Category: Writing

MEMORANDUM ASSIGNMENT PAPER

MEMORANDUM
MEMORANDUM

MEMORANDUM

Order Instructions:

The writer is required to use the same paper to add more information up to 8 pages.

for the first question I need to have two more pages of information with two more reference. For the second question I need five more pages and five more references.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Question 1

MEMORANDUM

TO:                  The Mayor

FROM:            Planning Staff Member

DATE:            November 25, 2014

RE:                  Possible Plans for a Publicly Funded Water Park

Given that the city is a tourist destination that draws thousands of summer and winter visitors to a variety of privately-owned amusement parks in the city’s immediate area, there is need to outline plans for a possible publicly funded water park in the city. A recommendation on whether the city should or should not move forward with the water park project will be based on merit (Philippe, 2009).

The arguments in favor of the publicly funded water park can be outlined as follows. Establishing a public funded water park will usurp corrupt and unfair city and government policies. This project will help to demonstrate that corruption can be managed through openness.  Corruption has been a major menace to the economy as millions of money has got lost in the hands of few greedy individuals. Secondly, this is a step that will improve the access to the water park.  Water  is very important  in the park and this project  is an opportunity s as it will make it easier for the users of the park to access it.  In addition, another positive outcome that will be a result of the publicly funded water park will result to improved efficiency and consequently water will be treated as an economic resource for the city as a result of the implementation (Philippe, 2009). This means that, part of the water will be sold to the people or visitors hence generating income that will be ploughed d in the other development area of the region.  Establishing a public funded water park will be a solution to the deteriorating public water systems that are currently feeling the triple-pinch of the dwindled federal and local funds. Water is considered a human right and not a business enterprise and hence this project would be a response to the rising public concern regarding water service availability.

The arguments against also underline the fact that water must not only satisfy the use domestically but also serve agriculture and the industry. This argument arises from the aims of this project failing to consider the farmers that as well require this water for their farming. Farming is an important ventured that allows the people in the city to have food on their tables and therefore, it need not to be out of the equation.  The points against are that water should be provided by the government since the appropriate incentives will encourage it to solve the looming crisis.  The government has an obligation to ensure that it provides water and other essential needs to the people. Secondly, it is argued that water companies should pay accountability to their shareholders, and not conversely to the society and hence they will not seek to provide the water to all citizens (U.S. Geological Survey, 2005). Additionally, opponents of the possible plans to a publicly funded water park will argue that water privatization will impact the poor negatively, besides stating that since water is a universal human right, it can therefore not be privatized or sold to humans.  People with low level of income are vulnerable if this water will be sold at a fee. They will not be able to benefit from the water projects and yet it is the obligation of the government to ensure that such individuals as well access to clean water. As the pressure to investment in sufficient water supply increases, this burden will fall on the public water utilities that service over 80per cent of the US population. The problem of these artificially low rate public water utilities will be witnessed in the city if the public water park plan goes through (U.S. Geological Survey, 2005).

There several groups in the city that are concerned with the concerns of water provisions will obviously take a side of the plan to a public funded water park; some of the groups will favor the plan while others will oppose this project (U.S. Geological Survey, 2005). It is expected that the opponents will demand that the idea to create public funded water will salvage the right to water for the city participants and hence the mayor should prevent any privatization forms of these essential resource. The group may also demand their participation in the project to allow them criticize on the areas that require more amendments. The groups that are expected to be opposed to the plan are numerous environment, community, labor and youth organizations, and will rally against this plan. There are groups that will be expected to be at the fore front of favoring the implantation off the plan for a public funded water park including NGOs, The World Bank, Private water companies and a large number of the public that are not aligned to opposition (U.S. Geological Survey, 2005). These categories of group that favor implementation of the plan will have their specific reasons. For instance, the World Bank would view this project as a solution to the water shortage in the region. It is an opportunity to uplift the living standards of the people in the region, as they will be assured of receiving water.

Techniques for measuring the revenue and costs of water will need to be implemented to ensure that the financial planning is done. The Non-revenue water (NRW) refers to water that is lost after production before the customer manages to use it. The NRW will be a typical measure of the ‘lost’ volume of water as net water produced share (Foshee, 2007). NRW has a variety of audits and components that will ensure that the costs and revenue of water are well documented for the public funded water park. The International Water Association (IWA) has come up with a comprehensive methodology for the assessment of the various NRW components, which are accordingly: authorized consumption that is unbilled; losses that are apparent as a result of metering inaccuracies and water theft; and the real losses accrued from the mains of transmission, facilities of storage, mains for distribution or service connections (Foshee, 2007).

A general cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of the plan for a public water park can be enumerated to find out the costs and benefits that are associated with putting in place a public fund water park. The benefits that are both direct and indirect will impact the consumers, the industry investors, the government and the environment (Foshee, 2007). The consumers will have a better access to water more reliably securely and recreationally; employment opportunities will be provided, and water for recreational use will be available then on. The investors in the plan will have revenue increases, reduced costs and will achieve improved margin of reserve. The city-level water markets will be integrated allowing sufficient scale in water provision. There will also be an indirect benefit for irrigation water for purposes of farming.  Farmers will therefore receive water at a reduced cost helping them increase their farm productivity. The government and hence the city council will have reduced fiscal strain as a result of the reduction of water cost investments. Additionally there will be reduced environmental impact as deforestation will be dealt with through the growth of land cover has ultimately resulting to sustainable development due to the more efficient use of the water resource (Foshee, 2007).  Government as well stands a chance to gain from the revenue to be gained as a result of income tax on the people that will gain employment to render various services relating to the water park (Laslo & Gurevich, 2014).

Notably, there will be cost to the plan to create a public funded water park. There will be displacement of people in large scale as the communities in the areas that will be used in the implementation of the plan will be forced to relocate (Deutsche Welle, 2011). There will be costs to the investment as a result of the high cost of the initial phase of the investment. The government and hence the city will incur high costs of setup associated with the installation of a new water park.  They will have to cater for the costs of the human resources, raw material and the costs in refunding the persons to be relocated to pave way for the implementation of the project. Environmentally, the ecosystem will be disrupted, as the project will involve disturbance of vegetation and animal population; this is a danger to the destruction and possibly extinction of various plant and animal species (Deutsche Welle, 2011).

Industry reform will make it possible to use tools to identify the location and timeframe of the public fund water project. The tool that will be utilized is a project management approach that will apply a purpose-developed geographic information system in the streamlining of the installation of 50,000 meters in just 15 months – identification of properties, expenditure forecasting, installation scheduling, contractor workflow implementation, and obtaining the first meter readings (Deutsche Welle, 2011). This innovative IT project tool for management has been previously acclaimed with an award as a result of the installation of efficient water meters as well as the automation of thousands of transactions daily , reduced water waste and leakage, while reducing the cost of water metering by over 50 per cent. This tool is efficient and will ensure compliance in compact time frame through technology, leveraging the expert’s knowhow, meeting strict deadline, hence resulting to efficiencies (Deutsche Welle, 2011).

The groups that are anticipated to favor the projects are also expected to collaborate with the city on the project, and consequently those groups anticipated to oppose the project are expected to actively campaign against the project (World Bank, 2011). The groups that are expected to be opposed to the plan are numerous environment, community, labor and youth organizations, and will rally against this plan. They will especially use the costs identifies in the CBA as the frameworks for arguing against the projects. There are groups that will be expected to be at the fore front of favoring the implantation off the plan for a public funded water park including NGOs, The World Bank, Private water companies and a large number of the public that are not aligned to opposition. These groups will argue on the basis of the benefits of the project and will support the implementation to achieve the projections according to the innovative IT project tool for management (World Bank, 2011).

Since it is a public funded project there should be avenues for providing public input and dialog about the progress of the project. There are key consideration that should be put into place to ensure the involvement of the public, and consequently, the project management team should incorporate details on the involvement of stakeholders, identification and deliverance of message, developing a plan for public involvement, citing the requirements for the public involvement in the various capacities especially in compliance with the National Environmental Protection Act, as well as incorporating the  techniques and tools for the success of the project (World Bank, 2011). The public input would be crucial in pushing the project on the required timeframes and satisfying the customer needs. A flexible approach should be implemented to involve the public in all the stages of the implementation through including them in the management teams. Inclusion of the members of the public in most of the stages of implementation of the project will help the project move on smoothly with less resistance. Members of the public will feel valued and appreciated if the project incorporates them in all processes of its implementation (Viesojo et al., 2013).  The project will affect them and therefore it is critical that they are included in its implementation and management. The avenues that can be identified in this setting are all the employment opportunities from blue-collar jobs to documentation, to stratification to involvement in compliance teams and the project management team of course.  This is a public project, and for every stage, there should be avenues for identification and involvement of public stakeholders (World Bank, 2011).  Involving public stakeholders   is a clear indication of openness and transparency and therefore cases of misappropriation of funds will not surface.

There are financial constraints and gains that would be effected by the water park. Much of the financial gains will be aligned in the elimination of water stress. As a result of the combination of problems, that include the growth of population, constrained supply of water and high poverty levels in the city, this project will assist the city from being hit hard by the water stress (Bosch et al, 2011). Resource-constrained and finance-constrained water stress which is part of many cities today will not be a trend that will affect the city. However, constraints will come in terms of the finances that will be channeled to the project leaving a vulnerability in the management of the health crisis of malaria, HIV/AIDS, TB, and now probably Ebola. These constraints may make the issue of the project lose its importance (Bosch et al., 2011).  This is a heavy  project  that  requires  huge investments.   For the project to conclude, it is expected to costs colossal amounts of money meaning that  some sectors budgets will be  reduced to allow for  completion of this project.  Lack of  high professional staffs  to  implement the project  may compromise of the  project.  The project may fail to  meet the expectations  leading to losses.  Other constraints include, resources wastage due to inappropriate  management practices.

