The essay must be a minimum of 1500 words.
How do the endings of Sherman Alexis short stories clarify (or obscure) his use of sexual content?
How do Joseph Boyden’s and Geary Hobson’s construction of personae contribute to their respective arguments? Of what use is “literary voice” in essay
writing?
What function does sexual antagonism serve in Gouge’s stories about Turtle?
Compare the treatment of infidelity in Sherman Alexie’s and Earnest Gouge’s stories. How does adultery contribute to the message of the stories?
What are the advantages (or disadvantages) of interpreting the poetry of Joy Harjo along the lines of sexual desire?
What is the basis for attraction in Eddie Chuculate’s “YoYo”? How does telling the story primarily from Jordan’s point-of-view clarify (or obscure) this?
Use at least three (3) quality references Note: Wikipedia and other related websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
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Capital One is well-known for its monetary management, information technology, customer service and innovation, and is one of the world’ biggest issuers of Visa and Master Card credit cards. The firm’s client base globally is approximately forty-nine million with managed loans amounting to in excess of $82 billion. The department of loan processing has insufficient associates in each process, and there are particularly few underwriters. Having extremely few workers limits the capacity of the firm to effectively serve the existing clientele. There is an opportunity to redesign the loan process operations such that Capital One’s clients get their approval decisions within 1-2 days so that they all get converted. It is recommended that the management of Capital One hire extra associates as the existing ones are few and the department is understaffed. This would remove the need to work overtime.
Company Overview
Capital One is a company that issues Visa and Master Card credit cards globally. The firm was founded by Nigel Morris and Richard Fairbank. It is renowned for its financial management, information technology, customer service and innovation, and is at the moment one of the world’ biggest issuers of Visa and Master Card credit cards. Capital One’s global client base is roughly forty-nine million with managed loans amounting to in excess of $82 billion. It is notable that since its Initial Public Offer in the year 1994 to the year 2005, the stock price of Capital One has gone up by over 1,400% (Immaneni & Terwiesh, 2007). A major aspect of its business strategy in recent years has been domestic diversification. Following its Initial Public Offer which enabled Capital One to become a public firm, the firm has progressed on both product line and geographic expansion by way of organic growth in credit cards as well as various acquisitions in non-credit card businesses. Some of Capital One’s diversified businesses together with a number of organically grown businesses reside in Capital One’s Global Financial Services organization. It is worth mentioning that the Loan Processing Centre is one of those businesses which supported various loan products including Jumbo loans, Line of credits and small business loans (Immaneni & Terwiesh, 2007).
Analysis
There are not enough associates working in each process. It is notable that at the moment, 14 funded loans are processed each month by every associate and there are 25 associates in total. The department of loan processing at Capital One lacks the capability of handling the volume of application leading to the target of seven-hundred funded loans on a monthly basis which was set after the company’s increased marketing effort. There are particularly very few underwriters at the department: in the process of loan approval, the most difficult job function is underwriting and underwriters are the associates who earn the highest on the team. The department has 8 associates who work as underwriters. An underwriter in the department at any given time can have an inventory that comprises between twenty to fifty applications which the underwriter would be working on (Immaneni & Terwiesh, 2007). Each of the 5 processes are evidently understaffed: the interview process has just 7 associates who call between 200-500 potential clients each day; the workflow management process has only a single Workflow Coordinator; the underwriting process comprises 8 associates; the quality assurance process has just 2 associates; and lastly the closing process has just 6 associates.
Capital One is clearly understaffed and this could affect various aspects of this company. Having extremely few staff members limits the ability of the company to effectively serve the existing clients and expand the business. Even though the top management of Capital One may view understaffing as a way of minimizing overhead costs, it actually has negative impact on the company in the long run. All in all, the quality of service at the firm suffers when there are fewer workers to serve clients. Fewer workers have to work quicker and overtime in order to handle a greater volume of work, and there are increased faults and mistakes made by workers who are stressed as a result of increased workload and being overworked. With time, poor quality of service would diminish the reputation of a company and drive clients away (Kryscynski & Ulrich, 2015). Few workers generally have an increased workload which adds stress to perform work tasks and satisfy the performance expectations. In essence, increased stress will lower not just morale of workers at Capital One, but also their job satisfaction. It will also take a toll on the physical and mental health of workers and could even increase the amount of time required off work. The rates of employee turnover may also go up when overwhelmed staff members quit instead of keeping up with increased workloads at the same rate of pay. Equally important, a company which is understaffed will miss opportunities for growth given that it is not able to satisfy the needs of its customers. Lost business essentially results in lost revenue as well as lost growth into new markets (Kryscynski & Ulrich, 2015). What can be done is basically to increase the number of staff members significantly in each process. Furthermore, the organization should invest considerably in information technology so as to increase the productivity of the company’s current personnel.
There is an opportunity for redesigning the operations of loan processing. The two key areas that need to be redesigned are certainly the underwriting step and the closing step. These two steps should be redesigned since they are the areas in which work in process inventory (WIP) accumulate the most thanks to high incoming volume. When there is a build-up of inventory, managers at the department would request overtime from associates especially from the phone associates and underwriters in order to keep the Apps flowing through the process. In addition, when Apps inventory build up, there would be an increase in customer wait time that consequently impacts conversion negatively. Wait times have a considerable impact on application withdrawals. The Operations Manager, Rick Weis, sampled some Apps and found that while 95 percent of the clients who get their approval decision in 2 days time would be booked as clients, just 83 percent of the clients who wait 11-12 days are actually converted; the remaining 17 percent basically withdraw their application (Immaneni & Terwiesh, 2007). As such, there is an opportunity to redesign the loan process operations such that customers get their approval decisions within a period of not more than 2 days so that all of them get converted and to reduce the proportion of those who withdraw their application.
The current performance metrics used at the department in Capital One are appropriate but not adequate since they only measure two key things, productivity and quality, but disregard other important things such as attendance, efficiency, helpfulness and initiative. At Capital One’s loan processing department, the performance of every associate is measured by tracking the number of hours which the associate worked as well as the number of apps/loan applicants the associate processed. In essence, the ratio of logged hours to the total number of hours paid is more or less 65 percent. This metric is tracked both at the departmental level and associate level with the goal being to meet or surpass 65 percent (Immaneni & Terwiesh, 2007). Besides productivity, the accurateness as measured by Quality Assurance also impacts the payout of incentives. To underscore accurateness and quality, a particular minimum quality score is mandatory for an associate to receive any incentive payout. Furthermore, the managers at the department are held responsible for the total productivity of the department. These performance metrics only focus on productivity and quality of work of employees in the department but overlook other crucial metrics.
