for conversation where customers care allowed to give their feedback and comments on what they think should be done to bring improvement. This has in turn given good feedback that is given to the customer as they have one on one contact with their music artists. While using the internet, the artists are only required to use the good and best marketing skills that are needed to be followed by the marketing platforms provided on the internet to ensure that give the best to their customers at all time of the year. Customers are very happy with all the services that they get through the internet using the Spotify and the Apple iTunes in listening to their favorite music of their choice and this gives more chances of exploiting the digital market of music across the globe. The cost of getting music through the use of the e-marketing strategies is cost effective as compared to the traditional forms of getting music from the vendors in many parts of any given country. The customer relationship is really improved due to the high levels of interactions that have been availed through the use of e-marketing on the internet. Communication has been enhanced through the use of e-marketing as customers can give timely response on what they deem necessary and good to them.
Conclusion
The music industry is one of the industries that have heavily invested in the e-marketing platforms in order to reach their clients and make more profits. Spotify has good e-marketing strategy with good e-marketing mix that takes care of competitive pricing and distribution. However, the iTunes seems to have the best mix of marketing strategy with the potential of reaching more clients and making more profits. Unlike their competitor, iTunes apply the e-marketing strategy of low cost margin that enables their clients to access music with more ease. In addition, iTunes has made it more convenient by providing a wide variety of collections within a simple gadget. iTunes allows for more flexibility through its simple and clean business model. In addition, iTunes has massive catalogue that contains millions of songs and this makes it very reliable to its users. The costs of enjoying music through iTunes are greatly reduced since little is spent on marketing of Apple products, which is already a brand. The site of the iTunes has contributed to its growing success in the music industry not forgetting the work that software plays in ensuring that all Apple business model are overarched. Through the creation of its own music store Apple has been able to dominate the music industry as it is very competitive compared to any other software. On the other side Spotify is not that much competitive as compared to Apple iTunes despite the fact that it’s really trying to dominate the market, but it has not crated its own music store as Apple iTunes has done. This is one of the sectors that bring contrasts between it Spotify and Apple iTunes.
Bibliography
Alexander, P. J. 2002. “Peer-to-peer File Sharing: The Case of the Music Recording Industry.” Review of Industrial Organization 20, no. 2: 151-61
Curien, Nicolas, and Moreau. 2009. “The Music Industry in the Digital Era: Toward New Contracts.” Journal of Media Economics 22, no. 2: 102-13
Deegan, M., Horner, J., Elliot, R. & Chase, D. 2009, Can subscribers keep Spotify afloat?, Haymarket Business Publications Ltd, London.
Farber, A. 2009, “Spotify in talks to offer music app to subscribers on 3”, New Media Age, pp. 3.
Luker, S. 2012, “Spotify looks to build consumer presence”, PR Week, , pp. 6.
I will insite that the writer read the instructions about completing this papers with tables and appendix and strictly follow what APA requirements are when using tables and appendix. The prof is very particular about that as I mentioned in the last paper. The writer must number it and then reference it in the discussion. the writer must also strictly follow the template and complete the paper base on the template as I mentioned in the previous paper. Also remember that the template has all the subheadings and the writer just have to use them and fill in the information and the calculations and tables where necessary should be place in the appendix and reference in the summary. The writer must also include a reference page in APA that means they must all be in alphabetical order. the writer will adding this paper to 112912. Remember that I had send the template in the previous orders mentioned in this order hear, so the writer should refer to that.
Part three
Investment Analysis and Recommendation
• This part of the Investment Analysis and Recommendation Paper requires you to establish an estimated growth rate in earnings and dividends for your company. Note, in the dividend growth model, “g” is the growth rate for earnings AND dividends. You might want to check historical growth rates for the company (in terms of earnings and dividends). Also, many people rely on analyst forecasts. Be sure to justify your growth rate selection and explain how you arrived at the number. Assume your company is a constant growth stock. Use your estimated growth rate to solve for the required rate of return using the dividend discount model. After completing your calculations, respond to the following:
• Does the number you arrived at seem logical or feasible?
• Did you face any problems or issues using the dividend growth model? Does your company pay a dividend?
• Is it reasonable to assume constant growth for your company?
