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Cross-cultural competence at workplaces in U. S

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Cross-cultural competence at workplaces in U. S

Introduction

In our day-to-day interactions and activities, we encounter various issues that affect the way we live and execute our duties. Behaviours of workers follow different systems already established. Theories as well enhance our understanding of these behaviors. Many researchers have applied different theories to guide their research and make sense of their various findings. Therefore, understanding various concepts of theories, ways of contributing to theory, types of theories among many others is important in understanding the way people work and even the way culture affects people behaviors at their work place. This dissertation therefore, deliberates on the different concepts and understanding of theories. The first part of the paper discusses scholarly views on nature and types of theories by comparing and contrasting views that constitutes of a theory incorporating Gelso (2006), Wacker (1998) and Harlow (2009) and other peer reviewed articles. The second incorporate Ellis & Levy (2008), and Harlow (2009) to establish how both qualitative and quantitative research contributes to theory. Ways that research contributes to theory is also deliberated. The last section deliberates on cultural competency theory in a work place, how it contributes to our understanding of the field and deliberates on two areas of controversy that relate to the theory.

Literature review

Part 1

For many years, different scholars have elicited mixed views of what constitutes a theory (Wacker, 1998; Gelso, 2006., &Harlow 2009). This discussion, has contributed to the development of huge chunks of information and ideas on the same. For that reason, a number of researcher use classification systems and typologies to describe different types of theories in the context of their functions, purpose goals and boundaries. Despite the fact that these controversies exist, comparing and contrasting their views enlarges our understanding of the theories. Gelso (2006), Wacker (1998) and Harlow (2009) capture the three major views that constitute a theory. Wacker (1998) argues that operationalization of the definition of a theory should be tied to the appropriate components of a theory, “Operationalization of the definition of theory should directly be tied to the necessary components of theory” (Wacker, 1998, p. 363). Wacker argues that a theory is composed of four major components. One of the components is definitions, second is domain of applicability, third is a set of relationships of variables and lastly specific predictions or factual claims. A theory need defining to understand what it s meaning. It should be able to provide assistance or be applied in a given field. A theory should as well be able to create a relationship between various variables and should be able to provide predictions specifically relevant to a certain situation. The views held by Gelso (2006) are developed from those of Ryschlak (1968) who claimed that any good theory require to be explicitly stated with the intention of formulating a logical consistent and mutual interdependent body of knowledge. He further stated that a theory serves a number of functions. These functions include delimiting, descriptive, generative and integrative. Gelso (2006) develops this thought and argues that any theory is expected to have a scientific value and should be broad hence, go beyond simple propositional level. Theories therefore need not to describe and explain phenomena effectively only but should have or place a limit on what is examined and as well should be generative to stimulate in-depth or further investigation. Gelso (2006) therefore has developed eight constructs that guides his definition of theory. The construct that make up a theory include the following; explanatory power, descriptive ability, testability, heuristic value, parsimony, integration, comprehensiveness, clarity and delimitation. The construct are based on the assertion that any theory has the capability to generate research and the research generated can refine the theory. A theory even though need to have integrative function to accommodate various contradictory propositions, it must as well exhibit characteristics of parsimony meaning that it should have ideas and constructs that can aid in explanation of the phenomenon under investigation. Harlow (2009) on the other hand holds the view that a theory need not to have a universal or fixed meaning but need to consider the competing research paradigms. Therefore, this implies that a theory has the capability to suggest a determining law, laws or systems in natural sciences or can elicit constructs set that aid in understanding phenomenon.

Despite these views from these three scholars, many more researchers have developed their own ideas and constructs of what they do understand about theories in relation to the competing world paradigms (Gay & Weaver, 2011). Different taxonomies exist in relation to theory due to various approaches to theory, conflicting assumptions, competing conceptions and intellectual curiosity based on their individual worldviews. According to Gay and Weaver (2011), the approach to theory that researchers decide to apply depends on the research goals and assumptions. This means that researchers will utilize certain theories and ignore others based on the goals they want to attain and the individual assumptions about the importance of the goal to the current situation faced. Conceptual development of a theory is an informed concept framework that researcher can employ to have an initial understanding and explanation of the nature dynamics concerning an issue, phenomena, problem, that the theory focuses on. DiMaggio (1995) provides three views of what he perceives a theory needs to be. One is that a theory should cover laws, theory is enlightenment and it is a narrative. This means that a theory is abiding and provides a sense of direction or knowledge and is written in a narrative way to enhance understanding of what it means.

Even though there are many competing views, examining the relationships between theory and related paradigms, concepts, hypothesis, models is important to gain an explicit view on the types and nature of theory. Kerlinger (1986) states that a theory consists of two or more constructs, concepts, abstracts, definition, propositions hypothesized with review of phenomenon to predict and explain the phenomena. Theories therefore have theoretical propositions and hypothesis that come from these propositions. According to Sutton and Stow (1995), hypotheses are important bridges between theory and data. Propositions on the other hand are statements used to express the relationship of two or more concepts. Concepts on the other hand according to Bachman and Schutt (2007) means ‘mental image that summarize a set of similar observations’ (p. 72). Models even though are employed by researchers to demonstrate or indicate connectedness of variables within a theory they are not part of the theory. Paradigms on the other hand are general ways of how researchers view the phenomenal world while on other hand, theories are defined as systematic sets of interrelated constructs and statements used in explanation of some aspects that relates to social life (Gray & Weaver, 2011, p, 26).

Part 2

Theory plays a central role in research and there exists a relationship between theory and research. Even though, in most instances, theory guides research, they are interrelated and dependent on each other when it comes to making sense of a phenomenon. Similarly, research may contribute to some significant levels to explanatory power of a theory, when it comes to increasing or building knowledge effectively, research process is developed using a theoretical framework. Therefore, having research knowledge helps in theory contribution more incrementally as it adds more lexicon of facts on the already body of knowledge.

The core definition of research is that it helps to collect and analyze new data or information hence helping to enhance the body of knowledge (Ellis & Levy, 2008). Therefore, theory is applicable in the normal living situation as it gives meaning to various stakeholders. According to Harlow (2009), to develop a theory, it is expected that the researcher develop a test hence an indication of their inter-linkage. Therefore, the relationship of a theory and research is based on the fact that the two require building and testing. Another connection between a theory and research starts with problem definition and the generation of research idea. Research projects starts by reviewing literature appropriate allowing the researcher to engage the same using existing theoretical explanations of the topic in that question (Harlow, 2009). The construct or theory requiring testing informs the kind of cases that will be studied, data to be gathered, methods of data collection and the ways of analysis in the data. For instance, in inductive research strategy, the researcher develops a theory from the existing data and this can be a good starting point in the case where there is limited theoretical knowledge pertaining to a specific phenomena. Inductive strategy therefore allows researcher to build their own cases to come up with a new theory from the already existing data while deductive researcher theory testing finishes the cycle as researcher use research data/information in testing of the theory.

