Submit Draft of an Abbreviated Mixed Methods Research Plan for (Health disparities are a growing concern in the U.S. There are also a significant proportion of people with limited or no health insurance which may prevent them from receiving adequate health care, medication, and the use preventative measures such as exercise and diet. How would you address this issue?)
What are your research questions? To what extent can you test them? How would you justify the viability of your questions?
What are your hypotheses? How would you test them?
Why would this design be the most appropriate for answering the research questions? Conversely, why would quantitative or qualitative on their own not be appropriate?
For a mixed methods design, which design is the primary one? Why is that appropriate?
What approach would you select for this study (experimental, survey, ethnography, grounded theory, etc.)? Why is that approach the most appropriate one for answering the research questions?
What theoretical framework or perspective would you use?
What is your target population? How would you identify and recruit participants? What factors would contribute to determining appropriate sample size?
You will not need to calculate sample size for this assignment.
If appropriate for your plan, what instruments might you need?
What data collection procedures might you use? Why would those be the most appropriate methods to use?
How would that data help to answer your research question(s)/hypotheses?
How would you ensure quality and reliability of data?
What are threats to validity? How might you mitigate them?
How might you analyze the data?
What are the ethical considerations related to the plan?
The assignment:
Craft a 2- to 3-page paper in which you do the following:
Provide an introduction.
Provide a purpose statement.
Provide viable research questions/hypotheses.
Generate a written research plan that addresses the questions ( (Health disparities are a growing concern in the U.S. There are also a significant proportion of people with limited or no health insurance which may prevent them from receiving adequate health care, medication, and the use preventative measures such as exercise and diet. How would you address this issue?).
SAMPLE ANSWER
Abbreviated mixed research method
In us, a person’s health is determined by socio-economic status, risk factors and their ability to access health care. The disease burden, increased disability and mortality affect the population disproportionally. Luckily, public health programs such as Medicare and Medicaid health insurance program have significantly reduced the burden by offering subsidized medical care to low income households. However, immigrants have difficulty in accessing such public programs due to the legislative restrictions. For instance, 83.5% of self-inflicted injuries reported cases were among non-Hispanic whites. In 2009, Native ethnic group reported the highest motor vehicle related mortality rates. Additionally, 2004 CDC analysis of infant mortality rate reported considerable disparities. The trend is projected to increase by two folds if no interventions are put in place (Vargas & Chen, 2014).
Mixed research approaches entail the combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods in one investigation. This is beneficial as it offers relevant and accurate social-statistical data. Through qualitative research, information from previous investigations, use of questionnaires and interviews provides quality information under scrutiny. On the other hand, the gathered opinions are quantified through statistical tools. Another great impact for mixed research approach is that Flaws in one research method is masked/ complemented by another’s the strength. Eventually, the researcher can account and test several hypothesis. In this framework, the finest approach to evaluate the health care disparities in the United States is the mixed research method (Creswell, 2009).
Purpose statement: Using mixed research method, the investigation aims at identifying the social factors attributable to the increased health care disparities. The relationship between the social determinants and strategic interventions (education-awareness program) will be evaluated.
Research question: What social factors greatly contribute to Health care disparities? What multidisciplinary approaches are effective to minimize health care disparities?
Hypothesis: Increased public awareness on how to access public programs such as Medicare and Medicaid will reduce health care disparities
Research plan
Random sample will be selected from a community. The inclusion criteria include individuals from low income families, multiple racial or are immigrants. Data collection includes semi-structured interviews with few individuals; whose responses will be used as guide when compiling questionnaires. All interviews and data analysis will be conducted by two senior researchers. A thematic index will be developed in order to facilitate data management.
From the themes generated, questionnaire will be devised. The questionnaires will comprise of 64 questions (each with 5 scale options). The questionnaire will be divided into various sections including demographic details, knowledge/awareness about public health care insurance program and views about recent health care experiences. The questionnaires will be distributed among 200 individuals from the community. For the purposes of sample size; it will be assumed that the primary outcome of the quantitative questionnaire survey will estimate the extent of health care disparities. The extent proportion is estimated to be 50%, 95%CI around 200 questionnaire responders. The questionnaires will be distributed assuming to attain a 40% response. Data generated will be analyzed using relevant statistical tools to summarize the findings. Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS version 17) will be used to analyze descriptive data. The Chi-square test will be used to evaluate the associations between the social determinants attributable to health care disparities and public awareness program. Other outcomes generated by the survey such as the age group proportion will be reported along with their 95% CI (Johnson, 2008).
References
Creswell, J. (2009). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches (3rd ed.)Thousand Oaks, CA: sage publications
Vargas, A., & Chen, J. (2014) The great recession and health spending among uninsured U.S. immigrants: implications for the affordable care act implementation. Health services research 49; 6, p1902-1928
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The writer need to follow the link below read the article and then in a one page document comment on it in APA format and properly cite the article in APA format.
Students, for more information on the damped trend method, comment on the link below.
According to the article, there are a number of methods used in making forecasts decisions (Hyndman, 2014). The article delves on damped trend methods and compares it with other methods used to generate forecasts such as Holts’ linear method. One noticeable feature or difference between the damped trend methods and the Holt’s linear method is that Holt’s method as it displays constant changes that is either increasing or decreasing indefinitely into the future (Hyndman, 2014). On the other hand, the dampened trend methods usually dampen the fault line in the future which in one of the differences between the methods compared to others. This dampening has proven successful hence many people like the method especially when they want automatic forecasts for many series (Kauczor, Norman, Christiansen & Coriani, 2013).
Other forecasts methods the article highlights include Exponential, SES, additive and multiplicative. These methods have same characteristics as Holt’s linear method because they lead to extreme results either increase or decreases in their future (Phojanamongkolkij, Kato, Wielicki, Taylor & Mlynczak, 2014).
These methods have their advantages and disadvantages hence, used in various situations as deemed appropriate. For instance, Holt’s linear trend method provides best fit to the data presented then followed by additive linear trend method. On the other hand, simple exponential smoothing takes the lead in generating largest within sample one-step errors (Hyndman, 2014).
The article provides in-depth analysis of these methods. They are compared to provide insights on the most accurate method in forecasts which enhances understanding of their suitability. Therefore, through the articles, in-depth knowledge and understanding of these methods is provided.
The article is clear and precise. Citation and organization is up to standard hence enhancing understanding. The information and arguments raised are well supported with credible references making it more credible and persuasive. The article as well has graphs and tables that illustrate the theoretical information hence menacing understanding.
Collaboration in Salud Term Paper Order Instructions: Discussion – Week 8
Collaboration in “Salud” and in Your Group Work
Public health is bas
Collaboration in Salud Term Paperbased largely on collaboration and partnership—within an organization and with various community groups, individuals, and other entities. For leaders, finding ways to motivate and problem-solve with others in pursuit of a common goal can both inspiring and challenging.
