For this assignment, you will write a paper about at least four social and demographic changes you identified in your research in the studies for this unit. Make sure you:
• Describe each change.
• Explain how each change will impact the human resources role as a strategic employee relations partner and its practices for the next 5–10 years.
• Identify and explain at least three HR practices for managing the changes that will promote positive employer-employee relationships.
• Organize research and data in a coherent manner to support your position and influence others.
• Include a reference page, and format your references using APA (6th edition) guidelines.
• Use at least three academic references, in addition to the Web sites used for the demographic data.
* 4 pages
SAMPLE ANSWER
Diversity and Inclusion
Diversity and inclusion has emerged as subjects of discussion in the ever changing world. Diversity, in broader terms, refers to any particular dimension that is used to distinguish one group of people from the other (Gerber & Linda, 2010). It calls on people to respect and appreciate the differences in terms of gender, ethnicity, age, education, nation of origin, religion, sexual orientation, and disability among others. There is however more to do with diversity than just mere description as it appears. It is the tendency of different individuals to carry along with them diverse perspectives, life styles, work experience and culture (Gerber & Linda, 2010). As a basis and a driver of invention, diversity could be viewed as an incredible idea in the world of business and the society at large. Inclusion on the other hand, is used to refer to the state of being respected, supported and valued. It is all about giving attention to the needs and preference of every person and making sure that every individual is provided with the right conditions to attain is or her potential (Gerber & Linda, 2010). Inclusion is always reflected in the relationships, culture and practices of an organization which has the sense of supporting a diverse workforce. Logically speaking, diversity means the mix and inclusion is the means of making the mix to collectively work well.
Diversity is something that is real in the society today given that immigration now happens anywhere in the world. Taking the United States, which is a typically diverse country as an example, there are African-Americans, Hispanics, Chinese, Native Americans, and many others all of whom have different ways of life religion included. The whole of this population, however diverse they may be, there has to be inclusion so that each of them has to play a role in spinning the wheel towards development.
These different groups of people with wide range of cultural identities have to find a way of understanding and coping up with the different cultures that they interact with. The most prominent social challenge in this case therefore is how to cope up with the different cultures within the society.
Fostering epistemological inclusiveness and diversity in the workplace has occupied the center stage of the priorities set aside by Human resource development professionals. Any multinational institutions like international schools and companies have to embrace this particular matter of concern (Klerck, 2009). As had been stated earlier on in this paper, different groups of people from different cultural and ethnic groups tend to find themselves in the same environment at the same time. Employment and education lead the table in bringing people of such kind together.
Social change is manifested in the revolution of norms (Gerber &Linda, 2010). This is evident today especial in the multicultural nations, US being one of them. Gender roles have increasingly overlapped. To this day, women are seen to perform duties which, in the previous years were viewed as solely left for men. People migrate from one country to the other to seek better employment opportunities. What is evident in the modern society is improved mobility, increased flexibility, increased connectedness and better freedom.
The world is swiftly and steadily being initiated into a society of diversity. This diversity is indeed impelling the very fundamental part of different societies and the culture of such societies. The social trends are increasingly being viewed, not as a likely danger, but as a prospect to expand the worldview, share experiences and then initiate better tactics and inventive ideas to solve world problems and live together as one.
As a matter of fact, diversity will continue to thrive in the major institutions in every corner of the world. This is because globalization is taking place day by day and this is drawing people from all walks of life. Africans, Americans, Asians and Europeans are consistently brought together and each one of them comes in with their own culture and this, they try to impose on others. Some may reject such practices others may embrace them. This implies that in some way, diversity will be reduced later on in the centuries to come. In this way the world will move towards being integrated into one cultural institution. This is practically proven by interracial marriage that has been currently observed, a practice that never existed in the past.
As is the case in several countries, the population of the United States is steadily graying. The elderly population has been on the rise and is projected to even further grow in the near future. Statistics show that by 1950, only 8 percent of the total US population was age 65 and above. The same age group had risen to 12 percent by the year 2005 and this is expected to hit 23 percent by the year 2080. In fact the percentage of the elderly population is projected to double the current population in a century to come. Contrastingly, the population of the working-age is expected to shrink from 60 percent as it stood in 2005 to about 54 percent by 2080. These are the expected demographic changes in the US. To support this, the following table was obtained from the Board of Trustees (2006).
Year
Population (thousands)
Percentage
65 or older
All ages
Under 20
20-64
65 or older
1950
160118
54466
92841
12811
8
1970
214765
80684
113158
20923
10
1990
260458
75060
153368
32029
12
2005
302323
83963
181457
36902
12
Projected
2020
339269
87547
198213
53510
16
2040
376856
92268
207416
77172
20
2060
402,079
96760
218777
86543
22
2080
428,214
101,159
230,137
96,918
23
Table 1: U.S. population, by age, selected years 1950–2080
Researches that have independently been done have indicated that if the current population trends continue in The US, then the immigrant population risk overtaking the original population (Toossi, 2012; Schwatka, Butler & Rosecrance, 2012). The population growth of this country depend on immigrates rather than bath rates. In fact it is expected that there will reach a point when the number of immigrants will exceed the number of births annually. This is seen to be possible because of inclusion in every sector in The US economy. As was noted earlier on, the population is first aging and this implies that the working population is also in the reducing end. Labor will have to be imported (Toossi, 2012; Schwatka, Butler & Rosecrance, 2012). The purchasing power of this country will have to be boosted. In this way diversity and inclusion will be seen to have changed the demography of this particular country.
References
Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds. 2006. 2006 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.ssa.gov/oact/tr/tr06/index.html
Gerber, J. J. and Linda, M. M., (2010). Sociology. Toronto: Pearson Canada.
Klerck, G. (2009). Industrial relations and human resource management: A critical approach. London: Routledge.
Schwatka, N.V., Butler, L. M. and Rosecrance, J. R., (2012).An aging workforce and injury in the construction industry. Epidemiologic Reviews 34, 156–167.
Toossi, M., (2012). Labor force projections to 2020: A more slowly growing workforce. Monthly Labor Review 135 (1), 43–64.
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Role of Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture
Role of Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture
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Recent research stated that “[c]ompanies with an established organizational culture that includes strong capabilities for change, commitment to innovation and a high level of trust have a significant advantage” when attempting to adopt a strategy of broad-based corporate sustainability (Eccles, Perkins, & Serafeim, 2013). Yet an Ethics Resource Center (2012) survey found that 42% of respondents felt their organizations exhibited signs of a weak ethics culture with a low degree of trust and transparency. Organizational leaders should have a strong incentive to identify and address any disparities that exist between their organization’s current culture and a productive healthy one. They must understand the impact they can have as leaders in facilitating an organizational culture, determining the necessary steps to build that culture, and taking the necessary action to create a healthy organizational culture.
To prepare:
•Reflect on all you have learned about leadership and leadership theory throughout this course. Begin searching for scholarly references about the relationship between leadership and organizational culture. Reflect on the leadership characteristics and skills that are useful in promoting a healthy organizational culture. Also, consider the leadership styles that promote a healthy organizational culture. Think about the impact on organizational culture of how a leader responds to specific situations, such as crises. Reflect on how a leader might use power to promote a healthy organizational culture and how a leader can promote ethics in a healthy organization.