Other vital metrics that could have been considered include the following: (i) attendance – it is of great importance to determine whether or not a member of staff is showing up to work. Attendance is something that is certainly worth tracking and it can be a helpful performance metric. If a worker shows up late time after time, takes more sick days than usual and leaves early, then he or she is probably not showing his or her full potential. The causes of poor attendance could include things like employee burnout, health issues or even a lack of motivation (Kondrasuk, 2011). (ii) Efficiency – staff members should be able to carry out their tasks and finish them on time. Employees need to work within the limitations provided by the available resources and time, and they should seek to complete their work as efficiently as possible. When measuring this metric, the company should look for missed deadlines for hints as regards how efficiently a particular worker is working. (iii) Initiative – it is good when staff members ask what is needed. However, it is better when employees see a need and then take the necessary steps to meet the need on their own. It is notable that initiative is a sign of staff engagement and satisfaction (Kondrasuk, 2011). Looking at staff members who take initiative is vital for expanding companies and for workplaces that are changing rapidly and which require workers who are able to adapt and be proactive.
Recommendations
The first recommendation is that the management of Capital One should hire additional associates since the existing associates are few and the department is understaffed. The company needs to weigh the cost of an associate in the department against the revenue amount which is created by the contribution of that associate to the company or department. Even though adding more associates might appear like a more of overhead for the department and the company overall, the value of increased business capability could actually outweigh the cost. Increasing the number of associates would also result in reduced workload particularly for Capital One’s underwriters, which would lead to decreased stress to carry out work tasks and meet performance expectations. It will also eliminate the need to work overtime. Secondly, it is recommended that the department at Capital One include other metrics in performance measurement of its employees/associates rather than focusing primarily on traditional metrics like productivity and quality which could at times be misleading. Other key metrics that should be taken into account include efficiency, initiative and attendance. The third recommendation is that the department should maximize the opportunity of redesigning the loan process operations so that customers get their approval decisions within a period of not more than 2 days. This will ensure that at least 95 percent of them get converted and will reduce the percentage of the customers who withdraw their application.
References
Immaneni, A., & Terwiesh, C. (2007). Loan Processing at Capital One. Wharton: University of Pennsylvania.
Kondrasuk, J. N. (2011). The ideal performance appraisal is a format, not a form. Allied Academies International Conference: Proceedings Of The Academy Of Strategic Management (ASM), 10(1), 61-75.
Kryscynski, D., & Ulrich, D. (2015). Making strategic human capital relevant: A time-sensitive opportunity. Academy Of Management Perspectives, 29(3), 357-369. doi:10.5465/amp.2014.0127
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The writer will started this paper by explaining in one paragraph who is a researcher using in text citations and a reference to support his explanations and then will proceed to the second part which is the annotated bibliography. And please follow the roles of written an annotated bibliography when completing that part of the paper.
Part 1 (one paragraph)
What do you think is the role of the researcher?
Part 2
Annotated Bibliography
Provide three additional references related to your Doctoral Study topic (The Effects of HRM Practices on Employee Performance) in annotated bibliography format and synthesize these three references into a component of the doctoral study rubric (ex. Nature of study, literature review, etc.) Please follow the format of written an annotated bibliography when completing this part of this paper.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Annotated Bibliography
Role of a researcher
Theoretically, the role of a researcher is non-existent in quantitative studies (Woods, 1999). The participants act separate of the researcher, there are efforts to remove subjectivity and biases, and if repeated by others, the similar results should be yielded. In qualitative studies, the researcher has a cardinal role of gathering data. He should also describe relevant features of the self, including any assumptions and biases, experiences to qualify her ability of conducting research, and ant expectations (Rumsey, 2008). He should keep a journal indicating personal reflections and reactions, insights into past and self, and how bracketing will occur. He has to elaborate if his role is etic or emic. He also seeks to create a picture using theories and ideas from different sources (Gorard, 2001).
Annotated bibliography
Akhter, M., Siddique, N., & Alam, A. (2013). HRM Practices and its Impact on Employee Performance: A Study of the Cement Industry in Bangladesh. Global Disclosure of Economics and Business, 2(2).
This research study was founded on the idea that in the current situation, companies may acquire strong competitive advantage if they apply efficient and effective human resource practices, and proper management. The study aimed at assessing the effects of human resource management practices in employee performance using the Bangladesh cement industry context. The researchers tried investigating the effects of different HRM practices components on employee performance using 160 workers from 7 cement companies that were listed in Dhaka Stock exchange. After a regression analysis, it was established that effective human resources management increase employees performance.
Al-Qudah, H. M. A., Osman, A., & Al-Qudah. H. M. (2014). The Effect Of Human Resource Management Practices On Employee Performance. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 3(9), 129- 134.
The aim of the study was examining HRM practices effect on employee performance in MSI (Malaysian Skills Institute). Factors that affect compensation, selection, and recruitment towards performance of employees in MSI were explored. There were forty participants from MSI. Data was gathered using questionnaire and SPSS, correlation analysis, and descriptive statistics were used for analysis. The researchers established that compensation, selection, and recruitment correlated significantly with the performance of employees in MSI. The researchers offered relevant recommendations.
Tabiu, A., & Nura, A. A. (2013). Assessing The Effects Of Human Resource Management Practices On Employee Job Performance: A Study Of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly 5(2), 248- 259.
This study was founded on the desire of companies to achieve more though with less resources, and the increasing dedication to HRM practices improvement globally. The researchers assessed HRM practices impacts on the job performance of employees in Sokoto, Usmanu Danfodiyo University. The researchers came to the conclusion that not all HRM practices correlated significantly to employee job performance. They recommend that reviewing the HRM practices regularly can help a lot.
References
Gorard, S. (2001). Quantitative methods in educational research: The role of numbers made easy. London: Continuum.
Rumsey, S. (2008). How to find information: A guide for researchers. Maidenhead, England: Open University Press.
Woods, P. (1999). Successful writing for qualitative researchers. London: Routledge.
