Select a country: China, Egypt, India, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, or United Kingdom.
Using the country comparison tool on the Hofstede Centre’s Web site (http://geert-hofstede.com/the-hofstede-centre.html) to compare your selected country’s cultural dimensions with that of the United States. Explore your chosen country’s cultural attitudes toward:
•Individualism versus collectivism.
•Power distance.
•Masculinity versus femininity.
•Uncertainty avoidance.
Respond to the following:
•What do your chosen country’s attitudes on these dimensions tell you about the culture?
•How do these dimensions impact how you will think about communication, supervisor-employee relations, gender, and principles?
•How do these dimensions compare with those of the United States?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Using the hosfstede’s model it is possible to compare the culture of japan to that of the United States. Considering aspects such as discussed below one can be in a position to get a clear overview of the drivers of Japanese culture as compared to culture of other countries.
Power distance
From the hofstede’s model, the power distance of japan is much greater than that of United States. The Japanese power distance is rated at 54 from the model while that of the United States stands at 40.this dimension is concerned with the inequalities among individuals in a given society. Japan has been conscious about the hierarchical position within any social setting.in japan decision making is slow since each decision should be clarified by each hierarchical societies. On the hand, Japan has been meritocratic society and there is has been a notion in Japanese education system that each and every person was born equal. They also believe that everyone can become whatever he wants as long he works hard.
Individualism
Individualism is defined as the degree of interdependence that any society is supposed to maintain amongst its members. As pertains individualism; japan scored 46 compared to United States which scored 91.This is attributed to the fact that the Japanese society depicts the characteristic of collectivistic society since they tend to put an individual opinion below the harmony of groups. In Japan people are loyal to the inner group in which they were born. United States has the most individualistic cultures. The combination of power distance and individualistic culture of the United States is reflected in the fact that Americans emphasis on equal rights. Also in most American organizations hierarchy the superiors are easily accessible and the managers can rely on subordinates for their expertise. Communication in most organizations in the United States is direct, participative and informal to each rank.
Masculinity
Japan scores 95 in masculine dimension meaning that japan is among the masculine societies within the world. Combination of their masculinity and their mild collectivism there is no competitive and assertive individual behaviors which is always associated with masculine culture. In japan, there is more competition among groups rather than individuals.
The United States on the hand scores 62 in masculinity. This is clearly seen in the behavior of a typical American. Unlike Japanese, the Americans depict their masculinity individually. The Americans live to work so that they can get monetary rewards and hence they are able to attain high status depending on how good one is. There is a certain degree of conflict in Americans which they believe brings out best of people. Due to these conflicts there has been a lot of court cases and polarization in the united states.
Uncertainty avoidance
This dimension deals with the way a certain society deals with the unknown future.japan scores 92 meaning that japan is the most uncertainty avoiding society in the world.this is due to the fact that japan has been facing constant threats from natural disasters such as tsunamis and earthquakes.as a result of high need for uncertainty avoidance it is difficult for japan to realize changes. On the other hand, the United States scores below average at 46 on uncertainty avoidance dimension. This is reflected by a fair degree of acceptance for any upcoming new ideas. Also the September 11th attack created a lot of fear among the Americans and this has forced the government to monitor every person through the security agencies.
Masculinity versus femininity dimension
There is greater gender difference in japan. The men use a particular speech pattern and words different from the women. Since japan has the highest masculinity dimension this means that social gender roles are clearly defined.in japan there are small families within a wealthy country. There is high segregation of genders in higher education; there is low percentage of women in both technical and professional jobs. Even in these jobs, the women are paid less compared to their male counterparts in the same rank (KANAYAMA, 2001).
Individualistic versus collectivistic
Unlike Americans, the Japanese are more oriented to collectivism. Individualism means placing more emphasis on personal identity rather than group identity.in this context individual rights and needs are emphasized over group obligations. On the other hand, collectivism gives main concern to group identity rather than individual one (Emiko Kobayashi, 2006).
From the dimensions explored above it is clear that the culture of japan does not value equality among gender that is the men and women within the society. The Japanese are value communism rather than democratic leadership style Unlike the Americans who emphasize on democratic way of leadership and believe in equality between men and women. The Americans are concerned about the future of their country hence are keen on what happens to their security.
Work cited
Emiko Kobayashi, H. R. (2006). Differences in Individualistic and Collectivistic Tendencies among College Students in Japan and the United States. Individualistic and Collectivistic .
KANAYAMA, T. (2001). Hofstede’s Masculinity/ Femininity Dimension. An Analysis of Japanese and International Newspaper Coverage.
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The listed company that is subject of this report is Telstra Corporation Limited. Telstra Corporation Limited, hereafter referred to as Telstra, is the largest telecommunications and media company in Australia. The corporation builds and operates telecommunication networks in its target markets and also deals in pay television, internet access and mobile voice devices among other services and products (www.telstra.com). Telstra is a public company founded in 1975 and is headquartered in Telstra Corporate Centre in Melbourne in Australia. Telstra’s expenditure in research & development doubled from $2 million in 2013 to $4million in 2014. This attests to the importance that the company places on research & development activities in its business model (www.telstra.com). Telstra was initially a company owned by the government but was later privatized in three separate stages in 1997, 1999 and the last stage in 2006. In the first stage in 1997, the government sold A$14billion and floated the company’s share in the Australian Stock Exchange in an initial public share offer (IPO). The 1999 privatization saw the government reduce its shareholding to 51% after selling 16% shares in the company (www.telstra.com). The 2006 divestiture from the company resulted in the government placing the remaining shares it still held in Australia’s Future Fund which in effect made the Australian government a minority shareholder in the company. Subsequent divestitures in 2009 and 2011 saw the government relinquish all its shares in Telstra. Telstra is the most widely held public company in Australia with over one million shareholders (www.telstra.com).
Brief disclosures that Telstra made for intangible assets in its annual statements as at 30th June, 2014
Telstra disclosed that it had intangible assets of $6,382 million as at 30th June, 2014 as compared to $8,202 million that the company disclosed during the same period in the previous year. This represented a 29% decline in intangible assets in 2014. Intangible assets constituted about 16% of the total non-current assets that the company reported in the financial year ending 30th June, 2014. The company went further to expound on how these intangible assets were computed in its Notes to Financial Statements in Note No. 14(www.telstra.com). The Intangible assets were made up of goodwill of $395 million and internally generated intangible assets which included software assets developed for internal use of $4,265 million. Acquired intangible assets also formed part of the intangible assets that the company reported in the financial year ending 30th June, 2014. Acquired intangible assets were made up of patents and trademarks of $12 million, licenses of $816 million, customer bases valued at $ 42 million and brand names of $ 9 million. Deferred expenditure was also included as part of intangible assets and was valued at $843 million (www.telstra.com). The company has gone ahead to explain how the intangible assets were incurred in the same note to the financial statements. The company closed the year with software assets that were under development which were not ready for use and which were recorded as intangible assets. The company capitalized costs for borrowing that related to the software assets and spectrum licenses and captured them as intangible assets (www.telstra.com). Deferred expenditure related to deferral of direct incremental costs that were incurred by the company to establish customer contracts. These costs were amortized in the income statement to goods and services purchased during the period. Connection and basic access installation fees were also included in deferred expenditure that formed part of the intangible assets in the financial year ending 30th June, 2014
Disclosures made by Telstra on intangible assets and their consistency with the requirements of paragraphs 118 – 123 and paragraphs 126 – 128 of AASB 138 on Intangible Assets
According to paragraphs 118-123 and paragraphs 126-128 of AASB 138 on intangible assets, Telstra is required to disclose internally generated intangible assets and other intangible assets or intangible assets that are not generated from within the company (Deegan, 2012). Telstra has endeavored to do that to some degree in its annual report for the financial period ending 30th June, 2014. The company is required by paragraph 118 of AASB 138 on intangible assets to disclose whether the useful lives of the intangible assets are finite or indefinite (Deegan, 2012). The company has not disclosed this fact for all the intangible assets listed in its annual report for financial period ending 30th June, 2014. The company is also required to provide amortization rates used which have not been provided. The treatment of intangible assets by Telstra is therefore in contravention to paragraphs 118-123 and paragraphs 126-128 of AASB 138 on intangible assets. For intangible assets with finite useful lives, the company is required to disclose amortization methods used in treating these assets which has been provided for some of the assets but not for all of them (Deegan, 2012). Paragraph 118-123 and paragraphs 126-128 of AASB 138 on intangible assets requires that the company discloses its gross carrying amount and any accumulated amortization. Telstra has provided this information on page 113 of the annual report for the financial year ending 30th June, 2014. Reconciliation for the carrying amount is also a requirement in paragraph 118-123 and paragraphs 126-128 of AASB 138 on intangible assets. This is a requirement that Telstra has fulfilled on page 113 of the annual report. Amounts amortized on the intangible assets are to be expensed in the income statement for the period; a requirement that has been complied with by Telstra
The company is also required to group assets of a similar nature and use in the method it treats intangible assets. Telstra has treated intangible assets according to use and similarities in how they are used. Licenses are treated or grouped together, masts are grouped together, customer bases are grouped together and deferred expenditures are also grouped together in accordance with paragraph 118-123 of the AASB138 on Intangible Assets (Deegan, 2012). An entity is also required to disclose information on intangible assets which Telstra has done in its annual reports as at 30th June, 2014. The company has not however provided an assessment of the useful life of some of its intangible assets and the residual value which is in contravention of the paragraph 118-123 of the AASB138 on Intangible Assets (www.telstra.com). According to paragraphs 126 – 128 of AASB 138 Intangible Assets, Telstra is required to disclose the aggregate amount of research and development expenditure and the amount should be treated as an expense in the accounting period. Telstra has consistently done that as it included research and development expenses of $4 million incurred as part of the operating expenses for the period and expensed them in the income statement. The company also disclosed intangible assets that were fully amortized and those that were not in accordance with paragraphs 126 – 128 of AASB 138 Intangible Assets
Operations Management: Incident and Disruption Management
Order Instructions:
Please read the pages, beginning from where it says “Case Study: Convex Productions, Revisited” on the first page. I only need an answer for question number 1 on the third page. It does not necessarily have to be one entire page, just enough to answer the question. No sources or references needed either. Thank you
SAMPLE ANSWER
Operations Management: Incident and Disruption Management
In the event Convex Production plans to produce Native Sun, it is prone to many risks. One of the risks is human related risks, which most of the cases are inevitable. For example, a leading actor in the Native Sun might die unexpectedly. In some incidents, actors may become sick with flu when filming in places such as in London. The production of Native Sun is not limited to financial risks. This is because Convex Production receives funding from Malomar, and in the event production of the film is not productive, Convex production have agreed to purchase completion insurance for the project which guarantee the return of Malomar investment. Financial risks extend to the fact that in the event disruptions happen, Convex Production will be forced to fly in and out personnel throughout that period. This automatically would double its expenses while filming, and will end up tiring and complicating employees.