Review the different kinds of collaborations and partnerships among organizations and stakeholders that were described in the video documentary Salud, and consider which were the most effective in achieving the public health goals. Then reflect on the group work you have engaged in so far in this course, and assess your experiences in light of what you have been learning about collaboration, partnership, and leadership within an organization. What lessons can you point to in the video, as well as in your own group work, about what makes for successful collaboration?
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. Identify at least two specific strategies for collaboration or partnership with stakeholders and organizations shown in the video Salud and explain why they succeeded or failed, based on the principles you have learned about this week.
2. How has it been to work in a group so far in this class? Describe one or two specific strategies you have used so far in your group work to motivate others for collaborative problem-solving and decision-making. How well have these worked? Identify also one notable instance of a strategy any of your group members have used.
3. Compare/contrast these with strategies you saw in Salud. Are there any lessons from this documentary you can apply in your group work?
Please apply the Application Assignment Rubric when writing the Paper.
I. Paper should demonstrate an excellent understanding of all of the concepts and key points presented in the texts.
II. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.
III. Paper should be well organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is fully consistent with doctoral level writing style.
IV. Paper should be mostly consistent with doctoral level writing style.
Collaboration in Salud Term Paper Sample Answer
Collaboration
Collaboration among all people is essential for efficient delivery in the public health sectors. Collaboration has various strategies which are distinct in their outcomes. In the video Salud, two specific collaboration strategies are identified, including coalition, voluntary services and community partnerships. The health ministry and other government sectors collaborated to establish solutions that went beyond curative services. From the strategies observed in the study, there is shared domain of responsibility. The medical practitioners in Cuba shared knowledge instead of competing each other. Their success is attributed to the fact that there was no use of advocacy, exclusion or hierarchal. Their strategies de-emphasized power and status among the participants and encouraged collective ownership (Field &Reed, 2006).
Working in groups is an essential strategy for interactive learning. The collaboration strategies and principles were of massive support to the team. The group applied network collaborative strategies; the model entailed of consultative feedback between the team. Every individual had equal opportunity to present their ideas. The group had clear structure and expectations of the project. These included highlighting two things whose progress seemed alright, ideas that required improvement. This training facilitated the idea that health workers should not work in isolation from other disciplines during legislative process or soliciting funds from government or private institutions. Additionally, themes such as mutual respect, cultural competence, capacity building and sustainable leadership prevailed (Upvall &Leffers, 2014).
Evidently, collaboration provides a powerful intervention to respond to complex issues that are irresolvable by isolated efforts. Lessons learnt from the video are that collaboration efforts succeeds only if there is shared goals, all inclusive with zero hierarchical participation. There should be room for negotiation and people are kept up to date as situations arise (Upvall &Leffers, 2014).
Collaboration in Salud Term Paper References
Field C&Reed, C. (2006) Salud! Part 2 Decatur, GA: Medical Educational cooperation with Cuba. Retrived on January 18th, 2015 from [saludthefilm.net]
Field C&Reed, C. (2006) Salud! Part 3 Decatur, GA: Medical Educational cooperation with Cuba. Retrived on January 18th, 2015 from [saludthefilm.net]
Upvall, M., &Leffers, J. (2014) Global health nursing: building and sustaining partnerships. Springer publishing company, New York.
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In general, each Journal Article Review must contain an introductory paragraph, the body of the work, and a conclusion. In terms of the body, the following items must be discussed:
1. Brief overview of the theme of the article and its main points.
2. Strengths of the article. Answer questions such as:
a. What did the author do well?
b. Were any points made exceptionally clear?
c. Did the author write with concision and precision?
3. Weaknesses of the article. Answer questions such as:
a. What erroneous assumptions does the author make, if any?
b. Are any factual errors made in the article?
c. Is the scientific method violated in any way?
d. Could the author have stated his/her case better?
4. Remember, every article has weaknesses. You are expected to discuss some of these. Failure to identify any weaknesses in your Journal Article Reviews will negatively affect your grade.
Outline
Use the following outline when writing your papers. Each point on the below outline must be a separate section (with a section heading) within each of your Journal Article Reviews. You will notice that these section headings correspond to the content points above.
I. Introduction
II. Brief Overview and Main Points
III. Article Strengths
IV. Article Weaknesses
V. Conclusion
Length
These reviews are to be 2–3 pages each. Do not exceed this page limit. The title page and bibliography do not count toward this page total.
Format
You must use current APA formatting. Papers must be double-spaced with 1-inch margins all around. The font is to be Courier New or Times New Roman, 12-point.
Include a cover sheet with your name, instructor’s name, course number and title, date, and paper title. There is no need to include an abstract in your paper.
Sources
The only source required for each review is the article itself. However, feel free to incorporate other sources if you so desire. Additional sources must be limited to journal articles, manuscripts, scholarly textbooks, and/or internet sites from .edu or .gov sources. Avoid internet sites from .com, .net, .org, etc. sources as the information contained therein are not often peer-reviewed. Also, Study Bibles are not appropriate for this assignment. List all of your sources in a bibliography at the end of the paper.
Citation
Be sure to cite your sources in the body of your paper using proper APA formatting.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The Origin of Old-Earth Geology
The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century
Introduction
This paper is a review of Dr. Mortenson’s article, Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century. The paper will also give the article’s strengths and weaknesses. It is essential to note that Dr. Mortenson’s article does not take sides, but rather gives information found in his thesis development, for this reason this paper will review of Dr. Mortenson’s hypothesis and information.
Overview of the articles main points
Doctor Terry Mortenson’s article is about the history of the Old Earth Geology and the consequences of its ideologies on the present day society. In essence, the article gave limited background or knowledge of the Old-Earth theory, but it explains the main Scriptural Geology by arguing on the legitimacy of the belief on Young-Earth, and closing with a generalized visualization of the impacts of the Old-Earth theory on the society.
Article Strengths
The article make successful attempt of identifying the author’s discontent with the modern science flaws, as well as, the modern societal downfall. Doctor Mortenson gave vast details on the validity of his belief and credential of Scriptural Geologist theories. The author in seven paragraphs successfully gave a discussion on the dynamic background and the development of Scriptural Geology using important individuals in Scriptural Geology community. The article successfully depicted flaws in the modern scientific, historical scientific and scriptural scientific thinking (Mortenson, 2003). Additionally, the article depicts flaws in science and research that attempts to disprove or prove Old-Earth creation. According to the author, each hypothesis developed is based on its worldview, and would spend energy attempting to prove that it is trues as opposed to proving that it is open to other alternatives. Dr. Mortenson’s article greatest strength is that it is informative and detailed.