The “To prepare” is intended to aid in your reflection upon how the various leadership theories and other topics throughout the course relate to organizational culture. However, you are free to analyze other facets of the relationship between leadership and organizational culture.
By Day 7 of Week 7, submit an 8-page comprehensive scholarly analysis of the role leadership plays in shaping an organizational culture.
Your paper must contain ten scholarly resources. These can be a combination of the Learning Resources used throughout this course and new scholarly resources. Your paper should adhere to the APA Course Paper Template found in the Walden University Online Writing Center. The link is located in this Module’s Learning Resources.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Role of Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture
Introduction
A very important role of an organization’s leadership team is to create and maintain an appropriate organizational culture. This process can take place at any organizational level, and variations in different departments are quite common in larger organizations. As much as this is necessary for the business to meet its demands, it is also important for the company to possess an overriding culture that has the capability of permeating and functioning in its various departments. Leaders are the main contributors towards the shaping of an organization culture. They have various roles, all of which contribute to the resulting culture. Organizational culture is a term used to describe the beliefs and values that have been in existence within an organization for a longer period. It also refers to the staff beliefs as well as foreseen values of their work, which influence their behavior and attitudes towards work. Leadership teams usually work toward adjusting their leadership behavior so as to accomplish the organization’s mission, a step that may end up influencing employees’ level of job satisfaction. Therefore, it is essential to clearly understand the relationship between leadership, organizational culture, and employee job satisfaction. This paper analyses the various roles of leadership in the shaping of organizational culture by looking at the arguments presented by different scholars at different times.
The Role of Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture
The role leadership plays in shaping an organizational culture involves many activities. First, they shape the culture by how they react to critical issues. Organizational culture affects the performance of a business either negatively or positively. This depends on whether or not the culture is constructive or destructive. Stanislavov and Ivanov (2014) argue that leaders can shape organizational culture by changing to a more effective leadership orientation. The leadership style used within organizations shapes the culture as it determines how the employees will be reacting in the working environment. According to the study conducted, three casinos were used to identify the relationship between leadership style and the organizational culture adopted. In casino A, the previous manager showcased a predominantly commanding style. This type of leadership focuses on giving commands to employees without giving them room for having a say in the situation. As a result of this, the organizational culture was focused on control and competitiveness (Stanislavov & Ivanov, 2014). When such a leadership style is used, the working climate may be affected negatively since the engagement of employees is prohibited. Therefore, instead of employees feeling like they belong, they end up feeling as if they are being misused for the benefits of others. With such a leadership style, employees cannot effectively work in teams because each one of them is busy competing so as to get on the good side of their leader.
When another manager was employed, the situation changed drastically. The leader displayed an affiliate style, which gave room and enhanced collaboration. This resulted to an organizational culture that featured a ‘political system’ (Stanislavov & Ivanov, 2014). This type of culture was shaped because the employees were free to air their thoughts and arguments on certain topics. This triggered a positive climate that made the employees feel free and appreciated. Unfortunately, the employees also recorded a decrease in how they competed on tasks since the leadership was not as strict as before.
Hu, Dinev, Hart, and Cooke (2012) suggest that a one on one correspondence is present when aligning top management behaviors with organizational culture characteristics such as power sharing behavior and culture, participative behavior and decision making culture, transformative vision, and risk tolerance culture. They further argue that the management has a role of shaping organization culture by drafting policies that are acceptable to employees and using education to reinforce the policies and frame organizational culture (Hu, Dinev, Hart & Cooke, 2012). The paper studies an information security organization whose employees were not being strict on information confidence. Therefore, the only way to ensure that no such problems were experienced in the future, a new organizational culture, which would focus on two components, had to be created. The first was to create a shared assumption about information security, and the second featured the education of the employees about these assumptions.
The role of the management in shaping an organizational culture in this case is displayed by the fact that leaders are responsible for the implementation of the above mentioned components. The creation of policies to guide employees in their daily tasks is the duty of the leader. The policies created need to be designed in such a way that when employees follow them, they will behave just as they are expected to. The education of employees on the various policies is important as it shows them the importance of sticking to the policies. Therefore, instead of forcing them to follow the policies, the leader will be showing them the benefits of doing so. When employees realize these benefits, the result will be that they will end up sticking to the policies without being followed. Their beliefs and attitudes will be changed, and so will the organizational culture.
According to Lightle, Baker, and Castellano (2009), the leadership team of an organization are responsible for shaping the organizational culture by overseeing the organizational ethical values. In their journal, a case study of Washington Mutual has been used to describe cases where organization leaders are not playing their role of ensuring that their ethical values are upheld. Some of the unethical activities, which result to an unethical organizational culture, are frequently hidden from the leaders until when it is too late. However, this is not an excuse for the leaders to claim their purity. Lightle, Baker, and Castellano (2009) argue that leaders need to establish codes of conduct, create ethical guidelines, and make use of monitoring programs that will help prevent fraudulent acts or at least establish an organizational culture that punishes those who break the rules. Similarly, they state that the organization culture created should also encourage and reward integrity and responsibility.
When codes of conduct are established by a leader, the employees will get to believe that the ways stated are how they are supposed to act in the workplace. Ethical guidelines will show them what is acceptable and what is punishable. Since employees are always keen on keeping their jobs and avoiding punishments, the result will be that a majority will focus on doing what is acceptable and avoiding what is punishable. All these actions will result to the creation of an organizational culture, which the leader was hoping for as he or she was creating these guidelines. When the leader monitors the activities of employees, it will be easier to spot an area that causes concern, and which needs immediate attention. This is also part of an organizational culture once employees and leaders become accustomed to the rule of monitoring.
Latham (2013) stated that leaders have a role of shaping the organizational culture through their leadership behavior. Although setting the example is a common axiom of leadership, it is even more important when leading transformation that the leaders become the change they want to witness in their organization. This means that the leadership behavior needs to be consistent with the organizational vision and desired culture. Therefore, if the leader needs to create an organizational culture that focuses on respect for each other, he must first treat others with the same level of respect he expects them to use. If this leader shows that he does not tolerate any screaming and yelling, as he himself does not use that for communication, the employees will find it easier to follow his footsteps (Latham, 2013). The same goes for the ethical organizational culture whereby the leader must first show no tolerance for unethical behavior in the organization.
Symbolic managers spend most of their time thinking of the organizational values, and how they can transform the culture into an even stronger subject. These managers view their primary job as that of managing conflicts arising value, which result from the flow of daily events. Kane-Urrabazo (2006) believes that managers have a role in the development of a healthy organizational culture by displaying exemplification of trustworthiness and trust, empowerment and delegation, and also consistency and mentorship. These components decide how employees behave within the organization, and how they carry out their tasks. When employees know how they are expected to behave, they will behave in that way. However, if no guidelines are offered, each one will showcase behavior that they believe to be acceptable. In this case, when the employee is given a specific task, they will act accordingly to complete the task. However, when no task delegation takes place, employees may have trouble completing a task since some areas may be left untouched. Therefore, the leader has the role of shaping an organized organizational culture by ensuring that each individual is aware of his or her specific tasks.