There are various instances of research, evidence, figures and comparisons that will need to be considered for the project on the city’s behalf. The city will really need a water park due to the decreased reliance and safety of water;

This a project that will improve on the number of people that are accessing improved drinking water, especially compared with urban growth;

Fig: Urban population gaining access to improved drinking-water compared to urban population growth 1990-2008 (Economist, 2003)

Consider the case of water pricing for a majority of Southern Tasmania urban areas was based on land value. There was a Regulator requirement for two part pricing (service fee and volumetric consumption fee) by 1 July 2012. Therefore, 52,000 meters water meters needed to be installed. Project Management applying a purpose-developed Geographic Information System streamlined the installation of 52,000 meters in just 12 months (Economist, 2003).

I do believe that the information provided is sufficient in enhancing understanding of the pros and cons of the project.  Information provided is credible and substantiated with evidenced based research.  It is therefore, up to you to deliberate on this information and evaluate whether indeed the project is worthwhile or not. I therefore hope this comparison will provide a merit on the best move regarding the project.

Planning Staff Member,

Best,

References

Bosch, Christophe, Hommann, Kirsten, Rubio, Gloria M., Sadoff, Claudia and Travers, Lee (2011), “Water, Sanitation and Poverty”, Intussen,[Accessed November 25, 2014]

Deutsche Welle (2011), “Water is a Human Right, UN Says”, Deutsche Welle,[Accessed July 11, 2011]

Economist (2003), “Private Passions”, Economist Magazine, [accessed November 25, 2014]

Foshee, Jack, et al. (2007), “Thirsty for Change: Concidering Water Privatization in Developing Nations”, Columbia University, [Accessed November 25, 2014]

Laslo, Z., & Gurevich, G. (2014). Enhancing Project on Time Within Budget Performance by  Implementing Proper Control Routines.  Management (1820-0222), 72: 53-69.

Philippe, Marin (2009), “Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities”, World Bank, [Accessed July 11, 2011]

U.S. Geological Survey. “Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000: Public Supply.” February 7, 2005. Accessed November 25, 2014.

Viesojo S et al., (2013). Public sector project management efficiency problems, case of latvia.       Region Formation & Development Studies,  11: 177-188.

World Bank (2011), “Paraguay – Community Based Rural Water Systems and the Development of Village Committees”, World Bank, [Accessed November 25, 2014].

Question

Introduction  

Recycling electronic wastes is one way of protecting environmental degradation. This practice goes on in many states in the world as it contributes to resource utility.  Conserving environment has become essential across the world to remedy environment and to ensure that the future generations enjoy their lives on this planet. This discussion deliberates on various aspects including social, political, and ethical implications in this case study

Background on case study

In the case study, the leader has signed the law I authored on protecting the environment. However, the law has seen transportation of electronic waste to third world countries.  These wastes are melted down in the countries exposing children and workers that melt them to hazardous chemicals. Some of the workers have died due to this exposure to chemical compounds. Land, water, and food supply have been contaminated exposing people lives at risk

Political implication

Political systems in a country are fundamental in shaping the laws and the way processes run. The government has the duty to ensure that it protects the people it serves by ensuring that they pass laws that are just and fair. Even though this bill was signed into law, it is apparent that it had some flaws that could be sealed.  It is a law that supports environmental conservation but on the other hand, it fails to provide tangible information that will ensure that people does not misuse its loopholes (Fahlquist, 2009).

The law has various loopholes that contribute to these implications experienced. One of the loopholes is that it fails to state clearly the procedures that should be taken to recycle the products once they are taken out of the industry (Kidwell, Farmer & Hardesty, 2013). These procedures should state clearly the location the recycling should take place and the processes or procedures to be used. The law also failed to highlight the chemical inherent in the products and their impacts to the people that participate in their recycling (Fahlquist, 2009). This would therefore informed the decision of their recycling as people would not be allowed to take part in this processes. Further, it is apparent that the region the law was signed into law was initially unaware that their recycling will ultimately have a child-labor component in the third world. It is clear that the region does not have much authority to control what happens in the third world region since it is governed by a different legislation (Duke, 2010.). The political economy of a place plays a major role as per capita income in the determination of the child labor level in the region. Therefore,  political implications of  this is that the  bill signed into law  should be amended to specify the procedures and the processes to help avoid  subjection of children  and experiencing of these deaths in the third world countries.

The political implications are that the third world regions practicing child labor should be coerced to increase their prosperity levels because this will reduce the incidence of child labor the total workforce proportion. Child labor cannot be eliminated with just one political legislation that bans the exercise, it is argued the elimination of child labor may leave then at a worse of a position than they were.  It is also clear that the political system in these regions is defective.  We cannot therefore blame the legislation entirely because it is the responsibility of the leaders to ensure that procedures are followed during this recycling. The fact that law exists does not mean that it is effective until it is implemented in the practical terms. Furthermore, ultimately wealth cannot explain or determine the child labor incidence and proportion of children in the workforce and the hazardous exposure.  It is actually a structural reflection of the local economy and although most of the time it is correlated with poverty, most of the time it is determined by economical local structures, production and finance, as well as cultural practices and norms (Duke, 2010).

The regions will need to involve their political tenets to stimulate economic growth to increase demand for adult, skilled labor and increased educational returns, besides incorporating measures to curb hazardous waste impact on the locals. It is all about government policy in these regions, exclusion of children from the formal sector setting does not imply they are precluded from working, nor does excluding industrial recycling from these regions increase the safety levels; it’s all about poor environmental and labor policing in these countries. This logic is hard to sink, and this may result to the third world region blaming it on the region that signed the legislation into law (Duke, 2010).  The third world countries  experiencing this  problem  have the obligation to  as well  come up with their laws  pertaining tor  environmental  conservation when it comes to recycling  used products. The law should address the loopholes in the laws of the country where these products come from. The law should indicate clearly the processes and procedures that require adherence, the age of persons expected to work in the recycling company among many other things. This will help to reduce the level of child abuses and deaths experienced in this country. By doing so, the political system should as well expected to incur some economic losses. The country even though has many children in these industries, it will loss revenue the children generate and therefore, it will face financial challenges that will require it to look for alternative sources.

Social implications

The practices experienced in this third world country as well have social implications.  Actions of the company affected society on different levels and magnitude. It is unfortunate incidence that require urgent measures to ensure that the lives of many chidden and workers and members of the community is not put at risk. Society is for many years believed to be the center of the nation.  Putting at risk the lives of the people is like killing the society.  The fact that the company is helping in conservation initiatives through recycling, these practices have very severe consequences/implications (Mangla, Madaan & Chan, 2013).

The first implication is exposing the lives of people at risk. Children and workers that work in this industry are exposed to hazardous chemicals that affect their health and even cause death. The chemical compounds may cause some deformities or disabilities to these children and workers making them encounter complications in future (Mangla, Madaan & Chan, 2013). These complications will then require the family members and the government to spend colossal sums of money in treating them the implication here is increased future costs of seeking health care. The taxpayers who are the members of the society will be expected to pay more to allow provision of healthcare. The member of deaths is also likely to increase (Mangla, Madaan & Chan, 2013). This is a liability to the society; as such individuals would have helped to develop the economy.

The toxics that flow into waters bodies such as rivers and those left on land will have negative impacts on the productivity. They will also affect other users of this water in areas the rivers flows (Hird, 2013). The community members will therefore have to suffer as they may develop various kinds of diseases that would deter them from  attending to their  everyday activities. They will not be able to provide for their family and this is likely to lead to family wrangles and conflicts leading to separations or persistent conflicts that will make it hard to provide good care to the children.

Children working in these industries are not attending to school and this is a great implication on the education sectors, the society will have people with little or no education. This is a serious path this will have negative consequences in the future of the children and schools.  A society without people that are educated has no focus and is preparing for hard times in future. The only solution is to allow these children to attend to school to gain skills and knowledge that will help them to lead a better life in their future. Furthermore, the child labor practices and instances of negatively impacting hazardous waste will change the lives of the third world locals by a very big proportion. These practices will result to significant financial losses as a result of health complications caused by the industrial activities. This will be a significant blow to this local economy (Lee, 2013). Surprisingly, workers will still work no matter the condition of the work environments and the impact they have on them, even for the child laborers. A National Hazardous Waste management Pan should be provided to these regions as a suggestion to improve the management of hazardous waste, while borrowing from the progress that has already been achieved by the local policy as well as the legislative changes that have been incorporated before this recycling efforts were introduced. These efforts will be targeted in enabling prevention collection, regulation, self-sufficiency, and legacy issues in terms of child labor, guidance and awareness, implementation of the suggested plan, and public consultation and involvement in any policies that will impact their lives by this magnitude in the future (Lee, 2013). This is a firm that generates negative externalities and that will need to consider its effects of its location on the surrounding population and social environment since their respective neighbors have a right to demand for compensation from the impacts of the hazardous waste as well as increase the transaction costs of location.

It is clear that the region that signed this legislation into law varies both in value individuals place on the environment and in the residents ability to organize socially. Firms like this one that process hazardous waste, when making a decision on where to expand capacity, should put into account the variations in the potential for the collective action against the negative impacts of the waste and the child labor instances (Lee, 2013).

Ethical implications

Practices and behaviors of individuals and entities are expected to uphold to ethical standards every time. Human beings are different animals from other animals and they must exercise their moral obligation well when making decisions pertaining to various aspects in their lives (Etzioni, 1991).  Being in a position to differentiate between right and wrong is part of ethics.

In this case, scenario, it is evident that there are breach of ethics and this has a number of implications to various parties including the government, political systems, individual and the community members among many others.  Allowing children to work in the factories is unethical. Children are protected by the law and do not require subjection to industrial or commercial practices (Guiltinan, 2009). This behavior needs discouragement. This violates the rights of the children, exposing children to such environment  affects their psychological/mental abilities that is likely to impact on their development and  perception about life.

