Federal, state, and local partnerships are crucial to the implementation of many policy programs in the United States given that all these levels of government cover different administrative areas, which could not operate independently of the two. The federal government covers the whole nation and is most concerned with implementation of policies across the whole country. Some of its roles include the construction and maintenance of interstates highways and the national healthcare system. The state government has jurisdiction only over the individual state that it is responsible over and it executes all the administrative duties within a particular state in conjunction with the federal government (Ebel, Petersen, & Vu, 2013). Lastly, the local government, on the other hand, is usually responsible for a small administrative unit such as a county or a municipal and is usually in direct contact with the residents of a particular area. The local government is usually the most effective at reaching out and coordinating government programs with the local residents. For maximum efficiency, these three levels of government must work in partnership with each other in order to implement government programs in crucial areas such as education, healthcare, and trade facilitation among many other partnerships as explained below.
Federal/State Partnerships in the Support of Humanities Councils
The National Endowment for the Humanities is a federal agency that operates independently under the executive arm of government whose main function is to provide general operating support to the state humanities councils for over 56 jurisdictions (NEH, n.d). The NEH through the Federal/State partnerships office provides grants to most of the state humanities councils that are run by volunteer boards and also provide technical support on the ground in the implementation of most of the state humanities councils’ programs. The Federal/State partnership enables the NEH to achieve its two critical mandates of advancing knowledge and understanding of the humanities throughout the United States and of increasing public awareness, support, and access to the humanities. The partnership office gives grants to the state councils, consults with them onsite and reviews their work, offers the councils insurance and maintains a communication network across the humanities network. Through this partnership, people in most local areas of the state have been able to benefit from specific humanities programs that target them with content that is relevant and interesting to them. The impact of this partnership has been profound on local communities as they get access to humanities they could not access without the grants given through the partnership.
Federal and Local Partnerships Crucial to Public Safety and Justice
At a recent meeting organized by the National Association of Councils (NACo), the importance of federal and local council’s partnerships in terms of the implementation of justice and public safety programs was emphasized. Most of the councils represented reiterated the need for greater partnership with the federal government in the areas of administration of justice, especially in relation to the indigent defense system (Harris & Murray, 2011). Many county councils asked for more funding from the federal government so that they could deliver better services to their local communities, which especially relates to the rural communities that rely heavily on government programs. The Department of Justice was also put to task about how they could assist local councils in setting up demonstrations that would create rural public defender systems. Other issues that were covered included the steps that were to be taken for the implementation of bail reform, the issue of long-term communications infrastructure for disaster management and recovery, and the role of partnerships between governments in reducing prison populations. All the issues raised and discussed at the meeting highlighted the critical role that the federal government plays in the implementation of justice and public safety programs that affect local people especially in the rural areas.
State-Federal partnerships in healthcare
One of the major roles of the federal government is tom provide universal healthcare to all Americans and it cannot achieve this mandate without the full collaboration of state governments that are usually responsible for staff and provision of care. The most crucial role of the federal government in the healthcare industry is to provide health insurance to all Americans through programs such as Medicaid and other social safety programs. State governments play a crucial role in ensuring that everyone receives the appropriate medical coverage that they deserve under the health insurance programs funded by the federal government (Fisher, 2012). Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) there were several options that were created for both state-based and federal medical insurance programs with majority of the states opting out of the state-based insurance exchanges that place responsibility for the program directly on state governments. Many state are leaning towards the state-federal partnership option in the insurance exchanges program where most of the heavy lifting is left to the federal government as these partnerships do not require a 50-50 split in labor between the state and the federal government. Observers and experts warn that these partnerships could cause major problems for the federal government.
Conclusion
In summary, the few topics do not come close to describing the full scale of federal, state, and local partnerships in the United States, as such partnerships exist in all government functions with only a few exceptions. It is important that these partnerships continue to be nurtured and refined so that they become more effective for the benefit of the local citizen who pays taxes and funds most government activities. Therefore, I believe that these partnerships are crucial to the welfare of all Americans.
Ebel, R. D., Petersen, J. E., & Vu, H. T. (2013). The Great Recession: Impacts and Outlook for U.S. State and Local Finance. Municipal Finance Journal, 33/34(4/1), 33-77.
For this paper , the writer need to access the articles in the resources section at the bottom of this page to get all the information necessary to complete this paper. The writer must pay close attention to all that is require for this paper no miss steps.
IT Systems Case Study
Email, intranets, voice over internet protocol (VoIP), and web-based applications that manage everything from enterprise resource planning to the supply chain have made communication across and between organizations nearly seamless. This has inevitably affected the way organizations are structured. There has been a steady move away from top-down hierarchical structures toward flat, decentralized, virtual organizations with units that maintain an increasing measure of independence from direct central control.
Two articles in your reading this week, one by Hitt and Brynjolfsson and the other by Lucas and Baroudi, offer different, yet complementary, analyses of the impact of technology on organizational structures. The former presents an empirical study supporting the idea that information technology necessarily drives firms to decentralize authority within the organization, while the latter concludes that IT design and organizational design are inextricably linked.
Your task is to read the case study “The Effect of Technological Innovation on Organizational Structure: Two Case Studies of the Effects of the Introduction of a New Technology on Informal Organizational Structures” and, applying the research in your readings this week, write an essay that addresses the following questions:
• What specific challenges faced each of the universities relating to the new technology?
• What type of strategic responses did the universities attempt to implement in response, and which ones led to greater success?
• Do you think social action theory is a useful framework for understanding the relative success or failure of each of these universities?
• Considering that universities are often very traditional in structure and have remained relatively unchanged compared to other types of organizations, what are the implications of this case study for organizations that are less bound by tradition?
• To what degree does this case study confirm or deny the research presented in this week’s journal articles?
Your paper should comprise 3–5 pages in APA format.
Resources for this paper.
Course Text
• Management Information Systems for the Information Age
Chapter 7, “Enterprise Infrastructure, Metrics, and Business Continuity Planning: Building and Sustaining the Dynamic Enterprise”
This chapter discusses the value of service-oriented architecture and hardware and software considerations of an organization, analyzes commonly used metrics for assessing IT systems, and describes business continuity planning.
Articles
• Mukherji, A. (2002). The evolution of information systems: Their impact on organizations and structures. Management Decision, 40(5/6). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article provides a brief history of the development of information systems and how these systems have changed organizations.
• Hitt, L.M., & Brynjolfsson, E. (1997). Information technology and Internet firm organization: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Management Information Systems, 14. Retrieved from Computers & Applied Sciences Complete database.
This article offers an empirical study supporting the idea that information technology drives firms to decentralize authority within the organization.
• Lucas, H.C., & Baroudi, J. (1994). The role of information technology in organization design. Journal of Management Information Systems, 10(4). Retrieved from Computers & Applied Sciences Complete database.
This article concludes that information technology design and organizational design are inextricably linked.
Kahn, R.L. (2000). The effect of technological innovation on organizational structure: Two case studies of the effects of the introduction of a new technology on informal organizational structures. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 14(3). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article compares the outcomes at two university campuses related to the implementation of technological innovation in their administrative offices.
Sor, R. (2004). Information technology and organisational structure: Vindicating theories from the past. Management Decision, 42(1/2). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article reflects on the impact of information technologies on organizational structures.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Information Technology Systems Case Study
What specific challenges faced each of the universities relating to the new technology as illustrated in the case study?
Organizational structures of many organizations have received tremendous revolution from the case study. The study noticed that universities were faced by many challenges connected to the introduction of the new technology. One of the challenges was that they were dependent to the central control center. Therefore, they lacked independence to make innovations. Another challenge that universities faced was unavailability of business intelligence. Business intelligence aids an organization to obtain resources from digital data for firm business-production mechanism (Kahn, (2000). Universities were also frequented with non-elaborative and disorderly electronic records. This denied them chances to go through various records to update the existing technology. Most of the universities information methodology to efficiently improve communication and correlation of various information sources was poor. According to (Kahn, (2000), information technology, that is mainly appropriated in communication, does not affect human data processing capabilities as human can analyze the information produced by computers. Heavily built bureaucratic structures hindered universities from accessing relevant agencies so as to improve their current technological status (Kahn, (2000).
What type of strategic responses did the universities attempt to implement in response and which ones led to greater success?
The universities came up with three strategic responses in the attempt to implement responses to the challenges faced relating to the new technology. One of the strategies was normativistic communication. This type of communication, as proposed by the universities, has the pro to be regulated and precise, but on the other hand, it was very fixed and this could halt the spontaneous rising of initiatives from the base of the organization. Descriptivist communications was also devised by the universities to overcome the challenges (Müller, (2003). The advantage of this response strategy was that it was being bidirectional, by the fact that data came from more than one source. The universities asserted that this would promote participation from the background and the ability for the top management to detect the mood of the whole firm. The setbacks from this form of response were that that there could arouse dispute at top-level management (Müller, (2003). The management could take into account the responses from the basis but not necessarily meaning that the lower levels are satisfied with the outcome. The areas of disappointment to the juniors could emanate from the feeling that their suggestion have to follow clearly stated procedures that are biased from the top management’s stand, even if they pretend to be neutral (Müller, (2003).