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In order to put quantitative research into a larger context, it is helpful to think about how the application of quantitative analysis may inform and shape the path of one’s research. You may recall that research methodology does not begin—nor does it end—with a decision to apply a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods design. In fact, that decision has a pivotal position in the process once predecessor factors, such as the research question and purpose statement, are in place.
The article “An Integrative Model for Teaching Quantitative Research Design,” by Corner, proposes a thought process as well as a staged research agenda. Thinking about your own potential Doctoral Study topic, (The Effects of HRM Practices on Employee Performance) how would you align your thought process with this integrative model? Based upon your reading of the article, does this approach make sense for your Doctoral Study? Why or why not?
Here below is the citation to be use in the reference section of the paper.
The integrative model will be useful in the meta-analytic process in evaluating of the design elements. The model provides the chance for the refinement of the elements when the need arises. The integrative model is applicable in most management situations as an executive learning process (Patricia, 2002). While carrying out the research about my potential doctoral topic it the alignment of the thoughts towards the integrative model will be essential. Since the models are mostly applicable in the management situations such as the one presented in the topic, it will be very important for adoption in this research topic. Building the knowledge about the topic will be the first approach to the research topic using the integrative model (Patricia, 2002). The creation of hypothesis questions is vital e.g. Do the HRM practices have the positive or negative impact on the performance of employees? What are the main components of the practices with massive impact on the employee performance? These hypothesis questions will be used in investigating more about the topic. The continuous measure will be mainly used during the process of building knowledge. The regression analysis will be mainly used as the technique of analysis when it comes to measuring and determining whether the HRM practices impact employee performance.
Formulation of the hypothesis of will is vital after building knowledge (Maxwell, 2012. The hypothesis for this research will be that HRM practices are positively correlated with the performance of employees. Some of the hypotheses formulated include; Training impacts the training of employees positively.HRM practices are positively correlated with the performance of employees. These are some of the formulated hypotheses used in more investigation about the topic. Development of measures will be essential. Measurement will be made considering the scale or continuous measures (Storbacka, 2012). The relationship between the practices and the employee performance will be measured using the correlation factor after analysis using the statistical software. The adoption of an analytical technique will involve the identification of the most appropriate tool for analysis of the responses. Regression analysis will be most suitable for this topic considering the type of measure used and the hypotheses. The relationships will be investigated, but the main focus will be on correlation relationships between the dependent variable and independent variables (Maxweel, 2012). Planning of data collection will be the final stage of the research in alignment to the integrative model. Some of the variables of interest will include training, job definition, performance appraisal and also employee participation. Questionnaires will be used in collecting data while response put in the SPSS software for analysis. The plan for data collection will be integrated with the variables, hypotheses, and analysis (Gliner et al, 2012). Alignment of the research thoughts with the integrative model will be vital in acquiring a lot of information in a systematic way during the investigation of the topic.
The approach makes sense for my doctoral study as it facilitates the basis for testing and clarifying some of the questions or beliefs about the topic. In this case more will be learned by using incorporating the model in the research study. The model provides a framework for thinking about problems and decisions in different perspectives similar to my case (Patricia, 2002). The approach will be crucial as it will shift focus from solving problems to building knowledge and learning that is the greatest achievement in a doctoral study. The model will also provide an overarching picture the research design most appropriate in any study (Patricia, 2002). These reasons make me think adopting the approach will make sense for my doctoral study.
References
Gliner, J. A., Morgan, G. A., & Leech, N. L. (2011). Research methods in applied settings: An integrated approach to design and analysis. Routledge.
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach: An interactive approach. Sage.
Patricia, D. C. (2002). An integrative model for teaching quantitative research design. Journal of Management Education, 26(6), 671
Storbacka, K. (2011). A solution business model: Capabilities and management practices for integrated solutions. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(5), 699-711.
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It is critical that the writer read the articles and give a very good constructive comments for this 2 articles. APA and in text citations must be use to complete the 2 responses.
The writer will have to read each of this post and react to them by commenting, analyzing and supporting with relevant articles. The writer will have to read carefully before giving constructive comments on the post. The writer should write a one paragraph of at least 150 words. APA and in text citation must be use as each respond to the two post must have in text citations. The writer will have to use an article to supports his comments in each of the article. Address the content of each post below in a one paragraph each, analysis and evaluation of the topic, as well as the integration of relevant resources.
I will email the details via email.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Constructive criticism
Article 1
The research article is relevant according to current needs. Based on the statistics provided by the writer, it would be important to tackle the problem of small businesses failing as they are vital to the economy in terms of employment creation and growth of the economy. Nevertheless, there are a few points worth noting about the article. One of the important things is the statistics (Collis, & Hussey, 2013). The writer in the background uses statistics for the United States of America when the research would only cover Texas. It would have been more accurate to narrow down the statistics to Texas. Some of the statistics are from three years ago and yet the research is on current issues. There is also much repetition in the article. Most of the information captured in the background is also in the problem statement and purpose statement. The pace used in this repetition would have been better used in giving a more detailed literature review (Tsang, & Frey, 2007).
Article 2
The research proposed in the report would tackle a relevant problem. It is, therefore, a meaningful article. However, the author fails to include a literature review that would tell the reader about any previous studies concerning the topic. Therefore, the work lacks enough information concerning the topic of interest. Some of the definitions as used in the articles are not accurate. For instance, corporate social responsibility has been defined to mean the commitment of the organization towards the quality of life of workers during economic development. On the other hand, CSR is usually the voluntary undertakings of an organization in a social, economic and environmental manner (Clapp, & Rowlands, 2014). It would be significant for the writer to consider revising some of the definitions, therefore. It would also be more accurate for the author to give the conventional definition of transformational leadership before defining it in context (Avolio, & Yammarino, 2013). The author also proposes to use two independent variables this would make it hard to test for the dependent variable due to the combined effect of the two independent variables.
References
Avolio, B. J., & Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013). Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead (Vol. 5). Emerald Group Publishing.
Clapp, J., & Rowlands, I. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility. Essential Concepts of Global Environmental Governance, 42.
Collis, J., & Hussey, R. (2013). Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Palgrave macmillan.
Tsang, E. W., & Frey, B. S. (2007). The As-Is Journal Review Process: Let Authors Own Their Ideas. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6(1), 128-136.