George, Sleeth, and Siders (1999) state that leadership literature has emphasized the role of leaders in articulating a vision, and in establishing an organizational culture through setting objectives and then clearing any hurdles by smoothing out the path for attaining the objectives. They further argue that the leaders need to employ behaviors will create, communicate, and manage the organizational culture (George, Sleeth, & Siders, 1999). Thus, the mode through which leaders establish and communicate a set of shared values and beliefs of the organization to employees is very important. These authors believe that leaders play their role of shaping the organizational culture by articulating the vision. This implies that culture can be created when the leader clearly and effectively expresses his vision ideas to the employees.
The reason why creation of organizational culture commonly fails is because the leaders fail to articulate their vision. For this to be successful, employees need to have an understanding of the benefits associated with the vision, why that and not any other, and so on. By setting objectives and clearing hurdles, the leader is giving the employees a target to work towards. Then to ensure that they are successful, the process is monitored for factors, which may result to its failure. These hurdles may, therefore, include unethical behavior, unsatisfied employees, lack of employee engagement and so on.
The management shapes an organizational culture by understanding employee related variables such as organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance (Yafang, 2011). When these variables are clearly understood, the management can easily visualize a culture that will not affect these negatively. Instead, the articulated vision in this case will be formed on a basis that encourages the employees’ commitment to the organization, their job satisfaction, and improved performance. The leader will therefore shape the culture by encouraging activities that will make the employees feel satisfied as members of the organization. This may include treating them with respect, creation of compensation plans that will meet their needs, giving them room to take part in decision making and so on. Once they feel satisfied with their jobs, they will become committed to the organization, a step that will increase performance.
Heidrich and Alt (2009) also believe that the role of the leader influences the creation and change in the organizational culture. According to these authors, this is achieved when the leader defines behavioral norms and decision making methods, as well as when the leader makes decisions that eventually affects the organization’s value system. There are many ways through which a leader can have an impact on upon shaping the organizational culture (Heidrich & Alt, 2009). First, by being a role model; second, by making use of a reward system; third, through the selection and recruitment process; fourth, by using structure and strategy; and fifth, by considering the physical setting. Therefore, as the leader plays the role of shaping organizational culture, there are steps that must be taken. For instance, the leader needs to employ strategy, otherwise, the visualized culture will not be achieved. This is because a new mission cannot be completed with the use of old organization values and beliefs.
According to Veiseh, Mohammadi, Pirzadian and Sharafi (2014), organizational culture is shaped by the leadership role of transforming employees. This is because transformational leadership has been linked to how leaders encourage employees to perform better as well as to prepare reliable paths for new organizations. This is because this type of leadership is formed on a basis of four aspects: One, purposeful influence; two, intellectual encouragement; three, inspirational motivation; four, encouraging supports. By indulging in the above, the leader is influencing the organizational culture since the beliefs and values are also altered in the process.
Nguyen Huu, Yunshi, Ping-Fu, and Sheng-Hung (2014) also agree that transformational leadership shapes organizational culture. This is because such leaders are able to positively influence the followers to share their values and beliefs by promoting a higher level of intrinsic value associated with the accomplishment of a goal, emphasizing the important link between follower’s effort and goal achievement, and also by creating a very high level of commitment on both the part of the leader and follower towards a common organizational vision, mission, and goals.
Conclusion
Leaders are the main individuals within an organization who can actively shape the organizational culture. The works of the scholars analyzed in this paper prove that leaders shape the culture through their behaviors, actions, and their chosen leadership styles. Leadership behavior will affect whether or not the visualized organizational culture is achieved since employees are usually keen on how the leader conducts him/herself. The actions need to go hand in hand with the words and expectations of the leader; otherwise, the formation of a culture will not be effective. Lastly, leadership styles also play a role as they define the organization’s climate, which directly impact employees.
References
George, G., Sleeth, R. G., & Siders, M. A. (1999). Organizing Culture: Leader Roles, Behaviors, And Reinforcement Mechanisms. Journal Of Business & Psychology, 13(4), 545-560.
Heidrich, B., & Alt, M. (2009). Godfather Management? The Role of Leaders in Changing Organizational Culture in Transition Economies: A Hungarian-Romanian Comparison. Management (18544223), 4(4), 309-327.
Hu, Q., Dinev, T., Hart, P., & Cooke, D. (2012). Managing Employee Compliance with Information Security Policies: The Critical Role of Top Management and Organizational Culture* Managing Employee Compliance with Information Security Policies: The Critical Role of Top Management and Organizational.. Decision Sciences, 43(4), 615-660. https://www.doi:10.1111/j.1540-5915.2012.00361.x
Latham, J. R. (2013). A Framework for Leading the Transformation to Performance Excellence Part II: CEO Perspectives on Leadership Behaviors, Individual Leader Characteristics, and Organizational Culture. Quality Management Journal, 20(3), 19-40.
Lightle, S. S., Baker, B., & Castellano, J. F. (2009). The Role of Boards of Directors in Shaping Organizational Culture. CPA Journal, 79(11), 68-72.
Nguyen Huu, D., Yunshi, L., Ping-Fu, H., & Sheng-Hung, Y. (2014). An Empirical Study Of The Organizational Culture, Leadership And Firm Performance In A Vietnam Family Business. International Journal Of Organizational Innovation, 6(4), 109-121.
Stanislavov, I., & Ivanov, S. (2014). The role of leadership for shaping organizational culture and building employee engagement in the Bulgarian gaming industry. Tourism (13327461), 62(1), 19-40.
Veiseh, S., Mohammadi, E., Pirzadian, M., & Sharafi, V. (2014). The Relation between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture (Case study: Medical school of Ilam). Journal Of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(3), 113-124.
Yafang, T. (2011). Relationship between Organizational Culture, Leadership Behavior and Job Satisfaction. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 98-106. https://www.doi:10.1186/1472-6963-11-98
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Write a paper (1,250-1,750 words) describing the approach to care of cancer. In addition, include the following in your paper:
1. Describe the diagnosis and staging of cancer.
2. Describe at least three complications of cancer, the side effects of treatment, and methods to lessen physical and psychological effects.
3. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Integrated approach to care
Cancer could be complex and difficult, and it typically necessitates the involvement of several specialists in an integrated or integrative approach to care. If one chooses a care center that provides multidisciplinary care, then the individual will be able to receive a uniquely effective and convenient approach to cancer treatment. When all the cancer specialists meet within a single place, more options for cancer treatment are likely to be discussed (American Cancer Society, 2014). Moreover, differences of opinion could be resolved at that moment, and the patient gets a treatment program which is more comprehensive that focuses on a physical treatment plan, as well as social and emotional needs of the patient. With an integrated approach, the patient will be an active member of the team and gets to listen to the discussions, ask any questions, and voice his or her concerns. The team will guide the patient in understanding his/her options, although the patient remains the final and very well-informed decision-maker (American Cancer Society, 2014).