Allowing workers to get exposed to these materials requiring recycling is also unethical. Such workers require appropriate protective gears to protect and prevent them from working in the factories without such gears. The implication of denying employees protective clothes increase rates of diseases, hospitalization and increased hospital costs. The affluent left to seep into water bodies as well as on land causes risk to the users of this water. This could be avoided because the act that harms others.

Furthermore, it can as well be argued that the issue discussed in the scenario involves three principles directly related to ethical issues regarding child labor and inappropriate waste management: protection beyond national borders; protection of future generations; and the burdens of future generations. Radioactive waste should be managed in such a way that it should make sure that possible effects of the radioactive waste on the human health and the environment beyond national borders is taken into account; part that the signed legislation failed to consider (Bogard, 2009). In regard to protection of future generations, hazardous waste should be managed in these third world countries in such a way that the predicted environmental, health and beyond impacts will not exceed the relevant impact levels that are acceptable in the third world region. This legislation signed into law, and unfortunately, it will result into a burden for future generations if not checked. It is a provision for the region that signed the legislation into law to assist the third world regions impacted by hazardous waste and child labor to manage the waste firm such that it will not impose burdens on their generations in future; at least they owe them that for a faulty legislation (Bogard, 2009).

The legislation therefore, has not considered the future of the people in the country and the future generations. The law seven though aimed at ensuring environmental conservation, it however   seems tor makes the situation worse. These children and workers face risks of succumbing to death or failing sick because of the chemicals (Guiltinan, 2009).  This are things that can be avoided and ensure that the workers work in a conducive environment. There is no effort by the government institutions to help the workers with protective gears even as they provide their services in these companies.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this case has provided an insight on how legislations that pertains to   environmental conservation can be tricky and complex. Such legislations before becoming law it is important that they are scrutinized to determine their impacts on political, social and ethics. Political systems in place should scrutinize the bill and as well evaluate the impacts of the bill on these systems.  Society is important unity and it must be factored when making such decisions similarly to ethical consideration.  In this study, the political, social and ethical implications of the child labor practices and the negative impacts of hazardous waste exposure are manifold. The legislation needed to have put into considerations these loopholes before signing it into law. A collective effort from these regions to the third world countries where the impact is felt will ensure successful mitigation of these negative implications, fast forward even, the law might be pulled down if these trends cannot be contained (Bogard, 2009).  Children face many challenges and risks just because of breaches and loopholes in the law that is supported to protect them. Environmental issue on initiatives needs to focus on the future generation.  Parties should therefore play their roles with diligent and commitment.

References 

Bogard, W.C (2009). Bringing theory to hazards research: conditions and consequences of the mitigation of environmental hazards. Sociological perspectives. 31, 147-68.

Duke, L. (2010.). Pollution Prevention and Hazardous Waste Management in Two Industrial Metal Finishing Facilities. Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials, 435-457.

Etzioni, A. (1991).  Reflections on the teaching of business ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly, 4(1): 355-365.

Fahlquist, J. (2009). Moral Responsibility for Environmental Problems—Individual or Institutional?  Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 22(2): 109-124

Guiltinan, J. (2009). Creative Destruction and Destructive Creations: Environmental Ethics and Planned Obsolescence. Journal of Business Ethics, 89: 19-28.

Hird, M. (2013). Waste, landfills, and an environmental ethic of vulnerability.  Ethics & the Environment, 18(1): 105-124.

Kidwell, B.,  Farmer, A., & Hardesty, D. (2013).  Getting Liberals and Conservatives to  Go Green: Political Ideology and Congruent Appeals.  Journal of Consumer  Research, 40(2): 350-367.

Lee, S. (2013). Development of an above-grade hazardous waste disposal facility for future          hazardous waste management. Waste Management, 336-336.

Mangla, S., Madaan, J., & Chan, F. (2013). Analysis of flexible decision strategies for sustainability-focused green product recovery system. International Journal of  Production Research, 51(11): 3428-3442.

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Implied Contracts Term Paper Available

Implied Contracts
Implied Contracts

Implied Contracts

Order Instructions:

• Implied Contracts
Resources

Review the criteria in your text for determining an implied contract (pages 630–631). Choose three of the criteria and identify a specific case or example that would prove to be contractually binding. In Chapter 18, you read about implied contracts. For this assignment, write a 1–2 page paper that describes the concept of implied contracts. Identify a specific case or example that would prove to be contractually binding and provide your rationale regarding why this is the case. Cite and reference information from your sources according to APA guidelines.

SEE ATTACHED FILES FOR MORE INFORMATION.

SAMPLE ANSWER

An implied contract is a legally enforceable agreement that is not in writing. It is created on the basis of the conduct, behavior and assumed relationship of the parties involved. A contract is usually implied when a party accepts benefits in kind from another party because of particular circumstances and the benefit cannot be considered to be a gift. It is therefore the legal obligation of the individual who is receiving the benefit to give a fair value to the benefit that is received (Smitley, 2011).

Criteria for determining an implied contract

There exist various criteria that are used in the legal enforcement of implied contracts. These criteria include basic circumstances such as their being a specific promise that was made in between the parties. The promise also needs to have been given by someone with sufficient authority to enforce and offer that promise. The employer’s behavior and conduct at the time of giving the promise needs to be consistent with policies, industry practices and must be consistent with the promises (Smitley, 2011).

Case study

Mr. Baker had been employed by the common wealth bank for a period of 27 years with his last position at the bank being the senior position of Executive Manager in the Bank’s corporate banking section. A restructuring of the bank unfortunately made his position redundant and even without notice he was given a letter asking him to vacate his desk on the same day. However, because he was a model employee at the bank and had served for several years, the bank made it clear to Mr. Baker that it had preferred to redeploy him to another alternative role of the bank and was even nominated a career support manager and documents to inform him about the new banks redeployment services. He was also directed to hand over his company mobile phone and access to his company email was terminated.

The bank true to its word conducted the redeployment policy but the career support manager who was designated to Mr. Baker was unaware that Mr. Baker could not access the banks communication systems therefore resulting in his fate of not being aware of the activities and the bank was unable to contact him for an extended period of time. The bank therefore failed to adhere to the procedures within the Redeployment Policy. Mr. Baker sued the bank for damages for breach of contract.

Rationale as to why the promise was legally binding

The terms of the mutual contract implied that the mutual trust and confidence that was bestowed between the parties involved did not merely apply to the point of employee dismissal. Therefore, since Mr. Baker was not made redundant, the implied term did not interfere with the right of the bank to provide notice. To apply the term mutual contract to the manner of dismissal was therefore unnecessary and inconsistent with acts of law that deal with unfair dismissal. Therefore, in light of this case study, the breach of the implied agreement occurred independently and before the eventual termination of employment. Therefore, the court ordered that compensation be paid and damages be awarded to Mr. Baker on the basis of an employee’s loss for a chance in redeployment that resulted into the breach

References

Case Study: The implied term of mutual trust and confidence – Catholic Commission for Employment Relations. (n.d.) Retrieved December 4, 2014, from http://www.ccercatholic.org.au/news/196-case-study-the-implied-term-of-mutual-trust-and-confidence

Smitley, M. (2011) Implied contract (2nd rev. Ed.). Sadler, Tex.: First Edition Design eBook Pub.

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Employee safety Assignment Paper

Employee safety
Employee safety

Employee safety

Order Instructions:

We have studied following topics:

  • Studying Law
  • The Courts and Legal Personnel
  • NO SEMINARS – READING WEEK
  • Sources of English Law
  • Tort Law – Negligence
  • Contractual Obligations – Offer and Acceptance

NB: Many students who have worked hard are disappointed with their results. In many cases the cause of poor marks for hard working students can be traced back to poor essay and examination technique. When answering an essay or examination question, make sure that every line addresses the question asked and make sure that you show that you ANSWER the question set by the examiner. Writing off-topic is always a bad mistake!

SAMPLE ANSWER

Employee safety

Introduction

Every employee has the right to safety. This must be ensured by employers so that employees do not suffer stress and illness as a result of working at a specific establishment. In recent times, there have been many court suits related to psychiatric illness. However, it has been and it is still difficult to embrace the whole idea of people suffering psychological torture. There is difficulty as well on how to address the notion of psychiatric illness and how this could be tackled with to avoid floodgates in court suits on the subject (Prosser & Keeton 2004). Some say that people owe those around them a duty of care. The truth of this statement is yet to be established as there should be factors to be considered before holding someone liable in breach of the duty of care. Imposing a duty of care on people unknown to each other would sound unfair and misinformed. The foregoing thus calls for a criticism of the concept of psychiatric illness and liability whatsoever that arises there-from.

Sources of Law

The term sources of law relates to where the rules originate from. What dictates what the law should be may also be a source of law. The law my come from the Constitution. In many countries, the constitution is considered the mother of all the laws of the respective land. Other laws borrow from the main body of law-the constitution (Chemerinsky 2011). If there is any conflict between the Constitution and any other law then the Constitution will and has always taken precedence.

Common law is also another source of laws. Common law is the laws that were developed through the observation of the customs of the English people and developed through judicial decisions. In most cases where there is no law providing for any remedy, then the common law would be looked upon for a solution.

Legislation is another source of law. These are laws made by Parliament- the legislative arm of a democratic state. Legislations have to pass through set procedures and would in most cases become law upon being assented to by the authorized person, the head of state in most cases. Apart from the Constitution and legislation we have case law as a source of law. Case law is the law developed by courts when interpreting the statutes passed by Parliament. Case law may at times be referred to as judge-made law.