There are various ways research contributes to theory. Ellis and Levy (2008) have taken an interesting in this area and have deliberated on seven ways where original research contributions can be incorporate or transformed into body of knowledge. The contribution are summarized using various constructs; examination of elements, establishment of casual relationship, ways of product creation through developmental study, predictive model development, constructs development, efficacy evaluation and examination of impact of time on the nature of the problem already documented in the study. Sometimes researcher is expected to reframe and test ideas to ensure that conclusions reached are trustworthy and reliable. Building any theory require rich empirical research data hence such theories produced are guaranteed to be interesting, accurate and testable in any research environment. Ellis & Levy (2008) argues that in order for anything or endeavor to be categorized or considered as research it needs to demonstrate the potential of developing new ;knowledge that is identifiable (p. 23). Therefore, research helps researchers understand a phenomenon. It is through inquiry of a given aspect that allows a researcher to discover new knowledge and information that provides deeper understanding.

Discussion

Part 3

Even though, different researchers have come up with different views concerning a theory, for the sake of this discussion, Wacker (1998) theory fits the topic of the dissertation. Wacker (1998) states that a theory is able to provide framework to analysis, facilitate development of academic field, hence require application in real life to solve problems. A number of articles published in the previous five years help to create the applicability of theories relating to cross cultural aspects in the work place in US.

Cultural competency theory is one of the theories that provide deeper insights on the workplaces in US. US has people from various cultural backgrounds hence the workplace enhances diversity. Cultural competency theory is derived from a constructionist view. The theory therefore refers to the ability of people from different cultures and eve socio-economic backgrounds to interact effectively at their workplaces it advocates for integration and working together of people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Cultural competences have various components; one is being aware of one’s cultural worldview, second is the attitude towards cultural differences, knowledge of different worldviews and cultural practices and cross-cultural skills. Therefore, understanding cultural competencies allows people to understand each other, communicate and as well interact with the other people.

This theory by the fact that it is derived from the constructionist view, it implies that people generate knowledge and meaning through the ideas and experiences they have had. Understanding the cultures and the operations of an organization, it requires workers to have a positive mental orientation about other people. Workers as well embrace one another easily if they know and understand their culture and other people cultural backgrounds. Therefore, this constructionist view is the foundation of cultural competency theory which aides in the achievement of the cultural competent.

This theory relates to various views and nature of theory discussed in the literature review. The constructs developed by Gelso (2006) provides a guide when it comes to defining this theory. The constructs that make up cultural competence theory include explanatory power, descriptive ability, testability, parsimony, heuristic value, integration, comprehensiveness, clarity and delimitation. These constructs asserts that any theory has the capability to generate research and the research generated transformed into a theory. The theory has explanatory power as it provides an insight about the theory. It is also descriptive because it provides a clear description of cultural competence. It can be tested to ascertain whether it is true through research.

It also exhibits attributes of parsimony as it has constructs and ideas that aid in explanation of the phenomenon. It has integrative function because it accommodates contradictory. The theory is compressive as it captures various aspects that pertain to culture. It is also clear and his enhances its understanding. People can easily understand the theory meaning and implications. It has as well heuristic value implying that is can be adopted through speculative formulation to guide in the investigation and in solution of problems. Organizations can adopt this theory to gain a deeper understanding of the cultural environment of an entity.

The theory has been adopted in various researches by researchers hence, a clear indication of its significance in enhancing understanding of cultural dynamics in the workplace. . Various peer reviewed journals help to develop propositions and constructs that help them to generate knowledge pertaining to cultural competence theory. In the study, Chrobot-Mason (2012), ethnic and racial identify theory is adopted to provide insight on the topic of study (p. 201). The theory argue that people progress through a number of stages as they develop attitudes and beliefs towards their racial group and other groups they belong to. Therefore, such a theory provides a foundation for the researcher to understand indeed, the way ethnic group of an individual helps them identify themselves and cope with others. Furthermore, this theory helps the researcher to have an in depth understanding of the topic. The theory as well provide a framework to analysis the issues of cross culture and facilitates development of academic information that others can use in their own life. Organizations can be able to use this information to ensure that they make some improvements to promote diversity at the workplace.

Controversies as well exist on how the theory has been used in research. The area of controversy that relates to the theory is the aspect of explanation and predicating as the purpose of research. The four components that make up this theory is definitions, an aspect of how it can be used /applied, sets of relationships with the variables and lastly to have specific prediction or claims that are factual. Therefore, the theory has some issues or questioned that are not well answered. One of the question concerns the central points that makes up a theory. The theory is expected to generate idea, it should also be in a position to generate hypothesis and provide an interpretation of the study findings. The concept of heuristic value helps to explain contradictory preposition through formulation of speculations on how the theory can help to solve a problem in the organization is misinterpreted. This may contribute to false assumptions and results.

Recommendation

It is indeed evident that the relationship between theory and practice is important as they both direct each other. There are still some controversies, issues and assumptions on how a theory can be transplanted into practice. It is therefore important that theories are well formulated to provide solutions in real life. This will help to manage knowledge transfer problem. Dialogue and information sharing among scholars and even practitioners is essential in addressing the misassumptions that may be there between theory and research and practice. Researchers as well need to understand that theories and research have relationship and they help to create understanding and knowledge on different aspects or phenomena. Theories require frequent updates and it is therefore, recommended that researcher keep in touch on the development of theories. As new one are developed some of the previous ones become obsolete. Old theories can be retested to be in a position to build new and updated ones.

Conclusion

Theoretical concepts are many as researchers continue to conduct research-using theories. Therefore, understanding theories and their constructs, paradigms among others is important for any researcher. There exist interlinkage between theory and research. These interrelations are essential in helping enhance understanding of various aspects and concepts or phenomenon. Theories provide explanatory advantage on various problems, present innovative features and provide predictive utility. Various researchers have as well provided different approaches and understanding of theory. These comparisons and contrasts have helped to increase understanding of theories in research work. Some of the theories have some bridges or gaps that are filed by other researchers or theorists. Various peer-reviewed journals have deliberate in-depth on the issues of cross-cultural competencies in work place in US. Most of them have employed different theories to enhance understanding of their topics.