Diagnosis and staging of cancer
Diagnosis: a medical history particularly the history of symptoms, and physical examination are the initial steps in cancer diagnosis. Usually, the doctor would order several tests, many of which would be determined by the kind of cancer, as well as where the cancer is thought to be situated in, or on the body of the patient. Additionally, physicians would order electrolyte levels, a complete blood count, in addition to other blood studies which might provide more information, for instance a prostate specific antigen test might guide the physician to carry out more tests like prostate biopsy (American Cancer Society, 2014). Imaging studies are usually utilized in helping the doctor detect any abnormalities within the body that might actually be cancer. Ultrasound, MRI and CT scans, and X-rays are the common tools employed in examining the patient’s body. Other tests like endoscopy could allow visualizations of tissues within the intestinal tract, bronchi or throat that might be cancerous. Radionuclide scanning is commonly utilized in areas which cannot be visualized properly, for instance some lymph nodes or inside bones. The test will involve IV injection or ingestion of a weakly radioactive substance which could be concentrated and detected in the tissue which is abnormal (American Cancer Society, 2014).
Staging of cancer is understood as the process used by the physician to find out how much cancer there is within the body of a person, and where it is situated. It is, in essence, how the physician learns the stage of an individual’s cancer. Staging information is used by physicians in planning treatment and to help in predicting an individual’s prognosis or outlook (American Cancer Society, 2014). It is of note that cancers that have similar stage typically have the same outlooks and are usually treated the same way. The stage of cancer is also a way that physicians use in describing the degree of the cancer whenever they converse with one another regarding a person’s cancer.
Staging is of major importance given that it tells the specialist the best possible treatments that the cancer patient actually needs. For instance, the treatment for early stage cancer of the breast might be radiation and surgery, whilst a more advanced cancer of the breast might also necessitate treatment with chemotherapy (American Cancer Society, 2014). Moreover, specialists also utilize the stage to help in predicting the course that a given cancer is likely to take. When staging cancer, the specialist looks for the primary cancer, which is the original tumor, in addition to other tumors. The doctor looks at the number, size, as well as locations of any tumors to find out if the cancer has actually extended far away. The physician also looks at the nearby lymph nodes to see if the cancer has spread into them (American Cancer Society, 2014).
Complications of cancer
Depending on the health of the individual as well as the stage of the tumor, complications of cancer could be life-changing, inconvenient, painful and even deadly. Amongst the most common complications of cancer include fatigue, metastasis, sleep disorders, pain and depression. (i) Emotional and mental complications of cancer: generally, patients with cancer have the risk of developing mood disorders such as major depression and anxiety. A lot of cancer patients experience grief, sadness, as well as anxiety in response to the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Whenever these feelings interfere with the capacity to lead a productive life or to undergo treatment, nevertheless, the cancer patient might have developed a mood disorder which calls for professional treatment (American Cancer Society, 2014).
(ii) Physical complications of cancer: the main physical complication is pain. As a tumor is growing, it could extend into the nearby tissues or exert pressure on a surrounding nerve, which makes the patient to feel pain. The pain falls into 3 key types: neuropathic pain – this is pain as a result of injury to the central nervous system; somatic pain – pain that affects the particular area of the skin, bone or muscle; and visceral pain – pain as a result of damaged organ tissue (American Cancer Society, 2014). The other physical complications associated with cancer are as follows: vomiting and nausea; hypercalcemia, which is high amount of calcium within the blood; malignant pleural effusion, which is the accumulation within the lung cavity that makes breathing to be difficult. Lymphedema, which is the swelling as a result of damage to lymph nodes; sexual issues for instance vaginal dryness and erectile dysfunction; as well as pruritus, which is a sensation of itchiness.
Side effects of treatment
Radiation therapy and chemotherapy cause several side effects, considering that chemotherapy medications are very strong. The main side effects include Pain: this could be as a result of certain treatments for instance surgery. Vomiting and nausea: these are amongst the most dreaded side effects of cancer treatments. Fatigue: this is a distressing and common side effect of cancer and its treatment (American Cancer Society, 2014). Other treatment side effects include anemia and bleeding problems, confusion and memory problems, diarrhea and constipation, lymphedema, skin changes, hot flashes and night sweats, tiredness as well as hair thinning and hair loss. Other side effects include anxiety, reactivity to unpleasant stimuli, tension, depression, confusion, and hostility.
Methods to lessen physical and psychological effects
Patients with cancer who experience overwhelming feelings of despair, worthlessness, anxiety, hopelessness or sadness need to talk with a physician regarding the symptoms as well as possible treatment of these complications. In essence, psychological effects could be lessened through relaxation therapy, which eases symptoms of anxiety. Relaxation techniques which are known to ease the psychological side effects include mental imagery, hypnosis, as well as progressive muscle relaxation. They help in reducing tension, anxiety and depression (American Cancer Society, 2014). Fatigue can be lessened by establishing a sleep pattern, developing a routine for going to sleep, trying to those avoid activities which makes him/her most fatigued, and beginning an endurable everyday exercise regimen to decrease fatigue and improve sleep. To reduce physical effects, there are medications that the patient can take. There are drugs to reduce or totally eliminate the pain, which can also be lessened through massage that soothes the body
I need to have this as one of the references: Leinbach, T. R., & Capineri, C. (2007). Globalized freight transport: Intermodality, e-commerce, logistics and sustainability. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
The European Union is primarily made up of twenty-eight countries which are located in Europe and mostly cooperate on political, environmental and economic matters. These countries have formed the EU as custom union which formulates policies and rules that establish competition rules that are required for effective functioning of their own internal market and also policies that govern the union members while dealing with other non-member countries in the global market. North America is largely dominated by the US and Canada. The Europeans and Americans cooperate and share common values related to economic, cultural, social and political ties. These ties are mostly reflected closely on transatlantic relations.
To assess and also develop the transatlantic cooperation between the Americas and the European Union, frequent presidential summits are regularly organized to facilitate mutual agreements on controversial issues.
The establishment and the emerging issues on global production network led to social integration on the international scene on matters touching on information, communication and transportation innovations which finally resulted on global expansion of trade and other economic activities. (Hesse & Rodrigue, 2004)
Freight transportation especially cross-border freight transportation is considered in the Americas as a high GHG (Green House Gas) emitting industry. The American system puts a lot of emphasis on subsidies regulation and regulated emission pricing that controls the GHG transmission from rail and truck transportation systems.
Protection of the environment is a major concern of the American transport integration. The impact of transportation on climate change has prompted several studies that have recommended the harmonization and adoption of renewable energy and other environment protection standards in the transportation industry.
Transportation is currently the second largest consumer of energy in the US while in Canada it’s the greatest. Transportation energy efficiency is a major concern for the national government as well as for the national climate change regulatory authorities.
Globalization of the manufacturing industry and logistics in the US has transformed the supply chain management (SCM) into a more comprehensive and complex framework that have eliminated inventories and instead integrated supply chain management systems. The expansion of GPN has been largely based on logistics. (Leinbach & Capineri, 2007)
In EU countries, Freight transport logistics is comparable to the North American policies on the need for improved efficiency on the general transport system through logistics which targets more environmentally friendly, efficient and safer energy consumption levels. Globalization has created new challenges for the European Union. The fast growth in the economy has also led to the growth in the transport system that has also resulted in congestion, pollution, noise and accidents. Transport is largely dependent on fossil fuels. The EU has established European loading standards in an effort to mitigate the effects of transportation on the environment and also to maintain a sustainable mobility.