Convex Production estimates that filming will take place in three locations, which amounts to six weeks per location. However, they are posed to natural risks such as raining during the occasion. It is also aware that during filming, technical risks can occur which can take the form of permit to close streets expiring before filming there finishes in such place as in San Francisco. The climax of these disruptions poses Convex productions to reputation risks. This is because it can opt to skip marketing/reediting phase of post-production, therefore it will be edited one. This poses it a risk of not popular, which would annoy Malomar as it was nit the deal. Competition risks come last, as it with rumors, a rival company who rushes a similar story into production for release at the same time or earlier, which will pilfer Covex marketing efforts is on its move.
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Qualitative Research Critique Analysis Order Instructions: Hello writer sir, how are you today
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Qualitative Research Critique Analysis
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Qualitative Research Critique Analysis Sample Answer
Qualitative research critique analysis
Qualitative research mainly relies on the secondary source of data. This technique enables the researchers to make cross-case analysis; thereby generating tentative explanations of a complex issue or phenomena (Li Et al., 2015). This approach is best applied when determining the causatives of certain events (Wisdom Et al., 2011). This paper is a critical analysis of Porter, E. (1999). ‘Getting up from here’: frail older women’s experiences after falling. Rehabilitation Nursing. 24(5) 201-206. This paper will evaluate the strengths and weakness of the article; with the aim of identifying recommendations which could be applied in evidence-based practice (Ingham-Broomfield, 2014).
Body
Study title
The article is authored by Porter, E.J, who is a registered nurse. He was an assistant professor at the University of Missouri- Columbia at the time this paper was written and published. The article’s title is “Getting up from here: Frail older women experiences after falling.” The title of an article is the most important part of the article because it attracts people’s attention, making them yearn to read the article. A good title is one that is informative, accurate and complete. In this context, the title of the article is descriptive (Bowers Et al., 2013). From reading the title, one can discern that the article is about elderly women experiences of fall. The article wording is simple and uses common word combinations i.e. women and falls experiences. However, the article’s title is somehow general as it does not indicate the study settings that is; is the study on women falls at the place of work, their homes, hospitals or residential care settings (Miller Et al., 2013)?
Study abstract
The second critical part of the article is abstract. A good abstract is one that briefly outlines the research question, the research aims, and the methodology. It should also summarize the study findings and also provide conclusion statements. The research problem as outlined by the abstract is fall-experiences of elderly women, and the struggle they undertake to get up. The study comprises of 25 interviews on elderly women who had experienced falls at their premises. The research aim is to focus on how the environmental features are facilitators or barriers to falls. The research methodology applied is phenomenological qualitative to primarily focus on the environmental features and how they contributed to falls or how the features helped the elderly women to get up after a fall (Bloch Et al., 2012; Morrison Et al., 2011). The abstract lacks a brief summary of the study findings. However, the abstract brief conclusions suggest that it is important to understand elderly falls investigation the causal environmental factors so as to identify the risk factors associated with elderly women fall at their home care.
Introduction and literature review
The literature review is a summary of what other scholars have contributed to the topic of research. A good literature review focuses on a specific topic and how the topic relates to the piece of research being conducted. The literature review should identify the gap of research. The literature review can be submerged into the background, but can also be written separately. In this article, literature is reviewed from secondary sources( ten different articles) to examine the effects of falls on the elderly quality of life; and in decision making processes on how to modify the environment to meet their psychological needs (Mullan Et al., 2014).
The research gap identified by the literature review is the concept of ecological psychology which was first described by Gibson. This implies that people perception of surroundings influences their positive or negative interaction with the environment. The purpose of the study provides an understanding on the perceptions of the elderly persons who have experienced falls, to make the healthcare providers understand the elderly women perceptions with the aim of helping them become better equipped to prevent further falls, and to interact with compassion with those who have already experienced falls. The study was designed to explore the neglected realm (elderly women) (Boye Et al., 2012).
The literature review is critically appraised by other articles which argue that women desire to get up after a fall reflects their personal control in making decisions; which is correlated with the person’s competency. People who have experienced falls more than once fall seem to have higher competency and have a higher rate of personal control. Other articles suggest that elderly people target to primarily control their behavior as opposed to controlling the environment. According to the article’s literature review, ecological psychology theory makes a generalized statement about elderly women perception on the environment. Therefore, a phenomenological approach is the best intervention to gather people’s exact opinions and their perceptions on the role of environment in controlling or facilitating fall incidences. The specific research problem issues discussed is the person’s secondary and primary controls as influenced by Gibson ecological psychology concept (Boye Et al., 2012).
Methodology
The study applies phenomenological study which is derived from a larger study conducted on 25 elderly women. The research problem is elderly women fall-experiences and the struggle they undergo to get up. This research question relates to the research aim which focuses on the interaction between the elderly with the environment; and the environmental features which are either facilitators or barriers to falls. This is important for nurses as it facilitates the identification of risk factors specific to this group; making it easy when designing tailor-made interventions (Karlsson Et al., 2013).
The study settings were in the participant’s home. The participant inclusion criteria were that the elderly woman was; a) over 80 years and b) lived alone. The study was conducted in six Missouri counties. Studies of such magnitude are approved by the relevant ethical bodies and healthcare agencies that focus on participant’s safety (Boye Et al., 2012). For this reason, approval was obtained from Social services; churches and Care coordinate at county levels; thus there were no ethical issues concerned. Brochures explaining the projects were distributed to women who were eligible. The interested participants emailed the postcards to the project coordinator for further processing and providing other study particulars and assistance.
Nine women from 83-96 years were analyzed; these women had reported at least one fall during the time they were enrolled. The women were frail, needed support when climbing stairs and needed assistive ambulate assistance. Five of the participants lived in a smaller population; and four of the participants. The use of phenomenological research method was a good strategy because it explores the participant’s assumptions and perceptions about the role of environmental features in elderly falls. This strategy explains the phenomena and not the events. This method does not need a hypothesis or any preconceptions. Therefore, the information gathered is subjective because it differed according to the participant age and the location of their homes (Comans Et al., 2012).