Write up a 2-page summary of your findings, including any calculations you made, and how you gathered your information.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Dividend Growth Model
The dividend growth model helps in the in-depth understanding of equity by forecasting business performance and selecting the appropriate valuation model. Return on investment is a method that determines the efficiency of a company by dividing the returns and the cost of the investment (Isiklar, 2005). Just as its name suggests, retention ratio refers to the percentage of the net income that remains to grow the business after dividends have been paid. The price of stock is the cost at which an investor needs to undergo in purchasing securities in the exchange market. Earnings per share are the portion that indicates the company’s profitability as it indicates the monetary value of earnings per outstanding share of the company’s stocks.
The financial information used in these calculations was drawn from the income statement shown in Appendix A. Appendix B shows the dividend in stock for Chesapeake Energy Corporation of the year 2014. After calculating the net income of the company of 2014, the income is found to be $586,000 with an equity of 3. The total dividend of the company was $207.80 in the year 2014 with an outstanding share of $665.14. The total earnings of the company were $0.1952 in total. The dividends per shares that were offered by the company in 2014 were $2.32%, which is a good return to the company shareholders. The price of the company’s stock in 2014 was recorded as $15.06, which is also good news for the company shareholders. The calculations of the stock prices in relation to the ROE and retention ratio are shown in Appendix C. The following are formulas that have been used in the analysis that was carried out below:
The Rate of Return (ROE) = Net income/ Equity
Retention ratio = 1 – (cash dividends/ net income)
Growth rate in earnings (g) = Retention ratio x ROE
Dividend Discount Model (DDM) = Return rate (R)
= Dividend/ (Price of Stock) +g
Price of Stock = Dividend/ (Return Rate (R)-Growth Rate (g))
Issues with Using the Growth Model
Growth model by Chesapeake Energy Corporation brings issues as it relies much of the company growth rate model that assumes stable growth (Coe, 2002). This model demands that the Chesapeake Energy Corporation company stock is hypersensitive to the entire growth dividend rate that is provided that cannot exceed the cost of equity. The growth model brings along the issue of not taking into account non dividend factors that are inclusive of brand loyalty and customer retention in Chesapeake Energy Corporation.
Growth
The Reasonability of Constant Growth is tested through the use of discounted cash flow that resides in the very heart of any valuation that the company is geared to use in its operations (Gomes, 2010). The use of reasonability of constant growth ensures that understanding about any given value of the most important perception is given in the right way ever for the benefit of the company success. Therefore, it is necessary to assume a constant growth in the company.
Conclusion
The numbers arrived at using dividend growth model seen logical and feasible as can be evidenced in the appendix. However, the use of dividend growth model seems complex and cumbersome due to several calculations and steps involved. It is reasonable to assume a constant growth in a company provided all the necessary requirements are taken into consideration.
The Bullock Gold Mining Assignment
The estimates provided by Danto can be used by Alma to determine the revenue that is expected from the gold mine. The expense of opening the mine and the annual operating expenses is determined. Opening the mine will cost an initial capital of $750 million with a cash outflow of $75 million for 9 years. The expected cash flows from the mine for the 9 year period is represented by the table shown below.
Table 1. Summary Table
Year
Cash flow $ (million)
0
-$750
1
130
2
180
3
190
4
245
5
205
6
155
7
135
8
95
9
-75
Discussion
Payback Period
The payback period is the time taken by the investment to recoup the initial cash injected into the project. Lucrative projects have shorter payback period than the non-lucrative project that tends to have a long payback period. The calculation of the payback period of this case is summarized in the appendix E.
Net Present Value
The Net Present Value (NPV) involves the calculations of the percentage return rate, less the initial cash outlay. The NPV bigger than 1, implies that the project is lucrative and economically viable and is worth the risk (Griffin, 2009). On the other hand, the NPV value which is less than one implies that the investment is less lucrative since the returns will be less than the costs involved in the project (Cornett, Adair, & Nofsinger, 2013). In this case, the calculations of NPV are shown in appendix F.
Internal Rate of Returns (IRR)
In this case, a rate of 12% provides an IRR of $1,594,792,833. Since it can be discounted on both the higher and the lower rate, the project IRR higher than the discounting rate of returns is acceptable as shown in the Appendix G.
Modified Internal Rate of Return
The modified IRR operates on the principle that the positive cash flows are reinvented at the firm’s cost of capital and the firms’ financial cost are done with the initial capital outlay (Bragg, 2009). In this regard, the modified IRR stands out as the most precise way of determining the cost and profitability of an investment as can be seen in the appendix H (Cullen, & Broadbent, 2012).