Constructivist communication was another response technique proposed by the universities to overcome the challenges. The response was commendable as it had the advantage of being isolated from imposed procedures. This type of response ensured that communication matters are solely left to the actors involved in the process. The effect of this response was that it affected new and predictable outcomes and creating space for innovations and inventions (Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, (2006). The universities noticed that the response was frequented with certain drawbacks. The response was associated with aspects such as communication being fuzzy and could not be controlled. This made the top management unable to extract the findings of these processes, as they are frequently not available. Constructivist communication gave remarkable results as it calls for isolation of management to other stakeholders. It enabled universities to gather diverse information which promoted discoveries in technological advancements (Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, M. (2001).
Do you think social action theory is a useful framework for understanding the relative success or failure of each of these universities?
Social action theory is quite important in understanding the comparative success or failures of these universities. It agrees and support that human beings have the ability to act differently in different social contexts. The correlation between organizational structure and technology anatomy is reinstated by social action theory approval on technology as well as information technology (Sor, (2004). Social action literature governs universities leaders to apprehend the relationships between technology and information formation and the university’s response to transformations (Sor, (2004). Arguably, this correlation is established in the case study where certain universities uphold decentralized form of record management. The institution embraces the result of the spontaneous change in budgetary system due to computerized financial regulation system.
Sor, (2004) attest that embracing of new technology prompted universities to start new alliances by sending email text messages, announcing of online workshops and seminars and disbursing information to other campuses. Social contract theory also exhibits itself in the case study with the actions of other universities that declined to accommodate the new technology. These universities never formed alliances through internet and continued to apply the traditional practices of technology (Sor, (2004). These activities are emanating from the perceptive that social action theory is accountable for rearrangement of work duties, production of communication networks, transformation in leadership and the decentralization of power process. The case study concludes that social action is effective. The case study also proposes that organizations (universities) facing technological revolution should revitalize communication between workmates, decentralization of power and authority and boundary-bridging regulation techniques (Sor, P. (2004).
Considering universities are often very traditional in structure and have remained relatively unchanged compared to other types of organization, what are the implications of this case study for organizations that are less bound by tradition?
Organizations that are bound to traditional structure prone themselves to so many challenges. One of the challenges is that they will be in vicious cycle of high cost and consequently will decrease in productivity in their operations as it is less likely to form alliances to enable it to appropriately use new technology (Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, (2001). Concentration on old forms of organization structure kills innovation. This is as a result of unavailability of information which acts as raw materials to inventions. Dependency is propagated by the fact that universities will always wait for other institutions to feed them with information (Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, (2001).
To what degree does this case study confirm or deny the research presented in this week’s journal articles?
According to week’s journal articles, despite many organizations upholding the virtue of new technology, traditional elements of communication are still being used. The articles appears to contradict the case study on the impacts of the orientation of new technology on informal organizational structure by arguing that the modern form of technology incorporates both traditional and modern aspects of technology (Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, (2001). The journal articles calls for incorporation of both technologies, but not discard of the traditional type as it acts as the reference point to the new technology. The case study denies the allegations by putting forth arguments that a complete configuration of organization to modern world must do away with the native methods of information structure (Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, 2006).
References
Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, M. (2001). Managing information technology in a global environment. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing.
Information Resources Management Association., & Khosrow-Pour, M. (2006). Emerging trends and challenges in information technology management. Hershey, Penn: Idea Group.
Kahn, R. (2000). The effect of technological innovation on organizational structure: Two case studies of the effects of the introduction of new technology on informal organizational structures. Journal of Business and Technical communication, 14 (13). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
Müller, R. (2003). Communication of information technology project sponsors and managers in buyer-seller relationships. S.l.: Dissertation.com.
Salazar, A. J. (2007). Handbook of information technology in organizations and electronic markets. New Jersey: World Scientific.
When a customer feels pressured into making decisions or taking action that he or she feels is inconsistent with what is right, ethical conflict is said to have occurred. Sales people are constantly faced with various ethical dilemmas as they interact with the customers, competitors, and employers. They are frequently exposed to high levels of ethical pressures than employees holding other positions in a company. This is as a result of the freedom they have, since they tend to work in relatively unsupervised settings. They are also responsible for the generation of a firm’s revenue, which may also be stressful.
Question 1
I disapprove of Wright’s sales tactic because the method being used is not ethical. The whole technique is based on dishonesty and deceiving the customer (Ferrell, Johnston & Ferrell, 2007). It also puts pressure on the customer to seal the deal immediately. Wright, however, is trying to cover up for it by giving directions that only customers who seem to want the product can be persuaded. Direction is also given that the technique will only be influenced for someone who actually needs the land. From this perspective, this sales tactic may be dismissed as moral since the customer indeed needed the land, and the sales person knew that the land would satisfy the client’s needs fully (Ruiz-Palomino & Martínez-Cañas, 2014).
Question 2
If I knew that the prospect in the case study would eventually buy the property or that it would be in the prospect’s interest to buy it, my moral assessment of this closing technique would not be affected. This is because I still think that it is morally wrong for salespersons to play with their prospect’s psychology through deceit, just to seal deals. Dishonesty is a factor that has been discouraged for a very long time, especially for salespersons (McClaren, 2013). There are no way the sales person will be in a position to know if that prospect actually needs the land. Hesitation does not mean that the land is needed; but that the client is not sure which one will fully satisfy his or her needs. Therefore, when the sales person uses Wright’s tactic, the pressure of missing out on a product is exerted on the prospect.
If the law allows three days for the prospects to change their minds, there will be reasonable grounds for complaining about the closing technique used against them. First, the sales person was being dishonest in the attempt of getting the prospect to sign the deal. Once the prospect realizes that all the phone calls and reference to headquarters were all face, dishonesty may be claimed. It is always important to be truthful about information given to the customer. This is very important because the client needs to feel confident about the company in case of complaints. Second, after a day or two, the prospect may discover that the product is not what he or she hoped for. However, after being pressured using illegal means, he or she ended up signing the deal. Therefore, the prospects may argue that they were pressured into purchasing a product they were not sure satisfied their needs.
Question 3
There are many things which Jean needs to take into consideration before making any decisions. First, she needs to consider how her action will affect her future deals. No prospect would want to be associated with a dishonest salesperson. Lying about the presence of headquarters, and making fake phone calls to lure a client into signing the deal may easily backfire. If the client notices that all these were a lie, this may be the end of jean’s career. Second, as a sales person, Jean has the obligation to ensure that her actions are not interfering, in any way, with the rights of the customer. The customer has a right of making his or her own decision; the duty of the sales person is to help the customer decide on a product and finally make a purchase (Ross & Robertson, 2003). The duty of the sales person is not to pressure customers into purchasing the goods or services.
Question 4
Jean should give very little weight to self-interest in her deliberations since ethics suggest that a salesperson must always do what is best for his or her customers. It is not stated that she should also consider her own interests. If this code of ethics is considered, the sales person will be foregoing short-term profits but investing in long-term profits that may take longer to show (McClaren, 2013). The long-term benefits are always better because the sales person will eventually start gaining from referrals. Therefore, Jean should stick to her code of ethics and avoid doing what she thinks is wrong. She should always be honest to customers and refuse to pressure them into signing deals. Despite the fact that she is lagging behind, there is hope for more prospects in future because the few she has closed deals with will refer others to her because of her honesty and patience with customers.
Question 5
A rule utilitarian would encourage real estate agents in such a situation to follow a simple rule: “Happiness is not the rational end and purpose of human life and action; virtue is a better end or goal than happiness,” (Qtd. From Ferrell, Johnston & Ferrell 2007, p. 296). This rule implies that the sales person should not focus on his or her own benefits, but rather on virtue or goals. When this rule is followed, the real estate agents will always focus on taking the right actions and making good decisions for the sake of their customers, since the more loyalty there is, the better the performance of an organization.
The realtors’ professional code of ethics needs to reflect a lot on closing techniques. It should warn against using negative means of influence on prospects just to seal a deal. The rights of the customers must always be respected by ensuring that the closing techniques used are not going to disrespect these in any way.
Conclusion
The ethics of salespersons is a factor that will almost never be followed. This is because the job of salespersons has been closely associated with being dishonest, using pressure, and many more activities that ensure the customer signs a deal no matter what. This case study is basically an example of the decisions that salespersons have to make daily. At times, they are often pressured into using the wrong techniques to ensure they sign the deals. However, it is always advisable to use the proper means since the benefits associated with the latter outweigh its shortcomings.
References
Ferrell, O. C., Johnston, M. W., & Ferrell, L. (2007). A Framework For Personal Selling And Sales Management Ethical Decision Making. Journal Of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 27(4), 291-299.
McClaren, N. (2013). The Personal Selling and Sales Management Ethics Research: Managerial Implications and Research Directions from a Comprehensive Review of the Empirical Literature. Journal Of Business Ethics, 112(1), 101-125. http://www.doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1235-4
Ross, W. T., & Robertson, D. C. (2003). A Typology of Situational Factors: Impact on Salesperson Decision-Making about Ethical Issues. Journal Of Business Ethics, 46(3), 213-234.