Data gathering and analysis applied descriptive phenomenological approach (Gale Et al., 2013). Data gathering involved exploring elderly women consciousness, participants experiences, Each participant was given the opportunity to report major falls events experienced. They were required to explain what it was like to experience a fall, what it was like, what they tried to do. This open-ended discussion enabled the participant to explore the possibilities adequately with limited restrictions.
The main objective of the data analysis was to obtain the women main intentions and how they were trying to cope with their experiences. The findings credibility, accuracy, and integrity were supported through discussions held by the team members (Huang Et al., 2012). The study analysis was vigorous which involved the establishment of a three tired taxonomy. This was developed from women similar intentions making one major phenomenon; which were compared to those in the literature. Additionally, recording of the interview ensured that there was a smooth transcription of the information even when the researcher was distracted. This way, the data collected was more accurate and information gathered is expressed as the participant did it. However, potential issues with this type of data collection are that non-verbal communication could not be recorded and could have potentially introduced bias due to residual confounding effects (Boehm Et al., 2013).
Findings
From the analysis, all the nine participants could not remember the events that occurred before they fell. Most states were walking or doing their daily chores only to realize they have fallen down. Six of the nine were worried that they would die if nobody would find them. Circumstances associated with getting up varied. Five of the nine participants found it difficult to get up, but after the struggle, they manage to get up without any assistance. Others could not get up alone and had to reach out for assistance. Depending on where the fall occurred, some tried to move themselves along whereas others tried to find something that would help them pull up.
Other issues that were noted is that the participants who managed to get up on their own did not check for injuries. Some informed their families about the fall whereas others did not because they were avoiding the risk of making the family members get worried. Most of the participants pressed the lifeline or used the telephone. Others reported that they called potential helpers. Some of the falls experiences made the participant visit emergency departments. There was care for hip fracture reported, one obtained serious abrasion and to one of the participant, the fall was so frequent that she had to move and live with her sibling (Hosseini &Hosseini, 2008).
The findings are credible and reliable. However, several limitations were observed. To start with, the author did not attempt to link the findings with other studies. Although the findings are clearly stated, there is no attempt to use statistical values such as percentages and ratio’s, which could have presented the findings in a better way. There is no use of tables and graphs or other pictorial representation of the information; which is very important in healthcare research to enable the researchers to have a true picture of the information at a glimpse of the charts, figures, and tables. The themes generated could have been analyzed using descriptive measures.
Discussion
The study’s findings are not comparable to previous personal control theory. According to personal control concept, both the secondary and primary concepts of personal control imply that the elderly women depended on others for support and to prevent falls than themselves. Secondly, the theory suggests that elderly women need external support to facilitate changes in their internal psychological perceptions about change. This indicates that this personal control theory approach would work better than trying to modify the home environment (Nilsagard Et al., 2013).
However, the study findings indicated that the elderly women relied on themselves. When the elderly women fell; they were much involved in trying to change their home environment than changing their perceptions about the environment, which was consistent with Gibson’s ecological psychology and the research question. The main limitation of this study is that there could have possibilities for bias because of residual confounding effects. The study did not take data on other aspects of the participant’s life such as medical history and prevailing medical conditions, age variation and competency gained through experiences. Future studies integrate these risk factors in order to provide adequate interventions of preventing the elderly falls in their precincts (Tom Et al., 2013).
The conclusion is logical and follows the study procedures. The study implication and the findings relevance to practice are explained and explored adequately; further allowing the ability to make further recommendations. The study concludes that it is important to understand the main reason behind the elderly falls. The family members, the elderly person, health care providers, and friends must interact and work collaboratively to minimize hospital falls. The consequences of elderly falls can be fatal; therefore, it is important to prevent them. The article suggests that rehabilitation nurses must practice all the necessary actions in order to reduce fall risk factors particularly those involving modification of the environment
The nurses should also learn how to make fall victims relax. Most of them undergo traumatizing events (Gelbard Et al., 2014). Other elderly women fear a loss of their independence and feel like they are a bother, which demoralizes their self-esteem. The article recommends that nurses should try strengthening their relationships with elderly women. Evidence-based practice and trust development between the patients/ elderly women will make the patient open up, and where there are underlying factors that contribute to frequent falls, the nurse can identify and addressed adequately (Kim, Yoshida & Suzuki, 2013)
The study recommends that further research should be conducted to evaluate how environmental modifications influenced by the fall experiences would reduce the rates of the elderly fall. Additionally, future studies should identify and rehearse new strategies and contingency plans as well as ways to modify environments for elderly women homes. The strategic plans could involve establishing ways to maintain balance, kitchen rearrangement, removing potential hazards such as scatter rugs etc. Additionally, elderly women should be empowered on ways to reach for help and strategies to get up when they fall. This way, the elderly women functions will be restored, reducing disability and simultaneously increasing dignity (Halvarsson Et al., 2012).
Qualitative Research Critique Analysis References
Bloch, F., Thibaud, M., Tournoux-Facon, C., Braque, C., Rigaud, A., Dugua, B. and Kemoun, G. (2012). Estimation of the risk factors for falls in the elderly: Can meta-analysis provide a valid answer?. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 13(2), pp.250-263.
Boehm, J., Franklin, R., Newitt, R., McFarlane, K., Grant, T. and Kurkowski, B. (2013). Barriers and motivators to exercise for older adults: A focus on those living in rural and remote areas of Australia. Aust J Rural Health, 21(3), pp.141-149.
Bowers, B., Cohen, L., Elliot, A., Grabowski, D., Fishman, N., Sharkey, S., Zimmerman, S., Horn, S. and Kemper, P. (2013). Creating and Supporting a Mixed Methods Health Services Research Team. Health Services Research, 48(6pt2), pp.2157-2180.
Boye, N., Van Lieshout, E., Van Beeck, E., Hartholt, K., Van der Cammen, T. and Patka, P. (2012). The impact of falls in the elderly. Trauma, 15(1), pp.29-35.
Comans, T., Currin, M., Brauer, S., and Haines, T. (2011). Factors associated with quality of life and caregiver strain amongst frail older adults referred to a community rehabilitation service: implications for service delivery. Disabil Rehabil, 33(13-14), pp.1215-1221.
Gale, N., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S. and Redwood, S. (2013). Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13(1), p.117.
Gelbard, R., Inaba, K., Okoye, O., Morrell, M., Saadi, Z., Lam, L., Talving, P. and Demetriades, D. (2014). Falls in the elderly: a modern look at an old problem. The American Journal of Surgery, 208(2), pp.249-253.
Ingham-Broomfield, R. (2014). A nurses’ guide to the critical reading of research. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(1), 37-44.
Halvarsson, A., Franzen, E., Faren, E., Olsson, E., Oddsson, L. and Stahle, A. (2012). Long-term effects of new progressive group balance training for elderly people with increased risk of falling – a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 27(5), pp.450-458.
Hosseini, H. and Hosseini, N. (2008). Epidemiology and Prevention of Fall Injuries among the Elderly. Hospital Topics, 86(3), pp.15-20.
Huang, A., Mallet, L., Rochefort, C., Eguale, T., Buckeridge, D. and Tamblyn, R. (2012). Medication-Related Falls in the Elderly. Drugs & Aging, 29(5), pp.359-376.
Karlsson, M., Vonschewelov, T., Karlsson, C., Coster, M. and Rosengen, B. (2013). Prevention of falls in the elderly: A review. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 41(5), pp.442-454.
Kim, H., Yoshida, H., and Suzuki, T. (2013). Falls and fractures in participants and excluded non-participants of a fall prevention exercise program for elderly women with a history of falls: 1-year follow-up study. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 14(2), pp.285-292.
Li, G., Thabane, L., Ioannidis, G., Kennedy, C., Papaioannou, A. and Adachi, J. (2015). Comparison between the Frailty Index of Deficit Accumulation and Phenotypic Model to Predict Risk of Falls: Data from the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW) Hamilton Cohort. PLoS ONE, 10(3), p.e0120144.
Miller, W., Crabtree, B., Harrison, M., and Fennell, M. (2013). Integrating Mixed Methods in Health Services and Delivery System Research. Health Services Research, 48(6pt2), pp.2125-2133.
Morrison, G., Lee, H., Kuys, S., Clarke, J., Bew, P. and Haines, T. (2011). Changes in falls risk factors for geriatric diagnostic groups across inpatient, outpatient, and domiciliary rehabilitation settings. Disabil Rehabil, 33(11), pp.900-907.