Conclusion
The Bullock Gold Mining case can be analyzed by the use of Payback Period, NPV, IRR, and modified IRR. From the calculations in the appendix, all the above calculations show positive results to imply that the project is worth investing in. Therefore, the Ballock Gold mine is a viable project.
References
Bragg, S. (2009). Accounting Control Best Practices. Wiley
Cheasapeake Corp. (2015). Company Profile: Chesapeake Energy Corporation. MarketLine
In reviewing your previous reports, several questions came to Elizabeth Burke’s mind.
Use point and interval estimates to help answer these questions.
1. What proportion of customers rate the company with “top box” survey responses (which is defined as scale levels 4 and 5) on quality, ease of use, price, and service in the 2012 Customer Survey worksheet? How do these proportions differ by geographic
region?
2. What estimates, with reasonable assurance, can PLE give customers for response times to customer service calls?
3. Engineering has collected data on alternative process costs for building transmissions in the worksheet Transmission Costs. Can you determine whether one of the proposed processes is better than the current process?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Case study: performance lawn equipment
Question 1
The question requires knowing the proportion of customers who rated the company at top box scale. From the data presented in appendix 1, in 2012, the customers who rated the company as per the survey scale 4 were found to be 34 and those who rated the company at survey scale 5 were found to be 15 out of a sample size of 60 customers. this data was collected from north America.in south America, out of a sample scale of 30 customers,11 customers rated the company a survey scale 4 and 14 people rated the company at survey scale 14.in Europe, according to the 2012 customer survey worksheet, out of a sample size of 25 people 15 customers rated the company at a survey scale of 4 and 7 people rated the company at a survey scale of 5.in pacific rim, the 2012 survey worksheet showed that out of a sample size of 6 customers,3 people rated the company at a survey scale of 4 and only 1 customer rated the company at a survey scale of 5.in china only one person responded to the survey in 2012 and no body rated the company in either survey scale 4 or 5.from this survey it is clear that from the geographic point of view, many customers from the north and South America are more satisfied by the services of the company compared to the customers from the pacific rim and we have very few people from china who satisfied by the services of the company.
Question 2
In the year 2013, the company estimated that in average 3.70944 clients were given quick response time by the company while in 2014, 3.1136 customers in average were given fast response time by the company.
Question 3
The proposed plants for mowers according to the transmission cost worksheet was found to be high than the existing plants since the proposed plant could transmit the mowers at a cost of $1.40 and the existing plants could transmit at a lower cost in all quartiles compared to the proposed plants.in addition the proposed plants had high fixed costs compared to the current plants. This means that the proposed locations were more expensive as compared to the current locations as per the transmission worksheet.
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kindly check the following information regarding the assignment. the accounting issue to be chosen can be either financial instruments or accounting for agriculture or any other given in the list below. your choice. Rest of the information is as follows.
The objective of this assignment is to link your understanding of accounting theory and research to
Accounting practice. One way to tackle this task is to identify one of the more controversial
Accounting standards that you will be familiar with from previous financial accounting units or this
unit. Once you have identified the standard, read the Deegan texts to find out about the background
to the development of the standard. You will also find it useful to follow up on some key end of
chapter references from the Deegan texts. Following this approach you will develop an
understanding of the theoretical and research issues in accounting for the activity. You will then be
able to see how these ideas from theory and research have influenced the current accounting
standard.
Research item Guidance
1. Significance of the issue Examples: Accounting issue e.g. accounting for goodwill, accounting for R&D, accounting for extractive industries, lease accounting, executive compensation, financial instruments, accounting for agriculture.
2. History of the developments of accounting thought Development of accounting thought related to your topic. Start with your textbooks and textbook references. What are the key theoretical issues? Have these changed overtime? What have been the research outcomes?
3. How accounting thought developments
have impacted standards and practice How have the key theoretical issues influenced accounting standards and accounting practice?
4. Conclusion Has the standard effectively addressed the ideas stemming from accounting theory and accounting research? You may want to link this to the conceptual framework. You may also consider how the consideration of economic and social consequences has had an impact on the development of a standard.