Ruiz-Palomino, P., & Martínez-Cañas, R. (2014). Ethical Culture, Ethical Intent, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Moderating and Mediating Role of Person-Organization Fit. Journal Of Business Ethics, 120(1), 95-108. http://www.doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1650-1.
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Clinical Guidelines and Nursing Sensitive Outcomes
Clinical Guidelines and Nursing Sensitive Outcomes
Order Instructions:
This paper is critical and the writer must make sure that all details are taking into consideration. every question must have a detail respond. hear below are the instructions and also some resources that will be use for this paper , let the writer reference to all the resources are he writes the paper . Take note that each section must have 3 cited sources from pear review scholarly articles.
This paper is in two section just as some of my other papers. It should have a reference list at the end of each section, and proper grammar must be used to complete this paper. It has been cited in most of my papers that proper grammar and spellings was not applied and that has caused me a lot of points in this class. As we come to the end of this particular class I want you guys to pay attention to details. Read the instructions and respond accordingly. Take note that all points must be detaily explained. For section A you will use the clinical guidelines which is included hear below to respond to this section of the paper. The link is provided below and you must also quote a minimum of 3 sources for each section.
Clearly describe the best practice or clinical guideline above and provide a working link to resource that is helpful in understanding this practice or guideline.
1. Discuss why this best practice or guideline should be utilized in nursing practice. Why do they lead to improved patient outcomes? What are the nursing actions identified in the guideline? What are the nursing sensitive outcomes?
2. End your discussion with suggestions as to how you might implement this evidence-based best practice or clinical guideline in your health care setting. As you do so, identify any potential barriers you might anticipate and offer ways to overcome these barriers.
3. Provide at least three citations with full references to credible nursing scholarly articles supporting your definitions and discussion.
SECTION B (1.5 pages minimum)
Collaboration for Research and Evidence-based Practice
1. Consider the role of the nurse as an interdisciplinary team member in completing research and using research findings to inform health care practices.
2. Using insights gained from visiting the Women’s Health Initiative retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/whi/ and by reading the article on collaborative strategies by Engelke and Marshburn (2006):
3. Discuss the role of the advanced practice nurse as an interdisciplinary research collaborator and member of the interdisciplinary team obligated to co-participate in the implementation and use of evidence-based practice.
4. End your discussion by providing an example of an evidence-based change that would require the collaborative efforts of nursing and at least two other health care disciplines and that would lead to quality improvement in healthcare.
5. Provide at least three citations with full references to credible nursing scholarly articles supporting your definitions and discussion.
Clinical Guidelines and Nursing Sensitive Outcomes
Section A
The guidelines are developed by the geriatrics societies in America and Britain and are based on evidence based trials among other players in areas such as occupational therapy, physical therapy, home care, pharmacy and hospice. They aim at assisting care providers on fall prevention after older patients’ recurrent falls, difficulty in walking or after acute falls. They may be implemented in caring for older persons in communities, long term care and for those with cognitive impairment (The Panel on Prevention of Falls in Older Persons, American Geriatrics Society and British Geriatrics Society, 2011).
Discuss why this best practice or guideline should be utilized in nursing practice
The best practice guideline should be utilized in nursing practice because there is need to reduce the risk of falls among older persons who are more susceptible to falls than younger patients. Falls are also related to higher rates of morbidity and mortality among older patients and it is thus imperative that nurses apply the guidelines to reduce the rates of death and illness. The guidelines on preventing falls are also imperative in preventing impairment of older persons’ overall functioning as well as untimely admission in longer term care settings (Feder, Donovan, & Carter, 2000). The following link to a resource is helpful in understanding this guideline (http://www.medcats.com/FALLS/frameset.htm).
Why do they lead to improved patient outcomes?
The guidelines result in improved patient outcomes because they bridge the theory-practice gap. They are particularly essential because uncertainty about care is rampant in nursing care for older patients. The guidelines are developed through a participatory approach which gives nurses confidence in caring for older patients. Patients provide experiential information about their falls and health practitioners evaluate appropriate interventions among those provided in the best practices guidelines. This approach reduces medical errors and results in better quality of care.
What are the nursing actions identified in the guideline?
Nursing actions that are required include a multifactorial risk assessment on patients’ history, physical balance, functional abilities and their environment. After assessing the risks, nurses recommend interventions to reduce the risk factors such as minimizing medications, incorporating an exercise program and treating vision impairment, administering vitamin D supplements. Providing education on fall prevention is also imperative among other interventions like modifying the home environment, addressing foot wear problems, managing heart rhythm problems and postural hypotension (medcats.com, 2010).
What are the nursing sensitive outcomes?
The nurse sensitive outcomes emanate from the fact that the guidelines are developed by a mixture of nurses from the diverse areas of gerontological practice and other experts in healthcare. The outcomes are that nurses provide safe and error free interventions. They assess the risk and offer interventions that are supported by tacit knowledge rather than mindlines. When nurses lack formal clinical guidelines, they base their decision making on mindlines. Mindlines as knowledge developed instinctively from their interactions with colleagues, opinion leaders and patient and practice experiences can be unsafe for older patients (Booth, Tolson, Hotchkiss, & schofield, 2007).
The guidelines are applicable in an acute health setting admitting older patients with cardiovascular conditions. It would require a variety of interventions to verify whether the reported falls are as a result of syncope or postural hypotension (The Panel on Prevention of Falls in Older Persons, American Geriatrics Society and British Geriatrics Society, 2011). One setback or barrier is that it would call for prolonged patient observation to ascertain the cause of the falls. However, admission in a home care setting may be necessary to verify the reasons for recurrent falls and execute appropriate interventions such as cardiac pacing and exercise to reduce the risk for falls.
References
Booth, J., Tolson, D., Hotchkiss, R., & Schofield, I. (2007). Using Action research to Construct National Evidence Based Nursing Care Guidance for Gerontological Nursing. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 945-953.
Feder, G., Donovan, S., & Carter, Y. (2000). Guidelines for the Prevention of Falls in People Over 65. British Medical Journal, 321, 1007-1011.
medcats.com. (2010, July). Prevention of Falls in Older Persons: AGS/BGS Clinical Practice Guideline. Retrieved August 7, 2014, from medcats.com: http://www.medcats.com/FALLS/frameset.htm
The Panel on Prevention of Falls in Older Persons, American Geriatrics Society and British Geriatrics Society. (2011). Summary of the Updated American Geriatrics Society/British Geriatrics Society Clinical Practice Guideline for Prevention of Falls in Older Persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(1), 148
Section B
Nurses are increasingly collaborating in interdisciplinary research initiatives. For nurses’ participation in research to work well, there is need to ensure that open lines of communication are in existence. It is also imperative to ensure clear communication about goals, objectives, roles, processes and outcomes is issued at the onset of the research. It is also imperative that the interdisciplinary dynamics also entrench mutual trust and respect as well as value for the unique expertise that nurses and other members contribute (Houldin, Naylor, & Haller, 2004).
Nurses must use evidence based research findings as the basis of their health care practices in education, management and direct patient care. Implementing the evidence based practices have proven to provide safe, cost effective and personalized interventions to patients. Participation in collaborative research and implementation of the findings also develops nurses’ communication and critical thinking skills and leadership abilities to a significant extent. Nurses’ participation also increases their enthusiasm for work leading to increased practice ownership and greater appreciation for evidence based practice (Reavy & Tavernier, 2008).
There is a growing need for service and academia collaboration in research that informs evidence based practice (Engelke & Marshburn, 2006).Educators entrench utopia in nursing practice while healthcare settings cope with the reality of care on a daily basis. It is therefore important that nurse and educators share their perspectives to develop a shared understanding that bridge the gap between practice and education. For example, students can access an externship program that requires that they work the same shifts as their designated preceptors. Such an arrangement facilitates a mentorship relationship because students are not bombarded with new coworkers in every shift. Students must also report to a faculty member to access counseling on problems and learn effective team work strategies. A collaborative experience between preceptors and faculty members allows students to gain clinical experience which is an important form of evidence based practice (Horns, Czaplijski, Engelke, Marshburn, McAuliffe, & Baker, 2007).
The advanced practice nurse plays a collaborative and a co-participatory role in interdisciplinary in research and implementation. This is because partnership is an increasingly important value in organizational life. Advanced practice nurses continuously interact with other researchers in research and also use research results in practice (Harvath, Flahherty-Robb, White, Amann, & Hayden, 2007). The Women’s Health Initiative constitutes one of the collaborative research undertaking involving health care providers such as physicians, nurses, psychologists, nutritionists, epidemiologists and biostaticians for over a decade. The diversity in expertise of the team was imperative in adequately addressing the scientific and operational goals of the longitudinal, multifactorial observational study. It involved randomized controlled clinical trials that were made possible through the teams’ collaborative effort (Houldin, Naylor, & Haller, 2004).