Mullan, B., Todd, J., Chatzisarantis, N. and Hagger, M. (2014). Experimental Methods in Health Psychology in Australia: Implications for Applied Research. Australian Psychologist, 49(2), pp.104-109.
Nilsagard, Y., Gunn, H., Freeman, J., Hoang, P., Lord, S., Mazumder, R. and Cameron, M. (2014). Falls in people with MS–an individual data meta-analysis from studies from Australia, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 21(1), pp.92-100.
Tom, S., Adachi, J., Anderson, F., Boonen, S., Chapurlat, R., Compston, J., Cooper, C., Gehlbach, S., Greenspan, S., Hooven, F., Nieves, J., Pfeilschifter, J., Roux, C., Silverman, S., Wyman, A. and LaCroix, A. (2013). Frailty and Fracture, Disability, and Falls: A Multiple Country Study From the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(3), pp.327-334.
Wisdom, J., Cavaleri, M., Onwuegbuzie, A., and Green, C. (2011). Methodological Reporting in Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Health Services Research Articles. Health Services Research, 47(2), pp.721-745.
Reflecting on Mixed Methods Research Order Instructions: Consider how qualitative and quantitative research methods complement one another and consider the role of mixed methods designs.
Reflecting on Mixed Methods Research
Would it ever be viable to consider only quantitative or only qualitative methods for a research study? How can mixed methods vs. single (qual-Quan) methods extend our understanding of a research problem? Why would it be important for a researcher to be conversant in both quantitative and qualitative methods? How do your thoughts on these questions relate to your worldview? What strategies might you use to help you become more comfortable with or develop further expertise in mixed methods research—as a consumer and/or producer of research?
Reflecting on Mixed Methods Research Sample Answer
The judicial mix of both qualitative and quantitative methods of research is known as the mixed methods of research. This criterion allows the researcher to blend quantitative and qualitative methodologies and tools in solving research problem questions (Hesse-Biber, 2010).
The two main approaches to research (quantitative approach and qualitative approach) complement each other in their application. While the quantitative approach involves the collection and use of quantitative/numerical data in the rigorous formal and rigid quantitative analysis, qualitative methods focus on the use of a subjective assessment of behaviors, opinion and attitudes (Hesse-Biber, 2010). This kind of Research is a function of the researcher’s insights and impressions. The results are non-numerical/qualitative and cannot be used in rigorous quantitative analysis. However, the content/textual data is the basis of quantitative research. For example, someone can observe that milk in a baker boils (qualitative data) while another person takes the initiative and goes further to record that the water boils in the baker at 100 degrees Celsius temperature (quantitative data).
According to Tashakkori and Teddlie (2010), mixed design/methods of research provide a lot of insight and input in the world of research. Mixed approach enables the analysis of both numerical and non-numerical attributes of a research problem. This methodology provides a better understanding and integration of research problems than either of the two approaches used independently. The viability of using either qualitative or quantitative method alone in resolving research questions is compromised. The Two approaches when used separately have a lot of latent weaknesses that can only be overcome by the mixed approach.
The mixed approach unlike the single (quan- qual) approaches enriches our knowledge and understanding on the research question. Knowledge on the research problem is extented because the researcher can view the research question from different angles and dimensions. This wide spectrum enables clarification of unexpected findings and eliminate potential contradictions in the model/research hence a broader understanding.
To carry out and effective mixed design/methods research, the research needs to be very conversant with both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. A background on the two approaches will ensure that the researcher minimizes some of the inherent weaknesses of the methodologies as he aims at maximizing the strengths of the mixed approach ( Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2010).
My thoughts on the question and application of mixed methods in modern research are very categorical. I strongly admire and support its application in research. As a researcher, I would advocate for the application of sequential explanatory design strategies in my research endeavors. This strategy will enable me to collect and examine/analyze quantitative data first. Collection and analysis of non-numerical data would then follow suit. This strategy is all about giving qualitative data an upper-hand while the findings and integration of the research model are done in the interpretation phase.
Reflecting on Mixed Methods Research References
Hesse-Biber, S. N. (2010). Mixed methods research: Merging theory with practice. New York: Guilford Press.
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2010). Sage handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research. Los Angeles, Calif: SAGE Publications.
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Mixed Methods Order Instructions:
Consider how qualitative and quantitative research methods complement one another, and consider the role of mixed methods designs.
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Mixed Methods
Would it ever be viable to consider only quantitative or only qualitative methods for a research study? How can mixed methods vs. single (qual-Quan) methods extend our understanding of a research problem? Why would it be important for a researcher to be conversant in both quantitative and qualitative methods? How do your thoughts on these questions relate to your worldview? What strategies might you use to help you become more comfortable with or develop further expertise in mixed methods research—as a consumer and/or producer of research?
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Mixed Methods Sample Answer
Mixed Methods
Introduction
There is an increase in terms of interest in the area of mixed methods research and the diverse manner in which both the qualitative and quantitative methods are systematically being utilized all together. The mixed method research entails a researcher or a group of researchers combining the elements of both qualitative and quantitative strategies e.g. utilization of qualitative and quantitative viewpoints, data collection, analysis, and inference techniques. The main aim of combining this methods is to get a deeper meaning and understanding of a given research work
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Mixed Methods Discussion
Both quantitative and qualitative research methods complement each other. When carrying out research, researchers ought to consider involving both methods. This is simply because it is very dangerous to assume that one method will provide all the answers to one particular objective. Mixing of both qualitative and quantitative approach offers huge benefits for generating new ways of comprehending the complexes and changes in the social experience. In addition, it enhances the researcher’s capacities for social definition and generalization. Such way of doing research incorporates the best principles in doing research work. As such, the researchers are able to develop constructivist epistemologies and to interact with thorny methodological issues which arise from interpretation and explanation.
There are various strategies that researchers and consumers ought to use in order to become more comfortable with mixed research methods. One needs to become conversant with the typologies or classification schemes which are mainly used to describe the various methods utilized. this typologies are very important since they entail implicit rules and the procedures which are required in the mixing process (Teddlie and Tashakkori ,2009)
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Mixed Methods Conclusion
The wrongly executed mixed research methods should never discourage researchers from utilizing mixed methods. This is simply because mixed methods offers high quality methods for any study.
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Mixed Methods Reference
Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
For the Final Project, you provide an in-depth analysis of victimization. Select a crime that has been publicized in the media and contains one main victim to use for your Final Project. You apply the concepts studied throughout this course to provide the in-depth analysis of the victimization in the crime.
Final Project Guidelines
Assignment Length: 12 pages (not including title page, abstract, and references)
Your Final Project must include the following elements:
Introduction:
• Describe the type of crime (women/children victimization).
• Describe the victim (Jaycee Dugard).
Demographics:
• Explain factors related to social class, gender, ethnicity, and race of the victim that might have played a role in the vulnerability of the victim.
• Explain factors related to social class, gender, ethnicity, and race that might have played a role in the type of crime committed against the victim.
• Explain how the victim’s experiences in the criminal justice system might vary based on the social class, gender, ethnicity, and race of the victim.
Victim/Offender Relationship:
• Explain the victim/offender relationship (if any).
• Explain how the relationship between the victim and offender may have influenced the type of crime, the location of the crime, and the type of weapon used.
Effects:
• Explain psychological, social, and emotional effects of victimization on the victim. Indicate which effects are short term and which effects are long term.
Perceptions:
• Explain how the media portrayed the victim.
• Explain if there was any victim blaming by the media.
• Explain possible impact (positive and/or negative) of the media coverage about the victim.
Services:
• Explain services available in the state of the victim that might be beneficial for the victim.
• Explain any services that may not be available to the victim that might be beneficial to the victim.
Secondary Victims:
• Describe any secondary victims of the crime.
• Explain effects on the secondary victims of the crime.
Legal Aspects:
• Describe any laws or policies that resulted from the crime.
• If laws or polices were developed, explain the implications for social change.
Social Change:
• Explain any social change implications of this crime being publicized and/or any laws or policies that resulted from this crime.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Victimology
There are people who are involved in the practice of the domestic violence at their residence. It expresses violence in interactions where one companion uses force to gain the control over the other spouse. The intolerable behavior among the partners can be expressed sexually, mentally and physically. It also involves the bullying of the other person that involves the actions that leads to control and threatening. There could also be the act of allegation, wounding, and isolation. It is quite hard to know the exact degree of unfriendliness against women as most of the behavior such as wife battering and rape are being rarely conveyed.