Article Weaknesses
It is evident from the article that the author is biased in the way he significantly deviates from the article’s main intent. Dr. Mortenson started his article on the right track by giving a discussion on the background of the Old-Earth, but he ends up deviating and spending about 12 paragraphs discussing on science outside the Old-Earth Geology, as well, as the argument of such sciences against the Old-Earth’s theory; these sections were irrelevant, but only took away the article’s discussion from its original intent.
Dr. Mortenson’s claim against naturalist is the weakest point of the article. It is known that naturalists have greatly contributed to morality and justice in the society. People with naturalist beliefs in the present day society provide and love their families, go to work, help others, partake charities and strive to be good people; therefore, , Dr. Mortenson’s position on naturalist does not sound valid.
Conclusion
Dr. Mortenson’s article had a good premise; the author’s information proved to be interesting and informative; however, the author fell off the topic for a good part of the article, as well, as making ridiculous claims at the final section of the article. His idea that the Old-Earth ideology and naturalism are responsible for the societal downfall is over-generalized and erroneous. Personally, I think the article is informative, but it loses its credibility and legitimacy based on the authors’ failure to covey his information in a non-exaggerated and concise manner. As a person looking forward to understanding the development and history of Old-Earth theory, as well as, its impact on the society, this article is not impressive.
References
Mortenson T., (2003.). The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century, 1/9-6/9
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The growing interest and significant investment in electronic surveillance systems have fueled the demand for techniques that accurately evaluate their effectiveness. analyze issues associated with evaluating electronic disease surveillance systems.
post an analysis of the issues associated with evaluating the effectiveness of electronic disease surveillance systems. Include an explanation of how you would address the interests of multiple constituencies.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Evaluating Surveillance Systems
Introduction
Throughout the world, the recent past years have seen an increased implementation of electronic surveillance systems. Such systems include syndromic reportable systems and electronic disease surveillance systems; these systems have helped in increasing the amount of data available to public healthcare givers and agencies in almost real time. However, the effective use of such systems require efficient access of data from various sources, for this reason, there are a number of issues surrounding the effective use of electronic disease surveillance systems. This paper seeks to analyze the effective access of surveillance data as an issue associated with the evaluation of electronic disease surveillance systems. The paper will draw examples from, the NC EDSS (North Carolina Electronic Disease Surveillance System), a syndromic electronic surveillance system.
Analysis of an issue surrounding electronic surveillance systems
Between April and October 2009, data collected by NC EDSS was analyzed by a group of researchers from NCPERRC (North Carolina Preparedness and Emergency Response Research Center) (Samoff et al., 2012). Additionally, a number of public health staff members that might have interacted with the system or had used data from the system were surveyed to give their experience concerning the system. The use of NC EDSS was assessed in accordance with the event investigation of the H1N1pandemic, and based on policy development, program management and reporting. It was found from the study that the use data from the surveillance system in North Carolina’s local, regional and state level lead to meaningful public health actions including disease detection and disease management, as well as, disease informing program management. Healthcare givers used data derived from the syndromic surveillance system for the common detection public health events and for the traditional public health needs.
Thought it was evident from the 2009 study that the data from the NC EDSS resulted in a meaningful public health action, the study also found out that many potential users of the data from the system did not have access to the system (Samoff et al., 2012). When public health staff receives information from expert users of electronic surveillance systems, they find such information to be useful (Bravata et al., 2004); this suggests that the access to surveillance data should be efficient enough to allow public health staff to integrate the system’s data with other surveillance information for policy development, program management and event investigation.
Since efficient access is an issue surrounding electronic surveillance system, two approaches can potentially be applied to address the issue. To support public health responsive review of surveillance data, it is essential to employ a centralized approach and the forwarding of relevant information to various potential users. A decentralized approach can also be used as it will help in the development of simple and efficient access to electronic surveillance systems (Chretien et al., 2008); this will guarantee NC EDSS and other surveillance data to be available over a single platform.
Conclusion and recommendation
To prioritize efficient access of surveillance data, it would be essential to make changes to surveillance systems’ training and programming so as to better support NC EDSS and other surveillance data access and use. It would also make sense if protocols were developed to make it clear when NC EDSS and other surveillance systems can be access in public health practice. It would also help if custom-based capacity search was developed to allow customized and flexible use of surveillance data at different levels, as well as, to facilitate potential cluster investigations that may not be captured by the surveillance systems.
References
Bravata, D. M., McDonald, K. M., Smith, W. M., Rydzak, C., Szeto, H., Buckeridge, D. L., … & Owens, D. K. (2004). Systematic review: surveillance systems for early detection of bioterrorism-related diseases. Annals of Internal Medicine, 140(11), 910-922.
Samoff, E., Waller, A., Fleischauer, A., Ising, A., Davis, M. K., Park, M., … & MacDonald, P. D. (2012). Integration of Syndromic Surveillance Data into Public Health Practice at State and Local Levels in North Carolina. Public Health Reports, 127(3), 310.
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Response to Sample Interview Questions in the Model of Data Reduction Process”, under “Reported Outcomes.”
Order Instructions:
Dear Admin,
I need an essay in the following subject:
After you have read this week’s required journal article (Owens and Hekman, 2012),
Modeling how to grow an inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies and outcomes
complete the following:
Respond to the three “Sample Interview Questions” on page 6, in the “Model of Data Reduction Process”, under “Reported Outcomes.”
The following conditions must meet in the paper
1) I want a typical and a quality answer which should have about 1100 words.
2) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
3) The answer must include examples from experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real companies.
4) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,
5) Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
6) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Model of Data Reduction Process
Introduction & Background Information
Though leader humility is still being considered to be a rare personality trait, what still remains to be unraveled about this aspect is about what this humble leadership appears in way of being and leadership posture, the kind of behaviors it entails, and the situational and personal factors determining the efficacy of such behaviors. This paper recognizes that a humble leader must possess a clear vision of where they would like the organization to be after some time. It is essential to have a vision in order to plan and budget for the activities in long and short term goals or objectives. A humble leader is the one who encourages team work in carrying out the activities. This paper is designed to provide a classical example and model of what a humble leader should be like, in whatever capacity or position in the organization.
Theoretical Implications
Leader humility is all about how leaders model their subjects on the gravity of growing and producing positive organizational outcomes by leading their subjects to believe that their own feelings and development journeys are justifiable in the work station. For a decade, as Owens & Hekman (2012, p. 792) puts it, leadership proponents have continuously focused on the essence of humility in the context of leadership. According to Roberto (2005, p. 23), this is based on the criticalness of leader humility in molding and shaping acceptable and good conduct and habits among the followers. Both participative leadership and servant leadership perspectives further stress the virtue of humility as being crucial for leader efficacy. As organizational environments shift towards becoming more unpredictable, uncertain, and dynamic, it becomes hard for any potential leader to rise to the ladder of leadership except by taking humble approaches and engaging in actions that demonstrate humility of highest order.