5. Reflection What are the key learning outcomes for me in completing this assignment? What skills have I acquired from completing this assignment? Has this assignment changed my view of accounting research and practice?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Financial instruments are the traceable packages of capital that a given firm enjoys after its good work in accounting matters that are very key in the organization’s success with allowance to efficiency inflow of capital among the world investors (Ramcharran, 2000). Financial instrument has been proven to pose high significance in accounting and this is much evident where the financial instruments poses three attributes inclusive of transparency measures used by the financial instruments, comparability in its dealings and full disclosure of the required information that the management is interested in knowing (Raquel, Blay & Hurtt, 2006). When financial documents pass transparency measure they will in a better position of revealing all the vents and transactions that will be needed to be in making the right judgments and all the required underlying statements of the organization that is transacting the accounting issue (Kaplan, Keinath & Walo, 2001). This helps all the statement that is made to possess good implications towards the financial instruments that have been used (Taylor & Curtis, 2010). Transparency in the financial instrument is of high benefit as it has proven to give users an opportunity of viewing the judgments that are made by the management and the entire implications of the decisions that are followed by the same management (Mensah, Nen-Chen & Wu, 2004). The full disclosure that is provided by the financial instruments are quite useful in terms of providing the necessary information that is required in decision making of the given organization. This information that is provided by the financial statement through the use of full disclosure help the investors in their organization to get information about how their money will get returns and they are assured of having not been misled. Financial statement are very significant as they help in identifying any similar transaction that might have been accounted in a similar manner and ensure that this mess is rectified with an immediate effect (Marshall, Dombrowski, & Garner, 2006). This checkup is done to the organization over a given period of time to ensure that the accounting information that is given is accurate and does not have any form of contractions in it (Jeter, Chaney & Daley, 2008). This is the reason as to why the financial instruments given high quality information due to the corrections and high efficiency that is employed in making them perfect.
History of the developments of financial instruments
The history of the financial instruments applies to the east-west perspective in the Middle East, where financial techniques were used in making the instruments flourish in a good way. Financial techniques helped to flourish the Middle East region in the 1000AD and all these techniques were used by the merchants in the Mediterranean region and they came along with very many innovations (Gordon, 2011). The financial instrument knowledge was then exported to all Low Countries as it proved to be of great use and high importance on accounting matters (Giacomino, & Akers, 1998). These countries were inclusive some financial institutions in England and they were later used in the economic development, financial instruments began to be successful in Abassid Iraq and Mamluk Egypt, where these instruments proved to be of high significance to accounting matters that were being employed during that time. It has been since then that the International standard of the Accountancy Board (ISAB) has really devoted them in making reporting simplified for the sake of making it easy to use the financial instruments (Eaton & Giacomino, 2001). Financial instruments have more focus on the provision of financial statements that are provided on a timely basis to the organization (Leitsch, 2004). All the complexity in accounting has been reduced according to the history of financial instruments. Since their establishment the financial instruments have been useful in the provision of guidance on the classification and measurement of all the required financial assets within a given organization (Colley, Volkan, Drucker & Segal, 1996). The financial instrument has a theoretical connection to their functionality that imply that the growth of the given organization will surely come as a result stability of the accounting measures that have been used and the ability of the organization to be responsible to monetary and all fiscal policies that lead the firm ahead (Cohen & Single, 2001). The other theoretical issue is linked with the stability of the financial sector that is highly regarded to be of great use to the success of then organization. Financial stability is useful in guaranteeing a faster financial development and this is the reason as to why it’s an issue that is heavily considered for the success of the organization (Clarke & Hession, 2004).
How the theoretical issues have influenced the accounting standards
The financial stability measure that have been put in place by the financial instruments have brought along the issue of asymmetric information that help the people asking for loan to know more concerning the financial situation that is at hand (Cormier & Gordon, 2001). This theoretical issue has helped solve the problem of moral hazards that has been a problem for many organizations in dealing with accounting matters. Accounting standards have been effected through the use of financial instruments as they have made their efficiency in giving information more effective and accurate than some years ago (Borker, 2013). The accounting standards have been made more integrated and this has reduced any risks that could be experienced in the accounting operations. Through the use of the theoretical issue accounting standard can now solve complex problems that have been existence (Marcheggiani, Davis & Sander, 1999). All the accounting practice is done in a timely manner and with the required accuracy levels as a result of the developments that have come along with the use of the financial instruments (Canning & O’Dwyer, 2003).