Abusive behavior at home can be physical, sexual, financial, or mental actions or intimidation of activities that impact someone else. It incorporates any practices that threaten, control, humiliate, seclude, startle, threaten, constrain, debilitate, accuse hurt, harm, or wound somebody. It is exceptionally hard to quantify the genuine degree of hostility against women as most occurrences of aggressive behavior at home and rape go unreported. This essay will look into the victimization of women in domestic violence crimes that are occasionally being committed in virtually all parts of the world.
The persons who perform unfriendly practices that involve forceful sex and physical harm are mostly related persons as well as strangers. The people of the female gender are at higher risk in places where they feel more secure such as in their households (Stalans & Lurigio, 1997). For many people, “home” is the place they confront an administration of fear and savagery because of some individual near them someone they ought to have the capacity to trust. They are not able to settle on their choices, voice their opinion, or ensure themselves and their children for dread of further repercussions. The right of ladies are normally underprivileged and taken away repeatedly by the threat of cruelty. Twenty years back, brutality against women was not viewed as an issue deserving of global consideration or concern. Casualties of hostility endured in a hush, with a minimal open difference of their situation. The length of viciousness against women proceeds with, we cannot claim to be making genuine advancement towards balance, improvement, and peace. Important Work by the Commonwealth, States, and Territories alongside accomplice non-government associations, women’s gatherings, and systems has been attempted to handle men’s savagery against women. Our understanding of the nature and extent of this brutality is expanding, and there is better energy about its effect on women, children and on our country. Nevertheless, advance in how to anticipate hostility and to make situations where ladies live free from savagery is at its outset and obliges ongoing Research consideration and strategy vigilance.
As seen from a case that occurred in New York recently where a young man beat up her wife ruthlessly without a care in the world about the young lady’s health and well-being. Hostility against women is available in every area, in all societies, social groups, different originalities, and oldness. Most of the commands is against wildness on women. Despite the fact that most social orders banish viciousness against ladies, in reality, brutality against the rights of the female gender is normally being allowed according to everyday social practices and beliefs of the religion to the. Also, when violation happens inside the home, as is all the time the case, the misuse is viable supported by the implied hush, and the latency showed by the state and the law upholding apparatus. The worldwide measurements of the brutality are surprising as being shown via studies on its frequency of manifestation. It is regularly known as “sex-based” viciousness because it develops partially from women’s subordinate status in the public arena.
As viewed in the case of the young man madly beating her young wife’s to death due to her decline to have any sexual affair with the man. We can clearly see that the highest degree of antagonism against women is being presented through unfriendliness of the male gender through forced sex. It occurs to teenagers, adults and youths (Coker et al., 2002). Personal accomplice ill-use otherwise called aggressive behavior at home, wife beating, and battering is quite often joined by mental abuse and in one-quarter to a one-a significant portion of cases by constrained sex too. The greater parts of women who are ill-used by their accomplices are being misused commonly. Honestly, a climate of fear frequently pervades damaging connections. Aggressive behavior at home can happen to anybody paying little heed to race, age, sexual introduction, religion, or sex. Unfriendly behavior at home affects people of all the social classes including all the stages of training. The unacceptable behavior being expressed at home occur in both husband and wife, same sex relations and those who are dating. Abusive behavior at home influences the individuals who are ill-used, as well as having a generous impact on relatives, companions, collaborators, different witnesses, and the group. Children who are being raised in abusive marriages ends up growing up being affected by the lawbreaking. The continual exposure of the behavior to kids makes them believe that the abuse in marriage is a normal lifestyle. It can result in the hazard of the development of the offensive societies in for the generations.
The brutality case of this young couple was said to have occurred several other times in the past. But unfortunately nobody had ever come to realize until on this day when the young lady could no longer take any more beating. It shows that this abusive behavior at home regularly happens because the culprit accepts that misuse is and supported and worthy, and may create repeated cycles of ill-use that overlook brutality. Mindfulness, recognition, and documentation of aggressive behavior at home vary broadly from nation to nation. Casualties of abusive behavior at home are involved in local brutal circumstances through seclusion, power and control, deficient budgetary assets, fear, disgrace or to secure youngsters. As an issue of misuse, exploited people may encounter physical handicaps, incessant welfare issues, emotional sickness, restricted accounts, and inadequate capacity make substantial connections. Abused women may go through post-traumatic worry issue. Children that are the secondary victims resides in the insulting residence shows much aggression at the tender age that later results to brutality in maturity (Chesney‐Lind, 2002). The ill behavior expressed in homes occurs to restrained marriages. Aggressive behavior at home was for the most part connected with physical viciousness. In spite of the fact that accurate rates are questioned, particularly in the United States, there is a vast assemblage of multifaceted proof. It proves that ladies are subjected to abusive behavior at home fundamentally more frequently than men. What’s more, there is an expansive accord that women are all the more often subjected to extreme types of ill-use and are more prone to be harmed by an injurious accomplice. The circumstances can exacerbate if the lady is financially or socially reliant on the wrongdoer.
Unfortunately, the case of the young man could not be well handled as later within the prosecution the family of the young lady withdrew the case from the court on the basis of protecting their family name and traditions. It therefore illustrates the fact that in most communal classes, women are being accused of having the pre-marital sex and next of keen have had them killed because of breaking their virginity. Losing one’s virginity is seen as the offense to the integrity of the community. According to Heise (1998), the exercise is worse in the sub-Africa region. The act of ahead of schedule marriage is a typical practice that is overreaching in the towns of Tamil-Nadu. It is a presentation of forceful sex, and the youth are being restrained in marriages and the relations of sex. It exposes them to the peril of high chances of contracting HIV/AIDS. It highly contributes to school drop outs. Moreover, it is a fact where the folks are being highly contributes toward the bright future of their young daughters. Parents give their young girls as a way of acquiring funds and status for themselves with their daughters.
Unreliability, clashes, and societal emergencies additionally enhance early marriages. Fiscal reasons are said to assume a note worthy part in such relational unions. Because of the regular practice of lady cash, the young lady youngster turns into an advantage replaceable for cash or products. Families see giving an adolescent girl (or sister) to a family that has the capacity pay a high cost for the lady as an issue answer for their neediness and obligation. The custom of lady cash may rouse families that face responsibility and financial emergency to “trade in for cold hard currency” the “advantage” as youthful as 6 or 7. It is with the comprehension that the real marriage is being deferred until the kid achieves adolescence.On the other hand, there ports demonstrate that this is likewise being watched that young people may be sexually abused by the husband to be. Also they are abused by more seasoned men in the family, especially if the man of the hour is a youngster as well.
The case of the young man and the lady also became open when several of their friends come out in the open and directly criticized the young man. The young man is criticized of infidelity which might have been the cause of the brutality she had towards her wife. The wife might have been just trying to protect herself from contamination to sexual disease thus her refusal for a sexual relationship with her partner thus the brutality against her. Therefore, it is clear that Women cannot ask for safe practices of sex and can neither resist bad sex practices. It has contributed to the high spread of the HIV/AIDS. Undesirable sex from being not able to say “no!” to an accomplice and be listened, to rape, for example, assault brings about a higher danger of scraped spot and dying, giving a prepared road to transmission of the infection. A study showed that the high number of HIV/AIDs were being found in people of Tamil-Nadu in the present years. The lack of the information predisposes the ladies to abuse. The affected people in today’s out fitted clashes are much more inclined to be regular folks than soldiers. By most accounts, 70 percent of the set backs in latest clashes have been non-warriors the greater part of them women and children. Ladies’ bodies have ended up into being some piece of the battleground for the individuals who use deadly weapons as an issue of war. They are assaulted, stolen, mortified and made to experience constrained pregnancy, sexual misuse, and bondage.
In many countries, women and young girls living in exile camps have reported assaults, beatings, and kidnappings that happen when they leave the camps for necessities. 29percentage of all women have encountered physical attack. When a fight ensues, the lady bears the burden of the outcome of such unrest. Welfare specialists and NGO’s distant from everyone else cannot change the social, social, and lawful environment that offers rise to and overlooks far-reaching brutality against women. Finishing physical and sexual hostility obliges long haul responsibility and methods including all parts of society. Numerous governments have conferred themselves to suppress the brutality against the rights of the women. They have also passed the laws that enables for the protection of the rights of women and to punish their abusers. According to Sternberg et al. (1993), there are ways that can make ladies change the convictions and mentality that allows for unfriendly behavior. Just when ladies pick up their spot as equivalent parts of society will viciousness against ladies never again be an imperceptible standard, however, rather a stunning variation. Numerous NGO’s have organized out training and gathering talks, as an issue of which “respect killings” were shockingly talked about in broad daylight. The undertaking prompted positive changes in information, mentality, and practices among group parts that progressively started to respect “honor killings” as an issue, instead honest to goodness intends to guard a tribe’s honor.