Tort Law and Negligence

The law of torts covers the relationship between persons (Ratanlal and Dhirajlal 2013). It is the law that seeks to give remedy for wrongs committed by persons against their neighbors or anyone defined by the law. Through the law of torts the aggrieved parties can get damages for injury suffered as a result of the tortuous acts of those they interact with on daily basis. Tort law also covers contractual relationship between parties (Abraham 2012). Through it, parties to a contract can enforce their civil rights and those accused of violating the civil laws would be liable for either damages or any other remedy provided by the Courts of Law (Franklin & Cardi 2008).

Negligence on the other side is the failure to act in a way that any reasonable person would have acted if faced by the same circumstances (Blyth vs. Birmingham Waterworks 1856).  Negligence mostly arises out of failure to act as required. For instance, a driver is supposed drive carefully knowing that he might cause injuries to others if he drove recklessly. Liability in negligence arises if the driver does not take reasonable measures to ensure he drives safely. Also related to this is the test for reasonableness (Bolitho vs. City & Hackney Health Authority 1997).

In employment relations, there has to be a contract for employment between the alleged employer and employee. Through the offer and acceptance of the rights and duties arising from employment, a contractual relationship arises and binds the parties to that contract (Diamond & Levine 2013). One of the duties owed to each other is the duty of care. The employer owes the employee a duty of care, to protect the employee by making the working environment conducive for the work required. Similarly, the employee owes the employer the duty to perform every part of the job carefully and as highlighted in the contract of employment.

Duty of care

Duty of care may be defined as taking responsibility for those around you in a situation where those people rely on you.  In determining if there is a duty of care owed some factors must be considered. There has to be a relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant (Ranchhodas & Keshavlal 2003). Some sought of proximity would be vital if established before deciding where liability arises. Relying or depending on someone for some shielding would be important in establishing a duty of care. In the same direction, it would be necessary to establish if the duty of care is in fact owed (Hodgson & Lewthwaite., 2012). It is after this that the element of breaching such a duty of care owed to another that some liability may be imposed.

Liability Of Employers For Psychiatric Illness Of Employees.

Issues concerning post traumatic stress can be traced to 1897 (Wilkinson vs. Downton) Employers are in most cases profits-oriented. All they seem to care about is the huge profits their companies should make. They therefore care less about the welfare of the employees and subject employees to pressure to be productive despite most instances of poor working conditions. This causes the workforce to be exposed to potentially bad risks of physical health and mental torture. In view of the foregoing, there has to be a regulatory framework to provide for psychiatry related illness experienced by employees most specifically as a consequence of working under stressful environments (Vincent 2009, p 45).

Failure in adhering to the duty of care was much covered in the death of a man in Northumberland. The man’s employers had ignored the safety requirements set by the law. Managers must not be so relaxed when the safety of employees is the subject. Installation of basic safety measures should be a priority to any employer. (Murphy & Cooper 2000) The families of such employees who die while at work due to poor working environment are left with no option but to sue for the negligence. In-spite of suing, it is evident that no monetary compensation can equilibrate the life lost. For lawyers who argued for the availability of negligent infliction of stress they could not make it as they were told to leave lawmaking to legislature (Piresferreira v. Ayotte).

Lives lost or psychological trauma as a result of employment has to be incorporated to cater for the mental health of the employees. Employees should be compensated heavily. We should see all workers that suffer psychological stress as a result of poor working conditions get compensated as was the case in the law enforcement officers in Hillsborough (Diamond & Levine 2013).

A shift from the unfair compensation for injuries sustained at work only should be embraced. Bodily injuries are not independent from the overall functioning of the body system and should not be the only basis for compensation (Edwards, Edwards & Wells 2011). Breaking ones arm does not only render the injured disabled but it also affects injured persons mentally as they would have to find a way to start living without an arm. This tortures a person mentally and has to be considered when awarding damages (The American Law Institute 2013).

Conclusion

In conclusion, the rules and laws protecting the employees from work related injuries should shift from the old rules that only covered employees against physical bodily injuries to provide for psychiatric illness suffered as a result of poor working conditions. There has to be stricter rules and penalties for employers who violate safety policies required by the law as relaxing on this matter would mean continued neglect of employees’ rights.

References

Chemerinsky, E (2011), Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies. 4th Edition

Ranchhodas, R & Keshavlal, D (2003), English And Indian Law of Torts. Cornell University Library.

Vincent, A (2009), Death in the Work Place; Management Services.

Murphy, L R & Cooper, C L (2000), Health and Productive Work: An International Perspective. London. Taylor & Francis.

Blyth vs. Birmingham Waterworks (1856). Exchequer.

Bolitho v City & Hackney Health Authority [1997]. HL.

Hodgson, J. & Lewthwaite, J (2012), Tort Law. Oxford University Press.

Edwards, L, Edwards, J & Wells P (2011), Tort Law, 5th Edition.

Wilkinson v. Downton.  [1897] 2QB 57.

Piresferreira v. Ayotte, 2010 ONCA 384.

Prosser, W & Keeton, P (2004), Prosser and Keeton on Torts. 5th Edition.

Franklin, A & Cardi J (2008), Gilbert Law Summaries on Torts. 24th Edition, Paperback.

Abraham, S (2012), The Forms and Functions of Tort Law. 4th Edition (Concepts and Insights Series); Paperback.

Diamond, L & Levine, C (2013), Understanding Torts. Paperback.

The American Law Institute, (2013), A Concise Restatement of Torts, (American Law Institute.)

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INGLOT CASE STUDY TERM PAPER

INGLOT
INGLOT

INGLOT CASE STUDY

Order Instructions:

The assessment is the case “Inglot”.

You have been asked to prepare a report. In doing so you should address the following aspects:

1. Outline firm-level (micro) and country-level (macro) factors contributing to the development of INGLOT’s competitive advantages and discuss their sustainability.

2. Develop INGLOT’s strategic plan for the next five years with a concrete outline of recommended geographical expansion, business model evolution and product diversification.

Do not exceed 3000 words; scripts that are excessively long (i.e. exceeding the limit by more than 10%) will not be read beyond the point of the word limit. The word limit applies to the main report only, and excludes exhibits. There is no minimum word limit.

Note carefully that this is not a project, but a case analysis, and as such the case contains all the information available to answer the issues at stake. You should NOT study sources for recent information on the company such as its Report and Accounts or its website, its competitors or its industry. You may however consult academic books or papers on general approaches to treating aspects of analysis that you consider important. Please note carefully that if you copy text from such sources you must correctly reference the source, and clearly identify copied text by means of italics or inverted commas.

Please note the following general points on case analysis:
– As noted above, the principle of a case is that it contains all the information available to answer the issues at stake.
– It is traditional to open a paper with a quick summary of past events described in the case and to outline the current situation. Then you state the issues facing the company or the managers, as appropriate. Usually these issues are explicit in the case; if not, you have to identify them.
– Most business decisions must be based on both qualitative and quantitative considerations. Most case analyses require both (but there are exceptions, e.g. in finance or in organizational behaviour). You must dig into the data, not merely quote them from the case. Be critical. Push the numbers around. If there are insufficient data, make an intelligent and justified estimate.
– Remember, all the time you are focusing on the issues you have already announced at the beginning of the discussion or text. In that way, you can reach your recommendations and leave the reader satisfied that you have built your argument and justified your conclusions.

DO NOT PLAGIARISE – DO NOT USE EXTERNAL SOURCES

The overall structure should encompass:
1. Cover Page (1 page)
2 Table of Contents/List of Exhibits (1 page)
3. Executive Summary (1 page)
4. Main Report (respecting the above word limit)
5. Exhibits (if any)
6. References/Bibliography

The bibliography is an important element, and all references should relate specifically to points in the text, and be identified as such, and not simply “general” sources. Referencing should use the Harvard system.

Submissions are in WORD ONLY (.doc or .docx). Submit only one file and include any Excel analysis as images, not embedded files.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Table of contents

Executive summary………………………………………………………………………………3

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………….4

Background of the company…………………………………………………………………….4

Firm-level (micro factors)……………………………………………………………………….4

Country level (Macro factors) …………………………………………………………………..7

INGLOT strategic plan for the next five years………………………………………………….10

Recommended geographical expansion…………………………………………………………11

Business model evolution ……………………………………………………………………….11

Product diversification……………………………………………………………………………12

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….12

References ……………………………………………………………………………………….13

Executive summary

INGLOT Cosmetics Company located in Poland is one example of a company that started small and expanded. The company, which deals in cosmetics, has managed to grow and expand in various countries by investing back of its profits. The company has managed to maintain its markets niche in various countries and regions. The company micro-environment factors such as customers, competitors, distributors, media, suppliers and  general public have played as key role in its expansion strategy The company values and embraces its customers. It designs and manufactures products that comply with the needs of the customers. This has played a key role in its success and its expansion to many countries

The company as well has gained a competitive advantage though its franchise strategy in reaching many customers spread across the county of its operations. The company takes time to analyze and research markets before making decision to invest in such markets. Macro environment factors have as well impacted on the company competitive advantage. Some of these macro environment factors include political factors, economic, social cultural competitive and technology. The company has enjoyed political stability in the countries it operates. This has influenced its business investments. It also complies with the legal aspects such as tax remittance and registration requirements.

The company as well has a strategic plan of five years whereby it aspires to expand its business to 110 countries. This strategy will enable the business to have a bigger market share. Through benchmarking, the company will be able to compete and with overtake its competitors. Product diversification as well opens an opportunity for the company to expand.

Introduction

Every company either locally or internationally endeavors to achieve its set objectives. Achieving objectives requires adoption of different strategies that can enable the company to gain competitive edge and take over bigger market share to accrue huge profits. Various factors and strategies come into play that contributes to business success.  This report focuses of INGLOT cosmetic company. The report addresses the firms’ micro and macro factors that have contributed to its development of competitive advantage. It also covers on the sustainability of these factors. A strategic plan for the next five years with an outline of recommended geographical expansion, product diversification and business model are addressed.