The Fundamental Essence of Leader Humility
There has been call from practitioners and scholars for the need for both present and tomorrow’s leaders to approach their functions with more humility. As suggested by Kotter & Cohen (2002, p. 107), leaders should overcome the common ‘hero myth’ point of view of leadership via demonstrating their humanness by being open regarding their constraints in experience and knowledge, and then aiming on how their subjects impact the process of leadership. Leadership approaches and styles can either be effective or ineffective with regard to the situation. Malcolm (2002, p. 93) hypothesizes that there may be contexts or situations in which behaving humbly as a people’s leader may be considered less effective and even jeopardize the whole situation. This implies that there should be a boundary for the application of leader humility and humble leader behaviors. As a further ado, a humble leader has to properly learn when and in what background, their exercise of humility could be associated with ineffective or weak leadership.
Overview of Conceptual Model
A humble leader believes that ethics governs their integrity and respect towards the norms of the organization. Ethics promotes honesty and commitments of a person toward the organization. Such a leader should have good strategic skills to elaborate business plans, and have relatively low interpersonal skills to negotiate on behalf of the organization. Humble leaders are expected to address mistakes once they have occurred. A humble leader should be seen as a negotiator of business deals and the one who can solve problems of workers. A true humble leader should be rated as a good speaker and one who influences many followers by using their own good speaking skills. It is also important that a humble leader exhibits aspects of being an intellectual leader who expects high performance and good results from individuals and the team.
Perceived Competence
Being humble in a position of leadership should make one’s subjects to rate you as a wise leader who is focused and determined to accomplish the mission of the firm. Followers should rate their leader as a person of splendid vision that leads to achieving the goals. Such a leader’s behavioral skills should be good and competent to keep the organization competing in the world of business. The people around should be able to judge and conclude their leader makes individuals feel a part of the organization’s family. This comes out of good transformational leadership, only when a humble leader is an ethical leader. A good leader should be able to balance leadership categories so that he can lead the organization towards its goals. A leader is the one who manifests leadership in all spheres parts of life and aspects of daily activities (Bateman & Snell, 2004, p. 102).
Perceived Sincerity
A contingent reward refers to how a humble leader appreciates the work of employees. Good leaders do not always track the errors and punish the guilty but look on the good job. Once a good job has been done, such a leader should appraise the workers through words, rewards, and even promotions (Michael, 2005, p. 35). Praised workers feel motivated and work hard to earn other rewards. The fellow workers will aim at getting the same appraisal from the manager and this will increase the production and service delivery. This skill is essential to the organization because it helps to increase morale of workers and gives high output. It is a tool that links all other leadership behaviors and acknowledges the work and efforts of employees (Kotter & Cohen, 2002, p. 25).
Nurturing Interpersonal skills
It is important to understand the backgrounds of each fellow worker to facilitate interaction with them. Respect of other people’s perceptions and beliefs creates a good working environment. A humble leader is the one who lowers their expectations and conditions to allow room for discussion with followers to create a good understanding. A good leadership is attained via how a leader persuades the workers. Persuasions in terms of helping them leave a bad attitude and perception and adopt the morale to work for the organization. It is important to give room for negotiation that works like release valve of the tensions and stress related to work. This skill acts as a link between the management and the employees. It is important to understand the backgrounds of each fellow worker to enable a leader interact with them. One should be flexible to meet other people’s standards so that one can coordinate the intended activities (Heifetz & Linsky, 2002, p. 93)
Conclusion
Humility in leadership is a subject matter that will continue growing relevant as markets continue globalizing and firms expand. This denotes that in such an environment it becomes less feasible for a person in position of leadership to capture and run everything on their own, thus drawing the need for being humble. From this paper, it is true that leaders fail not because they are not clever, bright, sharp or even informative, but because they fail to understand themselves and work with their subjects as required. Leaders across various divides should henceforth lead their organizations by humbly providing them the room for growth via modeling teachability, and recognizing the unique contributions, knowledge, and skills of those around them.
Reference List
Bateman, S., & Snell, A. (2004). Leadership management. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fullan, M. (2005). Leadership & sustainability: System thinkers in action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Heifetz, R, A. & Linsky, M. (2002). Leadership on the Line: Staying Alive Through the Dangers of Leading, Volume 465. Boston: Harvard Business Press.
Kotter, J. P., & Cohen, D. S. (2002).The heart of change: Real-life stories of how people change their organizations. Harvard Business Press.
Malcolm, G. (2002). The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Back Bay Books.
Michael, A., (2005), How Great Leaders Prevent Problems before They Happen, Harvard university press.
Michael, F., (2005), Leadership & Sustainability, New York Publisher.
Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached
Explain how elements of each approach examined this week could be integrated into a broader, more inclusive theory of leadership. How would your new approach seek to explain what comprises a good leader? Provide examples that would help to support your theory
The following conditions must meet in the essay:
1) I want a typical and a quality answer which should have about 830 words.
2) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
3) The answer must include examples from experience or the web with references from
relevant examples from real companies.
4) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,
5) Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
6) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Leadership is a subject that is known to offer different approaches and contributions to the business world (Northouse, 2009). In leadership, the most important part is its theoretical underpinnings which are practically applied and used in the academic research work in most institutions all over the world. The factor that makes theories to be more esteemed in leadership matters is the evolution that takes place from time to time following their historical roots. The need to ensure robustness and the need to offer substantial base of ideas that enhances their learning of theories in leadership.
There are different elements of approach that can be integrated into a broader and more inclusive theory of leadership, hence, making it more effective than before. According Northouse (2011) the trait approach is one of the earliest leadership theories that is well known to have contributed positively in the leadership matters. Trait approach is comprised of many leadership characteristic which include intelligence, self confidence in a leader, the ability of a leader to have a high level of integrity and the determination of a leader to attain a certain set goal of leadership. Northouse (2009) also talks of a good leader having to be a social person who can interact with people and share their opinion one on one. Researchers explains that the leaders who have these characteristic are known to be more exceptional as compared to other leaders to mean that their way of leadership is better since, it comprises of extroversion and openness. The leadership trait approach is built on personality and emotional intelligence which provides a framework of looking at elements of personal and social competence which becomes a good characteristic of leadership. The trait leadership approach comprises of visionary and charismatic ideas which guides a leader; hence, enhancing the type of leadership that is being portrayed in such a set up. In the process of identifying the people who can qualify to be good leaders most of the given organizations are able to assess the personality of the given persons together with the use of Myers Briggs Type Indicator. These are tools which are known to assess the trait characteristic of a leader. On the side of assessing the strengths and the weaknesses of a leader, personality test is what is advocated for in most of the times. Trait approach emphasizes on the fact that most of the leaders we see today are born despite them being able to tap into someone else idea of having answers and leading the way forward.