References

Bachman, R., &Schutt, R. (2007).The practice of research in criminology and criminal justice (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Chrobot-Mason, D. (2012). Developing multicultural competence to improve cross-race work relationships. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 15(4), 199-218. Doi:10.1080/10887156.2012.730440

DiMaggio, P. (1995). Comments on what theory is not‘. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 391-397.doi: 10.1177/0092070306291975

Ellis, T. J., & Levy, Y. (2008). Framework of problem-based research: A guide for novice researchers on the development of a research-worthy problem. Information Science: the International Journal of an EmergingTrans-discipline, 11, 18-33.

Retrieved from http://www.mendeley.com/research/the-synergy-of-applying-virtual-collaboration-tools-andproblembased-approach-for-development-of-knowledge-sharing- skills-empirical-research-1/

Gay, B., & Weaver, S. (2011). Theory building and paradigms: A primer on the nuances of theory construction. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(2), 24-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1469 -5812.2007.00349.x

Gelso, C. J. (2006). Applying theories to research: The interplay of theory and research in science.In Leong, F.T., &Austin J. T. (Eds.).The Psychology research handbook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Harlow, E. (2009). “Contribution, theoretical.”Encyclopedia of Case Study Research. Retrieved from

http://www.sageereference.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/casestudy/Article_n89.html

Kerlinger, R. (1986). Foundations of behavioral research. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

Rychlak, J. F. (1968). A philosophy of science for personality theory.Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin

Sutton, R., &Staw, B. (1995). What theory is not.Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 371-384. doi: 10.1234/12345678

Wacker, J. (1998). A definition of theory: Research guidelines for different theory-building research methods in operations management. Journal of Operations Management, 16 (4), 361–385.doi:10.1016/S0272-6963(98)00019-9

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Biblical Worldview Essay Paper Available

Biblical Worldview Essay Paper

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BIBLICAL WORLDVIEW ESSAY INSTRUCTIONS

Rationale for the Biblical Worldview Essay

Every person has a worldview whether he realizes it or not. What is a worldview? James W. Sire defines a worldview as:

[A] commitment, a fundamental orientation of the heart, that can be expressed as a story or in a set of presuppositions (assumptions which may be true, partially true or entirely false) that we hold (consciously or subconsciously, consistently or inconsistently) about the basic constitution of reality, and that provides the foundation on which we live and move and have our being.

Stated more succinctly, “…[A] worldview is simply the total set of beliefs that a person has about the biggest questions in life.” F. Leroy Forlines describes such questions as the “inescapable questions of life.” Life’s inescapable questions include the following: “Is there a God? If so, what is He like? How can I know Him? Who am I? Where am I? How can I tell right from wrong? Is there life after death? What should I and what can I do about guilt? How can I deal with my inner pain?” Life’s biggest, inescapable questions relate to whether there is a God, human origins, identity, purpose, and the hereafter, just to mention a few.

Satisfying answers to the “inescapable questions of life” are provided by the Holy Scriptures. The Holy Scriptures, consisting of the Old and New Testaments, form the starting point and foundation for the biblical worldview. More specifically related to our purposes, the apostle Paul reflects several components of the biblical worldview in his letter to the Romans.

The apostle Paul authored Romans toward the end of his third missionary journey, about 57 A.D. He addressed this letter specifically to the Christians in Rome. At the time the church in Rome consisted of Jewish and Gentile believers, with Gentile Christians in the majority. Paul wrote to the Christians in Rome in order to address specific concerns and challenges they were facing. While Romans was an occasional letter (not a systematic theology), Paul presents the Gospel of Jesus Christ in a very systematic fashion. The Gospel is actually the overarching theme of Romans as Paul spells this out in his programmatic statement in 1:16–17. As the systematic presentation of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, Romans is foundational to the biblical/Christian worldview.

In a 750–1000-word essay, describe what Romans 1–8 teaches regarding (1)the natural world, (2)human identity,(3) human relationships, and (4) culture. Furthermore, (5)explain how this teaching of these topics affects your worldview. Make sure that you address each of these topics in your essay.

• As an essay, it must be written with excellent grammar, spelling, and style.
• Begin your essay with an interesting introduction that contains a precisely stated thesis. End your essay with a strong conclusion that summarizes your main points succinctly.

Structure of assignment paragraphs:

• Do not footnote Scripture references; cite them parenthetically within the essay body following the quotation or allusion to the biblical text.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

In his epistle to the Romans, Paul delivers a profound message that men are justified according to the Scripture by faith in Christ and not by the works of the law. He states that righteousness is by Christ alone, and when people believe in Christ, they die to sin and the law and remain alive in Christ. The Holy Spirit sanctifies and empowers such believers and enables them to live a holy life. In Romans 1-8, Paul addresses some aspects that this paper seeks to define. This epistle was authored by Paul while in Corinth and is significant to the contemporary society today. A relationship with Christ according to Paul makes individuals get an assurance of salvation from sin as sons of God. In this epistle, Paul seeks to found a strong doctrinal statement against the false views that were finding root in the Church of Rome.

The Natural World

In essence, the natural world was a formation of God through the words He spoke. He spoke, and everything in the universe came into existence (Genesis 1:1). Paul’s message, therefore, finds root from the creation account that relates the biblical worldview to the natural. In Romans 1:20, Paul emphasizes this point by stating that God’s unseen attributes; his eternal power, and divine character have been perceived clearly. He adds that ever since the creation of the world, these things have been made and are without excuse. The natural world has in some instances challenged the idea that God is the creator of the universe (Bury 2012).

Believers, on the other hand, have the scriptures to justify this and validate the creation to be of God. God has revealed himself through man according to Romans 1:20 through the display of His attributes and character through His creation. The Biblical worldview justifies this based on scripture while the secular world alleges that this is not true.

Human Identity

Paul gives a concise description of the identity of humans in Romans 3 and 8. In Romans 3; 10 Paul focuses on the sinful nature and identity of man by implying that none is righteous, not even one. He continues by indicating that not only is mankind unrighteous, but they do not seek or understand their creator (Romans 3:11). This defines the foundations of the sinful nature of man, his lack of capacity to understand it and the lack of desire to find God (Bury 2012). Man is for this reason viewed as a totally depraved race consequentially because of his inabilities.

Humanity is enslaved to sin and is influenced by the power behind evil. Paul, for this reason, gives man a prescription to this malady in Romans 8:30 where he states that those who are predestined by God are also called of God. He also adds that those whom God has also called, He has justified, and lastly, those whom He has justified He glorifies. This gives humanity the hope of redemption that man cannot attain because of his nature until He is redeemed (Bury 2012). When man is justified by Christ, His identity is changed, and He develops a closer relationship with the Creator through the empowerment of the Holy Spirit.