Advanced practice nurses require making clinical decisions using the best research evidence, draw on their clinical experience and patient preferences. An example of collaborative effort in wound care evidence based change in a veteran wound care unit would incorporate nurses, pharmacists and dermatologists. The team would conduct a review of literature on pressure ulcer and venous stasis ulcer management to inform their research based treatment protocol. The dermatologists would provide insight on the most effective care strategies, the pharmacist would provide vital information on dosage in the different medicines while the advanced practice nurse would monitor nurses to ensure that policies and practices at the unit are evidence-based.
References
Engelke, M. K., & Marshburn, D. (2006). Collaborative Strategies to Enhance Research and Evidence-based Practice. Journal of Nursing Administration:, 36(3), 131-135.
Harvath, T. A., Flahherty-Robb, M., White, D. L., Amann, K., & Hayden, C. (2007). Best Practices Initiative: Nurturing Partnerships that Promote Change. Journal of Gentological Nursing, 33(11), 19-26.
Horns, P. N., Czaplijski, T. J., Engelke, M. K., Marshburn, D., McAuliffe, M., & Baker, S. (2007). Leading Through Collaboration: A Regional Academic /Service Partnership That Works. Nursing Outlook, 55(2), 74-78.
Houldin, A. D., Naylor, M. D., & Haller, D. G. (2004). Physician-Nurse Collaboration in Research in the 21st Century. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22(5), 774-776.
Reavy, K., & Tavernier, S. (2008). Nurses Reclaiming Ownership of Their Practice: Implementation of an Evidence-Based Practice Model and Process. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 39(4), 166-172.
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The Price of Doing Good: Consequences of Ethical Decision Making
Consider the following two scenarios:
Scenario 1:
James works in the accounting department of a large firm. While going over the books for the past several months, James notices that someone has altered the figures to increase earnings by several thousands of dollars. He suspects that the errors, which are in the company’s favor, are too consistent to have been honest mistakes. He knows that he should report his findings through the company’s ethics hotline. However, he worries that doing so will jeopardize his security and reputation with the company.
Scenario 2:
Mary owns a small toy manufacturing company. One of her employees has noticed that one of the pieces on the most popular toy can detach from the toy. This could pose a potential choking hazard to young children who play with the toy. No customers have yet reported problems with the toy. Mary wonders if she should report the potential hazard before anyone gets hurt. However, the recall would cost her company money and result in loss of sales during the busy Christmas season.
As the scenarios illustrate, making ethical decisions often requires a trade-off for an organization or individual. After a scandal results from ethical wrongdoing, the proper course of action seems clear. Even so, organizations continue to struggle with making ethical decisions on a day-to-day basis as they weigh the cost of making such decisions.
To prepare:
•Choose a positive example from the past ten years of a business organization whose leaders acted ethically when they encountered an ethical dilemma. Select, analyze, and describe the ethical decision making and actions in the organization.
By Day 7 of Week 6, submit a 4-page (not including cover page or references) analysis of the ethical situation. Your analysis must include the following:
•An explanation of the ethical framework applied by the organization to make its decision, including support for your analysis from scholarly research
•An examination of both the positive and negative consequences of the decision, including the tradeoffs that the leadership of the organization made in making their decision
•A minimum of five references
SAMPLE ANSWER
Applying Ethical Frameworks at McKinsey & Company
Introduction
McKinsey is a global consulting firm that was founded about 87 years ago and has enjoyed a growing reputation for high ethical standards based on its culture of trust and values that advocate for client confidences, and always having the best interests of the clients at heart. However, the company faced a public scandal involving some of its most senior directors that rocked the organization, including all its 18,500 employees and over 1,400 partners across the globe who wondered what could have gone wrong at the firm (Raghavan, 2014). The first scandal involved Mr. Anil Kumar one of McKinsey’s Directors who pleaded guilty to charges of insider trading in 2010 after which he also confessed to Giving secrets he accessed while doing his job to Raj Rajaratnam of the Galleon Group hedge. The next scandal involved Rajat Gupta a former managing director at McKinsey who also gave secrets to Mr. Rajaratnam, although at the time he was a board member at Goldman Sachs (Raghavan, 2014). These two scandals were extremely public and significantly damaged the good reputation of McKinsey in the eyes of the public and most importantly its clients. Once Mr. Dominic Barton was appointed as the global managing director of McKinsey & Company, he made it a personal mission to transform the organization’s culture so as to prevent any such future scandals. The strategy he undertook is critically analyzed below.
Recognizing the Ethical Issue
The very first step that McKinsey took under the leadership of Mr. Barton was to recognize that an ethical issue did exist. Instead of blaming others or the individual responsible for the ethical breaches, the company shouldered the blame and took action to prevent future breaches (Kotalik, et al. 2014). When Dominic took over the global company, everyone at the firm was in a state of shock as the older members asked themselves how such a thing could happen to the company they knew, worked for, and were dedicated to. On the other hand, the younger members were wondering what mess they had gotten themselves into by deciding to build their careers at McKinsey, yet all signs were indicating that there was a major problem at the firm (Raghavan, 2014). However, with a cool head and a mission to transform the culture if the organization and restore the integrity that the firm was known for, Mr. Barton knew that he would have to take drastic measures to create change. Barton clearly saw that the organizations values were not the problem and that the problem lay in the enforcement of the ethics code that had guided the firm for decades (Raghavan, 2014). Once he had identified the problem, he set out to implement strategies that would eliminate the problem now and in future.
Putting Safeguards in Place
After identifying the key ethical issues that caused the two scandals, Barton realized that there was a weakness in the implementation of the ethics code that had guided the company since its inception, and he decided to put safeguards in place to protect the company (Jackson, Wood, & Zboja, 2013). One of the first safeguards he implemented was a personal investment policy that restricted the firm’s employees and members of their families from trading in the securities of any of its clients. The next safeguard was a rule that required all company consultants to fill an online questionnaire about crucial topics such as investments and ethics, which are vital to the operations of the company. These two initiatives were met with significant resistance from the company’s European partners who had never been restricted from trading in the stocks of any client so long as they did not deal with the client directly (Raghavan, 2014). However, the new policies were received gladly by the company’s American investors who had witnessed the arrest of Mr. Kumar in horror, and they agreed that changes were necessary to avoid any such things happening in future. He also created a department of professional standards that would be responsible for ensuring that all employees adhere to the honor-system and values-based ethics code that was the foundation of the company.
Building a robust self-sustaining ethics infrastructure
In order for an organization to have a robust ethics system, it is not enough that the company has a written code of ethics, but just as important is that the company appoints a committee of independent non-executive directors who are not part of its board. The committee will be responsible for ensuring that the code of ethics is adhered to throughout the organization and that every employee is in compliance with the ethics code (Morales-Sánchez & Cabello-Medina, 2013). Barton understood this, crucial ethics principles applied it as part of his reform strategy by getting the approval of the Shareholders Council, which acts as the company’s board to implement the new policies he had created. He took a further step by redefining the role of the company’s disciplinary panel and making its activities very public, which caused quite a stir within the organization as employees were openly shamed and punished while others were even dismissed (Raghavan, 2014). All these policies are self-sustaining and as long as they remain in place and are consistently implemented, McKinsey can look forward to better days without drastic ethical scandals. However, for the self-sustaining ethics system to survive and thrive it has to be supported by the top management as well as all the staff so that it can become part of their everyday culture to nip any ethics violations in the bud long before they become toxic to the organization.
Talking with Employees at all Levels often
In the 1980s, a researcher named Tom Peters championed the idea of managing employees by walking around, which could not be more relevant in modern organizations today, just as it was in those years. By walking and around and talking to employees managers and supervisors can communicate to employees what is expected of them and how they are doing in terms of achieving the expectations (Craft, 2013). These informal interactions are crucial as they provide an opportunity for managers to interact with employees in an informal setting where the employee is comfortable and can freely air their views and concerns about ethics and other work issues (Craft, 2013). In the case of McKinsey, such an approach might prove quite difficult to implement given that they have a global workforce distributed across the whole world, but the firm has found innovative ways to implement this strategy. One such strategy was the introduction of the Survey of Leadership initiative, which was launched in 2011 that allows subordinates to anonymously submit their appraisals of the behaviors of their leaders, who are the senior partners (Raghavan, 2014). This initiative was criticized by many senior partners who thought that their subordinates would use it to report frivolous issues that would tarnish the names of some partners, such as incidents at the staff cafeteria. However, the system was implemented and majority of the reviews are actually positive with only eight percent being negative.
Choosing to Live the Corporate Values and Opening Communication Channels
It is crucial that every organization realizes that no ethics or compliance manual can completely cover all the ethical dilemmas that employees face on a daily basis, which makes it crucial for organizations to equip their employees with corporate values that shall guide them in times of uncertainty (Thiel, Bagdasarov, Harkrider, Johnson & Mumford, 2012). By ensuring that all employees understand the driving values of the organization that live through every decision made at all levels of the organization, the leaders can have the peace of mind that comes with knowing that even when one is not there to provide specific guidance regarding tricky decisions, employees will still make the right decisions based on those values. Barton has taken the same approach at McKinsey by inspiring the organizations values in all employees through various methods such as the orientation process where employees are tested on their understanding of the firm’s code of ethics using hypothetical situation. Another indicator of how Barton impacts McKinsey’s values on employees is through his talks to newly recruited employees where he shows them how important the company’s values are in their daily operations (Raghavan, 2014). When speaking to new consultants Barton makes it his goal to stress the importance of looking at ethics broadly not just in form of specific examples, but more importantly he shows them how they should always use values in making all their decisions.