The other type of approach that can as well be used to make leadership theory more inclusive and broader is the skills approach which emphasizes on the leaders’ skills and abilities (Northouse, 2012). Contrary to the trait approach where skill are thought to be innate and fixed, the skills approach is thought to be learned and developed. The different types of personal skills which are known to influence the effectiveness of good leadership include human and conceptual skills together with the technical skills which are competencies in a specialized area involving the hands-on activity. The capacity to get along with others is what is termed as the human skills and is very crucial for a leader to learn how to get along with people to avoid conflicts. A leader should be able to work with the ideas of the people whom he leads and the abstract concepts which are put across by people, hence, by doing this he will have well incorporated the conceptual skills which entails the management matters in his leadership as required. Skills theoretical approach has been able to come up with the capability model well known in the linkage of the skills to effectiveness and leaders knowledge and inclusive of competencies, environmental influences, career experiences, individual attributes and the leadership outcomes. According to Northouse (2009), a leader should portray the ability to handle problem in an organization and also have a good ability to solve problems in comparison of good understanding of the people’s social systems. Leadership also entails accumulation of information and mental structures with the aim of making meaning out of complex systems and be able to act well as required in a fair manner to all people. In order to work well with the skills approach a leader should also have crystallized cognitive ability, personality, and cognitive capacity which advocates for good motivation.
Another leader centric theory is the style approach, which provides a good broad framework of how people act or how leaders should behave in their daily leadership role. The approach mainly focuses on relationship behavior of the leader and the task behavior that they portray in their job in bid to influence others and to make progress towards a particular goal. In leadership care and respect of all humanity ought to be portrayed as this helps to show how considerate a leader is through the demonstrations of good orientations to people and clear production orientation. When production orientation is employed in leadership it will enhance in making the organization work done while, employee orientation will better the human relation who get united and work tireless toward achieving their goal. Style approach provides ideas which describe the leadership behavior and how it impacts on their task and the people involved hence, one can clearly analyze if the failures seen are as a result of the poor leadership or if the achievements are as a result of the good leadership (Northouse, 2015).
The approach that can be integrated into a broader and a more inclusive theory of leadership is the situational approach, which states that different situations are known to produce different demands on leaders who by all means must adapt to them to better their leadership skills. The degree to which others need support and direction or what they even require influences how a certain leader will be able to respond to any given situation or a problem that has cropped up in his leadership. Situational approach focuses on the development of the subordinate and the leadership style which involves the supportive behaviors and the directives which are employed by a leader to influence others to carry out their required task to achieve a certain goal. According to Northouse (2014) a leader should be very sensitive when giving out instructions of what is supposed to be done and how that should be done as this direct influence the goal of his leadership; hence, should be done positively. In regard to having supportive behavior as a leader this will help people feel comfortable to speak out their needs to the leader who will show some concert to support them accordingly. A leader should be concerned with they who are very committed and competent in completing their task on time and be ready to motivate them to keep up with same spirit of hard work.
Bibliography
Northouse, P.G. 2009. Leadership: Theory and Practice, 5th Edition. SAGE Publications
Northouse, P.G. 2011. Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice. SAGE Publications
Northouse, P.G. 2012. Leadership: Theory and Practice, 6th Edition. SAGE Publications
Northouse, P.G. 2014. Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice, 3rd Edition. SAGE Publications
Cultural competence: Registered Professional Nurse Responsibility
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linked item M6A3: Cultural Competence: Registered Professional Nurse Responsibility Paper
Using APA format, write a six (6) to ten (10) page paper (excludes cover and reference page) that examines culturally sensitive nursing care. The paper consists of two (2) parts and must be submitted by the close of week six (6).
A minimum of three (3) current professional references must be provided. Current references include professional publications and valid websites dated within five (5) years. Additionally, a textbook that is no more than one (1) edition old may be used.
Part 1 – Introduction
Address the following:
Using your own words, define culturally competent nursing care. Support the definition with a professional literature citation.
Identify four (4) guidelines the registered professional nurse may use to enhance the ability to provide culturally competent nursing care. Provide one example the culturally competent nurse applies to each of the four (4) selected guidelines. At least one example must address care of patient not occurring in an acute care hospital.
Describe how the registered professional nurse evaluates if the patient’s cultural needs have been met?
Describe whether cultural practices must be accommodated in all aspects of health care? Provide a specific example and rationale to support your response.
Part 2- Demonstrating Culturally Competent Nursing Care
Address the following:
Select one of the following cultures:
Asian
Native American
Hispanic
Select four (4) cultural features, associated with the selected cultures that influence the provision of nursing care for patients with chronic illness and at the end of their lives. Describe how the four (4) cultural features influence the provision of care to the patients.
Provide two (2) examples that demonstrate nursing care, which reflects the respect for the dignity and uniqueness of those cultural features for patients experiencing chronic illness and at the end of their lives.
Compose your work using a word processor (or other software as appropriate) and save it frequently to your computer. Use a 12 font size, double space your work and use APA format for citations, references, and overall format. Assistance with APA citations and references is available through the free resource Citation Machine™. Assistance with APA format, grammar, and avoiding plagiarism is available for free through the Excelsior College Online Writing Lab (OWL). Be sure to check your work and correct any spelling or grammatical errors before you submit your assignment
NB
This task is 7 pages.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Registered Professional Nurse Responsibility
Cultural competence: Registered Professional Nurse Responsibility
Today, registered nurses offer public health care to populations from diverse cultures; each with unique cultural and religious spirituality. Culture is defined as shared values and character, transmitted from one generation to another, which distinguish individuals of one group from another. Therefore, it is vital to understand patient cultural background because they impact significantly on the patients’ health and illness (Astrid et al, 2010). Cultural diversity is recognizes individual uniqueness in terms of their socio economic status, physical attributes, ethnicity, political and religious beliefs. The cultural diversity concept entails respecting person’s cultural background in order to relate with them i.e. cultural competence. According to The Primary care Access Network (PCAN) of central Florida, culture competence refers to all activities geared towards effective and sensitive delivery of quality health care. It entails a set of attitudes and regulatory policies that work together in ensuring that health care practitioners function effectively and sensitively across the board. Becoming culturally competent requires self-awareness and commitment to give safe and quality health care services to everyone irrespective of their backgrounds (CDC, 2014).To provide competent health care, the following four guidelines are followed; a) Acknowledge and respect diverse cultural influence b) Cultural care accommodation c) Widen knowledge on cultural diversity and d) Culture care preservation
To start with, the practitioner should acknowledge and respect the cultural influence in personal and professional way of life. The guideline supports patient centered model; where the nurse focuses on the patient rather than treating the illness. According to this guideline, illness is interpretation of individual’s ailment interpreted by their sociocultural factors. For instance, some cultures may associate mental disorder such as Schizophrenia as being inhabited by evil spirit. It is the nurse’s obligation to listen the disease description according to the patient’s perspective. Secondly, health practitioner should be vigilant regarding the dynamics of cross cultural relations to enhance communication. Cross cultural interaction brings forth the possibility of misjudging other people’s actions or intentions. More insights on patient’s cultural background minimize stereotyping incidences; and develop mutual beneficial relationship between the parties. The medical practitioner should Listen to patient’s description of the problem; explain the perception into medical terms and prescribe the treatment (Norton &Marks-Maran, 2014).