Human Relationships

As a result of rebellion, the human nature was engulfed by sin and a denial of the Creator. The secular world embraces the human relationships as a means of finding pleasure and fulfilling evil goals. Paul mentions this in Romans 8:24-32 and addresses the problems associated with human relationships. The Bible views the Human relationship as God created, since He made man in His own image and likeness. This should enable man value others in the same manner God values Him. Man should develop love for his neighbors as he does himself (Mark 12:31). The love that God showed through His Son on the cross should be evident in man.

However, the natural world views this command the other way round. Those who hold the natural view seek opportunities to please their egos above everything else and against the instructions of the word of God (Bury 2012). Man has forgotten the love that redeemed him from the claws of sin and turned to hatred. God requires that humans relate to each other in the same manner they would relate to Him. He is a relational God, and that is why the Bible view describes Him as the father.

Culture

Believers in this instance are required to view the diverse cultures around them as those that are filled with people created by God. God is the creator of culture as viewed from the Old Testament where he confused the language of men who had evil intentions. Paul in his epistle speaks of the essence of man knowing that he can only be justified by faith and not law. The Jews of this time were so much deep into the law, and they never considered justification for people outside their own culture (Bury 2012). Paul takes the opportunity to acknowledge the significance of the law even when it had no value in justification.

The natural world has viewed this aspect of culture to create divisions in the society. Culture is embraced and used to define certain aspects in the society. However, the Biblical worldview of culture views this aspect as one that is created by God. It is imperative today that we incorporate culture today in evangelism. By accepting different cultures and weighing the good and the bad in cultures, it makes the people feel accepted (Bury 2012). Not all culture is bad, neither is all culture good; however, we can incorporate the positive sides of culture in our Christian lives.

God, therefore, views people with love and does not only save the Jews only but all who accept Him. He is concerned about the faith of man that brings him into repentance. God, for this reason, does not save on the basis of culture but on grace.

Conclusion

Paul’s epistle clearly gives a balance in between the natural world and the biblical worldview in relation to human identity, his relationships, and culture. He draws a distinction between these factors and provides a prescription that would help man find balance in the contemporary world. It is imperative that man finds a balance between that which is not biblical and that which is biblical before articulating approaches in life. With a little or no understanding on these issues, from the bibles viewpoint, man is likely to sink into darkness. The ungodly therefore have no excuse for not finding God since He reveals himself through his works of creation. God exists and the only way we can find Him is by rejecting our views and perceptions and allowing Him to redeem us.

Works Cited

Bury, B. (2012). Paul’s Letter to the Romans: A Commentary – By Arland J. Hultgren. Reviews In Religion & Theology, 19(3), 330-332. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9418.2012.01064.x

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Essay for Philosophy Research Paper

Essay for Philosophy

Write a 2 page essay (in Word or rich text format, double spaced, size 12 font) on ONE OF THE FOLLOWING TOPICS:
1. In the Euthyphro does Socrates present his own account of piety or just destroy the accounts offered by Euthyphro? If so what is his account of piety? Of
use in this assignment is the essay by Mark L. McPherran "Socratic Piety in the Euthyphro" in Benson ed. Essays on the Philosophy of Socrates
(Oxford 1992) (You may be able to access this book on Google Books or from larger libraries in Houston e.g. U of H, St Thomas, Rice)
2. What are the charges against Socrates as recorded in the Apology. Is he guilty of them? why or why not?
3.What is Socrates’ argument against Crito in the argument of the same name? Is it persuasive? why or why not?
4. What would it mean to persuade the laws as it is described in the Crito? Does Socrates’ account adequately allow for resisting evil legislation or is it
essentially just a way to maintain the status quo?
Be sure to cite all sources used (including internet sources and lecture notes which should be cited by Name and Title in parenthesis) to avoid plagiarism.
Cite only academic sources such as articles listed in the course content section or articles in JSTOR and the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Cite all sources with quotation marks for direct quotes and parenthetical references. Don’t place urls in the body of your paper; cite online sources by
authors name or article title. Place urls at the end of the paper in the work cited page.

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Alcohol advertising and promotion Essay Paper

Critically evaluate any evidence that seems to indicate that alcohol advertising and promotion is a contributory factor in the initiation and maintenance of underage drinking

Please read the instructions carefully:
1. do read the uploaded files before u write ( including lecture slides and relevant articles given by the course lecturer)
2. try your best to link the essay with the course material ( extract relevant materials or theories from the lecture slides as much as possible)
3. writings should be academic and evidence-based!
4.How to write a good essay ?
-The writing should be clear and descriptive
-Claims should be evidence-based
-There should be an argument with systematic evaluation of the evidence both for and against
-Recognize you’re communicating with someone
-So tell the reader what you’re going to do
-Do it i.e. tell a good story
-Summarise, draw conclusions, and (if possible) indicate future developments
5. details to cover in the essay
– Where is this evidence – how do we evaluate the evidence – how was it obtained?
– Do we know how powerful advertising is in other areas?
– How might alcohol advertising work with children?
– Is there a difference between the processes of initiation and maintenance?
– What are the other sources of influence on children and young people?
– Are young people particularly susceptible to certain types of advertising content or presentation style?
– Is there a lot of alcohol advertising that might appeal to young people?
– What are the regulations on the content of advertising?
6. no plagiarism ( essay will be submitted through Turnitin)
7. do check the messages frequently
8 you can access to e-resource ( e-journal, e-book) using my online account.

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Business Assignment Paper Available

Business

You work for an agency which has been asked to advise an Internet Business group about gender in workplaces around the world. Choose any one country. Write a report outlining and comparing gender patterns in two different ‘workplaces’ in this country. Suggest how and why these patterns might change in the future.

An example of a ‘gender pattern’ is the wide difference in percentages of males and females who work in senior academic positions in UK universities.
Your report should compare two different workplaces.

You may choose to focus on a single type of work or business, or compare a variety of work types in your chosen country.
Your report must make one or two suggestions as to how and why gender roles might change in the future. These suggestions must follow logically from your comparisons.

Your report must use emphasized sub-headings and a numbering system throughout.

Use of Sources
You must refer to secondary sources to support your ideas. You must also refer to at least two academically suitable sources from your own research.
You should refer to data e.g. tables and graphs where appropriate.

You must provide in-text citations and final references for all sources you refer to in your report.
You must use English language sources – you must not translate ideas from non-English language sources

Structure of the Report:
The following headings must be numbered and used in the Report:
Introduction / Background information / Aims
Workplace 1: gender patterns
Workplace 2: gender patterns
Comparisons
Possible future changes e.g. relating to changes in demography, attitudes, family life, industrialisation etc.