Background of the company

The company founded 30 years ago in Przemysi town, as cosmetic firm has become one of the leading firms in colour cosmetics. It began its international expansion in 2006 and currently it operates franchises in more than 70 countries across the six continents (Marketline Plus, 2014). The company has about 500 boutiques stores retail locations and stands across the globe. The company has more than 1500 colors with 450 varieties to improve lips, 300 to portray ones face and 600 to enhance customers face and up to 400 shades of nail polishes (Marketline Plus, 2014). The company is performing well in the market due to its various strategies that it has implemented in its operations.

Firm-level (micro factors)

INGLOT is affected by micro-environment factor that have contributed to its competitive advantage.  Micro-environment factors are immediate are operations that affect the company decision making freedom and performance. Some of these factors that are relevant to INGLOT cosmetics include, customers, competitors, distribution channel, general public and the suppliers, media and employees.

One of the major factors that have contributed to the company’s competitive advantage is customers. Customers are the major focus of the company successes (Klovienė 2012).  Customers have contributed to greater height in the achievement of the company through their loyalty and support. The company has invested in their customers by providing products and services that meet the needs of the customers. The company identified the demand of the women products and this made them to take advantaged and to provide the same hence, achieving high profits. The fact that the company has invested a lot in improving its products has contributed to increased and widening customer base which is evidenced with its expansion initiatives (Marketline Plus, 2014).. The company has invested in innovation which has kept it ahead of its competitors in the market. For instance, the company   manufactures revolutionary O2M Breathable Nail Enamel that used water and oxygen vapor permeability that is fashionable, good looking and healthier. This nail enamel has attracted many customers that have contributed to increased number of customers that are using the company products (Marketline Plus, 2014).

Competitors are other important micro-environment factors that have affected INGLOT cosmetic. Competitors compete for the same market share because they have similar or substitutes products. To overcome competitions, companies adapt to different strategies such as focus cost or differentiating strategies.  Cost strategies allow a company to reduce the costs of its   products or services to win over the competitors. Focus strategy, a company focus on a specific target market while differentiation strategy, a company provides quality products that meets the needs of the customers in the market. Such customers are not sensitive to the price of the products (Marketline Plus, 2014).  Like many other industries, INGLOT has a number of competitors such as Halal cosmetics that are growing faster. INGLOT cosmetics has managed to attain its competitive advantage in the market because of its low cost strategy. The company offers its prices at low prices below the competitors. The prices offered provide mark up for the company because of the low production costs. The company has as well innovative and quality products that attract more customers to purchase the products.

Distribution channel is another micro-environment factor that has affected the company competitive advantage (Markman & Waldron 2014). The company has adopted franchise as its distribution strategy that has seen it expand and reach in many areas. This strategy has enabled the company to have a larger market share that has enabled it to remain competitive. The fact that the company products are easily accessible to its customers in various locations makes it   accrue higher revenue through this wider market. The company has achieved this stride which has enabled it to provide stiff competition to other companies that have not been able to expand in their distribution networks (Marketline Plus, 2014). The company has well invested in its employees which have contributed to its competitive advantage. The company appreciates the contribution of employees. This has contributed to the success of the company.  Employees receive training to help add value to the company

Suppliers as well contribute to the competitive advantage of the company. The company has established positive relationships with its suppliers and this has enabled the company to have smooth flow of materials that has enabled continuous production of these products.  The media has as well contributed to greater magnitude to competitive advantage of the company. Media through its advertisement has enabled the company to improve its images and as well showcase its products.  The market of the company has increased tremendously over the years through media advertising and marketing. (Marketline Plus, 2014).  Media plays a key role as one of the channels for reaching and informing customers on the various products and services. The company has utilized the media platform making it more visible and famous compared to its competitors something that has elevated it and widened its market share. Public is yet another micro factor that has actually contributed to the success of the company.  The members of the public have supported the company and portrayed it positively making it attains a positive image. These factors are sustainable as well have helped the company to sustain itself.

Country level (Macro factors)

Macro environmental factors are external factors that affect the operations of the business and may as well have impact on its competitive advantage.  Any company that operates in a country across the borders on internationally level must ensure that they factor in these macro factors to be able to attain a competitive edge. INGLOT cosmetic is one of the companies affected with these micro-environment factors. These factors as well have a number of effects on its competitive advantages. Some of the micro-environment factors that affect the company include political-legal factors, economic factors, social cultural factors, competitive environment and technological factors.

Competitive environment affects the competitive advantage of the company (Toole & Lutz 2005). These factors include availability of competitive products, companies that compete for similar consumers, substitute products among many others. INGLOT cosmetics is operating in a competitive environment with other similar companies that have already established their market niche in various locations. These companies have as well substitute products that they sell to the consumers which reduces the number of consumers that purchase INGLOT cosmetic products. INGLOT is not a monopoly and that is the reason why it has adopted cost strategies to woo many customers and compete in the market both locally and internationally. To develop a competitive strategy, the company undertakes research of the markets to identify their suitability.  The company as well through market research identifies current and potential competitors, which enables it to adopt to appropriate marketing strategies. The facts that the company anticipates competitive actions has as well enabled it to vigilant and to promote innovations by coming up with new products that makes it to compete favorably.

Political- legal environment as well affects the operations and competitive advantage of  INGLOT cosmetics company (Markman & Waldron 2014).   Business operates in an environment that has laws and regulations that they need to comply.  Businesses are as well expected to interpret these laws and ensure that they adhere to them as they as well protect the rights of the consumers.  Any company is expected to register and to have a certificate of operation both locally and internationally. The company is as well expected to remit its tax returns and adhere to any other laws relating to labor laws and environmental laws among many others.  INGLOT cosmetics operate in different countries that have different political and legal environments. The company, nevertheless, has satisfied all these laws and legislations pertaining to particular nations they operate in.  Furthermore, the political stability of a country affects the profitability of the business.  So far, INGLOT cosmetics has been able to extend its products in countries that experiences political stability. This has made the company to  have conducive environment of investment something that has contributed a lot to its increased level of investment (Marketline Plus, 2014).

Various institutions ensure that the company operates well and does not deviate from the activities or business initiatives they are registered to operate. These bodies includes the government which provides licenses and ensure compliance with the  law and issues to do with tax remittance and labor laws. Others include consumer safety that ensures that the products meet the recommended standards for consumers.  Products should not cause harm to the consumers. Other bodies include, environmental protection agency that concerns with issues of environment, health and safety and consumers interest groups among many others. These bodies work independently to ensure that the company operates within the set thresholds.

Economic environment as well affects the competitive advantage of the INGLOT cosmetic company.  Economic factors influence the buying behaviors of the consumers. Their buying power and strategies is dependent on the economic situation of the country. Different countries experience different economic growth trends as some experience growth while others   experience slow growth. Such dynamics affects the operations and profitability of the country. The stages of business cycle in these countries vary from one country to another and   as well affect their   business performances.  Inflation rates in the country as well have negative impacts on the company products.  During inflation, the company experiences decline in its profitability. Deflation as well has impacts on the performance of the business the level of unemployment as well affects the capability of the consumers to purchase these products. (Marketline Plus, 2014).    High level of employment means that consumers have higher level of incomes and can be able to access these products. This therefore impacts positively on the company level of profitability. and vice versa. The resources available in the company as well affect the performance of the INGLOT cosmetics company. Currency fluctuations and exchange rates in these countries vary as well have impacts on the company profitability. Some of the currencies depreciate and this affects the profitability of the company as they incur some losses.

Technological factors as well affect the operations of the company as well as its competitive advantage. INGLOT cosmetics has adopted technology by adopting to e-shop . This has enabled the company to be creative and innovative reaching many of its customers in various places.  The company has therefore adopted technology to sell its products as well as to market its products to customers in various locations through technology hence being able to achieve a competitive edge (Marketline Plus, 2014). Technology as well has improved the services and products   as this has led to effectiveness and efficiency in the production process.  Compliance has as well improved with technology making the company to operate smoothly.

Socio-cultural factors as well affect the competitive advantage of the company.  The company understands the dynamics of operating in the various regions and therefore, they ensure that they adopt to suitable strategies that the particular customers in a certain region or country want. This is achieved through modification of their products as well as strategies. For instance, in their advertisements, the company uses languages that customers in the targets markets understand. This ensures that their communication reaches the intended audiences. The company as wells keeps into consideration the customers, and manners, material culture, social institutions,  religions among many others in their promotional strategies to  win over their customers. these factors are sustains the company and have enabled it reach this far.

INGLOT strategic plan for the next five years

In the next five years, the company wants to achieve set objectives.  To achieve these objectives it must have a strategic plan that acts as a framework.  The plan provides the target sales outcomes and the strategies the company wants to adopt to achieve the same.

One of the strategies is to establish positive relationship with the stakeholders including suppliers, government and retail outlets to compete favorably. another strategy  is to expand to other 40 countries by the year 2019 this expansion strategy  will see the company  cover a wider market share. The company will also use internet and media to advertise the products to consumers. The company believes that information is paramount in ensuring that people makes purchasing decision (Marketline Plus, 2014). The company as well aims to reduce the cost of productions by recycling its raw materials. This will enable the company to accrue high profits through its low cost strategies.  Furthermore, the company will use celebrities in its promotions to gain a huge market. This will help the company to reach many customers.  The fact that the company is a cosmetic company makes it easier and viable to use celebrities to reach many people.

Recommended geographical expansion

In the company expansions strategy, it must factor into consideration various factors such as the culture, of the markets, the number of competitors in the market, the size of the market, the cost of distribution, the political environment among many others. These factors are critical because they will determine the competitive advantage of the company in the region. The company intends to expand to more than 110 countries across the globe to make the total number of countries that it operates to be 110. The countries cut across the six contents more so in the Africa, Middle East and the South American continents. These markets have not been explored and therefore, the company stands a chance to accrue huge profits from its operations in the region.