The climate change has compelled the EU and the North Americans to seek alternative energy sources for transportation. Biofuels and gas remain the most recommended alternatives currently feasible as they do not attract any technological conversions. However Biofuels are not far much better than fossil fuels hence gas is the most recommended of the two alternatives.
In June 2005, the EU – US summit launched the transatlantic economic integration to spur growth and cooperation in both organizations by maximizing their economic potentials. The other policies are the OAA (Open Aviation Area) created in 2003 and it seeks to provide legal basis for transatlantic air services and Galileo that was established in 2004 and its aim is to regulate the global positioning systems in transportation networks.
Future research is needed on the effect of the threat of terrorism and its impact on the transportation system both in EU and America. The US and the EU have cooperated before on controlling the impact of terrorism on international trade but more research is needed on how to tackle and eradicate the threat posed.
The most interesting part of the cooperation is that there is no doubt that the transportation systems contribute to most of the environment hazards globally and both unions are still having a dialogue on how to implement the right measures to tackle the effects on climate change. (FHWA, 2005) The efforts to minimize and reduce the effects on the environment from the transportation systems are not satisfactory.
References
FHWA, Office of Freight Management and Operations (2005): Freight Facts and Figures 2005, p. 9. Washington D.C.: FHWA.
Hesse, M. and J-P Rodrigue (2004) “The Transport Geography of Logistics and Freight Distribution”, Journal of Transport Geography, Vol.12, No. 3, pp. 171-184.
Tensions between the claim to individual autonomy and the obligation to conform to the expectations of the wider community.
Order Instructions:
Drawing on the readings and lectures for this topic, examine the tensions between the claim to individual autonomy and the obligation to conform to the expectations of the wider community. Answer with reference to one of the following issues: immigration, immunisation, obesity, euthanasia, same sex marriage.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The Tensions between the Claim to Individual Autonomy and the Obligation to Conform to the Expectations of the Wider Community
Conformity, which is the act of toning behaviors, believes, and attitudes to group norms, holds much to the social role (Westring & Ryan, 2010). Social role is an expected behavior and is viewed to be normal within a particular society and any behavior that contrasts it will be viewed to be abnormal (Westring & Ryan, 2010). The ever changing society presented a scenario where individuals in the society tend to come up with such behaviors that have, since the time immemorial, been considered as unacceptable in the society. Such people tend to justify their behavior by citing the existing laws that tend to protect individual rights. Tension has, therefore, built up between such claims of individual autonomy and what the wider community expects from such individual. This paper looks into a behavior that has of late taken the center stage in several communities and greatly contrasts what such communities expect, which is same sex marriage.
There are various unrelenting efforts to make same sex marriage a normal occurrence in the society, and this is mostly in the western world (Westring & Ryan, 2010). Contrastingly, most of these countries are anchored upon Christian norms. It is quite clear in the Holy Bible that God condemns same sex marriage and anyone practicing this would be committing great sin against the will of their Creator. In a bid to safeguard the principles of Christianity, Christian religious leaders are constantly at loggerheads with the various leaders in the government who are fighting for gay rights.
Fundamental human rights and freedoms should be obeyed to the latter. In fact, appropriate action should be taken against those who are found guilty of stripping one of one’s rights. Right to self-decision and privacy is paramount and everybody should be granted despite one’s religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and region of origin (Westring & Ryan, 2010). The United Nations has indeed done a good job in clearly spelling out the action to be taken against people who violet human rights and freedom.
Ethics, however, has to be maintained in the society. Take a case where there would be same sex marriages all over the human race such that no one is yearning to marry the opposite sex. Naturally, there would be no procreation. After a century or two, the whole human race would be wiped out of the earth. Various religious books clearly state that procreation was one of the fundamental obligations tasked to man by the supernatural being. In any eventuality that man will neglect this duty then they shall have gone against the will of their creator and the community’s expectations.
The above discussed facts portray tension that has built up in a gay society that is made up of Christian individuals. Those who intend to practice or who are already into the same sex marriages will satisfactorily justify their acts. The society, which in this case in the Christian perspective, will also have its own reason to oppose such acts. This has indeed created a tensed society where there is constant push and pull with each side vindicating its stance on this particular issue of same sex marriage
This paper is a summary of all the nursing papers you guys have written for me for the past weeks so it will make sense if the same writer complete this reflection also by going back and using all the resources of the previous papers to complete this paper. the writer should pay close attention to all the requirements and respond to all the questions. It requires a minimum of 7 paragraphs in 4 pages.
Reflection and Evaluation
Reflect upon your new knowledge about nursing research and EBP. Explain how this new knowledge will influence your daily practice? What was your most significant learning? What assignment did you find the most and least meaningful to your understanding of research and EBP? Did you meet the course outcomes?
Your role as an advanced practice nurse is paramount in nursing research. You will be examining studies for evidence which can be taken to the bedside. Without nurses prepared for this, the research-practice gap will continue to widen. You have learned how to generate research questions, whether they are from practice or from the literature. You have learned about various research methodologies, both quantitative and qualitative. Over the weeks, you have analyzed nursing research studies, both quantitative and qualitative. You have touched on collaborative research efforts. You have been introduced to legal and ethical principles in research. You have investigated a clinical guideline and applied it to a practice setting.
Now for the big question: can you now use research to improve practice? Are you able to take the evidence you find in the literature and translate it into practice guidelines which staff nurses will be willing to adopt? Only you can answer this important question.
This paper provides you with an opportunity to reflect on what you have learned during the course. To accomplish this, please create a minimum 7 paragraph written reflection of your personal learning achievements and professional growth as a result of this course. Remember that a paragraph cannot be less than 5 sentences, and it is important that all details be included in this paper as it clearly will demonstrate what you have understood in this course. Use the guidelines below to do your evaluations.
1. Evaluate personal learning achievements pertaining to each course outcomes:
1: Evaluate quantitative research studies through systematic examination of all aspects of a nursing research study.
2: Apply research findings from quantitative studies to nursing practice.
3: Evaluate qualitative research studies through systematic examination of all aspects of a nursing research study.
4: Apply research findings from qualitative studies to nursing practice.
5: Evaluate the body of evidence from nursing research in order to support an evidence-based change in nursing practice.
6: Create a plan for application of evidence to current nursing practice.
7; Reflect on how the learning you achieved in this course will support your success in the final course when you will develop a written evidence-based proposal for a change in nursing practice.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Reflection and Assimilation
Considering all the knowledge gained over the course of the research project, I can effectively utilize research to improve nursing practice. In essence, I am able to take the evidence which I find in literature and then translate it into practice guidelines that nursing staff would be willing to adopt. I have been able to achieve each of the course outcome. These are described below.