Crimes are perpetrated against the women in varied forms of brutality. According to the Constitution, Article 21, it has to be linked to the harshness against women and not to the community. In India, Crimes against ladies extensively fall into two classes. Offense eminent under IPC and offenses accepted under Special Laws. The Act is proposed to secure the privileges of ladies adequately to an acceptable and honorable life in the group. It is critical to note, that the Preamble of the Act emphasizes the requirement of the concerned women quick reliefs. Harshness against women illustrates uneven force in associations amongst the men and ladies. Brutality against women is an appearance of unequal force relations in the middle of men and ladies. It has led to the oppression of the ladies by the male gender. It is usual that the abuse is the portion that affects the general well-being that is against human rights. The fierceness’s effects are very destructive to ladies’ health both mentally and physically. According to Crenshaw (1991), brutality results in hazards of various body organs of the body as well the agony, drug abuse and conditions of the body. The ladies that have a past of physical and sexual abuse have the high rates of unplanned pregnancies, STIs and abnormalities in their fetuses. The ones that are involved in the violence seeks the assistance from medical practitioners where they end up vain.
After a further study of the case of the young lady and her abuse husband, it becomes eminent that the young man started being brutal to the young lady before and after she gave birth to his firstborn. It clearly shows that the danger of abusive behavior at home for women who have been pregnant is most noteworthy promptly after labor. The Council E.U dispensed guidelines on the fight against the brutality being shown to women and young girls including the FGM. The European women supported this information that aid in addressing issues affecting the women in Europe today. The ill behavior toward the women entails the physical and the sexual harassment of the families or the outside relationships (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). Women are being exposed to the higher percentage of brutality in the private relationship as compared to anywhere else. In a later study by the WHO in Tamil-Nadu, over 50% of the elder officials realizes the abusive relationships interferes with ladies’ working environment and has a negative impact on organization benefits. It was further being realized that the brutal misconduct at home made the affected to lose about 8000000 number of days of paid work annually. Subsequently, large number of women are subjected to early death by their recent or previous partners. Ladies are being murdered by the individuals whom they know and kick the bucket from weapon savagery, beatings and smolders, among various different manifestations of misuse.
The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) expresses that the brutality against the ladies is proof of unbalanced powers present between the ladies and men. It has triggered the expertise over and the oppression of ladies and to the counteractive action of whole the progression of ladies. It also has led to hostility against ladies is one of the urgent social instruments by which ladies are constrained into a subordinate position contrasted and men. The Declaration of the Elimination of Violence against Women orders viciousness against ladies into three classes. They all happens in the family happening, in the general group and at the executed or overlooked by the State (Mullin & Linz, 1995). When a woman is being mistreated during the period of expectancy, it may result in serious problems of health to the fetus and herself. Pregnancy is also advantageous since it makes the rude partner halt the behavior.
A UNIFEM report gives an account of savagery against women, from 1327 episodes of violence towards women gathered in the year 2003 to 2005. Over 35 females were being involved in various cases of killing. Restricted accessibility of administrations, disgrace, and apprehension keep ladies from looking for support and change. In the recent study that was being conducted by the organization of health found that 55-95% of Tamil-Nadu, ladies who were abused had never complained about any assistance. Savagery by accomplice is so typical in our public that forced ladies do commit suicide a few times. All the traditional practices observe harsh treatment against women that are being practiced in many parts of the world. It includes the FGM, honor killing, and early forceful marriages. They all result to the death, mental disturbance and health problems of women. Females of all age are interfered by this tradition. In this case, the media had highlighted in bold letters about the young man’s behavior and used this as a good example of them any women who suffer brutality in silence. The media took the opportunity that men are the once who mostly instigate these brutal confrontations within the families. Although it was the case in a specific scenario, it is sometimes the other way round where also women are the victimizers of their men something that the media did not highlight in the occasion.
Indeed, ladies that have not been exposed to the incidences of the hostility are aware of their susceptibility. Most women have the fear of walking alone during the nights. According to the parliamentary report, there is the authorization from various mixed sources. Ladies are more dreadful than men of being distant from everyone else in their homes and of strolling in their neighborhood around evening time. Ladies s alarm of hostility in the group found that more than 70 percent of Australian ladies feel dangerous when walking unaccompanied at night. According to the Victorian study, the effects of abuse on women should not be ignored. Various ladies experience the different forms of brutality which largely affects their security and success, at work and in the group. Brutality against women especially at home does a huge effect on the children who experience the traumatizing images of their parents fighting at very tender age. It affects the child mental well-being as in the case of the child belonging to the young couple who occasionally fought while being watched by their young ones. Thus, it brings a very negative image of the society and thus tarnishing the community’s name.
The National Survey on the people’s position to brutality against Women 2009 will both help and reinforce these activities. It expands on the outline and methodology of two past national reviews of group state of mind to savagery against ladies embraced by Headquarters of Women between the years 1987 to 1995. The key aims of the 2009 National Survey are to evaluate the constituents that influence organization various collection depositions. It aid brutality against the women and achieves the gauging mental alterations. The hostility happens in all the tribes, social classes, and religious beliefs. In the world, all women are vulnerable to hostility. As seen in the case of the young men and her wife, it is eminent that both women and men can be culprits and casualties of hostility and rape. Look into reliably demonstrates that men execute the mind dominant part of brutality and misuse against ladies in homes. It is the men whom ladies know well or in circumstances they impart Violence against ladies cuts over different varieties of interpersonal viciousness. Therefore must be tended to as an issue of sex imbalance and disparity (Gracia, & Herrero, 2006).
In conclusion, Brutality against ladies is not just a sign of unequal force relations amid men and ladies; it is a component for sustaining imbalance. Knowledge of brutality against ladies and why group disposition is imperative Violence against ladies is an infringement of human rights, now and again fatal and constantly unsuitable. It is an intricate and tireless issue with different reasons (Campbell, 2002). The general effect of such hostility is boundless, as it straightforwardly influences women as well as their children, their families and companions, work environments and groups. In good terms, there is no more prominent effect than the damage showed by personal accomplice savagery on ladies’ lives the end of such viciousness has turned into a commitment of all governments. In respect of the brutality against ladies, we must take a day out to judge investigate and wipe out any brought on viciousness on them. Also universally, it is praised on 25 Nov consistently as “white lace day “additionally. The conclusion from the World History, it has dependably been demonstrated that a woman is dependable been tormented physically, rationally and sexually. Continuously, she is dealt with as an issue that looks decent when being indoors and throughout and does everything according to the instructions given to her. It’s the time to structure such society that promises women that brutality is inadmissible and that no lady should be beaten, sexually ill-used, or made to endure inwardly.
References
Campbell, J. C. (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet, 359(9314), 1331-1336.
Chesney‐Lind, M. (2002). Criminalizing victimization: The unintended consequences of pro‐arrest policies for girls and women. Criminology & Public Policy, 2(1), 81-90.
Coker, A. L., Davis, K. E., Arias, I., Desai, S., Sanderson, M., Brandt, H. M., & Smith, P. H.
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford law review, 1241-1299.
Gracia, E., & Herrero, J. (2006). Acceptability of domestic violence against women in the European Union: A multilevel analysis. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 60(2), 123-129.
Heise, L. L. (1998). Violence against women an integrated, ecological framework. Violence against women, 4(3), 262-290.
Heise, L. L., Raikes, A., Watts, C. H., & Zwi, A. B. (1994). Violence against women: a neglected public health issue in less developed countries. Social science & medicine, 39(9), 1165-1179.
Mullin, C. R., & Linz, D. (1995). Desensitization and re-sensitization to violence against women: effects of exposure to sexually violent films on judgments of domestic violence victims. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(3), 449.
Paudel, G. S. (2007). Domestic violence against women in Nepal. Gender, Technology and Development, 11(2), 199-233.
Stalans, L. J., & Lurigio, A. J. (1997). Responding to domestic violence against women. The Legal Response to Violence Against Women, 5(4), 343.