Thirdly, The practitioners should broaden their cultural diversity knowledge, and incorporate it into their profession. The increased knowledge about the person’s sociocultural concepts enhances the relationship especially during physical examination processes i.e. facilitate in identifying what questions to ask, avoid, modify and how to put them across. For instance, questioning sexual behavior among Hispanic community is disrespectful, and patients may not collaborate. Some religion does not permit vaccination, and therefore, may exempt their new born from getting immunization. Nurses should get acquainted on the relevant sociocultural beliefs of the ethnographic local communities. Lastly, Nurses should develop and adapt to the identified culturally sensitive interventions which will enhance better relation between patients’ needs and clinicians needs (Dudas, 2012).
An Islam Imam (spiritual leader) suffered mild dementia while visiting his son in Toronto. He was physically examined, and all cultural questions posed were answered by his son. The patient condition deteriorated and was transferred to the ICU. After several interventions, the nurse in-charge decided to help the elderly man in grooming and personal hygiene. The first step was to clean shave the long and unkempt beard. In the process, the nurse let the man know that she was going to shave his beard; the man seemed to nod, and the nurse concluded that he agreed with the entire hygiene Practices. The nurse went home very happy and proud to have provided such good comfort and care for the elderly. When the son visited the following morning, he was horrified at the sight of his father. He rushed out of the room and reprimanded the nurse. Apparently, the father was a holy man so his beard had never been cut. The family had to make new arrangements of how to sacrifice for this taboo. The nurse was charged with negligence of cultural beliefs Therefore, it is important to identify all practices and beliefs by designing assessment questions elicit to provide more information. The healthcare institution should involve political, religious and non-religious experts when designing such assessments. This will ensure that health care services are delivered in a way that respects and values cultural practices. From this example, it is obvious that cultural competent care is very important in providing quality and satisfying patients care (CNO, 2009).
Nursing scholars have debated on ways to ensure cultural competence in nursing. Cultural assessment interview plays vital role when evaluating patient cultural needs. This is done by asking relevant but open-ended questions to the patient, and giving them opportunities to elaborate on them (Mareno & Hart, 2014). Patients become more co-operative if a nurse shows interest in learning more their cultural back ground. The nurse should make the comfortable enough to make the open up about everything they have done prior to seeking medical attention. Georgetown University have established Cultural competence Health practitioner Assessment program which can be downloaded from their website. Generally, The nurse must listen and must not misjudge or stereotype the patient. Some of the questions that could be integrated to gather clients culture include; asking the patient to explain what could have caused the ailment; letting the patient explain what they think the disease does to them; enquiring on the major problem the patient thinks could have been caused by the illness; what steps or precautions they have taken since commencement of the illness; enquire what kind of treatment they expect or their overall expectation; and asking for other information that seems culturally important (Mcclimens et al, 2014).
Nursing profession is a caring profession. Nurses must reflect on cultural values of the society especially in this era of globalization and massive international movement. The only way to ensure that cultural competent services are offered is by acquiring more about transcultural nursing practices, especially by conducting comparative analysis of various cultures nursing care, values and beliefs. (Mareno & Hart, 2014). However, noting the broad differences across culture is not enough, relying on data only risks generalization and stereotyping because even two individuals from the same community or ethnic group, may have different experiences and expectations from the same illness, influenced by their education and socio economic background. Language barriers are the most common obstacle when delivering health care services which impedes clear communication between patient and the health practitioner. Most common law suits are miscommunication related cases. Understanding cultural diversity will improve patient treatment and safeguard them from malpractice (Rily, Tish &Nancy, 2014). The world is a global village. Citizens from any particular part of the world are from all sorts of backgrounds. This presents challenges to the health sector during service delivery to patients. Therefore, cultural competency and sensitivity program must be incorporated in medical schools. Leaving cultural disparities in health care unattended could lead to high turnover rate, mortalities and disease burden in certain geographic locations. This will directly or indirectly impact on every person in the US. Therefore, every health practitioner has unique opportunity to take leadership to improve quality of life through culturally competent health care (Mcclimens et al, 2014).
Part 2
Good health care practices entail the provision of quality care through changing risky behavior that hallmarks cultural miscommunications and misunderstandings. These misunderstandings are obstacles in responding to the growing health care demands for Hispanics. Hispanics represents approximately 55% of US total population. Hispanic culture upholds family institution, and it comprises of the extended relatives including grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins, god parents and family’s siblings. When ill, Hispanic person mostly consult with their family members, and frequently ask the members to accompany them to the hospital. Hispanic culture entails provision of love and support to the ill; which could be opposed by institutional rules such as limit of patient’s visitors (Antonio, 2014).
Additionally, Hispanic culture emphasizes on interdependence and cooperation. Therefore, the patient’s relatives will be actively involved in decision making and treatment processes which may not be entertained by most health institutions. Hispanic culture is mediated by respect. Respect involves appropriate behavior based on individual’s age, gender, and socio economic status. Thus, the elderly demands respect from the young, men demands respect from women and so on. Hispanics show respect by avoiding eye contact to the authority which could be misinterpreted as lack of interest. Due to their medical expertise, health practitioners are afforded great respect; most Hispanic patient will regard the physician advice. Respect is highly valued in this culture and a patient may terminate treatment if any signs of disrespect are perceived. Family information remains confidential and must remain within the family. Therefore, questions on health related problems such as sexual practices, alcoholism and mental disorders are perceived as embarrassing and disrespectful. To gather this kind of information, registered nurse should ask them indirectly (CNO, 2009).