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Review the case study titled “Terms of Endearment”, where teacher Virginia Lawson is confronted with issues of racially insensitive name-calling in her classroom and struggles with handling the situation appropriately.
Write a five to seven (5-7) page paper in which you:
Take a position on whether or not Anthony’s explanation of why he was using the n-word made his actions less of a problem. Take a position on whether or not there are any circumstances in which it would be appropriate for someone to use the n-word or any variation of it in a classroom or school, and explain those circumstances. Provide a rationale for your position.
Suggest at least one (1) alternate way that Ms. Lawson might have decreased tension in the class following the incident instead of chastising Keisha and ordering her to sit down. Analyze how the way you suggested would have addressed Keisha’s comments, and the feelings underneath them, more effectively.
Examine at least one (1) other way that Ms. Lawson might have checked in with Reggie following the incident instead of calling attention to him in front of the whole class and causing him embarrassment. Analyze whether the way you chose would have more effectively allowed Reggie to express his true feelings.
Determine how you would handle the necessary task, after this incident, of addressing the use of the n-word with the class. Provide a list of steps that you would take, as well as a rationale for your response.
Use at least five (5) peer-reviewed academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and many Websites do not qualify as academic resources. Peer-reviewed academic resources refer to articles and scholarly journals that are reviewed by a panel of experts or peers in the field. View this video for more information on obtaining peer-reviewed academic resources through your Blackboard course shell.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Terms of Endearment
Did Anthony’s explanation of why he was using the n-word make his actions less of a problem?
Anthony explained that he was using the n-word because it was a term of endearment. This explanation does not make his actions less a problem due to the fact that the perceived consequences of the n-word to Reggie. Even though it may sound humorous and the other students may laugh at the mention of the word, the n-word is racist in character and it has an effect of causing pain to any African-American individual. This is because of the historical implications of the word and the manner in which it was used in the past to dehumanize African-Americans.
A few researchers have indicated that the n-word may be justified depending on the person using the word (Vera & Feagan, 2007). It can be regarded as a term of endearment in a conversation involving only African-Americans. However, the word is a pejorative, no matter the circumstances in which it is being used, and it should be avoided as much as possible. In practice, complexities have are noticeable in line with its use by African Americans, as it can be used pejoratively, politically, and affectionately. However, it is strictly considered as abusive when used by white people. Nevertheless, it does not matter whether it has been used in a serious or ironical sense, wrongly or rightly, or on the ground of necessity or the need to bring out comedy. African Americans do not like to hear or read the word, despite of the book or play having been written by an African American. This is because of the fact that the n-word usually reflects the bitter years of struggle and insult for the people of color in America. The n-word can never be used to refer to a friend, when in real sense it imposes contempt on African Americans as an inferior race (Cherry, nd).
Are there any circumstances in which it would be appropriate for someone to use the n-word or any variation of it in a classroom or school?
Although the word seems to have gained more acceptance in youth culture over the recent years, with others arguing that the word could be defused through reclaiming it, many adults are of the perception that the word is offensive and harmful. In the classroom setup, there is no room for the use of the word, unless it is being discussed by the help of teachers on its harmful character and the reasons why it should not be used whatsoever. In a situation where students have not been addressed in the classroom concerning the word, it changes everything, as the African American student has to keep on reassessing himself or herself and other students also keep reassessing the African American student.
The responses and feelings of the students is dependent on the students’ population demographics. In schools dominated by African Americans, students seem to have more ease with the word. However, students in that class may still feel uncomfortable if used repeatedly by white students in a ‘classic’ manner (Schulten, 1999). When African Americans form the minority of the class, the word usually causes embarrassment to them and they feel singled out. As in the case of Ms. Lawson’s class, it is evident that Reggie was called the n-word in the minority in a class dominated by other racial groups. This had the potential of hurting Reggie and causing him to feel uneasy. This also explains the reason to why Reggie’s friends laughed when the word was mentioned by Anthony. Nevertheless, the n-word should not be used regardless of whether the class is homogenous or racially mixed.
Although Anthony’s defense of terms of endearment is not acceptable, he can be forgiven in using the words on the ground of ignorance as to the effects and historical attachments African Americans have towards the word. Under the circumstances, it can be seen that the class had not been taught about the historical meaning and the pejorative nature of the word and Anthony did not see any problem with his action.
One (1) alternate way that Ms. Lawson might have decreased tension in the class following the incident instead of chastising Keisha and ordering her to sit down.
The word is handled differently by different teachers. Some teachers prefer not to ever mention the word, and they cannot allow any student to use it. Like Ms. Lawson, some teachers skip over the word and only refer to it using a euphemism. For instance, a white teacher may show more reluctance towards using the word than a teacher of color, irrespective of the demographics of the students’ population in the class. Keisha, an African American student, felt bitter when she heard the n-word being mentioned by a white student towards her fellow African American. Thus, she saw the need to intervene in the issue by condemning Anthony for claiming that he had used the n-word as a term of endearment. She believed that the use of the word was racist and that the teacher should have punished Anthony for calling Reggie the word. Instead of chastising Keisha for her actions, Ms. Lawson should have empathized with the young lady and empowered her to open up and discuss with the class what she knows about the word and the effects it has on her and other African American students. After hearing her out, she would then have arranged for a lesson with the class to explore the n-word with the students (Seeman, 2009).
One (1) other way that Ms. Lawson might have checked in with Reggie following the incident instead of calling attention to him in front of the whole class and causing him embarrassment.
The fact that Reggie formed the minority of the class and that Anthony had been calling him the n-word several times implies that the environment could not allow him to communicate comfortably with the teacher about how he felt, when everybody in the classroom was staring at him. Thus, Ms. Lawson should have called Reggie to a private place with him, tried to empathize with the student, and created an open environment (Seeman, 2009) for Reggie to discuss the issue with her. If Reggie continued to show discomfort in discussing the issue, it would have been proper for Ms. Lawson to give him a chance to put down his viewpoints as a journal entry or letter and give it to her. This would have given Reggie the chance express his true feelings.
Determine how you would handle the necessary task, after this incident, of addressing the use of the n-word with the class. Provide a list of steps that you would take, as well as a rationale for your response.