Conclusion
In conclusion, McKinsey is an appropriate example of how an organization can recover from ethical scandals and implement strategies to protect the organization from any future ethical debacles, while enhancing the ethics culture within the entire organization. The strategies implemented by McKinsey under the leadership of Dominic Barton were appropriate for the company, especially in the consulting industry where ethics is vital for success. However, it is important that all firms that have not yet implemented effective ethics infrastructure do so immediately given the crucial role that ethics plays in the corporate culture of most organizations. As much as all the strategies analyzed above are crucial to all organization, I believe that the most important of all of them is that ethics should be a part of an organization’s culture and should be reflected in all its values.
References
Craft, J. (2013). A Review of the Empirical Ethical Decision-Making Literature: 2004-2011. Journal Of Business Ethics, 117(2), 221-259.
Jackson, R., Wood, C., & Zboja, J. (2013). The Dissolution of Ethical Decision-Making in Organizations: A Comprehensive Review and Model. Journal Of Business Ethics, 116(2), 233-250.
Kotalik, J., et al. (2014). Framework for Ethical Decision-Making Based on Mission, Vision and Values of the Institution. HEC Forum, 26(2), 125-133.
Morales-Sánchez, R., & Cabello-Medina, C. (2013). The Role of Four Universal Moral Competencies in Ethical Decision-Making. Journal Of Business Ethics, 116(4), 717-734.
The 2011 National Business Ethics survey reported that 45% of respondents witnessed ethical misconduct at work, a record low for the survey; 63% of those respondents reported the misconduct, a record high. Of those whistleblowers, 22% reported retaliation (Ethics Resource Center, 2012).
These statistics seem to indicate increased attention to ethical business practice. However, they also point to an ongoing need to continue to strengthen commitment to ethical business practice. Business professionals and scholars need to know how to face ethical dilemmas and make sound ethical decisions. DBA students should have a basic understanding of various ethical frameworks and understand how these frameworks influence real-world business decisions. Northouse (2013) stated, “[e]thical theory provides a system of rules or principles that guide us in making decisions about what is right or wrong and good or bad in a particular situation. It provides a basis for understanding what it means to be a morally decent human being” (p. 424). Ethical values are used daily for decision making in business. Understanding and analyzing various ethical frameworks will enable you to better solve ethical dilemmas.
To prepare:
•Read the case study, “Hierarchical Motive Structures and Their Role in Moral Choices,” found in this Module’s Learning Resources, and complete the exercise on pp. 482–483.
By Day 3 of Week 6, post a solution to the ethical dilemma posed in the case study. Justify your proposed solution, and explain the reasoning you used to arrive at your solution. Incorporate the justifications you provided in response to the exercise on pp. 482–483. Identify which ethical frameworks outlined in the Learning Resources or in other scholarly literature align with your reasoning. Explain how your reasoning aligns with those frameworks.
•Use academic justification and two scholarly resources, in addition to those presented in the Learning Resources, to support your solution.
Moral choice scenario
Respondents were asked to read and put themselves
in the following situation:
You have just learned information that strongly
suggests that a person, who has been charged with
engaging in an unethical action, has been falsely
charged. He is going to be severely reprimanded
based upon an offense he didn’t commit. The
information you have suggests that the wrong person
was fingered for falsifying entries on official documents.
But one of your friends, a peer within your
command and someone you have known for years,
has asked you not to say anything. While you are
sure your friend didn’t commit the unethical act, he
may be implicated in some way if you step forward
with what you know. You don’t even like the guy
who is going to get the reprimand, but you’re sure
that he’s not the one responsible for the unethical act.
The issue is about to come to a close, and it is likely
that if you come forward, your friend and possibly
three or more other people may also be implicated.
Respondents were asked to adhere to the following
procedures in order to provide the underlying motives for their decision to act or not:
Step 1: Please take a couple of minutes to gather
your thoughts and focus on your personal reasons
for why you answered: ‘‘yes’’ or ‘‘no’’ to
the above question (A). Do this slowly and
carefully, in order to thoroughly identify, in
your own mind, why you answered ‘‘yes’’ or
‘‘no.’’ Then list five (5) reasons in Column #1
of the table on the next page so as to reflect
your personal reasons for answering ‘‘yes’’ or
‘‘no’’ (see Response recording protocol). Please
make a point to express your own actual reasons
for answering ‘‘yes’’ or ‘‘no’’ above. Your reasons
can be single words, phrases, or a sentence
or two as necessary.
Step 2: After listing your five (5) reasons in
Column #1 of the table, please return to your
first reason in Box #1 and think about why
this reason is important to you personally. We
want you to explain or justify this reason and
to put your explanation for why Reason #1 is
personally important to you in Box #6 (the
first box in Column #2). Sometimes it may
be difficult to put your reasons into words. A
trick or aid to help you do this that has proven
useful is to think about how you would
feel if the reason you gave (Column #1–Box
#1) did not happen. Place your answer for why Reason #1 is important to you in Box #6.
Step 3: After explaining why Reason #1 is
important to you, please look at your response
in Box #6 carefully. Think about why this reason
is important to you personally. Again, take a
moment to explain or justify this reason (Column
#2–Box #6) and put your response in Box
#7, the first box in Column #3 of the table. If
you have difficulty putting your explanation
into words, think about how you would feel if
the reason you gave in Box #6 did not happen.
Place your answer for why Reason #6 is important
to you personally in Box #7.
Step 4: Repeat Steps 2 and 3 for each remaining
reason in Column #1. The numbers in the top
left corner of each box are reminders of the
sequence to follow.
Please do your best to provide an answer for each box.
Would you take action?
Yes No
1 2
482 Richard P. Bagozzi et al.
Response recording protocol
References
Agle, B. R., R. K. Mitchell and J. A. Sonnenfeld: 1999,
‘Who Matters to CEOs? An Investigation of Stakeholder Attributes and Salience, Corporate Performance,and CEO Values’, Academy of Management Journal 42(1), 507–525. Anscombe, G. E. M.: 1963, Intention (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY).
Antaki, C.: 1994, Explaining and Arguing: The Social
Organization of Accounts (Sage, London).
Bagozzi, R. P., M. Bergami and L. Leone: 2003, ‘Hierarchical Representation of Motives in Goal Setting’, Journal of Applied Psychology 88, 915–943.
Baier, A. C.: 1991, A Progress of Sentiments: Reflections on Hume’s Treatise (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).
Bartone, P. T., S. A. Snook, G. B. Forsyth, P. Lewis and
R. C. Bullis: 2007, ‘Psychosocial Development and
Leader Performance of Military Officer Cadets’, The
Leadership Quarterly 18, 490–504.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Reason for your decision
Why is it important for you?
Why is it important for you?
To ensure that my colleague got justice
It would make me happier to know that I saved someone who was innocent.
Failure to save him would leave me with a feeling of guilt
To ensure that those who were planning evil against my colleague got justice for their action
Living with them would arouse fear in me
Getting them reprimanded for their mistakes would help me feel safer. I would stop fearing that they will do the same to others in the organization including myself
To free myself. I would feel pressurized to work with people for whom I would always be required to keep a secret.
Their being reprimanded would mean that I would stop being accountable to them.
There was a chance that they would be changed to better persons in the society
To help correct the guilty persons
Protecting the lives of wrong doers prevents them from changing for the better.
It would be sad to have a friend deteriorate in terms of discipline and manners because I cannot take action.
To participate in creation of a more just society
I feel there is always a need for every one of us to participate in the creation of a more just society. If any one of us failed, the society would have failed, the society would have failed and would be required to live with the consequences
The consequences of living in a society in which I am guilty of helping in the creation of is an unforgivable act.
The dilemma involves either choosing to hide the acts of an evil friend or protecting an innocent person. I believe that my decision to tell the truth would be mostly affected by my self-respect. The decision would be highly charged by the fact that I would not want to be associated with supporting the wrong doers at the expense of someone who was innocent. People who have a high self-esteem are more likely to be ethical (Bucaro 2013; Cohen, 2007; Bellamy, 2008). Such people put the risk involved in obtaining justice behind the justice itself. They feel that their decision is vital for the way a case goes and therefore opt to make the most positive contribution towards it. However, other factors would also play a part in my choosing to take action to save my colleague.
First, I would feel guilty for facilitating a wrong doing to take place. The very act of making it possible for evidence to be declared sufficiently incriminating as to warrant someone who is innocent to be declared guilty would be very hard to live with. Compared to allowing people who are guilty to be arrested would count far lesser compared to that even if they were very close friends.
In conclusion, the need to do the right thing, probably in the face of society can make me make an ethical decision. Some people would be more comfortable protecting their friendship or their own security. However, I would trust the justice system to protect, the society, my colleague and myself in such a dilemma situation. I think helping find justice for an innocent person would help me to obtain better friends than those I would be protecting by choosing to say no
References
Bellamy, A. J. (2008). Fighting terror: Ethical dilemmas. London: Zed Books.