I have gained ability and competence to evaluate quantitative research. As a result of the research conducted, I am able to evaluate various quantitative research studies through systematic examination of all aspects of a nursing research study. I am able to effectively assess and critique various quantitative research approaches such as cross-sectional design. I am also able to evaluate grounded theory type of quantitative research, whose purpose is theory development. Moreover, I am able to evaluate ethnography research studies which describe the characteristics of a culture (Beck, 2013). Equally important, I can properly evaluate quantitative case studies, which describe in an in-depth manner the experience of an institution, a community, a group, a family or an individual. When evaluating quantitative research studies in nursing, I have learned the importance of bearing in mind the sampling and data collection methods utilized by the researcher, the variables of the study, the research questions formulated, validity and reliability of data, as well as outcomes of the research.
I have gained the ability to apply research findings from quantitative studies. The research has enabled me to use the findings of quantitative research as evidence in nursing practice. The new evidence gained from quantitative studies could be utilized by managers and decision makers in healthcare organizations to solve challenges they experience within their healthcare facilities, and to improve patient care (Aveyard & Sharp, 2013). In essence, I am now able to understand the utility and meaning of quantitative research results and how they can serve as vital evidence for nursing practice changes. Before the findings of quantitative research can be applied, it is imperative to determine if those findings are valid (Jacelon & O’Dell, 2005). In this regard, thanks to this research, I am now able to determine the validity of quantitative research findings before applying them.
I have also gained the ability and competence to evaluate qualitative research studies. Qualitative research is basically understood as a method of inquiry where the investigator, acting as an instrument for the collection of data, seeks to answer questions regarding why or how a given phenomenon happens (Holloway & Wheeler, 2013). I can properly evaluate several qualitative research designs in nursing research including ethnography, phenomenology, grounded-theory, as well as qualitative description. To evaluate whether or not a particular qualitative study in nursing research is useful, I have learned to critically appraise qualitative research in terms of validity and thoroughness. The main areas to consider when evaluating the qualitative research include: if the research question is clear and substantiated sufficiently; and if the design is apt for the research question. Others are if the sampling method was apt for the research design and research question; if data was gathered and managed in a systematic way; if data analysis was apt; and if the description of findings is thorough.
I have gained the ability to apply research findings from qualitative studies. The research has allowed me to be able to properly understand how I can apply the qualitative research findings by asking several questions, such as what relevance and meaning does the qualitative study have for my practice? The question of what meaning could be made of the findings would have to be examined (Smith & Firth, 2011). The study should produce usable knowledge. The other questions are: does the qualitative research study assist me in understanding the context of my practice? and, does the qualitative research study enhance my knowledge regarding my particular practice? I have been able to understand the generalizability of qualitative findings, considering that findings from qualitative findings are not always generalisable (Holloway, Wheeler & Holloway, 2013).
The project has enhanced my skills of evaluating the body of evidence from nursing research. This research has, to a great extent, helped me to improve on my capability to evaluate the body of evidence from nursing research as regards the subject matter in order to support an evidence-based change within nursing practice. This research project involved extensive review of existing literature on the subject matter with the aim of finding evidence to use to support evidence-based change. It is of note that evidence-based practice is a vital approach in providing the best quality care to patients, as well as the patients’ families. Nursing practice which is based on evidence improves patient outcomes and helps to reduce uncertainty usually experienced by healthcare personnel and their patients alike (Boswell, Boswell & Cannon, 2014). Because of this research project, I can clearly distinguish literature that is based on evidence from traditional literature not based on evidence. In essence, this project has enhanced my ability to systematically search for the most relevant, pertinent and current evidence, and to critically appraise this evidence in order to answer a clinical question. Conducting research helps in providing the essential evidence on which to base nursing practice (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011).
The plan for the application of evidence to the current nursing practice entails the following: (i) disseminating the evidence. Evidence would be disseminated through various mediums such as press releases in local newspapers, television and radio stations; publications in recognized journals such as New England Journal of Medicine, Science Journal, and Nature Journal; websites. Dissemination will also take place using posters and flyers; oral presentations; as well as organization/hospital-based and professional committee meetings. The evidence will be disseminated with the aim of reaching the wider nursing community who will apply the evidence-based practice. (ii) Encouraging nurses and other healthcare professionals to adopt and implement the evidence-based practice in their daily practice at their workplace in order improve patient care and safety, and reduce injury or death from falls. (iii) Managing and overcoming any barriers and resistance to adopting the evidence-based practice, for instance by providing training (Giuliano & Polanowicz, 2008).
The learning which I have achieved in this course will support my success in the final course when I will be required to develop a written evidence-based proposal for a change in nursing strategy. This is primarily because I will be better positioned and adequately prepared to develop the written evidence-based proposal for a change in nursing practice considering that I would have already conducted the research project and gained the evidence necessary to write the proposal for an evidence-based practice. This research project has given me the essential information, knowledge and necessary evidence on which to base nursing practice. The learning I attained in this course has improved my knowledge and widened my understanding on the evidence-based nursing practice. This will certainly support my success significantly in the final course when in will develop a written evidence-based proposal for a change in nursing practice.
References
Aveyard, H., & Sharp, P. (2013). A Beginner’s Guide To Evidence-Based Practice In Health And Social Care. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education.
Beck, C. T. (2013). Routledge international handbook of qualitative nursing research. Abingdon: Routledge.
Boswell, C., Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2014). Introduction to nursing research: Incorporating evidence-based practice. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning
Giuliano, K., & Polanowicz, M. (2008). Interpretation and use of statistics in nursing research. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 19(2), 211–222
Holloway, I., & Wheeler, S. (2013). Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare. Chicester: Wiley.
Holloway, I., Wheeler, S., & Holloway, I. (2010). Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell.
Developments from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment
Developments from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment
Order Instructions:
***PLEASE WRITE FOR 2ND YEAR UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL.***
ESSAY TASK:
Briefly outline the developments from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, as given in course notes. Summarise the main points that Kant made in his essay “What is Enlightenment?” How did Hamann criticise Kant? Do you think Hamann’s criticism is fair? Briefly justify your answer.
Reading:
*Notes on the Renaissance and the Enlightenment
*“What is Enlightenment?” by I. Kant
*Criticism of Kant
All these readings have been uploaded to the order.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Developments from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment
The beginning of the Renaissance period dates to the 14th century in Florence Italy as an attempt to return to the ancient world when Rome dominated. Among the greatest developments during this period was the architecture that was artistic and full of architectural wonders predominantly in Rome. The emergence of among the greatest artists that the world has known occurred during this period such as Michel Angelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci (Evans & Marr, 2006). The perception or art during this period changed especially relating to the way the human body was artistically depicted. The human body was pictured as being flattering and in a more positive view and its beauty emphasized compared to the medieval times. Due to the Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures influence, the human body’s nudity was depicted in a positive note in art (Belshek, 2006). This beautiful and noble depiction of the human body led to the development of the humanism movement. Humanists believed that humans were special and at the centre of everything. They believed humans were in charge and responsible for their destiny (West, 2010).