In deciding the most effective way to handle the n-word, it is important to determine the manner in which its use in the classroom, whether reading it aloud or reading in silent would affect the students. Most educators are of the view that the word need to be said and discussed openly. Thus, I would facilitate an open environment in which the word could be discussed by the students. It is important for a teacher to prepare students to exercise critical thinking in order to see the intent of the authors (Jones, 1984). I would take up the following steps in order to introduce the word to class and inform the students about its historical meaning and psychological impacts:
Prepare the students by explaining to them that we are going to study a pejorative word.
Introduce students to a text or play in which the n-word has been used.
Establish ground rules for the discussion, including respect for all perspectives, no put-downs, and no name-calling.
To create an open environment, I would ask the following key question: “How should we deal with literary works such as Huck Finn containing the word ‘nigga’?”
Open up to students about my own feelings and illustrate to them the reason for exploring the subject.
In case the class shows reluctance to discuss the topic, I will give them an opportunity to express their feelings through anonymous responses, free writing, or journal entries.
Using readings that contain the word ‘nigga’ or ‘nigger’ is the most effective way for initiating discussion. It is good to ask the students how the word changes the reading. Students can go further to write a small version of the reading in which they narrate a story of how someone insulted them, the word, phrase or gesture that was used and how they felt. This would make it easier to bring the students to the consciousness of the word. From there, I would discuss the historical meaning of the word, the manner in which it hurts African Americans and the need to refrain from using it (Alberti, 1995).
References
Alberti, J. (1995). The nigger Huck: Race, identity, and the teaching of Huckleberry Finn. College English, 919-937.
Doctoral Study and the Scholar Practitioner Model
Social change and the scholar-practitioner model are vital aspects of the school mission. Courses are designed to support you in your quest for affecting positive social change and becoming an effective scholar-practitioner. For this paper, you should reflect upon how your doctoral study concept has evolved since the start of this course and the ways in which you have built a solid foundation for your doctoral study project.
• Consider how your particular doctoral study might impact improvement on management or a business practice. Reflect on the most important components of this process.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Doctoral Study and the Scholar Practitioner Model
In any school mission, the scholar-practitioner model and social change make up very fundamental aspects. Developing courses is necessary as it supports in the quest of being an efficient scholar-practitioner as well as affecting optimistic social change. Since this course began, the concept of the doctoral study has evolved considerably. One of the most important things I have learnt is that the proper activities should be used when selecting the research topic depending on the defined problem (Liebowitz, 2015). Before the viable research topic is selected, the person should be prepared mentally to engage fully in the development and exploration process. There are three methods that can be used to approach the problem so as to more fully comprehend the problem before making attempts to implement or develop solutions. These are isolating and giving structure, magnifying the problem, and searching for theory.
I have been able to build a firm foundation for the doctoral study project through a number of ways. The first is the need to critically evaluate and analyze the existing scientific paradigms and dogma (Holly, Geller & Drexel University, 2014). I realized that since early childhood, I was socialized into accepting whatever I read or was told without any significant critical analysis. I realized that without the critical analysis, I would not even find an appropriate topic since I would never be able to identify a gap in literature. Therefore, for a firm foundation in the doctoral study project, I began being very attentive on everything I read. Moreover, using academic materials such as peer-reviewed journals and engaging in detailed research was another component since I was able to gain varying ideas, which helped come up with an authentic research problem.
The doctoral study can help improve business practices in a number of ways. During data collection through methods such as interviews and case studies, one gains different skills and acquires hands-on experiences which helps position the person strategically as a leader. On the same note, the doctoral study was revolving around an actual business challenge (Van, 2011). Therefore, doing a literature review on it and coming up with conclusions and recommendations on how the issue can be solved would help a business person be able to address such an issue more effectively in the real world. The idea of applying research-based evidence also comes in here. The entire processes of the doctoral study help sharpen leadership and decision-making skills, broaden knowledge on applied research and theory, as well as acquire experience needed for managing positive changes within any company (Topp, 2006). For example, a doctoral study on the globalization trends would help a person be able to use cultural competence and diversity appropriately, use the most appropriate recruitment and training strategies in new countries, and solve any conflicts amicably. This is based on the fact that there is a focus on the latest theories, research, as well as trends that influence business as far as globalization is concerned.
Therefore, a doctoral study on globalization trends in business would assist a person in business practices. The person would be able to come up with solutions to real-world and complex world problems, conduct research so as to advance present knowledge on business leadership, and identify the emerging theories. In addition, there would be an evaluation of how globalization relates to other disciplines.
References
Holly, M. E., Geller, K. D., & Drexel University. (2014). Experiential Learning and Student Engagement: Meaningful Learner Outcomes as Articulated by Drexel University Sacramento Ed.D. Graduates.
Liebowitz, J. (2015). A guide to publishing for academics: Inside the publish or perish phenomenon.
Topp, E. M. (2006). Presence-based coaching: The practice of presence in relation to goal-derected activity. Oxford publishers.
Van, F. J. R. (2011). Learning to Be in Graduate School: The Interconnections of AcademicWork, Scholarly Identity Formation, and Lived Experience. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Using the doctoral study that you selected in Week 1 and send to you, evaluate the data analysis methods used. Incorporate appropriate references to the course readings about data analysis methods. For all the questions below, remember to explain how you came to your conclusions. Support your answers with explanation or evidence drawn from the dissertation and from
course readings.
• Were the data analysis methods used appropriately for the qualitative tradition or research design (e.g., case study, ethnography, grounded theory, etc.)? Why or why not?
• Were all aspects of the data analysis methods described or justified sufficiently? If not, what could have the author said and why? If sufficient, explain why you think so.
• Do you think the data needed to answer the research question(s) could have been analyzed as effectively using other data analysis methods? If so, what other methods would you recommend and why? If not, why not? This includes the data analysis methods as well as how they were conducted or implemented.
• Add any additional comments for evaluation not addressed above.
Use citations and references to support your opinions and statements.
I will resend the article via email to be use in completing this paper.
Course readings
• Readings
Course Texts
Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches
• Chapter 8, “Data Analysis and Representation”
This chapter describes the data analysis strategies used in qualitative research and then provides information on how to represent that data.
Case Study Research: Design and Methods
• Chapter 5, “Analyzing Case Study Evidence: How to Start Your Analysis, Your Analytic Choices, and How They Work”
Knowing how to analyze a case study can help you while doing your research. This chapter illustrates several ways to do this.