Conclusion
Reference List
You will be assessed on:

The relevance of your ideas; the effectiveness of your comparisons.
The structure of your report (organisation of ideas in paragraphs; use of headings and numbering; linking of ideas).
Your choice of relevant and appropriate source material – including specific examples and data – to support your ideas.
Your incorporation of source material including paraphrase/summary, quotations and final references.
Appropriate and accurate use of English, especially academic register and style; adherence to all task guidelines.

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Commercial Law Essay Questions Term Paper

Commercial Law Essay Questions

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question four
what are the necessary elements that must be present for a person to be classified as a trespasser? consider the context of a homeowner with unruly guests, or a business with unruly patrons. apply the trespass to property act in your answer.

question 5
explain with reference to decided cases, what a person must do to establish negligence. expand on the tests which may be applied and discuss what remedies and defence are available. how does negligence relate to professional liability?

question 6
explain the types of mistake and the types of misrepresentation which can give rise to a court being required to interpret a contract. what remedies are appropriate to each type?

question7
distinguish among duress, undue influence, and unconscionability and give two examples of each. describe the remedies available for each type.

question8
describe the types of assignments which may occur. give two examples of each. consider what requirements are necessary to make an enforceable assignments.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Commercial Law Essay Questions

Trespass is the invasion of another person’s possession without his consent thus interfering with his property rights. The main elements of trespass are unlawful intrusion to the property, the use of force, intent of intrusion, and the subsequent injury to the owner. For one to enter into someone’s property, the law requires that he or she should first seek the consent of the owner in order to avoid violating the other person’s rights. The failure to inform the owner would amount to trespass, leading to possible prosecution in the courts of law (Sealy & Hooley, 2008).

For negligence to occur, the defendant must owe a duty recognized by the law to the plaintiff, failure by which would lead to possible harm as was the case in Bolton v. Stone. Negligence are highly related to professional practice, such as medical profession, where the doctors are expected to observe a high code of professional conduct. The remedies that are available for negligence are refund of the fees paid, compensation for the lost property, and compensations.

There are several mistakes that are concerned the commercial law such as the unilateral mistakes, mutual mistake, and collateral mistake among others. Mutual mistake occurs from the misrepresentation of the material fact in relation to a subject matter in discussion whereas the collateral mistake does not afford the right of rescission. The remedies that are available for both mistakes are rescission where the contract is fully cancelled or reformation where a written agreement is changed to reflect the interest of both parties.

In the context of commercial law, duress has been defined as a threat of harm made to compel a person act against his will whereas undue influence is the act of taking advantage of the other person due to your position in power. On the other hand, unconditionally is the act providing inconvenience to others by disobeying the law (Sealy & Hooley, 2008).

Reference

Sealy.L. S & Hooley, R.J. (2008). Commercial Law: Text, Cases, and Materials. Oxford University Press; 4th edition

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Biblical Worldview Essay Term Paper

Biblical Worldview Essay

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BIBLICAL WORLDVIEW ESSAY INSTRUCTIONS

Rationale for the Biblical Worldview Essay

Every person has a worldview whether he realizes it or not. What is a worldview? James W. Sire defines a worldview as:

Recognizing that Romans is not a systematic theology and does not contain all the essential truths that are relevant to a worldview per se, the apostle Paul articulates truths that are foundational to the biblical worldview. In Romans 1–8, Paul addresses certain components of a worldview that relate to the natural world, human identity, human relationships, and culture.
In a 750–1000-word essay, describe what Romans 1–8 teaches regarding (1)the natural world, (2)human identity,(3) human relationships, and (4) culture. Furthermore, (5)explain how this teaching of these topics affects your worldview. Make sure that you address each of these topics in your essay.

Structure of assignment paragraphs:

• Introduction/Thesis (approximately 75 words)
• The Natural World (approximately 150–200 words)
• Human Identity (approximately 150–200 words)
• Human Relationships (approximately 150–200 words)
• Culture (approximately 150–200 words)
• Conclusion (approximately 75 words)
• Use each of the categories above as headers for each paragraph in your essay.
• The body of your essay must address the specified components of the assignment in excellent grammatical style.
• Your essay must be typed in a Microsoft Word document using Times New Roman, 12-point font.
• It must be single spaced, and must contain 750–1000 words.
• All sources must be cited, and a bibliography must be included.
• Format your paper in a Microsoft Word document using current APA, MLA, or Turabian style (whichever corresponds to your degree program). Review the Biblical Worldview Essay Grading Rubric to see the specific grading criteria by which you will be evaluated before submitting your essay.
• Do not footnote Scripture references; cite them parenthetically within the essay body following the quotation or allusion to the biblical text.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Biblical Worldview Essay

Introduction/Thesis

Paul framed the book of Romans based on the faults within the Roman society and culture. As stated by Dr. Jimmy Deyoung in the video Romans; the letter that changed the world that, Paul was able to see a crack or a fault line in the Roman society and was able to use it in writing the book of Romans (‘Romans: The Letter That Changed the World’, 2010). The sins committed in the Roman society during Paul’s day are still he same sins committed in the present day society. Following this, the present society can take major lessons from Paul’s writings. My worldview is that, the society is not going to change for the better; therefore, there is need for salvation and divine intervention to escape such morally decaying world. This paper will analyze the book of Romans chapter 1-8, and in line with the area of interest, the paper will explore on my view on: the natural world, human identity, human relationships, and culture.

The Natural World

I believe that the natural world is a world of perpetual sin. More sins are presently committed than they were in the Days of Noah (Genesis 6:5), and the same was also evident in Paul’s days where the Roman society was full of every imaginable sin. In the roman society there was homosexuality, worshiping of creations rather than God, paganism and moralists that believed that redemption and salvation could be achieved without God. The same can be seen in the present day society where some people believe that by simply being good, they can finally find themselves in heaven. The world has not changed, and it is arguable that it will not change for the better; more sins are committed high scale owing to technologies like the internet’s ability to propagate sin by keeping people from allover the world to be connected. Romans worshiped many gods, because as the empire grew with every country conquered, gods of the conquered countries were put into the Roman temple as a way of winning the hearts and minds of the people (Burbank & Cooper, 2010). In Romans chapter 1, Paul saw this issue as a fault in the Roman society and addressed the issue with the Church of Rome.

Human Identity

Paul in Roman 2:15 was able to categorize humanity as either; saved or unsaved (Jews or Gentiles). The Jews had the law to follow while the Gentiles the unsaved did not. Regardless of this difference, Paul stated that whether humanity had laws or not, both are condemned (Romans 2:12). According to Paul, the Jews are condemned more than the Gentiles because they had the law. Paul in Romans 4:15 asserted that the Jews’ knowledge of the law brings wrath. Through the human evil deeds, humanity is doomed. People tend to believe that they can win God’s favor by just being good, and that their good deed can make them obtain righteousness and even get to heaven. People tend to assume a lot about God, yes God is a loving God, but since God cannot tolerate sin (1st John 1:5), He deals with the issue of sin by separating Himself from it; sin and God cannot be together (Edwards, 2003). The present day society has no difference with Paul’s days, and the man’s tendency to sin has not changed.