Identify a global organization with a multinational presence.
Identify and research a cultural issue that affects this organization’s interactions outside the United States.
Define the issue and provide an overview of how became an issue in the organization.
Prepare an analysis of the ethical and social responsibility issues your organization must deal with as a result of being global.
Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper summarizing the results of the analysis. Include the following:
•Identify ethical perspectives in the global organization.
•Compare these perspectives across cultures involved in the organization.
•Describe a viable solution for this issue that could be acceptable by all stakeholders.
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Cross Cultural Perspectives: Nike Inc.
Today’s speedily developing globalized economies and contest have forced organizations to spread out their business internationally for sustenance in their respective industries, which has introduced numerous cultural barriers within nations. These cultural barriers generate ethical disquiet when the firm expands its operations outside the its mother country. This document will focus on an international firm, specifically Nike Inc., and a cultural concern that affects its interactions outside the U.S, stressing on ethical perspective.
The Nike Inc. is a renowned global business entity. From the start, the firm has turned to other nations as a means of inexpensive labor. Nike first surfaced as Blue Ribbon Sports founded by Philip Knight along with Bill Bowerman. The firm decided to shift to Asian countries, for instance, Japan, in order to save money through a reduced cost of labor and manufacturing (Azam, 1999).
As the corporation continued to enlarge its line of merchandise, it also extended its outsourcing to additional countries such as Pakistan, China, and Vietnam among others. In Pakistan, the firm faced severe allegations of poor operating conditions and the usage of infant labor. The accusations were that there existed young kids edging the soccer balls produced by the firm. Many states that soccer balls have been produced largely for years include Sialkot, Pakistan in companies such as Nike, and it has been approximated that thousands of kids have been employed for soccer balls’ stitching. Dissimilar cultures have diverse analysis on how much duties children could have. The way infancy is perceived not only diverges among countries but additionally from one civilization to another. Childhood practices do not simply diverge across nations but also inside a single culture and throughout dissimilar ethnic groups (Khan 2010). For instance, even in some poor nations, policies developed to safeguard the nations against severe poverty levels are created towards empowering kids through education. Subjecting kids into working situations deprives them of their childhood rights of education and socializing and also introduces them into slavery. Numerous cultures in the world protect the children since they are their future. I find Nike’s preference to child labor very inhumane in the eyes of every individual and global culture.
Nike, as a result going global, must obey and accomplish its cultural and ethical responsibilities in order to remain globally competitive. The company must rise beyond the allegations it has previously underwent. Nike faced a lot of ethical and social responsibility challenges in their expansion to other countries. Firstly as analyzed, the issue of child labor along with the sweat shop crisis has introduced the company into numerous legal challenges. This is an ethical issue that Nike has to obey in order to remain in the international business. Additionally, Nike has been faced with another obstacle of awarding the workers an extremely low wage forcing them to do unpaid overtime in nations like Vietnam and Indonesia through a subcontractor. Nike will have to conform with locally and internationally set wage limits for its workers, which is the price of going global and which must be accomplished. An added difficulty faced by Nike is deprived operating conditions, filthy working conditions, along with compulsory labor in many of the factories that produce their products. Nike has been accused of damaging the environment that is attained through air and water pollution, noises and adjunct in the typical weather as a result of pollution. Nike must ensure that it maintains the environmental standards of the areas they operate in, if not making them better. Production measures must be put in place to avert air pollution including other forms of damaging the environment (Burns, Spar, & Harvard Business School, 2000).
Ethical Perspectives
Duty perspective
This perspective is concerned with people’s obligations to others. Duties are usually seen as natural, collective, balanced, and self-evident. In our case duty ethics like moral law a company actions have a responsibility to observe a set of rules. According to this perspective, Nike has a duty to comply with moral guidelines and, consequently, it is frequently considered a type of basic ethics. Nike has shown absolute failure in the duty perspective, it has subjected kids to illegal labor, it has persistently paid unimaginable wages to its workers along with many other failures.
Rights Perspectives
This perspective stresses on the responsibility among self and others, grounded on the task that the collective owes the individual. Thus, the collective’s duty is owed to the person in the appearance of rights (e.g., equality). In our case the rights perspective universalizes ethics, consequently, rights should be considered inalienable. This means that Nike must respect workers’ rights in whichever country they operate. Nike has denied the right to a fair wage, the right to education for kids, and the right to join unions.
Virtue perspective
Virtue ethics symbolizes a middle ground among duty and rights. Individuals have the responsibility to self-actualize and, thus, they should be given the space to complete that self-actualization. This viewpoint suggests that every human is born with intrinsic potential and, consequently, human growth is through the effort for self-actualization. A deed is judged grounded on whether it permits for expression of complete potential, thus, generating benefits for both a person and the community. Nike has evidently failed in this particular perspective since workers are subjected to forceful labor and are not allowed to express themselves in any way. Previously, workers were disallowed to join unions; this was done to cripple their voices (DiFazio & Aronowitz, 2006). When a firm wants to strengthen steady ethical patterns of behavior, effectual communications amongst members of that firm can create the difference linking success and failure. For a firm to act ethically, it should live and respire its policy of conduct, teach its workers and communicate its policy via its visioning statements.
The corporation has to ensure that it obeys the set international and local labor guidelines to recover its tarnished image and in order to support any future expansion to other countries. Additionally, the administration of Nike should view its hiring practices to make sure that the corporation is observing the regulations on recruitment, training, fitness, protection, and welfare. The administration should also supervise that the ecological practices are observed. This is to guarantee that the company follows measures that are responsible regarding waste disposal along with pollution prevention (Businessethics, 2010).
The firm should conduct and devise a training plan for the workers. Training and development endeavors enable employees to assume extended duties and larger responsibilities. The executive must also keep in mind that training and development plans are not complete solutions to all needs of the company. Effectual job designs, selection, placement, along with other activities of the HR unit are also very central.
Burns, J. L., Spar, D. L., & Harvard Business School. (2000). Hitting the wall: Nike and international labor practices. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Pub.
Select an organization you work for or one in your chosen field.
Conduct online research on the ethics of your organization and the industry it belongs to.
Write a 750- to 1,050-word paper describing how ethical principles can address organizational issues. Include the organization you selected and discuss the following with regards to that organization and its industry:
•What role do external social pressures have in influencing organizational ethics?
•How might these issues be relevant to organizational and personal decisions?
•What is the relationship between legal and ethical issues?
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Organizational Ethics
Gucci
The external social pressure has in the recent past become very instrumental in shaping the ethical practices of any business, which is especially seen in the businesses that fall under the smaller communities; industries. With this, the companies are pushed into giving very profound considerations on matters with regards to the environmental responsibility and the involvement of the general community. More so, with the advancement of the information age, there has been a very significant increase in the importance of the social pressure since ideas are exchanged very fast over a very wide area, exposing the companies that may fail to adhere to the expected social standards.
According to Crane and Matten (2007), the current move is towards an ethical era, whereby the ethical awareness of the consumers towards the implications of the products they purchase is constantly on the increase. As such, they tend to align themselves towards the ethical implications that the products have, not only towards themselves, but also to the world around them, encompassing the environmental impacts of the supply chain in entirety before the goods eventually arrive at the market (Partridge, 2011).
Gucci
Gucci is an Italian leather and fashion goods brand which forms part of the famous Gucci Group, owned by Kering, a French company formerly known as PPR. The company was founded in 1921 by Guccio Gucci, in Florence. As put across by the Business Week Magazine, in the year ending, 2008, the company made about €4.2 billion, and the following year rose to the 41st position in the chart of “Top 100 Brands” created by the Interbrand (Bianchino, et al, 1987). As the highest selling Italian brand, as at September, 2009, the company had about 278 stores directly operated worldwide and uses upscale department stores and franchisees to wholesale its products. As at 2013, the company managed to make sales worth $4.7 Billion US dollars. It is in this year that its market value rose tremendously to $12.1 Billion USD and a ranking of 38th position according to the Forbes list of the most valuable brands (Karmali, 2013).
As a company in an industry with a relatively high competition, Gucci has managed to forge to the current position, mainly through the good business practices that helps it retain its customers, while at the same time, attracting new ones. This move runs back to the 1990s, a period when the company underwent the time recognized as the poorest in its history. During this period, Investcorp shareholders, Maurizio distributors as well as the executives at Gucci America reined in one the sales of the accessories all of a sudden. It is from this point that the company realized the need for social corporate responsibility.
Ethical Transformation
The theme of ethics in organizations has significantly evolved over time, which, in the past was used to refer to the operation of a business in a way such that there is no violation or breaking of the law as well as the moral guidelines. However, as posited by McGoldrick and Freestone (2009), the term has undergone too much broadening to encompass the proactive efforts by a business towards practices considered honest as well as good citizenship. This is based on the expectations of the societies in which the companies operate in such a manner that they meet the customer expectations, charitable giving, and involvement in the community and fair working conditions for the employees.