American Psychological Association, (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. (Note: You should have received this reference text for a previous course. The APA Publication Manual will be used as a resource throughout this program.)
Article
• Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes.Field Methods, 15(1), 85–109.
Retrieved from Sage Journals database.
This article provides information on coding data from qualitative interviews.
Additional Resources
Bernard, H. R. (2010). Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches, Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
• Chapter 5 “Introduction to Data Analysis”
• Chapter 6 “Conceputal Models”
• Birks, M. J., Chapman, Y., & Francis, K. (2007). Breaching the wall: Interviewing people from other cultures. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18(2), 150–156.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides insights and techniques to improve interviewing techniques as well as provides some context for improving ethnographic culture analyses.
• Brent, E., & Slusarz, P. (2003). “Feeling the Beat”: Intelligent coding advice from metaknowledge in qualitative research. Social Science Computer Review, 21(3), 281–303.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article examines the coding processes and the uses of computer programs to potentially help in the coding and analysis process. .
• Csordas, T. J., Dole, C., Tran, A., Strickland, M., & Storck, M. G. (2010). Ways of asking, ways of telling: A methodological comparison of ethnographic and researchdiagnostic interviews. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 34(1), 29–55.
Retrieved from ProQuest Central database.
This article provides insights and tools so you can better understand the practice of interviewing in qualitative research.
• Janesick, V. J. (2003). “Stretching” exercises for qualitative researchers (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
This book provides you with in-depth techniques to help improve qualitative research skills. It is highly recommended for DBA students planning qualitative research, and you may want to think about purchasing this during the first iteration of DBA 9000.
• LeVasseur, J. J. (2003). The problem of bracketing in phenomenology. Qualitative Health Research, 13(3), 408–420.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides insights on how you can improve phenomenological research, particularly with respect to the concept of bracketing.
• Merriam, S. B., & Associates. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
This book supplies you with in-depth techniques to help improve qualitative research skills.
• Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2005). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
This book provides you with in-depth techniques to help improve qualitative research skills. It is highly recommended for DBA students planning qualitative research, and you may want to think about purchasing this during the first iteration of DDBA 9000.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Data Analysis Methods
After carefully looking at the doctoral study, one ought to find that some methods of data analysis were used in an appropriate manner. However, to make sense of the term data analysis it first needs to be defined in the context we are in. Data analysis refers to the process of investigating, transforming, cleaning and modelling data collected from a research or study with the sole purpose of discovering information that would be significant to the cause of the study (Agresti et al., 2011). Such information would including finding a trend or pattern in the data that would point to a certain point of view.
From the doctoral study that was chosen, you realize that it was a qualitative phenomenological study. The main method of gathering data that was used is an interview. There were at least three types of interviews that were used to acquire data from some people involved with the study. However, this paper will focus on the data analysis methods used to get meaning from the collected data. After all, the sole purpose of the study would be betrayed if there was no way to ensure that the correct or appropriate data analysis methods were implemented to ensure the study was of a wide range of relevance.
The data analysis methods used were certainly appropriate for the specific study. Since the method of gathering data that was used was interviewed, it was deemed necessary and prudent that the interviews were analyzed means of coding or classifying the text from the interview. Coding text from the interview solely involved the use of phrases and words by the study participant to describe or explain their experience with ethical decision making. The data from the codes would then be counted, and particular attention was drawn to the most recurring words or phrases from the interviews. This method of analyzing data is very effective as it would determine or identify with ease the most influential aspects as mentioned in the context of the doctoral study (Tesch, 2013).
The aspects of data analysis were justified efficiently. It is unavoidable to notice the comprehendible way with which the author explained the use of the methods of data analysis. Furthermore, the author added information concerning the significance of the selected data analysis methods chosen for the specific doctoral study. All these pointed out the importance and effectiveness of the data analysis methods chosen thus justifying the use of them.
It is paramount to keep an open mind when discussing matters concerning research or, in this case, doctoral studies. Moreover, it is prudent to use such research or studies as learning points. Therefore, it would be unwise to say that the data needed to answer the research question was tied down to an analysis by the chosen data analysis methods alone. Hence, there are other data analysis methods that would have been as effective as the methods of data analysis that were chosen for the doctoral study. An example data analysis methods that could have been chosen for the process of analyzing data would be grounded theory. The grounded theory method would have utilized a systematic approach to enquiry. This method would involve the process of looking for relationships within the data being analyzed.
References
Agresti, A., & Kateri, M. (2011). Categorical data analysis (pp. 206-208). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Bazeley, P. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: Practical strategies. Sage.
Grbich, C. (2012). Qualitative data analysis: An introduction. Sage.
Tesch, R. (2013). Qualitative Types: Analysis Typ. Routledge.
Thyme, K. E., Wiberg, B., Lundman, B., & Graneheim, U. H. (2013). Qualitative content analysis in art psychotherapy research: Concepts, procedures, and measures to reveal the latent meaning in pictures and the words attached to the pictures. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 40(1), 101-107.
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Select an Initial Public Offering (or a Secondary Offering) completed in the last 10 years in the U.S. capital markets, and discuss and analyze this IPO in seven- to eight-pages, double-spaced. Each student should select a separate company as the subject of the paper. This paper should be submitted to the Week 5 IPO Paper Dropbox.
The paper should discuss the following about the company.
1.Identify the company and its industry.
2.Discuss important financial and other facts about the company from its SEC filings.
3.How successful was the IPO in raising capital?
4.What has happened to the company since the IPO?
5.What is the trend in the stock price of the company since the IPO?
It is due by Saturday 5pm
SAMPLE ANSWER
IPO Paper
Google Inc. started as a search engine that was not very popular at that time. At that time, the company was vested on the Internet with its search engine having a very simple design. At that time, it’s had some loyal internet users that used their search engine services. Furthermore, the company started as a search engine for Stanford University under the domain googlestanford.edu. Later on, the domain google.com was acquired, and the company came to be known as Google Inc. after they incorporated it. Back then, Google was majorly just a search engine that focused mainly on the significance of search words or keywords to enable a user to find what they were searching for on the worldwide wed.
After some time, the company started offering advertisements per keyword. Giving birth to the term advertised funded search engines. The popularity of Google as a search engine was growing steadily. This could be witnessed by the increased number of advertisements that were made available by Google on the internet. Not forgetting the growing number of internet users that preferred using Google as their search engine. All this success could be attributed to the fact that Google had better results than its competitors. Therefore, giving it an added advantage that it took to the betterment of its fortunes.