Sternberg, K. J., Lamb, M. E., Greenbaum, C., Cicchetti, D., Dawud, S., Cortes, R. M., … &
Lorey, F. (1993). Effects of domestic violence on children’s behavior problems and depression. Developmental psychology, 29(1), 44.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Prevalence and consequences of male-to-female and female-to-male intimate partner violence as measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey. Violence against women, 6(2), 142-161.
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Assessments and nursing interventions for Post Anaesthetic Care Unit
Assessments and nursing interventions for Post Anaesthetic Care Unit (PACU)
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SAMPLE ANSWER
Assessments and nursing interventions for Post Anaesthetic Care Unit (PACU)
Identify the assessments performed. Were these assessments adequately prioritized?
The post-operative care must be adequately planned to make the client’s recovery process fast. After the patient identification is positive, the second step is physical assessment (Parekh Et al.,2013). This includes recording patient Heart Rate, respiration rate, temperature SpO2, and Blood pressure. Other processes include examining patient’s oxygen requirements, Urine output, IV fluids, Blood loss, Analgesia, surgical wound assessment and presence of drains. The RR, HR, SpO2 should be done continuously until the patient is ready for transfer to inpatient ward (Barnes Et al., 2013).
From the video, the assessments performed were prioritized. Once the nurse received and formally identified the patient from operating room, she performed full body assessments, starting with the airway, to ensure that it is patent. Oxygen is a very important aspect of the body metabolic functions; its deficiency leads to serious complications or even death. An artificial airway must remain in place until the patient can breathe easily (Milby Et al., 2014).
The nurse monitored the oxygen saturation levels via pulse oximetry. If the difficulty in coughing is prolonged, the nurse is supposed to suction the accumulated secretions. The patient in the video seemed to have small in difficulty in breathing. In this case, it is also important to encourage the patient to take deep breath and cough every 2 hours as this will help boost oxygen saturation levels in the lungs (Price Et al., 2011). The patient lung’s was auscultated.
In terms of the circulatory system, the nurse assessed the patient any indication of internal or even external bleeding and there was none. She did this assessing the patient’s skin color and condition. The patient ECG readings were closely monitored. The patient indicated that she was hypothermic; therefore, the nurse provided a heated blanket (Bittner, Eikermann & Schmidt, 2012).
The patient positioning is also very important during PACU (Demirel Et al., 2014). The nurse positioned the patient with head flat. Evidence based practice indicates that this positioning prevents hypotension (Price Et al., 2011). For unconscious and/ or unresponsive patients, they should be positioned on their side to reduce risk of aspiration (Tighe Et al., 2014). For patients with abdominal incision, they should be repositioned every two hours (Seglenieks, Painter & Ludbrook, 2014).
If the patient is fully responsive, the head should be raised slightly so that the respiratory expansion is facilitated (Shah Et al., 2014). Most patients present with a reaction to anesthesia such nausea and vomiting (Simpson & Moonesinghe, 2013). For such clients, antiemetic drugs should be administered. It is also important for the nurse to assess the patient sensations and movement in the extremities (Tighe Et al., 2014).
The nurse also assessed the patient’s bladder for distention and the catheters in situ for patency. The patient’s frequency in urination, the urine color, odor and the amount of urine were also assessed. The Nurse checked the surgical wound to check for signs of excessive drainage. The surgical wound did not indicate any complication. Pain assessment was scored at 7/10. For this high pain scores, the nurse was required to administer pain medication (Harrop-Griffiths, Et al., 2013).
All the assessments procedures were within the normal range. Once the patient is ready for transfer, other investigations should be conducted including biochemistry analysis of the patient’s complications, the secondary symptoms associated with the surgical process. This way, the patient educational demands will be addressed adequately on the nutritional requirement and the job/mobility restrictions (Madenski, 2014).
How effective was the communication between the two nurses? Did it promote teamwork?
Effective communication in nursing is important because it increases opportunities to interact with one another. Effective communication between the two nurses facilitates quick and informed decision making with minimal chances for medical errors (Lunn Et al., 2012). Communication between the nurses can face some hurdles such as perceived loss of autonomy, clashing perceptions and trust issues. However, the two healthcare providers had an open attitude, trust and some mutual respect for each other. Consequently, the process was conducted with utmost professionalism and increased satisfaction; thus promoting teamwork (Haenke, 2013).
How effective was the communication between the nurses and the patient?
Engaging in communication is also portrayed in the way the nurses engage the patient in communication during the assessment (Law Et al., 2011). This ensures that the patient is informed and can be integrated in the decision making process (Haenke, 2013). Additionally, through communication, the healthcare providers understood the patient demands thereby ensuring that the patient received individualized care. This nurse-patient interaction indicated nurses’ extent of courtesy, sincerity and kindness (Lunn Et al., 2012).
Identify the post -op orders. Were all of these discussed?
The Post-op orders were well communicated both verbally and in written form. For instance, the clinical handover highlighted issues that were important throughout the intraoperative period. These included issues such as patient’s body temperature, which recorded low, and the inability of the patient to do a deep breathe and cough, among others. The patient pre-surgery conditions were also explained in detail to the PACU nurse to ensure that the PACU nurses had a baseline for comparison (Christensen Et al., 2013).
Based on literature, are there any recommendations to improve for future practice?
Post-operative patients are normally taken to the post anesthesia unit (PACU) in order to monitor their recovery from anesthesia (Price Et al., 2011). During this time, the nurses conduct relevant assessments and provide medication as necessary, in order to relieve pain, or to avoid further complications (Lovestrand, Phipps & Lovestrand, 2013). Postoperative processes are associated with many complications resulting from immobility, a compromised respiratory system and thrombophlebitis (Milby Et al., 2014). The patient is also at risk of suffering from anemia due to excess blood loss resulting in reduced circulating blood volume. Tissue perfusion also commonly referred to as Hypovolemia may occur due to reduced circulating blood volume (Demirel Et al., 2014).
The evidence-based practice acknowledges the importance of evaluating patient recovery system from anesthesia using Aldrete scoring system (Yip Et al., 2014). Each of the vital body organ must exhibit stability and these includes circulatory system, oxygen saturation, consciousness and activity. The patient is ready for discharge from PACU if the Aldrete score is 8 out of 10. The patient must also exhibit stability in most of the vital signs (Ganter Et al., 2014). Additionally, there should be no bleeding and the reflexes must have returned to normal including swallowing, cough and gags. The surgery wound should be minimal to moderate and the urine output must be at least 30mL/ hr (Yazicioglu, Akkaya & Kulacoglu, 2013).
Other recommendations provided by evidence-based practice are provision of discharge education of the patient. This includes education relating to medications, in terms of the dosage, purpose of dosage and possible adverse effects. Dietary guidelines should be provided as well as all activity restrictions. The patient should also be advised wound treatment instructions and how to use assistive devices (Ganter Et al., 2014). This involves care givers roles implying that they must be integrated in the process. Future studies should look into staff beliefs and attitudes on patient relative’s visitations in the PACU; and how this impacts patient satisfaction and during the recovery process.
Bittner, E., George, E., Eikermann, M. and Schmidt, U. (2012). Evaluation of the association between quality of handover and length of stay in the post anaesthesia care unit: a pilot study. Anaesthesia, 67(5), pp.548-549.
Christensen, R., Voepel-Lewis, T., Lewis, I., Ramachandran, S., & Malviya, S. (2013). Pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest in the postanesthesia care unit: analysis of data from the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines®-Resuscitation registry. Pediatric Anesthesia 23: 517–523
Demirel, I., Et al., (2014) Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia versus continuous infusion of tramadol in post-cesarean section pain management. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. Vol. 40, No. 2: 392–398
Ganter, M.T., Et al (2014). The length of stay in the post anaesthesia care unit correlates with pain intensity , nausea and vomiting on arrival. Perioperative medicime 3:10
Haenke, R. (2013). Letter to the Editors: Post-Anesthesia Care Unit and Six Sigma Process. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 7(1), pp.126-128.