Conclusion
In conclusion, financial instruments have been of high use of the accounting practices as it ensures that they are done on accurate and timely basis according to the requirements of the organization. On the economic side, it has had a positive impact towards the financial instruments that have been good in the perfection of the accounting standards through giving a chance of identifying the most important and potent parts of the financial instrument. The use of financial instrument has not quite explained the accounting research that is used and that is regarded to be of high use. However, it has explained the best way that needs to be followed in ensuring that the accounting practices are done, corrected and through the use of the right procedures (Vinciguerra & O’Reilly-Allen, 2004). Use of financial instruments is a god and a key issue in accounting applications of any organization. Financial instrument has been proven to pose high significance in accounting and this is much evident where the financial instruments poses three attributes inclusive of transparency measures, comparability in its dealings and full disclosure of the required information that the management is interested in knowing (Bishop & Lys, 2001). When financial documents pass transparency measure they will in a better position of revealing all the vents and transactions that will be needed to be in making the right judgments and all the required underlying statements of the organization that is transacting the issue.
References
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Explain how you will respond when the President of Norges Bank Investment Management, which manages the assets of the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund, “The Government Pension Fund Global of Norway,” calls upon you in your Michigan office to tell you that the Fund is no longer happy with your company’s record of caring for the environment. Specifically, the President tells you that her fund wants Ford to announce the cessation of manufacturing of all gasoline and diesel powered cars and trucks within two years. The Fund owns 4.99% of Ford common stock and the President indicates that she has had informal contacts with Carl Icahn, Bill Ackman, Paul Singer and “others who are interested in Ford’s future and in enhancing shareholder returns from their investments in Ford.”
SAMPLE ANSWER
Investment Management Essay Question
To address this problem, it is important to check on the cause of the problem and the alternatives for solving it. It is clear that the environmental pollution is emanating from the use of diesel and gasoline fuels, and that the Government Pension Fund Global is not happy with the continued use of these pollutants. Communication is an important aspect in management. I will inform the President of the Fund that I support her call for cessation of manufacturing of all cars and trucks that are powered by gasoline.
Corporate social responsibility requires a company to meet its obligations and to make decisions that are committed to the improvement of community welfare through corporate contributions and discretionary business practices. This includes environmental management, pollution management, waste management, biodiversity conservation, and pollution prevention and control. Since environmental pollution is seriously spoiling the company’s image in line with our corporate social responsibility, we need to adopt an environmental friendly approach to avoid the risk of losing the Fund and ultimate collapse. Accordingly, Ford is adopting a ‘Smart Movers’ approach whereby we will exploit all available opportunities established by the green consumers (Welford, nd). The company has realized that it is not prudent for a business to merely restrain itself to its financial impact. We realize the great impact that our company has been having on the environment as well as the community in which we operate. Indeed, the emissions from exhaust pipes, including carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide lead to air pollution and creation of smog. These gases also lead to climate change due to global warming. Thus, we consider it our responsibility to deal with all risks, stakeholder and market pressures, and conditions emerging in the course of our business. Our vision is to manufacture cars and trucks that do not emit fumes, which are harmful to the public and the environment.
Ford is going to adopt various ways to ensure that alternative fuels such as bio-diesel, electricity, LPG, and natural gas (Srisurapanon & Wanichapun, 2010) are adopted in two years’ time. Ford is ready to partner with such stakeholders as Carl Icahn, Bill Ackman and Paul Singer to ensure that there is a proper balance between the interests of the company and its corporate social responsibility. We gladly invite Paul Singer, Bill Ackman and Carl Icahn to come in to contribute to our shift to more efficient and reliable sources of energy for our cars and trucks. We also greatly need the Fund to contribute to our new move, owing to the fact that the adoption of alternatives to fossil fuels tends to have heavy financial requirements in the short-term period.
Despite the overwhelming expenses involved in the initial stages of adopting alternative sources to fossil fuels, we realize that it is very beneficial for us to go beyond regulatory standards due to the fact that this move will save on money and time, in addition to reducing hassles. It is evident that environmental friendly energy sources have the ability of paying dividends with regard to effectiveness and efficiency. As a result, Ford will have an opportunity to outshine its competitors and even attract more investors. We need the Fund’s good will to help us in achieving these goals. Thus, I would communicate all this to the President and ask her to be patient with us a little longer to get financial backups in order to shift to environmental friendly sources of energy.