As a registered nurse, having some culture insights facilitate communication. Therefore, working in ethnographic regions whose larger local population is Hispanics; the health practitioner should retrieve secondary data analyzed by CDC databases. Due to their collectivistic tendency, registered nurse should allow collective responsibility during decision making. Most Hispanics are group oriented. The family has a right to make decisions regarding health care interventions necessary and in most cases, they are actively involved in decision process in order to allow the patient to rest and recover peacefully. The nurse can request the patient to identify the family’s spokesman. If they are out of country, the nurse should be patient and wait to get consent for the therapy. To accord respect to the patient, the nurse can address them using their language formal titles such as, Mr., Mrs., Miss, Senöra or Senör. In most cases, Hispanics nod out of respect to the authority (health practitioner), that does not necessarily imply that they agree with the nurse. In this case, the registered nurse should pay attention to the non- verbal communication, and attempt to clarify further if required. In most cases, silence is a sign of respect; the nurse should be patient for a response. If need be, the nurse can ask for an interpreter. Additionally, most Hispanic is religious and beliefs that illness and death are natural life processes. Because of this belief, the patient tends to neglect health acre attention until their health worsens significantly. In some cases, the family may want the patient spend end of life at home. The patient may associate the setting impersonal and disrupts their family relationship (CDC, 2014).
Nurses are privileged to meet people during the period of crisis in their lives when they are required to provide their expertise. People attitude toward death and bereaved are influenced by their cultural, religious and socioeconomic background. The nurse should always remember that there are aspects within every cultural grouping which could be solved through competent cultural care and comprehensive communication. For instance, a client from Hispanic community requests for sweet-grass ceremony as her last wish. The ceremony is a part of cultural treatment, which involves burning of incense stick and prayer chanting, and will be conducted in the hospital. Heeding to the patient’s request implies that the nurse will break the institutional policy. What is the solution to this case scenario? In this case, other options should be explored by consulting the relevant authorities in other departments. If the activity is determined as risky to other patients, then the client can be transferred to private room where the ceremony can be conducted. Inexperience’s and fear are the most common obstacles to providing cultural competence care. Through consultation with higher authorities, the nurse is able to address the issue (CNO, 2009).
References
Antonio, MA. 2014. Latin American culture: A deconstruction of stereotypes. Studies in Latin American Popular Culture Vol 32, 73-100
Dudas, K. (2012) Cultural competence: An evolutionary concept analysis. Nursing Education Perspectives 33; 5,317-321
Norton, D. & Marks- Maran, D (2014) Developing cultural sensitivity and awareness in nursing overseas. Nursing standards, 28, 44, 39-44
Mareno, N. & Hart, PL (2014) Cultural competency among nurses with undergraduate and graduate degrees: Implications for nursing education. Nursing education perspective 35, 2, 83-90
Mcclimens, A. Et al (2014) Recognizing and respecting patient’s cultural diversity. Nursing standard, 28; 28, 45-52
Riley, D., Tish, S., & Nancy, Y. (2012) Cultural competence of practicing nurses entering an RN-BSN program. Nursing education perspective 33, 6, 381-385
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Abbreviated Qualitative Research Plan for increasing concerns on health disparities
Order Instructions:
Submit Draft of an Abbreviated Qualitative Research Plan for (Health disparities are a growing concern in the U.S. There are also a significant proportion of people with limited or no health insurance which may prevent them from receiving adequate health care, medication, and the use preventative measures such as exercise and diet. How would you address this issue?)
You will apply qualitative research methods this week when you develop a qualitative research plan that seeks to answer your research problem and research question.
To prepare for this Application, first focus on the following instructions:
Draft an introduction for your abbreviated research plan.
Next, ask yourself the following questions:
What are your research questions?
To what extent can you test them?
How would you justify the viability of your questions?
Why would this design be the most appropriate for answering the research questions?
Conversely, why would quantitative and mixed methods not be appropriate?
What approach would you select for this study (ethnography, grounded theory, case study, phenomenology, narrative)?
Why is that approach the most appropriate one for answering the research questions?
What theoretical framework or perspective would you use?
What would be your role as the researcher?
What is your target population?
How would you identify and recruit participants?
What factors would contribute to determining appropriate sample size? You will not need to calculate sample size for this assignment.
If appropriate for your plan, what instruments might you need?
What data collection procedures might you use? Why would those be the most appropriate methods to use?
How would that data help to answer your research question(s)?
How would you ensure quality and reliability of data?
What are threats to validity? How might you mitigate them?
How might you analyze the data?
What are the ethical considerations related to the plan?
The assignment:
Craft a 2- to 3-page paper in which you
Provide an introduction.
Provide a purpose statement.
Provide viable research questions.
Generate a written research plan that addresses the above questions.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Abbreviated Qualitative Research Plan
Abbreviated Qualitative Research Plan for increasing concerns on health disparities
Introduction
Many constitutionals across the world and US included require that citizen’s access to healthcare because it is their right. However, in many times million of people are unable to access to quality healthcare because of various reasons one of them being lack of income and resources at their disposal. This is challenges that require immediate address by the concerned parties. Many people have no insurance covers; have no accessibility to health diet and exercises that negatively impact on their healthcare. This research study focuses on the under privilege population that have no capability to access to healthcare.
Purpose statement
Healthcare remains as one of the key sectors in any country. A population that is health impacts on all other sectors of the economy and propels the country towards achievement of its goals. Countries that face healthcare challenges experienced many problems that deter them from leading better lives. Many people cannot access to quality healthcare because they have no money and resources. It is not their desire to get better medication like anyone else but are limited by the circumstances. The government has a responsibility to facilitate accessibility of healthcare and reduce the ever-increasing gap between those that can access to healthcare and those that cannot (Kreuter et al., 2014). Reducing the gap will guarantee better living as many will be able to access to better healthcare. Government initiatives such as passage of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 promises to bring relief to millions of people that had no capability to access to better healthcare (Kreuter et al., 2014). The insurance covers will increase the number of people that will be able to access to good medication, and healthcare. This will as well help to end the stalemate, as many will access to healthcare. Nevertheless, with such measures, a lot needs to be done.
Research questions
Do you approval existence of health disparities
How beneficial is it to have an insurance cover?
How can the problem of health disparity be managed?
Research plan that addresses the above questions
The three questions will be addressed using qualitative research. This study will allow in depth understanding of the disparities in healthcare through the responses from the responses (Creswell, 2003). The questions require the responded to provide their observation and views that can be captured and understood through description. The questions are valid as they are testable and focus on the topic of study. In the study, the researcher will adopt phenomenology approach, as this will help to answer the questions in-depth. It is as well provides an opportunity to have more insights on the topic of study.