Business model evolution

The business model to be adopted is benchmarking whereby products and process are going to be measured against those of other organizations. INGLOT will therefore be able to gain insights on its performance through this comparison. It will gain information on its internal and external performance of its products in line with those of their companies. INGLOT will have an opportunity to search for the best practices that will enable it to record superior performance levels (Denrell 2005). The company will achieve a strategic advantage, as it will focus on its critical capabilities to develop a strategic advantage. Though benchmarking the company will as well increase its learning rate hence facilitating its experience sharing (Jack 2004).

Product diversification

The company will also adopt a strategy of product diversification to ensure that it achieves a competitive edge.  The company even though has various products; it will still improve in its innovations to ensure that it remains competitive. The customers will have numerous options to choose form the company products.

Conclusion

INGLOT cosmetics is one of the companies that has managed to attain a competitive advantage through its strategies that it has adopted. The company managed to grow and expand to various countries.  Various micro and macro factors affect the company competitive advantage.  The company still has to adopt other strategies such as product diversification to expand to other regions to maximize its profits. The future of the company looks bright

Reference list

Denrell, J 2005, ‘Selection Bias and the Perils of Benchmarking’, Harvard Business Review, pp.   114-119.

Jack, B 2004, ‘Quality Essentials: A Reference Guide from A to Z’, ASQ Quality Press, pp. 8–9.

Klovienė, L 2012, ‘Institutional factors as criteria for business environment identification’,           Economics & Management, Vol. 17 no.  4, pp. 1245-1251.

Markman, G, & Waldron, T 2014, ‘ Small entrants and large incumbents: a framework of micro    entry’, Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 28 no. 2, pp. 179-197.

Marketline Plus. 2014, Inglot Cosmetics. Inglot Cosmetics – How a Small Firm with Vision           Successfully Challenged Established Business Rules, pp. 1-25

Toole, J, & Lutz, J 2005, ‘Trade Policies of the Former Centrally Planned Economies’, Global  Economy Journal, Vol. 5 no. 3, pp. 1-21.

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Market Efficiency Theory Assignment Paper

Market Efficiency Theory
Market Efficiency Theory

Market Efficiency Theory

Order Instructions:

For This paper they are three main questions to respond to, and its is critical that the writer detail explain why responding to the questions. The pliagiarism report should be almost zero. And APA 6th Edition must be used throughout the entire paper.

Market Efficiency Theory

After reviewing your resources below , consider the following. The theory of market efficiency is based on the premise that a market is considered efficient when stock prices are an actual reflection of information known about a company. U.S. markets are generally viewed as semi-strong form market efficient.

• What would happen if U.S. markets became less efficient?

• What might lead to markets becoming less efficient?

• How do markets in other countries compare to the U.S. in terms of efficiency?

Resources
• Article
• Markowitz, H. (2005). Market efficiency: A theoretical distinction and so what? Financial Analysts Journal, 61(5), 17–30. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

In this in-depth analysis of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), the author concludes that despite some faulty assumptions, it still should be used; but only with a clear understanding of its limitations and a knowledge of other more realistic constraints that could be used.
• Bernardo, A., Chowdhry, B., & Goyal, A. (2007). Growth options, beta, and the cost of capital. Financial Management (Blackwell Publishing Limited), 36(2), 5–17. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

The authors in this article argue that further breaking down the beta into aggregate parts has important implications for determining the cost of capital.

• Cooper, I., & Nyborg, K. (2008). Tax-adjusted discount rates with investor taxes and risky debt. Financial Management (Blackwell Publishing Limited), 37(2), 365–379. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

In response to a new interest in tax savings from debt, the authors developed a formula to determine the tax-adjusted discount rate.

• Haug, M., & Hirschey, M. (2006). The January effect. Financial Analysts Journal, 62(5), 78–88. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

The fact that an unusually high rate of return on small-capitalization stocks is consistently observed each January is discussed in this article along with the author’s explanation of the occurrence.

• Anderson, J., & Smith, G. (2006). A great company can be a great investment. Financial Analysts Journal, 62(4), 86–93. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

In this research, the authors tested the value of a portfolio that only included stocks from companies selected as “most admired” by Fortune magazine and they found that the stocks substantially outperformed the market.

• Statman, M., Fisher, K., & Anginer, D. (2008). Affect in a behavioral asset-pricing model. Financial Analysts Journal, 64(2), 20–29. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

In an attempt to understand investor behavior, the authors developed a behavioral asset-pricing model to determine the effect that the level of admiration of a company had on investment decisions regardless of actual returns.

Readings
Course Text
•Corporate Finance
?Chapter 13, “Risk, Cost of Capital, and Valuation”
This chapter extends the basic model of the cost of capital to include the costs, risks, and budgeting associated with both equity and debt capital. There is also a discussion on the determination of beta in real-world companies.
?Chapter 14, “Efficient Capital Markets and Behavioral Challenges”
This chapter describes the value associated with certain corporate financial decisions and how the different market efficiencies play a role in the decision-making process.

SAMPLE ANSWER

When the money is put in the market, the aim is to generate more profits in return for the capital invested (Markowitz, 2005). In addition to making profitable returns, the investors in the market also try to outshine other markets. If the US markets became less efficiency there would then be fewer returns on average and very high volatility when it comes to the countries investors. The liquidity would not be able to impend the market approach and this would end up changing efficiency in terms of production of goods and services (Bernardo et al, 2007). On the other side, if US market became less efficient, then there would be no accurate information on market issues and there benefit in the market would be very low. When the market is not efficient, the market would become very unpredictable for investment and this is likely to affect the rate of investment. In return, this will affect the market prices, which in turn affect the rate of investment (Cooper & Nyborg, 2008). Inefficiency in the US market would likely lead to the market failure, which would negatively affect the allocation of goods and services. When the market fails, there will be under provision of goods and services due to lack of public goods and the abuse of monopoly power by few business leaders.

The United States market is likely to become inefficient due to lack of public goods, which would affect the cost of production of goods and services (Haug& Hirschey, 2008). When these goods are under produced, the affect the forces of demand and supply that in turn results into market inefficiency. The United States market is also likely to become inefficient due to environmental concerns since the success of the market depends on the sustainable development. Since merit goods holds an important part in the United States economy, underproduction of the merit goods is likely to result into negative externalities that would affect the quality of education, healthcare, and other important segments of the economy (Statman et al, 2008). Similarly, overproduction of demerits goods is also likely to result in market inefficiency. Some of the demerit goods that can negatively affect the United States market are the overproduction of goods such as alcohol, cigarettes, and prostitution. Market inefficiency in the United States can also result from the abuse of monopoly power by big corporations as they can easily manipulate output in their greed to realize huge profits from their customers (Anderson & Smith, 2006). Moreover, the United States market inefficiency can also result from negative and positive externalities that arise from the spillover effects that are related to the production and consumption of the goods and services in the market.

When compared with other markets around the globe, the American market seems more efficient that most developed markets. There is a big difference between the average wealth growth in the American markets compared to other developed market such as China, Germany, and Britain. The United States market contains a list of most admired companies such as Apple, Microsoft, Wal-Mart, among others that enjoys the benefits of their market efficiency. In this regard, most of these American companies outperform the S&P 500, regardless of the day the stocks are being purchased (Cooper & Nyborg, 2008). Therefore, this is a clear indication of the market efficiency that focuses on the intangibles that don’t show up in the company’s balance sheet.

References

Anderson, J., & Smith, G. (2006). A great company can be a great investment. Financial Analysts Journal, 62(4), 86–93.

Bernardo, A., Chowdhry, B., & Goyal, A. (2007). Growth options, beta, and the cost of capital. Financial Management (Blackwell Publishing Limited), 36 (2), 5–17.

Cooper, I., & Nyborg, K. (2008). Tax-adjusted discount rates with investor taxes and risky debt. Financial Management (Blackwell Publishing Limited), 37(2), 365–379.

Haug, M., & Hirschey, M. (2006). The January effect. Financial Analysts Journal, 62(5), 78–88.

Markowitz, H. (2005). Market efficiency: A theoretical distinction and so what? Financial Analysts Journal, 61(5), 17–30.

Statman, M., Fisher, K., & Anginer, D. (2008). Affect in a behavioral asset-pricing model. Financial Analysts Journal, 64(2), 20–29.

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Best employers Research Assignment

Best employers
Best employers

Best employers

Order Instructions:

Studies
Research

Research at least one current article from a popular magazine that offers an article on the best places to work. Use the Internet or the library. Choose a company whose best practices or best policies you want to research. One place to consider in your search is the Great Place to Work Institute Web site, where you can search new ideas and find links to best workplace awards.

•Best Employers
Create a summary of the company you researched in this unit’s studies and include some of the best practices or policies that you believe are the reasons the employer made this list. Address the impact you think these practices and policies may have in helping the employer avoid employment-related legal issues.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Best Employers

Google is a global company which develops technology including social media apps, smart contact lenses, smart phones, and we browsers to help keep people connected. The company has been ranked 4th in the Great Workplaces in Technology 2014 and 5th in the Great Workplaces for Millennials 2014 (Great Places to Work Website).

The great performance of Google is greatly influenced by the manner in which the company treats its employees.  The company provides relevant training, fair promotions and personally challenging work to its employees.  There is respect and cooperation between the management and the employees so that managers trust employees to carry out a lot responsibility without being micromanaged. The company also focuses on creating a great working atmosphere so that employees find their workplace to be fun and cooperative. There is also time allocated for fun and celebrations and caring and support. Google encourages workplace diversity and it provides equal opportunities for minorities and non-minorities. It also promotes women participation in leadership.