Human Relationships

The human nature is meant to deal and interact with people; family friends and strangers; therefore, human relationship is an essential part of humanity. Whether a Gentiles or Jew, man is prone to sin. Following this, the present day human relationships have not difference with Paul’s days, and if man is to improve his human relationship, this can only be achieved through faith in Christ since Jesus is the grand architect of human experience (Sheldrake, 2013). The original human experience as intended by God was perverted by man’s actions back in Eden (Genesis 3). Humanity through its actions has no desire to be liberated and to know God, and for this reason God came up with a plan to save mankind through Jesus (Wright, 2009). Even with the God’s effort, man through his actions continually hampers his ability to lead a blessed and productive life as planned by God. Without God man cannot do anything and is destined to destruction unless he develops a repentant heart and come to God through Jesus Christ. Paul handles the issue of human relation according to how God planned the marriage institute (Romans 7:1-4).

Culture

Culture is an essential part of God’s plan. The present US culture leans towards a culture of pluralizing God, and a pluralized culture not the culture that God expects of a Christian or a Jew. During Paul’s time Caesar proclaimed himself as the savior and God of all his subjects in the kingdom (Wright, 2000). Isaiah pointed out that man’s culture is completely at enmity with God (Isaiah 55:8); this supports my stand on human identity, human relationship and culture because I believe that the world is ungodly. Paul encouraged the Church in Rome by telling them that there was hope, and that there was a way for mankind towards righteousness; through faith in Jesus. In line with Paul in Romans 5:12 and Isaiah in Isaiah 55:8 my worldview on culture is that nothing will ever change and man will never live in accordance with God’s intended culture because man will always fall short before God’s eyes.

Conclusion

In accordance with this paper’s thesis on worldview and specifically in human identity, natural world, human relationships and culture, man has not change and it is evident that for man to succeed he needs the word of God. Rome in Paul’s days is not different to the present day society as it is evident in Paul’s worldview that man is corrupt and morally deprived. Paul clearly points out that, for man to escape God’s judgment he needs faith in Christ as the only way out. Among the Rome’s faults was Caesar’s declaration of himself as god, making the people to liberally live in sin. With the present day society believing in liberal movement that promotes corruption, the society is living in a ‘modern-day-Rome’. The present day society has pagans and moralist who believe that they can get to heaven in their means and terms; meaning that they can attain righteousness in their own self imposed terms. As a Christian, it is essential to understand that everyone is a sinner at heart and that Jesus’ grace is the only way out. No man is better than the other because all have sinned; however, it is essential to know what is wrong and what is right.

References

Burbank, J., & Cooper, F. (2010). Empires in World History: power and the politics of difference. Princeton University Press.

Edwards, J. (2003). Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. Bridge Logos Foundation.

Kingjamesbibleonline.org,. (2015). ROMANS CHAPTER 1. Retrieved 22 January 2015, from http://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Romans-Chapter-1-8/

Romans: The Letter That Changed the World. (2010). USA.

Sheldrake, P. (2013). Spirituality: A Brief History. John Wiley & Sons.

Wright, N. T. (2000). Paul’s gospel and Caesar’s empire. Paul and politics, 160-83.

Wright, N. T. (2009). Justification: God’s plan & Paul’s vision. InterVarsity Press.

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Violence is an inevitable feature of human relationships

Order Instructions:

Drawing on the readings and lectures for this topic, examine the argument that violence is an inevitable feature of human relationships. Answer with reference to violence at the level of the individual or the community or the state.

9.* Johnson, P. (1997) A History of the American People, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, pp. 667- 671.

10. Waters, N. (2008) ‘Japan’, in G.H. Herb and G.H. Kaplan (eds.), Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview, Vol. 2, pp. 817-823.

11. Pinker, S. (2011) The Better Angels of our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity, Penguin: London, pp.322-334.

12. Dower, J. W. (1986) War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War, Faber & Faber: London, pp. 77-93.

13.* Held, V. (2004) ‘Terrorism and war’, Journal of Ethics, 8, pp. 59-75.

14. Yoder, J. H. (1996) When War Is Unjust: Being Honest in Just-War Thinking, 2nd edn, Orbis Books: Maryknoll New York, pp. 50-70.

15. Fanon, F. (1967) The Wretched of the Earth, transl. C. Farrington, Penguin: London, pp. 66-74.

16. McMahan, J. (2007) ‘Just war’, in R. Goodin, P. Pettit & P. W. Pogge (eds), Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, 2nd edn, Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, Volume II, pp. 669-677.

17.* Milgram, S. (1975) ‘The perils of obedience’, Dialogue, 8, pp. 16-27.

18. DeVane, B. & Squire, K. D. (2008) ‘The meaning of race and violence in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas’, Games and Culture, 3, pp. 264-285.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Violence is an inevitable feature of human relationships

Violence is an inevitable feature of human relationships. Sometimes, violence may be applied in fighting a good cause (Held 59). There are circumstances under which war among states may be allowed. For a war to be considered as just, it must fulfill the requirement of just cause (McMahan 663). This implies that there must be a sufficient reason for war. From the perspective of classical writings, a state may resort to war in circumstances where another state has committed or imminently threatened to commit a wrong against the former. This wrong needs to be sufficiently serious to be considered as a violation of a state’s rights. Accordingly, the rules which govern just and unjust wars tend to be in favor of the drafters (Yoder 53). With the changes in technology, rules are being written in favor of the party states with the greatest strength in terms of older technology. International rules also approve war as just where necessity calls for war. Some states are compelled to war to revenge against the wrongs done to them by another state.

Racial prejudices have also led to acts of violence among states. The U.S is also notorious of perceiving the Japanese as subhuman or nonhuman creatures such as insects, reptiles, monkeys, and rats. For instance, the U.S.’s perception of the Japanese as people who “breed like rats, live like rats, and act like rats” made them feel that all the Japanese should be send back to Japan. This verbal discourse was accompanied by humiliating treatment that indeed reinforced the fact that Japanese are less human. During the war in Asia, there was prevalence in exterminationist policies, technological change, dehumanization, and racism, which were demonstrated in unprecedented ways (Dower 97). The Japanese felt humiliated by the manner in which Asian states were being treated by the U.S. In this spirit, Japan resolved to fight in order to survive. Japan believed that she was the most advanced country in Asia and that she had to assume leadership in the bid to liberate the whole continent from oppression (Waters 820). The Hiroshima Bombing was seen by the U.S. as a just cause that was made in retaliation to Japan’s wrong doing (Johnson 669). Japan wished she could retaliate but U.S. was too powerful that she had to surrender. When states are in war against each other, the subjects do not get confronted by the consequences of their decision to carry out violent acts (Milgram 21).