Plato, a celebrated scientist and thinker at the time who was also a humanist believed and emphasized on the power of human reasoning and believed that humans, using their reasoning abilities could unveil critical truths. This is different from the medieval people who emphasized the importance of faith and acquiring knowledge from the Bible (West, 2010). The belief in human reasoning resulted into the scientific revolution during this period. With the emergence of Thomas Aquinas’ book Summa Theologica and the increased confidence of the human abilities people changed their perception about the once infallible ideas of Aristotle. They conducted scientific observations, investigations, and experiments, and experimental methods were developed by Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton developed the laws of motion and gravity that are used up to date (Fitzpatrick, 2004).
A strong belief in the human abilities and power of reasoning persisted and grew, and it spread from the scholars to the larger society hence the period of enlightenment. During this period, there was a strong belief that human beings using their reasoning powers could understand the universe, nature, and human nature (Fleischacker, 2013). There was increasing application of science and reasoning (the optimistic idea) that resulted to a better understanding of the universe with the most important development being the compilation of the encyclopedia mostly done by Denis Diderot (Zafirovski, 2010).
Main Points that Kant Made in His Essay
According to Kant, a person becomes enlightened when he/she grows out of an immaturity that is usually self-imposed. Immaturity according to him is the inability of an individual to use his/her understanding without being guided by another person. For Kant, immaturity is self-imposed due to the fear of using one’s understanding without being helped by someone else (Goldman, 2011). Laziness and being cowardly maintain immaturity and due to such qualities other people become guardians or authority figures on certain people. These authority figures warn the subjects of the dangers that exist if they do not seek their help and tell the people below them that achieving maturity is dangerous and difficult hence frighten and deter people from pursuing maturity. He laments that often, people find it difficult to free themselves from immaturity and become content with this state. He argues that rules, regulations, and formulas keep people stuck in the state of immaturity, and a person who attempts to go against the rules would be walking towards maturity as he/she is not accustomed to such free movement (Morgan, 2002).
According to Kant, very few people have managed to come out of the state of immaturity and they have done this through the cultivation of their minds. For him, freedom (to use reason publicly) is the only remedy for enlightenment that is the use of reason by a scholar before the literate world. It is only the public use of freedom that can generate enlightenment since private reason is often restricted to the point where it does not hamper the process of enlightenment (Tampio, 2012). Therefore, freedom is required for enlightenment and people should express their thoughts freely. Through the spread of information and ideas people can become their own guardians as they will possess the components required to be a guardian. By allowing the freedom to think, ideas can be spread that will push others to think for themselves (Tampio, 2012).
Criticism of Kant
According to Hamann by arguing that people should develop freedom of thought Kant was at the same interfering with the freedom of people to think by influencing their thought process. Hamann argues that in some instances people may not want to think for themselves and hence accept the rules and regulation set by the guardians and the authority out of choice (Beech, 2010). Hamann feels that by Kant arguing that people should freely and publicly use their ability to he is limiting the people’s choice to do what they want that is follow rules. Therefore, Kant was objecting the use of the Aristocratic bible and other books as rules for living and thinking. However, he was at the same time setting himself up in the position of this books by interfering with the people’s thought process and restrict them to his idea hence maintenance of immaturity (Goldman, 2011).
Hamann’s criticism is not fair because from Kant’s argument; he did not tell people to follow his thought process, but encouraged them to use their freedom of thinking and their reasoning ability. Therefore, for example, if someone chose to follow the rules that exist, let that person follow them after critically thinking about the rules and not just blindly. Kant encourages people to think before making a choice to do something not restricts people (Beech, 2010)
References
Beech, T. J. (2010). Hamann’s Prophetic Mission: A Genetic Study of Three Late Works Against the Enlightenment. London, United Kingdom: MHRA.
Evans, R. J., & Marr, A. (Eds.). (2006). Curiosity and Wonder from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment. Burlington, VT, United States of America: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
Fitzpatrick, M. (Ed.). (2004). Enlightenment World. New York, NY, United States of America: Psychology Press.
Fleischacker, S. (2013). What is Enlightenment? Abingdon, Oxon, United States of America: Routledge.
Goldman, A. (2011). Kant and the Subject of Critique: On the Regulative Role of the Psychological Idea. Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America: Indiana University Press.
Morgan, D. (2002). Kant Trouble: Obscurities of the Enlightened. New York, NY, United States of America: Routledge.
Tampio, N. (2012). Kantian Courage:Advancing the Enlightenment in Contemporary Political Theory: Advancing the Enlightenment in Contemporary Political Theory.United States of America: Fordham Univ Press.
West, D. (2010). Continental Philosophy: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Malden, MA, United States of America: Polity.
Zafirovski, M. (2010). The Enlightenment and Its Effects on Modern Society. Denton, Texas, United States of America: Springer Science & Business Media.
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Private Sector Partnerships: Natural/Man-Made Disasters
Locate the proper Response Partner Guide and the Emergency Support Function Annexes from the NRF Resource Center for this SLP. Also, refer to previous readings and required websites. For our focus in the Module 4 SLP, examples of private sector partners of an emergency response plan for a town or city include:
There are other partners within this category; familiarize yourself with them.
Scenario: For this scenario, we are assuming that you have included the above private sector partners in your Emergency Response Plan. A number of railroad tank cars overturned releasing a toxic gas into the air. Gas clouds are traveling in the vicinity of a large residential area and an elementary school. You are the Incident Commander and tasked with coordinating an effective response. You have already alerted law enforcement and HAZMAT first responders.
Using the six private sector partners above in your response, what other step would you need to take to ensure the safety of the town’s citizens? Be specific and cite your sources.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Responding Effectively to Toxic Gas Emission
Toxic gas emissions into the air in a large residential area, and even worse where an elementary school is located, are a very dangerous disaster. As the incident commander, there is still more to be done even after alerting law enforcement and HAZMAT first responders. The next step to be taken is to contact the transportation partners. Since it will be more harmful to sit and wait for help to come, it is important to start transporting people from the area as soon as possible (Bennett, 2011). In this situation, trains will be used to move the children from the elementary school as fast as possible. This is an important step as it removes individuals from the site which may pose a danger to their lives. This partnership with transportation will also come in handy when transportation vehicles which are headed toward this direction are diverted. It is important to make this area a no go zone to reduce the rates of people who may get affected as a result of the toxic gas. Controlling traffic that is headed towards this direction can be complicated, especially because there are many routines. However, when the transportation partners step in, it will be easier to manage as they will offer their employees as well.
Next, the telecommunication systems partners will be contacted. This step will be effective in warning individuals of the dangers associated with coming to this region. At times, when the public is not notified, it will be impossible for people to stop driving to the area. This is because it takes time for the emergency transportation partners to be in place and start functioning. Fortunately, with the availability of telecommunications partners, a wider range of individuals may be notified through the media (Wasileski, 2014). The availability of these partners will also mean that individuals can communicate with the people who are in the affected area and still awaiting their evacuation. This is important as it promotes calm in the population. The people who are away from the area can relax and not come to the affected area when they know that their loved ones are safe. These communication systems will also be effective when the members of the rescue team need to communicate to others about the materials needed or similar things. When the communication lines are not interrupted at times of emergency, the process becomes swift and hence information can be passed and acted upon on time.