The Relationship between Legal and Ethical Issues
Unlike in the past when companies mainly gave considerations to ethics in such a manner that they remained within the legal parameters, there has been very tremendous changes on the perceptions of ethics, otherwise termed as “Going beyond Law”. In the late 1990s, Gucci started to embrace the social responsibility with the aim of having a distinguishing factor between it and the other rival companies, which fostered a stronger relationship with the society. Currently, all companies have to act in a socially responsible manner in order to avoid the pressure that may develop from the public. As such, the legal issues may never exist within a company that has fully embraced the ethical practices, otherwise considered as social responsibility. A competitive company will go beyond merely the expectations of the law (Ward & Chiari, 2008).
The concept of business ethics has evolved significantly over time. Historically, it referred to operating a business in a way that does not break the law or violate any major moral guidelines. In the early 21st century, business ethics has broadened to include more proactive efforts toward good citizenship and honest business practices. This is based largely on societal expectations that companies meet demands for honest treatment of customers, community involvement and charitable giving, fair working conditions for employees and environmentally friendly business activities.
The encouragement of observation of ethics within an organization is an assurance of improvement in the success of the business since all the stakeholders will be involved in a unified participation towards the achievement of a common goal. According to Karr and Martens (2013), most organizations tend to underperform as a result of social pressure originating from the external sources. As such, these organizations find themselves in a dilemma, whereby, they may have to change their actions, policies and even behaviors in order to meet the expectations of the stakeholders, which in most cases tend to be much diversified. Instead of molding the employees in such a manner that they are able to cope with the current demands of the company while, at the same time, keeping in mind the emerging trends, they are mainly forged with regards to the existent pressure, which is current.
References
Arnold J. Karr and Cynthia Martens (11 November 2013). “Guccio Gucci SpA Wins Trademark Case in China”. WWD. Retrieved on 5th August, 2014.
Bianchino, Gloria, et al., eds. (1987) Italian Fashion. Vol. 1. The Origins of High Fashion and Knitwear. Milan: Electa SpA.
Crane, A., & Matten, D. (2007). Business ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Karmali, Sarah (February 28, 2013). “Beyoncé Leads New Gucci Empowerment Campaign”. Vogue. Retrieved 5th August, 2014.
McGoldrick, P. J., & Freestone, O. M. (2008). Ethical product premiums: Antecedents and extent of consumers’ willingness to pay. International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 18(2), 185–201.
Partridge, D. J. (2011). “Activist Capitalism and Supply Chain Citizenship: Producing Ethical Regimes and Ready-to-Wear Clothes.” CurrentAnthropology 52(S3): S97–S111.
Role and Responsibilities of a Pediatric and a Child Health Nurse
Role and Responsibilities of a Pediatric and a Child Health Nurse
Order Instructions:
Assessment #1 – Assignment (Graded)
Assessment Task
Please note : There are extensions available for this assignment.
Please note: There are no re-submissions for this assignment
This assessment relates to the course topics 1 to 3 and asks you to write an essay on the provided Template and answer the following question.
“Discuss the role and responsibilities of a Pediatric and a Child Health Nurse. What role do these nurses play in keeping children safe?”
Objectives assessed
CO1. Explain the role of the Registered Nurse in family-centred care
CO4. Appraise strategies designed to prevent or minimise future health issues using a framework of health promotion, quality, safety and risk management
CO6. Apply knowledge of the cultural needs, rights and expectations of infants, children and young people and their families within a legal and ethical framework
Requirements for completing the assignment
1. You must support your answer by in text referencing and using appropriate resources from both the course and your own research. It is Harvard referencing.
2. The assignment length is 1000 words
3. The essay must include an Introduction, main body and conclusion
4. Research articles used must be 2006 and above.
5. Relevant Nurse competencies and mandatory frameworks must be included in your answer
6. A complete reference list will need to be attached to the end of your assessment template.
7. Submit your completed template and rubric sheet via Gradebook
SAMPLE ANSWER
Role and Responsibilities of a Pediatric and a Child Health Nurse
Pediatric and child health nurses are typically registered nurses providing their services to young people and children. The contribution of these nurses is tremendous in ensuring that children receive quality healthcare but continue to be instrumental in enhancing quality healthcare among children. The author delineates on the roles and responsibilities of pediatric and child health nurse in keeping children safe among other issues concerning their services.
Roles of pediatric and child health nurse vary from institution to another, but responsibilities remain similar. They are primary care givers as they provide preventive, curative, promotive, and rehabilitative care in all the levels of healthcare services that pertains to children. In health facilities, they provide care to sick children by comforting them, bathing, feeding, and ensuring their safety (Conard & Pape, 2014). They ensure that children are well treated for any ailments and provided with appropriate care. At the community level, the basic responsibilities of these registered nurses include assessing the health of the children, immunizing them, and ensuring that primary healthcare and referral services are provided.
Pediatrician nurses also play the roles of coordinators and collaborators. They must maintain good interpersonal interactions with the family, child, and health team members. Communication is very critical for nurses as it allows them to share with the parties concerned and in the process, improving the quality of services that they render. They also coordinate nursing care with other services to meet the needs of the children (Conard & Pape, 2014). For example, they coordinate with other parties in the sector such as social workers, physicians, dieticians, and physiotherapists to ensure that they render superb services to the children.
These nurses also play a role of an advocate. They advocate for the rights of the children and come up with strategies to render best care from the healthcare team (Conard & Pape, 2014). Another role of the pediatric and child health nurse is that of health educator. They have the responsibilities to teach the parents about the best strategies to prevent sickness, promote, and maintain health of their children. Information is a very critical aspect in ensuring improved services.
Nurses act as consultants in guiding parents on how to maintain and promote health of their children. For instance, they guide parents about the best-feed practices, best facilities to visit, and accident prevention among many others. They also counsel parents on health hazards and ensure that they can make appropriate decisions in different situations that they encounter (Gregorowski et al., 2013). They as well act as care managers whereby they monitor, organize, and evaluate patients’ treatment to ensure that the outcome is positive. They also participate in social services as they can refer children and families to other child welfare agencies to ensure that they get necessary support.
Another role of these nurses is carrying out research, which is a very important and integral part of the nursing profession. Research provides the basis for changes in the nursing practices; it improves the child health care, as well as improving the evaluation of such practice. Depending on the level of experience, these nurses may also play other roles and responsibilities such as carrying out physical examinations, immunization of children, screening of disease, diagnosing of sicknesses, and prescribing medication for the children (Gregorowski et al., 2013).
Nurses employ development strategies and frameworks to minimize or prevent future health issues. The most used framework many nurse embrace is of health promotion, quality, safety, and risk management. Health promotion encompasses three levels including primary, secondary, and tertiary level. These nurses aim to promote healthy maturation, intellectual, physical, and emotional bonding of children in the context of the family and community (Gregorowski et al., 2013). They as well provide care to those children in need and deal with disabilities. In primary level, they achieve this through education of children and parents and by providing basic needs and immunization to the children. At secondary levels, the role of these nurses is to provide care such as treatment to sick children. They, therefore, achieve this by assessing their needs, planning for the best care, implementing the plan, evaluating the condition of the child, and teaching the child and parent about healthcare. At the tertiary level, these nurses endeavor to ensure that children regain their normal health. They must as well ensure quality by adhering to the ethics when providing care such as prescribing the right medication and provide right immunizations to the children (Prospects, 2014). According to Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) (2008), nurses need to practice in a safe and competent manner, adhere to standards of professional and broader health system and ensure confidential of any personal information among others.
Safety is a very important role of the pediatric nurses. The safety of children in the health facility is a responsibility of the parent as well as of a pediatric nurse (Egerton, 2012). Risk management has become a very important factor and nurses need to know how to manage risks they are exposed to ensure that they do not compromise on their services.
Even as these nurses play their roles and responsibilities, they must consider cultural needs, rights, and expectation of the children, infants, young people, and families they come across within an ethical and legal framework. Cultures of parents do vary, and taking an initiative to understand their beliefs and values is important as it allows the nurse to align the services to suit the such needs (Egerton, 2012). The rights and expectations of the child or family members must as well be respected when rendering services. Law must also be adhered accordingly. The right to informed consent and end to life protocols must be respected when providing healthcare to the children. Ethics plays a key role in the nursing profession. Pediatric and child health nurses must respect and follow the codes of ethics in their service delivery. They must be honest, have integrity, be respectful, and endeavor to render services with diligence.
In conclusion, pediatric and child health nurses have a wide array of responsibilities and roles. I addition to promoting health among children, they also collaborate with parents and families to ensure that quality healthcare is rendered. It is therefore, prudent for the nurses to appreciate that situations keep on changing in their practice in terms of technological advancement, and they must always be on the look out to keep abreast with such changes.