States that have an inherent feeling of insecurity due to the general perception that violence is inevitable. This is the reason for the numerous disarmament campaigns and regulations among states. It is presumed that states which have many arms pose more danger to other states. For instance, during the World War I, Germany committed many atrocities against other states due to her superiority in weaponry. This made other states to conclude that there was need for Germany to disarm in order to avoid further violence. Up to now, some states are against complete disarmament because of insecurity (Pinker 322).

Thus, war is an inevitable part in human relationships. States have set out laws to regulate the relationships among each other in order to avoid acts of violence that may be committed by one state against another (McMahan 673). International law allows states to engage in war if it is to achieve a just cause rather than other motivations. However, sometimes this is not the case. Prejudices have always caused members one state to cause injustices to members of other state.

Works Cited

Dower, J. W. (1986) War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War, Faber & Faber: London, pp. 77-93.

Held, V. (2004) ‘Terrorism and war’, Journal of Ethics, 8, pp. 59-75.

Johnson, P. (1997) A History of the American People, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, pp. 667- 671.

McMahan, J. (2007) ‘Just war’, in R. Goodin, P. Pettit & P. W. Pogge (eds), Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, 2nd edn, Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, Volume II, pp. 669-677.

Milgram, S. (1975) ‘The perils of obedience’, Dialogue, 8, pp. 16-27.

Pinker, S. (2011) The Better Angels of our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity, Penguin: London, pp.322-334.

Waters, N. (2008) ‘Japan’, in G.H. Herb and G.H. Kaplan (eds.), Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview, Vol. 2, pp. 817-823.

Yoder, J. H. (1996) When War Is Unjust: Being Honest in Just-War Thinking, 2nd edn, Orbis Books: Maryknoll New York, pp. 50-70.

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Strategies for Business Essay Assignment

Strategies for Business

Order Instructions:

Over the next 4 weeks, you will examine theoretical and empirical points of view and apply the knowledge you have gained from your study and research in order to present a case for how business operations within your organization, or one you choose as an exemplar, can be managed to achieve competitive advantage. You will conduct first-person research in addition to scholarly research, so choose an organization for which this will be possible. A key element of the Praxis Paper is the identification and framing of an organizational problem that relates to the course topics covered in the first half of the course. Your research should lead you to identify possible solutions to the problem(s) you identify. You will apply knowledge gained in the course in order to present advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to the problem(s) with the goal of optimizing performance and harmonizing key elements within business operations.

For this paper, due in Week 4, you will conduct a detailed analysis of the various key operational elements involved in the business you have chosen as your subject, beginning with an assessment of the macro-processes that make up the organization’s global supply chain. In the coming weeks, you will deal with three additional and equally important areas: forecasting and demand management, business processes, and operations and production systems. Your paper will be designed to demonstrate a clear and coherent strategy for achieving competitive advantage through the application of modern theory and practice to improve operational performance. Each student’s paper will contain topics unique to the organization chosen, but will incorporate the themes covered each week. See each of the weekly Application areas for further details.

WEEK 1
This week, identify three individuals in your chosen organization whom you will interview for the purposes of this assignment. They should be individuals who understand the organization’s strategic use of operations to achieve competitive advantage in the marketplace and are willing to meet with you to discuss these initiatives. Please be aware that you will also interview individuals in your chosen organization for the Praxis Paper 2 that begins in Week 5. Please ensure that you properly schedule your interviews based on the individuals’ availability.
At this stage, you should begin to analyze the key operational elements involved in the business you have chosen as your subject, beginning with an assessment of the macro-processes that make up the organization’s global supply chain.

This week’s assignment is to submit the following to your Instructor: ( 2 pages).

• The company you have chosen to examine and an explanation for your choice.

• The names, titles, and details of availability for the individuals you will interview.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Strategies for Business

Abstract

The following document details the decision making process that was followed in the selection of a business entity to investigate for the assignment. It also details the aspects of Romano Car Rental Company that made it a viable subject as well as the employees who will be interviewed.

Strategies for Business

The company that was selected for this exercise is known as ‘Romano’s Car Rentals and Leasing.’ It is based in Washington DC.

The reason why this company was selected is first of all because it has been in operation within the in this area for the past two decades. This means the business has gone through a myriad of changing macro environments in its twenty years of operation (Byman and Bell , 2011). Many businesses in the Washington DC area taking part in the hiring out of cars have come up and gone under during this period. The emergence of these businesses has been promoted by the cosmopolitan and highly commercial aspects of the area. Some still exist but they have been forced to focus on a different market segment and this is testament of Romano Car Hire’s influence in the industry (Powell et al, 211). The result is a wealth of knowledge and experience by the company’s management.

Staying afloat for this period of time also means that the administrators of this company have a good idea of how to leverage business strategies for profitability as well as longevity of the business enterprise. The proximity of the company’s branch office to the campus further supported this decision as it guarantees the relatively easy accessibility of the employees for the interviews. The minimal budget that the research project is running on does not have resources to finance transport to distant locations. This is why the focus was centered around the Washington DC area.

Face to face conversations with the interviewees will also facilitate more candid collection of data from the respondents. If there is a need for follow up, this can also be done relatively easily. The Romano car hire company has also engaged in mentorship programs for youths from different colleges in the Washington DC area in the recent past. This is an indication of their willingness to share knowledge about their organization and operations in a candid manner. It is important to exploit such an opportunity because many business entities tend to be rigid and wary about providing information about their operations to individuals considered to be outsiders. The fact that this research study is being conducted by students from the surrounding area will endear the facilitator of this project to the management since the age group is similar to that of the individuals who participated in the mentorship program in 2013 (Mann, 2011).

Transport is a key component of the economy and this comes from the fact that it facilitates the movement of the different factors of production such as labor or capital from one place to another depending on the need that has arisen. Washington DC being a commercial and administrative hub experiences hosts a great deal of road transport. Interviewing the administrators of a company will therefore provide a good glimpse into the dynamics that affect this component of the economy as well as the nature of the relationship between this company and various economic situations (Saunders et al, 2011).

Individuals to be Interviewed

Sales Manager : James Sanchez, Available on Thursday between 10 and 11.30 am for video-conferencing interview.

Marketing Manager: Phelipe Rodriguez Available on Friday between 11 and 11.30 am

Fleet Maintenance Officer: Anthony Porter Available on Wednesday between 9 and 10.30 am subject to confirmation.