Google compensates the employees fairly, provides special and unique benefits, enhances their work-life balance and shows genuine appreciation for their hard work. The company has put in place compensation programs, perks to make life easier and work-life balance programs such as health insurance covers and onsite health benefits. Google instills pride in its employees. Many employees enjoy their work and they feel proud of their accomplishments, community impact and the company’s reputation in the world. The company also has great managers who act with integrity and care, are competent in their positions and give proper directions and vision for the organization.

In conclusion, Google’s best employment practices and policies benefit the company by motivating employees to give their best. Accordingly, the company’s policies and practices are in line with the legal requirements such as equality at the workplace, rewards, and corporate responsibility.

Reference

Great Places to Work website. Google Inc. Retrieved from: http://us.greatrated.com/review/google-inc2014

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Walmart Recovery strategies Term Paper

Walmart Recovery strategies
Walmart Recovery strategies

Walmart Recovery strategies

Order Instructions:

Research
Conduct research using a trusted internet resource, or a business magazine or journal to find an article on the topic of a company experiencing legal issues related to workplace discrimination, unfair labor practices, or unethical behavior. This source should also describe the organization’s approach in managing and recovering from the charges brought against them.

•Recovery Strategies

In this unit’s studies, you conducted research on a company experiencing employment-related legal issues. In this discussion, summarize the content of the article you chose and give your opinion regarding whether you feel the company’s approach to managing and recovering from this issue was effective. Be sure to provide a rationale to support your point of view.

Note: A recent company (2013 – 2014)

Key words: Topic on a company experiencing legal issues related to workplace discrimination, unfair labor practices, or unethical behavior. This source should also describe the organization’s approach.

Key words: Summarize the content of the article you chose and give your opinion regarding whether you feel the company’s approach to managing and recovering from this issue was effective. Be sure to provide a rationale to support your point of view.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Walmart Recovery strategies

Wal-Mart, one of the world’s largest companies, has been facing gender discrimination suits for quite a long time. Wal-Mart’s original pregnancy policy provided that pregnant women would only qualify to change their work environment as long as the change did have a negative impact on the business, which would include creation of a job, light duty or temporary alternative duty or reassignment (DePillis, 2014).

In January 2013, a certain group made complaints to Wal-Mart claiming that the policy was in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act and the 1978 Pregnancy Discrimination Act. The group proposed that Wal-Mart should allow women pregnant women to do easier jobs instead of taking early lives of absence. Wal-Mart responded that its policy is perfectly legal and that it was not going to change it.

Soon after Wal-Mart’s response,  a group of women complained to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission on behalf of Wal-Mart’s pregnant employee whose supervisor refused to relieve her of the burden of climbing ladders with heavy boxes despite having brought a medical note explaining that such work was harmful. A month after the complaint, two company shareholders who also work at Wal-Mart proposed to the Securities and Exchange Commission for the policy to be changed.

In March 2014, Wal-Mart issued a new policy providing that women may be eligible for reasonable accommodation in circumstances where temporary disability caused by pregnancy makes them to require assistance to make an apply for a new job or to carry out essential functions of a job. This theoretically implies that pregnant employees are more likely to be assigned less physically demanding jobs if they experience difficulty carrying out their duties. If the policy is properly implemented, it will help Wal-Mart come good on the manner in which it treats women, and thus achieve a reputation for equal treatment of employees.

Reference

DePillis, L. (2014). Under pressure, Wal-Mart upgrades its policy for helping pregnant workers. The Washington Post. Retrieved from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/04/05/under-pressure-walmart-upgrades-its-policy-for-helping-pregnant-workers/

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A Philosophy of Sport Essay Assignment

A Philosophy of Sport
A Philosophy of Sport

A Philosophy of Sport

Order Instructions:

Paper 3: A Philosophy of Sport
Philosophy 3313: Sports Ethics and the Philosophy of Sport
Please write an academic paper in response to one of the following prompts, or on a topic of your own choosing (which
you have discussed with me in advance):
1. Explain the relationship between rules and winning in sport, according to Connor. What does Connor’s
philosophy of sport have to say about cheating?
2. Explain the relationship between continuity and discontinuity in sport, according to Connor. What does
Connor’s philosophy of sport have to say about movement?
3. Connor notes early in the book that “disabled sports are the only kind there are” (p. 18). What does he
mean? And how is this idea related to Connor’s understanding of the role equipment plays in sport?
Be sure to address yourself not only to answering the question, but also to providing your reader with an account of why
you believe your answer to be correct. What are your reasons for understanding A Philosophy of Sport in the way you do?

In order to justify the claims in your paper to your reader, you must offer substantiation for your claims with quotations from the text. Quotations are absolutely required; papers that do not use direct quotations from Connor’s A Philosophy of Sport to support the claims they make will receive a failing grade.
Please do not consult any sources or resources other than Connor’s A Philosophy of Sport. Papers that cite from other sources will not be acceptable; papers that rely significantly on other sources without citation will be considered plagiarism. Any paper that quotes from a source other than the texts assigned for class, or which can be shown to be reliant upon a source other than those texts, will receive a failing grade and its author will be subject to the appropriate
disciplinary procedures, detailed in the Academic Honesty Policy (available online, or in Student
Handbook). Please note: “a source other than those texts” includes anything not written by Connor in any copy, edition, or translation of his writings, such as editor’s and translator’s introductions, forewords, afterwords, epilogues, and notes.

The paper should be 5-to-6 pages long, typed and double-spaced. Use an 11- or 12-point font with reasonable margins.

Citations should be in either the MLA or Chicago Manual of Style formats (information on both of which is available on information for both texts in either a “works cited” (MLA) or bibliographical footnotes (Chicago). Quotations should be set off from the rest of the paper (typically by quotation marks), and you must cite the page numbers in the relevant text where the quoted passage appears.

SAMPLE ANSWER

A Philosophy of Sport

Question 1

The philosophy of sports is a field that is based on three key issues. To begin with, most philosophers focusing on various team games aim at presenting a detailed description of sports with reference to the main rules and principle. This aids in the demarcation of such activities from related social engagements.  Moreover, some theorists consider sports as a self-directed ethical universe that is parallel to the broader moral space. However, this space has noteworthy concerns on integrity. Another key issue included in the fundamental philosophy of sports entails the artistic aspect of sports. This includes the integrated apparel. However, in A Philosophy of Sports, Stephen Connor avoids these philosophies by arguing that such discussions present sports symbolically.  In order to substantiate this argument, he asserts that such philosophers use certain principles outside the sporting context to evaluate values and proceedings governing various sporting activities. by presenting his ideologies through a unique experience within the sporting context, Connor effectively evaluates such relevant categories as time and space from a perspective of the participants and observers. The concepts integrated in Connor’s A Philosophy of Sports is the basis of this discussion (Connor 213). By highlighting the embedded relationship between rules and winning in sports, this paper will present Connor’s arguments regarding cheating in an athletic arena. Subsequently, it will be easy to understand the principles associated with moral objections in various scenarios within a sporting arena. This is mainly because of the weightiness of winning in any game.

Based on Connor’s philosophy, the key function of rules is to establish sporting events by presenting the relevant goals, acceptable acts, and methods of winning. For this reason, the principles and rules defining various sports are ruthless as compared to the regulatory laws. This is mainly because a participant who disrespects the stipulated rules and principles of a particular game suffers the anguish of self-contradiction. Among these rules that cause substantial agony is the unstipulated principle that requires all participants to attempt to win. Theoretically, the rules governing any sporting activity provide an effective approach of converting the actions of an event into quantifiable and objective activities (Connor 218). This brings in a fresh perspective regarding the eventualities of sports. Sport-related restrictions naturally contribute to probability evaluations, statistical analysis, and gambling.

Furthermore, based on the principles and arguments presented by Connor in A Philosophy of Sports, winning revolves around the broad subject of competition. Connor indicates that one of the key paradoxes embedded in this subject matter with reference to the contemporary perspective of sports entails the argument that participants of various sporting activities ought to show the weightiness of the expected outcome (Connor 204).  Despite its decisive nature, the weighty nature of winning is not manifested brutally in the contemporary sport setting. Nonetheless, Connor indicates the existence of rough treatment in modern sporting activities. This enhances the relationship between competition and violence in different contemporary games.  Moreover, as part of his speculations regarding the outlook of various sports, this philosopher highlights the possibility of a gradual suppression of competitions governed by certain strict rules and principles. This is bound to result in certain encounters that promote “the nonhuman world of things and forces” as observed in extreme sports (Connor 210).

Similarly, by highlighting the existing relationship between rules and winning in sporting activities, the philosopher in question indicates that the principles governing such actions have changed significantly over the years. Despite the unstipulated rule of using all acceptable means to win, the contemporary sporting arena does not exhibit intense competition. However, participants have a way of manipulating the existing principles in order to acquire desirable outcomes within the legal framework (Connor 189). This is an indication of the transformations that have occurred in the sorting arena in the recent past with respect to the rules governing such activities.

In addition to the stipulated relationship between rules and winning in sports, Connor presents a detailed discussion regarding the violation of basic ethical principles with reference to the adherence of the set rules.  In such scenarios, the moral values and principles play a crucial role in identifying the acceptable practices. This is mainly because sports and other related social engagements are an integral part of our daily lives. In line with our social norms and beliefs, there are certain situations where disregarding the stipulated rules is allowed.  For instance, in football, committing a professional foul is often morally acceptable. In addition, after a competitive basketball game, the participants deliberately commit professional fouls as both parties evaluate the penalties of such an offense against the price of permitting their opponents to win (Connor 213). The principles and rules of such a game specify penalties and breaches, with the penalties being worth the risk in certain scenarios. Similarly, in soccer, a punishment based on the referee’s judgment may be harsher if the foul is deliberate as compared to an accidental foul. However, if the participant’s act is not hazardous, there are certain occasions when breaking the set rules are ethical. This is in line with the participants’ duty of considering the benefits of their team and supporters.