Harrop-Griffiths., W., Hosie, H., Kilvington, B., MacMahon, M., Smedley P. & Verma, R. (2013). Immediate post anaesthesia recovery 2013 Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Anaesthesia 2013, 68,
Law, C.J., Sleigh, J.W., Barnard, J.P.M., & MacCOLL., J.N. (2011). The association between intraoperative electro-encephalogram-based measures and pain severity in the post-anaesthesia care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care 2011; 39: 875-880
Lovestrand, D., Phipps, S., & Lovestrand, S. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder and anesthesia emergence. AANA journal 81:3; 199-205
Lunn, T.H., Kristensen, B.B., Gaarn-Larsen, L., Husted, H., & Kehlet, H. (2012). Post-anaesthesia care unit stay after total hip and kneearthroplasty under spinal anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2012;56: 1139–1145
Milby, A., Bohmer, A., Gerbershagen, M.U., Joppich, R., Wappler, F. (2014). Quality of post-operative patient handover in the post anesthesia care unit: a prospective analysis. Acta Anaesthe siol Scand 58: 192-197
Parekh, J., Roll, G.R., Feng, S., Niemann , U., & Hirose, R. (2013). Peri-operative hyperglycemia is associated with delayed graft function in deceased donor renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2013: 27: E424–E430 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12174
Price, C., Golden, B., Harrington, M., Konekwo, R., Wasil, E., Herring, W. (2011). Reducing Boarding in a Post-Anesthesia Care Unit. Production & operations management 20:3;431-441
Seglenieks,R., Painter, T.W., & Ludbrook, G.L. (2014). Predicting patients at risk of early postoperative adverse events. Anaesth Intensive Care 2014; 42: 649-656
Shah, P., Dongre, V., Patil, V., Pandya, S., Mungantiwar, A., & Choulwar, A. (2014). Correspondence: Comparison of post-operative ICU sedation between dexmedetomidine and propofol. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine May 2014 Vol 18 Issue 5 291-298
Simpson, J., & Moonesinghe, R.S. (2013). Introduction to post-anaesthetic care unit. Peri-operative medicine 2:5;
Tighe, P.J., Harle, C.A., Boezaart, A,P., Aytug, H., & Fillingim, R. (2014). Acute pain & Periopeartive pain section. Of Rough Starts and Smooth Finishes: Correlations Between Post-Anesthesia Care Unit and Postoperative Days 1–5 Pain Scores. Pain medicine 15: 306-315
Yazicioglu, D., Akkaya, T. and Kulacoglu, H. (2013). Addition of lidocaine to bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia compared with bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia and local infiltration anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 57(10), pp.1313-1320.
Yip, P.C., Hannam, J.A., Cameron, J.D., & Campbells, D. (2010). Incidence of residual neuromuscular blockade in a post anaesthetic care unit. Anaesthesia & intensive care 38; 91-95
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Determining appropriate sample size for survey research
Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size for survey research
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Use the attached file
For the past 2 weeks, you have focused on the features and considerations of quantitative research designs. However, quantitative designs are not appropriate for all research questions. Perhaps you are concerned with how patients react when confronted with negative test results, or you wish to study how views on a certain health topic change over time. In each of these cases, the emphasis is more on understanding the thinking and experiences of an individual or group than on numerical measurements. For these types of questions, a qualitative or mixed methods research design is the most appropriate.
For this Discussion, you focus on the different types of qualitative research designs, when they are used, and why they are important.
To prepare:
Reflect on the comments made by Dr. Mauk in this week’s media presentation on the value of qualitative research in nursing.
Locate the journal Qualitative Health Research in the Sage Premier database in the Walden Library.
From this journal, select an article of interest to you that was published within the last 3 years.
Review the information on different qualitative research designs in Chapter 20 of your course text.
Determine what qualitative research design was used in your selected article and evaluate whether it was the best choice.
Consider ethical issues involved in the study and how the researchers addressed them.
Think about how using a quantitative design would have affected the type of data gathered.
Post on or before Day 3 an APA citation for the article that you selected and provide a brief summary of the content and the qualitative research design used. Evaluate the appropriateness of the design, and explain how ethical issues in the study were addressed. Analyze how the study would have been different if a quantitative design had been used.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Determining appropriate sample size for survey research
Introduction
Data collection is part of the research work that includes the gathering of primary data from the respondents (Sekaram and Bougle, 2009). In this case, the data required would be collected from the daily patients who visit the hospital through the use of a questionnaire as it’s convenient and easy to use in a hospital. The questions have been limited to only critical ones to avoid any discomforts to patients. The population or the sample size for the survey has been determined to be 100 (N). A group of researchers would interview the first twenty patients who leave the hospital every day for five days. The total maximum points that can be awarded is 2500 but it will depend on the performance of the total points achieved but the minimum points possible has been set at 500 that’s incase all the questionnaires return a score of E or 1 point for a population of 100 entries for five questions while the maximum represents a score of A or 5 points for 100 entries for five questions. The following is the sample of the questionnaire that would be used to determine the Patients satisfaction levels at the hospital.
The first five questions attract no score however, points are earned from questions six to ten. The following information was retrieved from the researchers who gathered the data from the hospital;
The Ten days data
Question
A
B
C
D
E
Totals
% ratings
6
250
80
30
34
3
397
72.00
7
450
20
6
4
1
481
95.20
8
250
80
60
18
1
409
78.00
9
300
120
15
10
0
445
87.00
10
350
40
45
10
0
445
87.00
Totals
1600
340
156
76
5
2177
87.08
On question six most of the patients responded favorably towards the waiting time spent at the hospital and majority of the answers suggested that the patients were on average very satisfied with the average waiting time hence a rating of 72% was awarded. That’s the totals of columns A, B and C divided by the total possible points of 500 (Sekaram and Bougle, 2009).
To ensure reliability of the information, all the questions must be answered and the percentage scores would be pegged to the maximum scores possible to eliminate any bias against the lower points. For example a total score of 250 if calculated against a total of 397 it would amount to almost 90% of the totals but if calculated against the maximum possible of 500 then it would be 50%.
The hospital’s score on patient satisfaction is 87.1% which means that about 13% of the patients are dissatisfied with the services at the hospital with about 28% being particularly unhappy with the waiting period at the hospital while another 22% would not recommend their friends at the hospital. However, 97% of the patients are very satisfied with the staff response at the hospital.
The central measures of tendencies and the excel functions have also been used to arrive the summarized table above and which includes the research findings that have been arrived at after processing the information from the primary data and tabulating the summaries.
The other methods of collecting data like observation and interviewing patients are difficult to apply in a hospital as patients have different conditions and their convenience must also be factored when choosing the research method to adopt.
The sample size has been calculated based on the Wald binomial distribution where 4√0.25/n=W where a 95% confidence level is required. Hence n=1/B^2 where B is ± 10% n is 100 (0.01 x 10,000) (Bartlett, Kotrlik & Higgins, 2001).
To conclude, the hospital is providing very good service to the community and a very high number of patients are very happy with the services being provided at the hospital hence about 87% of the patients rate the services of the hospital as being very good and would definitely make a return visit in future.
References
Sekaram, U., Bougle, R. (2009) Research Methods for Business; A Skill Building Approach, 5th Edition. West Sussex, UK. John Wiley & sons.
Bartlett, J. E., Kotrlik, J. W. & Higgins, C. (2001). “Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size for survey research”. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal 19 (1): 43–50.
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Using Performance Reports to Inform Organizational Decisions
Using Performance Reports to Inform Organizational Decisions
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Application: Using Performance Reports to Inform Organizational Decisions
Very often, managers are called upon to make decisions “by the numbers.” In this Assignment, you will sort through information provided from the fictitious Honey Bear Confections (HBC) organization in order to glean information you need to make decisions about productivity levels.
HBC is a small organization dedicated to making bear-shaped sweets with honey as a sugar substitute. You have just been promoted to a position as manager of the production department at Honey Bear Confections when your supervisor shows you the following report. She tells you to “get it fixed.” You suspect she is alluding to a problem with productivity and efficiency.
To prepare for this Assignment, begin by reviewing the information below. Additionally, you may find valuable information in your course text, especially Example 6-3.
Honey Bear Confections
Manufacturing Overhead Static Budget Report
For the Month Ended June 20XX
Budget Actual Variance (U of F)
Production in bags of candy 10,000 12,000 2,000F
The Assignment:
o Prepare a performance report using spreadsheet software, such as Excel.
o For the next section of this Application, please utilize a word processing software (such as Word) to complete the following:
o Write a short memo to your supervisor explaining your findings and your recommendations.
o In your memo, as part of your recommendations, take a position on the following: Do all the variances in this example need to be examined? Why or why not?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Memo
To: Supervisor HCB company
From: financial analyst
Date:
Dear sir/madam
Ref: PERFORMANCE REPORT
From the above information, it can be deduced that the company should follow the budgeted cost rather than use the actual cost.
Yours faithfully
The actual cost for the production of 10000 and 12000 variances should be considered because they bring loss to the company.