After that, the next step will be to contact the utilities partners. In such a situation, utilities are usually needed to support both the rescue team as well as the individuals who are still present in the affected site. For instance, water may be needed to help alleviate symptoms of poisoning from the gas. It may also be required when there is a case of an injury. Therefore, these partners will be contacted to ensure that all the required utilities are available in good number. This is also taken as a precautionary action since the individuals present may not necessarily need them (Harris, 2013). However, it is always better to be safe than to start transporting these items when need arises.
Banking partners will be contacted to offer financial assistance, which is mostly required in such situations. Financing is important when the team will need to purchase first aid kits and other medical equipment. Not all these are available through donations and nonprofit organizations. Some are usually rather expensive and they may need to be purchased from other institutions. They also offer financing for fuels of vehicles being used for this transportation of people and for the provision of first aid supplies to the region. This form of financing is required since there is no partner from such an institution whereby the group can be able to obtain free fueling of vehicles and trucks.
Hospitals who are also partners of this group will be contacted to inform them of the current situation. Since they are partners, they may have to send off aid and medical personnel, as well as be ready for any individuals who may be brought with an urgent need for medical attention (Karagiannis, Piatyszek & Flaus, 2013). When qualified medical personnel are present, the rates of possible deaths as a result of intoxication will be reduced. This is because all individuals who are present at the area will be checked for any signs or symptoms that may insinuate negative effects of the gas. When a person is identified as being affected, first aid will be quickly administered before taking them to the hospital. Their admission will not take time, and the patients will start being attended to immediately because the hospital will have been informed earlier, hence they will have had ample time to prepare and stock up on the required medication.
The last step will be to inform the retail partners. This may be helpful since the group may be given some of the necessary utilities on loan, which may be later catered for by the banking institutions.
References
Bennett, B. (2011). Effective Emergency Management A Closer Look at theIncident Command System. Professional Safety, 56(11), 28-37.
Harris, A. (2013). Never Stop. Engineering & Technology (17509637), 8(7), 48-51.
Karagiannis, G., Piatyszek, E., & Flaus, J. (2013). Model-Driven and Risk-Based Performance Analysis of Industrial Emergency Plans. Journal Of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 21(2), 96-114. https://www.doi:10.1111/1468-5973.12007
Wasileski, R. (2014). Retired & Dangerous. Professional Safety, 59(7), 33-40.
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Course Materials: Jeff Todd Titon et al. Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World’s Peoples, Shorter Version/3rd Edition. Belmont, Ca.: Schirmer,2009, ISBN: 978-0=495-57010-3 (includes 3 audio CDs).
A minimum of 250 words for each threaded discussion is required for your answer to each discussion question. Students may post anytime during the week to either discussion.
Listen to Shizhane’e’, CD 1:8, textbook pp. 51-52. The A and B sections repeat after the C section, producing what Gary Witherspoon calls “dynamic symmetry” (p. 51).
Obviously the Navajo are concerned with form and shape in their art. How does this symmetrical form support the meaning of the text? Are there examples of this in Western popular music?
• Length of 250 words minimum
• Relevance to assigned discussion topic(s)
• Depth, originality, thoroughness, writing quality
SAMPLE ANSWER
Dynamic Symmetry
Introduction
Dynamic symmetry by Gary Witherson has been used for many years by painters. It is the natural design methodology based on nature’s growth spiral. The importance of Gary’s dynamic principles continues to reign up to this time. Therefore, this paper engages in reviewing issues around this ideology. The paper, while aware of how the Navajos were deeply concerned with the shape in their art, discusses how asymmetrical form supports the meaning of their text.
Discussion
The asymmetrical form supports Navajo’s texts by improvising their quality. This was enhanced by usage of the dynamic symmetry in all their texts (Titon et al. 34). Dynamic symmetry urged every painter or writer to mark his or her surface before beginning his or her drawings, or applying a paint of canvas. The symmetry also gives a provision of different methods of both natural and creative worlds. Navajo, being immersed deeply in his arts, was greatly supported by the symmetrical form (Titon et al. 35) Dynamic symmetry is all about spirals, proportions, and rectangles. This form beautifies texts or paintings (Titon et al. 34).
Nevaja found out that the asymmetrical form made his work pretty. Asymmetrical forms supporting texts in Western popular music, take the style of music terms and concepts. For instance, contour means the shape in the rising and falling of a melody. Another concept related to rhythm is mixed meters, which exhaustively means shifting between meters. Another concept commonly used in Western popular music is polytonality, which implies the simultaneous use of two or more key areas.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Nevaja arts are highly impacted by asymmetrical forms. These enable him complete his texts in a more presentable way. The paper has found that asymmetrical forms have massive effects on Western popular music by capitalizing on musical terms and concepts.
Works Cited
Titon, Jeff T, Timothy J. Cooley, David Locke, Anne K. Rasmussen, John M. Schechter, Jonathan P. J. Stock, David P. McAllester, and David B. Reck. Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World’s Peoples. Belmont, Calif.: Schirmer/Cengage Learning, 2009. Print.
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Course Materials: Jeff Todd Titon et al. Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World’s Peoples, Shorter Version/3rd Edition. Belmont, Ca.: Schirmer,2009, ISBN: 978-0=495-57010-3 (includes 3 audio CDs).
A minimum of 250 words for each threaded discussion is required for your answer to each discussion question. Students may post anytime during the week to either discussion.
Reference: Text chapter. 3.
What characteristics of African music are similar to Western European traditions? How is the music used in the society?
• Length of 250 words minimum
• Relevance to assigned discussion topic(s)
• Depth, originality, thoroughness, writing quality
SAMPLE ANSWER
Understanding Music
Introduction
If there is one factor that determines culture of a group, it is music. This is because many people have diverse versions and approaches to music. Although there is a cultural gap between African music and Western European tradition, some similarities still exist between them. Therefore, this paper engages in reviewing the similarities between African music and Western European traditions as well as disusing how music is used in the society.
Discussion
One of the similarities between African music and western European culture is the common sharing of same music traditions. These genres include jazz, blues, gospel, hip-hop, rock and roll, and calypso (Titon et al. 12). The writers noted that most contemporary African music are built from ‘cross pollination’ of western European culture. In addition, African music has borrowed aspects, especially the musical instruments and recording tradition from the Western European culture (Titon et al. 13).
There are varied uses of music in the society, but chief among these is entertainment. Music in most societies is also used in worship and communications. Most cultures appreciate this importance by engaging in all aspects of accessing music. It is used for economic reasons where a singer sells his musical albums. Therefore, singers engage in this employment-oriented profession (Titon et al. 18).
Conclusion
It can be concluded that there exists a correlation between African music and Western European culture. The relationship is mutual in that both societies interact with each other to enhance their music cultures. The paper also noted that uses of music are inexhaustible. They range from entertainment, worship, communication, to employment among many others.
References
Titon, Jeff T, Timothy J. Cooley, David Locke, Anne K. Rasmussen, John M. Schechter, Jonathan P. J. Stock, David P. McAllester, and David B. Reck. Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World’s Peoples. Belmont, Calif.: Schirmer/Cengage Learning, 2009. Print.
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