The research will as well have a theoretical framework on health accessibility and disparities to help enhance understanding of the study. The role of the researcher in the study is to ensure that appropriate instruments are available and that the study is carried out well by adhering to all the requirements . The target population the study is the members of the public that are eligible and qualified to have an insurance cover. The target population will be identified through correspondents and will be randomly selected. The type of the research will determine sample size. Since this is qualitative research, sample size will be small to impact on the results. Sample size will be calculated as well
Instruments that I may use include consent form, telephone and others. Other instrument to use is interview to collect data from the participants. I will have to make a schedule where I will visit the participants and ask them questions relating to the study to get information from them. Data reliability and quality will be achieved by using credible sources and using the best methods to analyze the information. I will as well ensure that the data is not tempered by any one.
Threats to validity may include false information from the participants and failure to take or keep good records of the interview proceedings. Data analyzing will be done through interpretation. The data will be coded and then inferences made. Ethics should as well be upheld. Some of the ethical concerns relating to the plans are selection of the participants and data analysis procedures.
References
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Submit Draft of Abbreviated Quantitative Research Plan on (Health disparities are a growing concern in the U.S. There are also a significant proportion of people with limited or no health insurance which may prevent them from receiving adequate health care, medication, and the use preventative measures such as exercise and diet. How would you address this issue?)
You will apply quantitative research methods when you develop an abbreviated quantitative research plan that seeks to answer your research problem and research questions/hypotheses.
To prepare for this Application, first focus on the following instructions:
Review Chapter 8 in the course text, Research Design, the “Threats to Internal Validity” handout, and the “Quantitative Methods: Examples” med
Based on your discipline’s research problem scenario, create a problem statement.
Draft an introduction for your abbreviated research plan.
Next, ask yourself the following questions:
What are your research questions? To what extent can you test them? How would you justify the viability of your questions?
What are your hypotheses? How would you test them?
Why would this design be the most appropriate for answering the research questions? Conversely, why would qualitative and mixed methods designs not be appropriate?
What quantitative approach would you select for this study? Why is that approach the most appropriate one for answering the research questions?
What theoretical framework or perspective would you use?
What is your target population? How would you identify and recruit participants? What factors would contribute to determining appropriate sample size? You will not need to calculate sample size for this assignment.
What are the independent and dependent variables?
If appropriate for your plan, what instruments might you need?
What data collection procedures might you use? Why would those be the most appropriate methods to use?
How would that data help to answer your research question(s)/hypotheses?
What are threats to validity? How might you mitigate them?
How might you analyze the data?
What are the ethical considerations related to the plan?
The assignment:
Craft a 2- to 3-page paper in which you do the following:
Provide an introduction.
Provide a purpose statement.
Provide viable research questions and hypotheses.
Generate a written research plan that addresses the above questions.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Improving the U.S. Healthcare Needs
Introduction
The present health disparities being witnessed in the U.S. is worrisome. This is coupled with the fact that majority of U.S. nationals do not adequately enjoy health covers, meant to be provided by established health insurance companies. Contrary to what it is expected, the usage of preventive measures including diet and exercise has been limited, thus putting the progress of health among people to question. It calls for the government and key agencies to safeguard the health of their dear citizens by ensuring that there is comprehensive medical cover being provided by insurance companies; that everyone exercises proper diet, and that every citizen accesses quality health care by virtue of being informed of everything concerning their health.
Research Question
This proposal seeks to determine the appropriate medical interventions required for ensuring comprehensive health care, medical covers, and role being played by health insurance companies to safeguard the health of Americans. The proposal shall seek to answer the below question:
What are the appropriate medical care and insurance cover that should be enjoyed by all U.S citizens to protect and foster their health?
Research Methodology
The research methodology used affects the results of any research. Research methodology affects data collection methods (Reswell 2003, p31). Quantitative data requires the measuring of variables and testing of existing hypothesis. Quantitative research methodology involves verification of numerical data. Qualitative research methodology involves theoretical data. It involves evaluation of existing theories, beliefs, and hypothesis in order to either approve or disapprove them. Research methodology and research in general involves finding a solution to a problem. This research uses qualitative research methods to gather information from relevant bodies and people who will inform of the methods that should be used for safeguarding the health of U.S. citizens, by providing the with the required medical care and ensuring their health vitality and enjoyment. The aim of the research is to trigger necessary verifiable actions to be taken with immediate effect to salvage the problem. This proposal uses only quantitative data in its analysis. It also employs various data collection methods such as surveys, interviews, as well as observation in order to answer the research question.
Research Design
According to Kumar (2010, p93), research design entails both the research methodology as well as the procedures used. This proposal applies descriptive research design that involves case studies, surveys, and observation methods. The research design allows the collection of data at the least possible cost, time, and effort. The research design enables the answering of the research problem by outlining the below objective of the study:
To establish the appropriate healthcare practices that can be adopted by the U.S. Government, together with relevant agencies and health insurance bodies to safeguard the health of the citizens.
The project will use both primary and secondary data sources on sourcing information about health insurance covers. The method of data collection used includes conducting of surveys, interviews, as well as collection of data from secondary sources. This research will collect information from relevant bodies and health insurance companies as well. The research will use random sampling in choosing relevant bodies and health insurance companies to obtain information. This research will also conduct interviews of citizens who have been denied proper medical care by seeking to find out their fears, the needs, and the suffering they undergo for failing to access proper health care. The research tools used prevents this research from digressing away from the research objectives. This is by ensuring accurate collection of data. The research tools determine the methods of data collection used.
Rational for using quantitative approach
This research uses quantitative approach as opposed to qualitative approach. This is because data on the research is mostly quantitative. This data exists only in terms of words and not numerically. The type of data collected determines the kind of research therefore; this research uses quantitative approach due to the use of quantitative data.
Research sampling methods
This research uses small size samples in order to achieve accurate results. This research uses probability sampling in choosing the samples interviewed. This is where every health care agencies, health care insurance companies, and citizens have equal chance of selection. The research uses cluster sampling where the researcher organizes the samples into groups to have equal chances of selection.
Data collection
This research uses interview method to collect information from health care agencies on the best approach to use in providing for adequate health care to citizens. This research adheres to ethical issues in data collection such as privacy of information. The research does not reveal the names of the citizens interviewed as a way of maintaining confidentiality. This research also sought the consent of the interviewees before using their information in data analysis (Willkes, 2012). Apart from conducting interviews, the research collected information through conducting surveys on the best healthcare practices on all citizens. The research also applies observation method to collect data. Observing the citizens reactions to what is lacking in health care platforms enabled in developing conclusions of the research.
Application of results to improve healthcare
The research recommends that key health care agencies and insurance companies should embark on transforming the situation presently in the U.S. The research proposes that everyone should be insured against health risks, and that any losses of lives as well as injuries.
Conclusion
It is therefore necessary that nurses and other hospital workers adopt safety mechanism of alleviating this situation. This research proposes the adopting of proper health measures that if well implemented, can significantly reduce the recent health care trends in America.