The company’s initial public offering was on 19th August 2004. The target was to raise at least $billion. Just before the IPO in 2003, the company had received a merger or partnership proposal from Microsoft but eventually the deal never materialized. The company was offering their shares at $85 for each share. The company since then, has experienced to say at least success after success in their new business ideas that came to revolutionize the technology industry.
In the technology industry, Google has been one of the trendsetters. To date, Google can be said to be one of the most used search engines in the world. The success is owed to their simple design and the efficiency of their results. Another key area where Google has mostly invested in is the advertising market online. Most of the e-commerce platforms have been a success because of Google at some point. The results of a keyword search on Google may determine the number of visitors that visit your page. This would in turn raise google rankings and place your e-commerce platform at the forefront of every related keyword search results.
Another area in technology that Google has heavily invested in is the mobile application. Android Inc., which is currently owned by Google in, is one of the most used mobile operating systems that runs on most of the smartphones in the world (Carrière‐Swallow et al., 2013). The popularity of Android OS and the applications that run on the operating system has completely revolutionized the technology industry. Google foresaw the effect that the mobile application industry was going to experience. It saw an opportunity and chose to cease it. Now, it is reaping the fruits of a wise investment.
The technology industry is a very big and profitable one. Google Inc. knew this when after their Initial Public Offering. Their shares rose to $1000, and the prudent individuals who had heavily invested in the company were now paper millionaires. Currently, the company is at the forefront of most technological innovations and discoveries. Reason being, Google is in search of some of the brightest minds in the world to come work with them. These young minds are employed, trained and talents developed. Hence, Google Inc. will continue to dictate the winds of technology and grow at a faster rate than before.
Google, even before it became a company or the corporation it currently is. It was funded by the co-founder of Sun Microsystems. The financial situation of the company at the time was very worrying. Currently, the company boasts of being one of the richest companies in the world. However, this success did not come by good luck. The company’s directors and managers saw an opportunity and ceased it before any other similar company in the world knew of such an existing opportunity. The company went to looking for funding to grow its scope of activities.
The initial public offering was held on 19th August 2004. The company at the time offered its shares at $85 per share. The total number of the shares was 19,605,052. The total sale of the shares, including the ones by selling stockholders gave google a good capital base of close to US$1.67 billion and a significant market capitalization of up to $23 million. The growth of the company, regarding the price of the shares, can be seen to be remarkable. Especially after reporting its earnings on the 17th of October 2013. The stock price of the company closed above $1000.00 in its trading history.
The company then experienced tremendous growth in its stock price since its IPO in 2004. In 2005, the shares gained close to 4% as their share target was raised close to $350. Then followed some rumors that Google was going to be included in the S&P 500. In the tradition of the stock market, when companies are for the first time listed in the S&P 500. They experienced a bump in their share prices that eventually led to the increase in their stock price. However, the company did not get listed in the S&P 500 until late 2006. Furthermore, in spite of the rumors, the company boasted to be worth about $52 billion. Making it one of the largest companies in the world according to its stock price.
Since its first IPO 10 years ago, Google has a lot to celebrate. Over the years, the company has been steadily growing and capacity. The search engine Google became the most popular one in the technological world. This aspect had a very good impact on their returns. With their stock price rising as steadily as the ranks of the company up the ladder of the technology industry. The company has become to be known as an internet giant. The name does not come easily. The success was fought for. In the end, the stock price rose so high that only other ten companies were able to beat it in the stock index.
The stock price of Google since its IPO a decade back has risen 1,294%. In the essence of calculations, a $10,000 investment in Google ten years back would mean a worth of $139,458.82 currently. The company has been revolutionized by its scope of business it partakes in. From the time it was first offered in the stock exchange, the company has transformed its business functions. For one, the company is now less of a web index but an internet destination. The core of its business has significantly evolved over the basic notion of search. Hence, it now offers more content and commerce with an array of other Google services that are considered to be ever growing.
In a broad view of the success of the IPO, I would consider that its IPO was very successful in raising the funds that the company had perceived to be of significance to their activities. However, their target for the IPO was to raise at least $4 billion. Even if the set target was, not achieved. The amount achieved proved to be very significant and enough for their operations at the time. Though, the low level of popularity of the company at the time attributed to it not achieving its set target for the IPO funds. Hence, in one perspective it is true that the IPO was effective and least be said successful in raising the funds that were needed.
Since the IPO back in 2004, the company has entered into a dynamic environment where it does its business activities. Furthermore, the company still continues to come up with new technologies that shake the technology world and win the hearts of the many tech-savvy people in the world (He, 2013). For instance, its dominance in the search engine market has made it so big that it cannot be outstood by any other search engine that is coming up or that exists. Google has become more than a search engine, in its evolution, it has acquired a more involved approach than the basic search notion that it had at the time that the venture started (George, 2014).
Other key areas that Google has vested in are cloud technology, electronic mail, Android OS, digital advertising on the internet, mobile applications and so much more (Webber et al., 2012). The Company continues to research more on the areas that it currently holds much interest in. Furthermore, Google has a lot of interest in innovative individuals who come up with new technologies that will revolutionize the thinking if human beings. The dominance of Google in some areas of the technology industry cannot be brushed aside. It’s become so significant in business and personal life. There is so much to the company than it meets the eye.
The trend in the stock price of the company since their IPO has been interesting. The stock price of the company at the time of their IPO was at $85. Then after approximately one year, the stock price rose to at least $350. Then currently the stock price of their shares is at 1,294% of what it was during the IPO. Therefore, the stock price has raised at least 1,294% after its initial Public Offering. Then it is correct to say the trend of the stock price of Google’s shares has been rising since the IPO and will continue to rise if the company is to continue holding its current position in the technology industry.
In conclusion, at the time of Google’s IPO, their stock price was relatively low. However, at that time, the IPO managed to raise a significant amount of funds that helped the company steer its position in the stock market in an upward trend continuously up to now. The stock price has risen tremendously and still it continues to rise in an upwards manner. Furthermore, with Google dominating some areas in the technology industry, it would take such a long time for its competitors to reach them or overcome them. This ca be witnessed by the Google having the largest market share in areas like mobile applications and internet advertisements; areas that have not been majorly penetrated by other companies considered to be Google’s competitors.