Based on Connor’s philosophical perspective, breaking the set rules often attracts moral criticism during two key occasions. This includes situations where there is a possibility of the participants and supporters being harmed or occasions indicating the intent to deceive. The initial situation often occurs in key physical sports with the latter scenario being observable in all gaming activities through cheating. Sometimes, cheating does not involve the aspect of lying. For instance, it is possible for card players to cheat by sharing certain crucial information with other participants. Moreover, athletes often take drugs aimed at enhancing their performance (Connor 202). Such sports persons may lie when challenges, an aspect that may be considered as an aggravation of the offense. Nonetheless, based on Connor’s argument, there exists a significant moral objection to such an act and the embedded lie. This philosopher argues that the actual moral concern occurs when the cheating participants sabotage the game by failing to take the sporting activity seriously. Connor indicates that when Lance Armstrong used performance-enhancing medications prior to a cycling event, the key moral issue was the fact that the contest lost its purpose as opposed to the disobedience of the rules regarding taking such drugs and lying about the act. The main purpose of a typical game is to identify the best competitors. Cheating is the key aspect that makes it difficult to attain this objective. Connor substantiates this argument by asserting, “…not an offence in the game but an ontological affront to it” (Connor 178). This assertion indicates that cheating triggers major moral concerns whose justification depends on the outcome of the sporting activity and the resultant benefits on the participants and supporters.  This explains why team members evaluate the consequences of disregarding certain rules against the possibility of winning in such a contest.

In conclusion, Connor’s arguments in A Philosophy of Sports regarding the existing relationship between rules and winning are useful on highlighting the ethical aspects in sports.  To begin with, stipulated rules in the sporting arena are useful in defining the objectives of a game and quantifying the embedded activities. Furthermore, based on the key ideology of competition, there are numerous tactics that team members often use with the key intent of enhancing their advantage over their opponents. In most cases, this forms the basis for cheating. In such sporting activities, cheating does not always involve lying. The deliberate disobedience of the stipulated rules is often because the participants intend to suppress the opportunities of their opponents to win the contest.  This is because the needs and desires of one’s team and supporter may surpass the severity of the penalties associated with such unacceptable acts (Connor 195). In line with Connor’s argument regarding such scenarios, the moral objection of such unacceptable acts and the involved lies depends majorly on the consequences of one’s actions in relation to the team’s possibility of winning. While the stipulated rules in sports aim at defining the objectives and suitable winning methods, there are certain elements of cheating that are morally acceptable owing to the weightiness of winning. This substantiates the existing relationship between rules and winning in different games.

Work Cited

Connor, Steven. A Philosophy of Sport. London, England: Reaktion Books, 2011. Print.

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Physical chemistry Term Paper Assignment

Physical chemistry
Physical chemistry

Physical chemistry

Order Instructions:

will upload the questions

SAMPLE ANSWER

  1. What is the effect of adding carbon monoxide to the following equilibrium system, COCl2  CO + Cl2?  .

The equilibrium will shift to the left

  1. Which of the following correctly describes an acid?

An acid is a proton donor. 

  1. Chemical kinetics is the study of

Reaction rates

  1. What is the conjugate acid of HCO3—?

H2CO3   

  1. The following solutions (A through D) have the given pKa values. Which is the weakest acid of the group?

pKa = 11.5 

6.Which of the following is a solution of a STRONG acid?

 0.10 M HCl 

  1. A text book is 9.00 inches wide and 12.0 inches tall. Calculate the area (width multiplied by height)  in square centimeters that the textbook covers when it is closed.

697 cm2  

  1. The rate of a reaction is 15.0M/min at room temperature. If the reaction is conducted in a warmer environment, what is likely to happen to the reaction rate?

There is not enough information given to answer the question.    

  1. Covalent bonds are formed when

atoms share electrons

  1. The pKa of acetic acid is 4.75. If acetic acid is found in a solution with a pH of 3.0, which of the following is true?

Acetic acid exists predominately in the deprotonated form.  C.

  1. The reaction CH4 + 2O2 CO2+ 2H2O is exothermic.  Which of the following will drive the reaction to the left?

An increase in temperature

  1. If the pH of a solution is 4.0, which of the following is correct?

The concentration of [H+] is larger than the concentration of [OH–]

  1. Following the naming rules covered in lecture, what is the name of K3PO4?

Potassium phosphate  

  1. One of the ways catalysts increase reaction rates is by

Providing a surface for the reaction to occur. 

  1. Which of the following correctly describes ammonia?.

Ammonia is a weak, organic acid

  1. Which of the following pH values is for the most acidic solution?

pH = 0  

  1. Which of the following has the substances arranged from lowest boiling point to highest?

C2H6, C4H10, H2O, NaCl

  1. In an energy diagram for an exothermic reaction, which of the following is true?

The energy of the reactants is lower than the energy of the products.   

  1. What is the coefficient for NO after you balance the following equation: ___ NO + ___ Cl2 ➔ ___ NCl3 + ___ O2

2  

  1. What is the conjugate base of HSO4—?

SO42

  1. In the following reaction, how many grams of N2H4 had to react if 23.2 g water are formed? N2H4 + 3 O2 +  ➔  2 NO2  + 2 H2O

20.6 g N2H4      

  1. Which of the following is FALSE with respect to dynamic equilibrium?

The phrase can be applied to both physical and chemical conditions of a system   

  1. When 4.0 g of NaOH is dissolved in 50.0 mL of aqueous solution the molarity of the solution is:

   2.0 M   

  1. Which of the following is a strong base?.

   NaOH 

  1. What will occur if S is added to the following reaction after equilibrium has been reached? SO2 ➔ S + O2 A.

  the equilibrium will be shifted to the left

References

Atkins, P. (1978). Physical chemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

Zumdahl, S. (1989). Chemistry (2nd ed)

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A Job at East Coast Yachts; Mini-Case Study

A Job at East Coast Yachts
A Job at East Coast Yachts

A Job at East Coast Yachts

Order Instructions:

It its important that the writer respond to the questions appropriately and use APA 6th edition throughout the entire paper. APA is critical and the writer must be a master in APA to complete this paper. The are two questions and calculations are required so the writer must perfume all the calculations as required. The writer must also proofread the entire paper before sending over

• Mini-Case Study: A Job at East Coast Yachts

This case study, found on page 332 of your course text, presents the scenario of you beginning a new job and being asked to determine how you want to structure your portfolio for your 401(k). After reading the case study:
• Briefly answer the first two questions at the end ( 3 or 4 sentences each).
• Include all calculations with your response.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

Investment and planning for investment is a very important since it determines the quality of future life. There are several investment options and vehicles that a person can choose from while planning his retirement and to live a comfortable life in future. All these investment options vary in terms of price, risks, and management among other factors (Bailey & Lopez-de-Prado, 2013)

Question one

The advantages of mutual funds offer compared to the company stock include the advanced portfolio management, whereby, one is supposed to pay the fee as part of the expense ratio (Bruce, 2003). This type of fee that is paid is used to hire a professional portfolio manager who is known to buy and sell stocks and bonds with the aim of helping the management invest portfolio. Mutual funds also help in the dividend reinvestment since the dividends can be used in the purchase of additional shares in a mutual fund and help in the growth of the investment. Wilmott (2007) argues that, mutual funds help in the reduction of risks which may be incurred in the company’s stock whereby, this is well achieved through the use of diversification. Mutual funds also help in making the price fair and convenient to all hence, making it common and easy to purchase as part of the company’s stock.

Investment in 401 (k) enables the investor to have more options with regard to his investments coupled with risk free CDs. In addition, it enables the investor to have more equity and bond exposures that yields good returns in the long-term. Since 401(k) is restricted to mutual funds only, it cannot buy specific stocks or ETFs. Therefore, the investor has to buy a bond fund that attracts good returns on investment.

The mutual fund also has lower cost in that the investor only incurs the transactions costs while buying the stocks (Ross., Westerfield., & Jaffe, 2013). Investment I mutual funds also has less trading restrictions, and this makes the investor to enjoy the benefits that come with market transactions. Therefore, the investor has the chance of trading as much as they wish to provide the cash balance and still experience the option of rebalancing his trade. Unlike the company stock, mutual funds experience less tax headaches since the investor only needs to reconcile the trade transactions just once in a year.

Question 2

In order to get statistical tabulations on my investment, I’m required to calculate the 5% of my contribution which is the $3,000

5% of $3,000 = $150

The EAR that I will be able to earn from the match will be $150 therefore, I will be able to conclude that the returns are very encouraging and have no worry with my investment. Therefore, the investor has the option of dividend reinvestment since the dividends can be used in the purchase of additional shares in a mutual fund and help in the growth of the investment

Conclusion

Investment is a very important component while planning for the future stability in life as it determines the amount of riches an individual accumulates. An investor needs to choose an investment option that does not only provides profits, but provide better than average returns compared to its peer group over a three, five, and ten year period. In addition, the investor also needs to choose the option that provides low price with an expense ratio that is least among the available options. After all these factors have been considered, the fund should have a reasonable and sound management, such that the manager should have a positive track record of managing such funds to guarantee their success.

References

Bailey, D. &Lopez-de-Prado, M. (2013): “The Strategy Approval Decision: A Sharpe Ratio Indifference Curve approach”, Algorithmic Finance 2 (1): 99-109

Bruce J. F. (2003). Investment Performance Measurement. New York: Wiley

Ross, S. R., Westerfield, R. W., & Jaffe, J. (2013). Corporate finance (10th ed.). NY:McGraw-Hill.

Wilmott, P. (2007). Paul Wilmott introduces Quantitative Finance (Second Ed.). Wiley

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