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) (2008). National competency standards for the Registered Nurse. Retrieved from: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=7&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CFYQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au%2F documents%2Fdefault.aspx%3Frecord%3DWD10%252F1353%26dbid%3DAP%26chks um%3DAc7KxRPDt289C5Bx%252Ff4q3Q%253D%253D&ei=ly7rU_DZEo_n7AbL4I CQDg&usg=AFQjCNF8F4L8vBEpHna0npODjOPPsDxbgg&sig2=35goFOyCC7eCM-qHPctwvQ&bvm=bv.72938740,d.ZGU
Problem Description (Refined version of Assignment 4):
You’re developing the software for a company that monitors home alarm systems. After reviewing some of the your outline of patterns you would use, our customer that you create a couple diagrams of what you architecture looks like using the notations described in our book “Software Architectures in Practice” and that you apply the techniques described in Chapter 14 to analyze your architecture to verify that the architecture will satisfy the requirement of the system. The have provided a revised description (next paragraph), with some more details.
There will be one sensor for each door or window in the home that detects when they are opened. If the home alarm system is activated, the home (sub)system must (1) turn on the alarm within 5 seconds of sensing the opening of any opening other than a door next to a control pad, which allow 30 for the user disarm code to be entered before the alarm is turned on, and (2) send an alarm to the Alarm Monitor Company’s central monitoring location within 15 seconds for an opening other than a door next to a control pad, and 45 seconds for a door next to a control pad. The system at the central monitoring location, (1) records the event, and (2) notifies a human
operator what’s happening within 30 seconds of receipt of the alarm sent from the local home monitoring system, and (3) automatically dial the home, within 45 seconds of receipt of the alarm sent from the local home monitoring system, and hands-off the call to the operator, who will to attempt to verify that there is a break-in. If no one answers, or someone answers but doesn’t give the agreed to safe-word or give the in-trouble word, then the operator will notify the police within 1 minute if no one answers, or 2 minutes if call is answered. All actions taken are recorded.
Part 1 (5 points): Create an architecture
Create an architecture for the whole system based on the patterns you choose in the last exercise. (Is you decide to change patterns, describe the changes including why.) Your description should include the following:
1. A diagram showing the Company’s Central Monitoring Center, and multi-homes being monitored.
2. A diagram of the architecture for the Central Monitoring Center.
3. A diagram of the architecture in a typical Home.
4. A short description of each software component.
Use the notation described in the SWAIP book for now.
Part 2 (5 points): Describe the qualities that are important for the system.
Apply the appropriate techniques from Chapter 14 (or in the pattern description, if any) to verify that you architecture is likely to produce a system that achieves the quality goals you identified in Assignment 4 (i.e., minimums & maximums) and satisfies any constraints in the customer description (this constrains are qualities that you must achieve). If you need certain values, e.g. execution speed of the CPU or how many cores in the CPU, then either do some research on reasonable values make a list of the values you obtain from your research or any assumptions you made and give a reference to the source.
If you determine that for some reason, your architecture does not achieve your quality goals, then explain why. (You may find that some goals are not achievable).
Create a PDF file with your results for part 1 & 2.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Software Architecture
Introduction
A home security alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion and/or unauthorized entry into a building or area. They are often used in residential and commercial properties for protection against property damage or burglary (theft). The most basic alarm consists of one or more sensors to detect intruders, and an alerting device to indicate the intrusion. However, a typical premises security alarm employs the following components: Premises control unit (PCU), or panel, Sensors, Alerting devices, Keypads, Interconnections and Security devices.
Architectural Structure
The architectural structure of the home alarm system design is shown in the block diagram below. The central system will handle all the sensors and keypad input, output information to LCD screen, indicate system status on LED, and make buzz or voice alarm.
Figure 1: Architectural Structure
Hardware & Software Tradeoffs
The IR motion sensor is quite inexpensive hence it should be bought for this design. It is also necessary to acquire one of the smoke detector from home to be used to sound the alarm in case of smoke detection. The architectural structure of our design is shown in the block diagram shown in figure 1 above. The central system will handle all the sensors and keypad input, output information to LCD screen, indicate system status on LED, and make buzz or voice alarm. Besides some necessary resistor and capacitor connections to the ISD1420 chip, the software makes the major part of the work mainly to ensure that home alarm system if fully customizable and consists of a lot of features. It need to monitors all the sensors, and time the appropriate seconds in order to play certain voice pattern (ex. “Temperature, smoke error, please…” “Door or window error, please…”) depending on which sensor goes wrong. It also needs to handle the user interface via keypad and LCD screen.
Program & Hardware Design
Program Detail
The timing is the hardest part of the program. This implies that when any sensor goes wrong, the program has to wait for a number of seconds as set by the user, and then make ISD1420 chip play back the necessary voice pattern as envisaged. The voice playback chip does not have a very fast internal clock, so the delay function has to be played manually in the program after setting the address bits, and then making the chip play. Besides, we also need to implement the keypad function so it acts accordingly when the LCD is displaying certain menu. In the system there are 12 submenus. For example, set temp defines the lowest temperature allowable prior to sounding the alarm (70~120F, with a 1F step size). The Sec. Allow is the time in second before the voice alarm goes off (0~30sec, with step size of 5 seconds). The submenus are shown in the table below:
1.Enable System
2.(*)Temp Sensor
3.(*)Mot. Sensor
4.(*)Smk. Sensor
5.(*)Mag. Switch
6.Set Temp: 100F
7.(*)Voice Alarm
8.(*)Buzz Alarm
9.New Pswd:
A. Buzz Freq: 7
B. Buzz Skim: 3
C. Sec. Allow: 10
There is also a simple de-bounce feature for the keypad, and it will sound a buzz when any key is pressed. Also the backspace feature is implemented so that when a wrong password is entered by the user, it is possible to use this key to delete the number entered previous previously. The password is masked on LCD for a safer purpose.
Hardware Detail
The first sensor we have is the temperature sensor. This is done using a digital thermometer utilizing the same circuit. This was achieved through incorporation of the National Semiconductor LM34 temperature sensor, together with National Semiconductor LMC7111 OpAmp chip for the amplification of the output voltage going into ADC. The final connection of our circuit looks like the following.
Figure 2: Main Connections
The second sensor is the motion sensor which has some IC components as well as a few NPN transistors in the circuit. The base pin together with ground are taken and connected to the ADC pin input, however, the alarm goes off when the voltage exceed VTH (threshold voltage). The other sensor is the smoke detector which is equipped with piezoelectric buzzer, which has F (feed back), M (metal plate) three pins, and C (main electrode). The piezoelectric buzzer consists of an internal crystal and it sounds the alarm if small current is applied (voltage drop).
The final sensor is the magnetic switches and it is normally closed meaning that when the switch is right next to each other, the resistance is zero. So the switch is driven with a 10K pull-up resistor, and connects the output to the ADC. A simple AND/OR gate was built by using 1 74LS00 chip since we have two magnetic switches.
Result of the Design
Speed of Execution
The speed of the execution is very well. At start the system boots up with default password 1234 allowing the user to navigate through menu, and enabling or disabling each type of sensor. If a particular sensor is enabled, the LCD screen will output a * symbol just immediately before the sensor name. Enable/disable voice, the alert temperature, or buzzer alarm can be set by the user, and even specify the ring tone and frequency of the buzzer alarm as well as the time needed prior to the voice alarm goes off. The button de-bounce scheme also works fine so users can navigate through the menu and use the keypad perfectly. This is highly essential because it usually bring with itself convenience to the user as well as enabling timely operation of the home alarm system while at the same time making sure that the system is easy to use. This is an essential feature for easy working or operation of the system which enables the highest level of the system operation at all times.
Accuracy
After the user enables the security system, the green status LED will lid to indicate the system status. User can now enter proper password to unlock the system. If any sensor goes wrong, the LCD will output ERROR and with proper initial for the sensor (T for temperature, M for motion, S for smoke, D for door or window magnetic switch). The red led light be will flashing at 4Hz to indicate such event. If the buzz alarm is enable, it will sound the tone that user choose. If the voice alarm is enabled, it will wait for few seconds (user specified), if the system is still not locked, then it will start playing voice to indicate which sensor goes wrong. (For example, “Temperature Error, please check and unlock the security system.”) If another sensor goes wrong after that, the system will also act accordingly and indicate that in the voice alert in addition to the LCD screen. (“Temperature Motion Error, please check and unlock the security system.”)
Safety
As soon as user enters the correct password, the system will be unlocked and the buzzer and voice playback will stop. The user can now navigate through our menu and make any changes in the settings.
Usability
The home alarm system is very practical. It can be used not only in the home environment but also in a business environment too and works by monitoring the surrounding for not only protection of property as well as lives. Besides, the system is also highly customizable for the purpose of suiting each one’s need and preference.
Expectation and Improvement
The result of the home alarm system design meets the expectation whereby every sensor is supposed to be working and will sound specific alarm when the system goes into alert status. The keypad and LCD also offer great interface and users can be familiar with the system in less than few seconds. The system also has 4 output patterns using all 8 pins. The designed home alarm system is envisaged to effectively work in order to prevent intrusion or property damage which can further be improved subsequently for better performance.
An architectural structure of the designed home alarm system is shown in the prototype shown in the diagrams shown below.
References
Trimmer, H. W. (1981). Understanding and Servicing Alarm Systems. Stoneham: Butterworth.
Walker, P. (1985). Electronic Security Systems. Cambridge, UK: University Press
Weber, T. L. (1985). Alarm Systems and Theft Protection (2nd ed.). Stoneham, MA: Butterworth.
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