References
Bauckhage, C., & Kersting, K. (2014). Strong Regularities in Growth and Decline of Popularity of Social Media Services. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.6529.
Carrière‐Swallow, Y., & Labbé, F. (2013). Nowcasting with Google Trends in an emerging market. Journal of Forecasting, 32(4), 289-298.
Choi, H., & Varian, H. (2012). Predicting the present with google trends. Economic Record, 88(s1), 2-9.
Finkle, T. A. (2012). Corporate Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Silicon Valley: The Case of Google, Inc. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(4), 863-884.
George, S. (2014). Google Inc.: Not just a search engine, but an engine of strategic product diversification and excellence in corporate strategy. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 3(2), 62-81.
He, L. (2013). Google’s secrets of innovation: Empowering its employees. Forbes, March, 29.
Jarvis, J. (2011). What would Google do?: Reverse-engineering the fastest growing company in the history of the world. Harper Business.
Rindova, V. P., Yeow, A., Martins, L. L., & Faraj, S. (2012). Partnering portfolios, value‐creation logics, and growth trajectories: A comparison of Yahoo and Google (1995 to 2007). Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 6(2), 133-151.
Turban, E., King, D., Lee, J. K., Liang, T. P., & Turban, D. C. (2015). Launching a Successful Online Business and EC Projects. In Electronic Commerce (pp. 733-767). Springer International Publishing.
Webber, R. (2012). Digital wars: Apple, Google, Microsoft and the battle for the internet. Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 14(1), 84-86.
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This week’s Key Concept Exercise asks you to consider how evaluation theory can be used practically to help organisations measure the value of learning interventions. This goes beyond the application of techniques and encourages you to drill down into the key questions underpinning evaluation methods and approaches, especially in considering political and stakeholder concerns in the evaluation process. You should feel confident enough about interpreting the theory to come up with new ideas for and approaches to evaluation. This is also a good opportunity for you to showcase any good practice in your own organisation in order to make connections with theory and to aid others’ learning.
In this week’s Key Concept Exercise, you define evaluation and explain why organisations evaluate learning activity. In addition, you critique a range of models of evaluation.
To prepare for this Key Concept Exercise:
•Review the Required Learning Resources from the email that I sent.
In an approximately 550-word response, address the following issues/questions:
•Use specific examples of theories, definitions and practices of evaluation and how they can be applied in an organisational context.
•In formulating your Key Concept Exercise, consider the following issues/questions:
o How do organisations evaluate learning activities?
o What modules of evaluation are used within organisations?
o Can organisations ever really know that they get a return on investment made in learning and development activities?
o Having considered the literature on the subject, how would you suggest ways that your organisation could improve its evaluation processes?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Evaluating Learning and Development
Evaluation can be defined as an estimation of the entire value of a learning agenda. During the examination of the value of a learning programme, Human Resource Developers (HDRs) estimate how much the agenda has met the objectives and compare the benefit achieved to the resources used for the learning process. There are several models and theories involved in formulating Human Resource Development programmes evaluations. In this paper, the focus will be towards analysing the theories, definitions and application of the practices of evaluation in organizational set ups using examples. Learning, on the other hand, can be defined as the permanent change in behaviour as a result of an educative process. Learning programmes in organizations are usually conducted majorly with an intention of improving the output of the stakeholders who benefit from the process (University of Liverpool Management School, 2015).
Evaluation is usually done in organizations for several purposes. Easterby-Smith (1994) supposes that there are four reasons for performing assessments. One of the reasons is to prove the relevance and value of interventions by use of cost-benefit analysis. Another reason is to facilitate learning by involving the process of the programme and its results in estimating that learning has happened. Evaluation may also be done to a learning procedure to better it by analysing the strengths and weaknesses. This ensures maximum gain from a learning programme to the involved organization. In some cases, agencies may also evaluate a learning plan to acquire control of its workers and concerned stakeholders. For example, a government may design a learning protocol with the aim of controlling the stakeholders’ resultant behaviour.
There are several models of evaluation proposed for learning in organizations. One of these is the chain reaction model proposed by Kirkpatrick in 1967. The model supposes that there are four steps of evaluation to a learning process. This model theoretically assumes that training causes a reaction which causes learning. The resultant learning influences changes in individuals’ traits that, therefore, beget organizational change. This type of evaluation has a problem when it comes to measuring the learning achieved. For instance, measuring the knowledge from training without an apparent objective. It would be hard to test the level of change on aspects such as the attitude of employees. Therefore, the model is considered rather superficial and inapplicable on its own in an actual organization. More applicable and helpful evaluation models have been proposed.
One of the more appropriate models for organizational learning programmes is the six stages model. To apply the six stage model, the evaluator incorporates the evaluation in the entire HDR process. The assessment begins with the goals making, it continues all through the subsequent stages of learning like designing of the program, implementation of the program, immediate results, intermediate results and finally the long-term outcomes of the learning process. This model ensures that the process only continues if it is beneficial in terms of cost-benefit analysis. In this process, analysis of the learning process depends on the process itself rather than the results. An example is a case where training is done to improve the attitudes of workers towards the implementation of a policy. The training can be evaluated from the goal setting process to establish whether it is worthwhile before implementing the training. This is because training may be done with the assumption that all training are fruitful, and yet the cost of conducting the training outweighs the benefits (Anderson 2010).
Organizations can know whether training has been successful be observing the changes that come from the learning or by evaluating each stage of the learning process. The hardness of establishing nonquantifiable effect can be solved by observing changes in discursive practices such as the language used by attendees as part of the six stage evaluation module (Brinkerhoff 1988). It would be more beneficial for organizations to include the analysis of this change in discursive behaviour to improve evaluation strategies in place and, therefore, know whether there is benefit from training programmes in HRD.
Reference list
CIPD (2014) Evaluating learning and development [Online]
Lisa Anderson (2010). Human Resource Development International: ‘Talking the talk’ – a discursive approach to evaluating management development. Taylor and Francis Group. 285–298
Robert O. Brinkerhoff (1988). Training and Development Journal: An Integrated Evaluation Model for HRD.
University of Liverpool Management School (2015). Key Concept Overview: Evaluating Learning and Development. Laureate Education, Inc
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