References

Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2011). Business Research Methods 3e. Oxford university press.

Mann, S. (2011). A critical review of qualitative interviews in applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics, 32(1), 6-24. https://www.doi:10.1093/applin/amq043

Powell, J., Inglis, N., Ronnie, J., & Large, S. (2011). The characteristics and motivations of online health information seekers: cross-sectional survey and qualitative interview study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13(1). doi: 10.2196/jmir.1600

Saunders, M. N., Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2011). Research methods for business students, 5/e. Pearson Education India.

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Change Management Essay Assignment

Change Management Essay

Dear Sir,

I need an essay in the following subject:

Identify and assess the process of planning and managing change within an organization. What role should HR play in change management?

The following conditions must meet in the essay:

1) I want a typical and a quality answer which should have about 1400 words.

2) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.

3) The answer must include examples from experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real companies.

4) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,

5) Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.

6) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.

Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper

Best regards

SAMPLE ANSWER

Change Management

Overview

The following exercise takes a critical look at various concepts associated with change management as well as the manner in which they are handled in the strategic management of organizations (Hannan and Freeman, 1984). Change is an crucial part of the daily administration of organizations. The style in which it is administrated has a profound bearing on the success or failure of the organization in meeting its key objectives. These include profit making, service delivery and the quality of its products among others.

Introduction

The term ‘organizational change’ refers to the all of the processes and procedures that come up when a business entity or similar organization experiences transformation. Transformation in this context may be widespread across the organization or highly localized. Organizational Change can be manifested rapidly, in volatility or with a lot of discontinuity. These types of change are manifested differently in different organized institutions and they therefore result in different challenges that require careful handling for the organization’s success. This necessitates the initiation of proactive strategies by the management of these organizations since this helps to steer clear of unmanageable problems. The alternative to strategically managing change is reacting to the impacts of the transformation and this tends to weigh heavily on the management as well as the organization.

With rapid change the transformation takes place within a relatively short period of time giving the members of the organization a small window of time to prepare and or adjust to these changes. Rapid change occurs frequently in an organization (Cunningham et al, 2002). Circumstances that can lead to this type of change management include a high rate of economic growth or alternatively a relatively quick rate of obsolescence for technology.

Volatile change on the other hand is associated with uncertainty in that it can either be a big change or a small one depending on highly subjective variables. Volatile change is mostly occasioned by external market forces but on rare occasions this can be the result of forces within the organization.

A critical question at this juncture is whether human resource managers are adequately equipped to handle the different forms of change that the organization may experience. This question arises from the different ways that change manifests itself in organizations.

Non- continuous organizational change is quite unpredictable in nature as it follows trends that are akin to fashion. There is no logical way of foretelling the direction the organization will take by analyzing past performances or records. The timing of such chances is also impossible to predict. Consumer preferences are a common contributor to this type of organizational change. The fact that they are unpredictable in nature means that it is challenging for the organization’s decision makers to know the appropriate amount of resources to allocate as they ensure the desired results are achieved.

This concept fits well within the Strategic Management Process

The above manifestations of organizational change are all dealt with through dynamic strategic management. The reason for this is the fact that they all represent a turbulent organizational environment which is characterized by the rapid, volatile and or discontinuous change. These categories of change will at times occur independently and in other instances they will take place in combination or succession. Despite the changes it is crucial for the management of the organization to see to it that the different objectives set for specific departments as well as the entire organization are realized. Through the application of strategic management the administrators of the organization are charged with ensuring that the work of the organization stays on course so as to ensure satisfaction for the different stakeholders. These stakeholders have different interests. The owners of the organization will demand profits. Customers on the other hand will require goods and or services to their specifications. The employees will need remuneration for their work. The government will require the organization to meet its legal obligations such as being licensed and meeting the set quality and safety standards. The local community on the other hand will anticipate the goodwill of the company through Community Social Responsibility. At times these demands change and it is the duty of the manager to ensure that they are met by the organization. Mere reaction to change is not sufficient and it is therefore necessary for decisions to be made based on reason and the consideration of several variables. This process is what constitutes strategic management and this therefore justifies the inclusion of the different types of organizational change concepts under it (Amburgey et al, 1990).

Models used to assess the roles, impacts and implications of rapid, volatile and non-continuous organizational change

Two models that can be used in the analysis of the above changes are ‘strategic cross functional management’ and the ‘Enterprise Strategy’.

Strategic cross functional management is a strategy that takes full advantage of the organization’s functional excellence. What this entails is the realization of the functional significance of the different components of the organization mainly the personnel and the departments (Levinthal and March, 1981). This means that their significance needs to be looked at with close attention being given to the manner in which they add value to the organization. When changes occur the members of the organization will be aware of how these changes will potentially affect them and this will enable them to adjust appropriately to ensure their functionality within the organization remains uncompromised unless it is being improved. The same applies to departments within the organization.

With enterprise strategy a given plan of action that has been decided upon is adapted to suit the needs of the organization as opposed to forcing the organization to align itself to the solution at hand. When this strategy is applied the changes that are taking place within the organization will be dealt with using solutions that have been tailored to the subjective needs of the organization. It proactive measures are to be implemented the most important factor to be analyzed will be how appropriate they are for the organization and not how well they will be put into action to counter the impacts of change.

The Responses of Human Resource Management Officers to discontinuous change

Chief Executive Officers of the various organizations that exist in today’ world economies need to respond to discontinuous change through the application of dynamic strategic management. The reason for this is that discontinuous change in nature is nearly impossible to predict. This means that the specific aspects of the organization’s processes that change will be different each time. As such it is impossible for the Human Resource Management Officer of such an organization to be rigid in his or her approach to discontinuous organizational change. Dynamic strategic management will enable this officer to effectively adapt his or her leadership to specific problem at hand (Kanter, 2003).

With this approach to leadership the Human Resource Management Officer will be able to effectively analyze the change that has arisen. The diligent analysis of the problem will lead to the formulation of logical approaches to specific problems. Having an in-depth understanding of the change the organization is undergoing or needs to undergo will empower the different organizational actors to make relevant changes instead of using a trial and error approach. A Human Resource Management Officer who embraces dynamic strategies will also be inclined to regularly monitor the performance of the organization in the wake of the changes taking place.

A critical question that arises from this however is whether critical the HRM will be capable of focusing on a stable work force while at the same time maintaining a focus on mitigating the destabilizing impact that organizational change always threatens to bring about.

Conclusion

From the above it is clear that the management in any organization needs to be careful in the way it handles change. The main reason for this is that change is unavoidable and it has the capacity to make the current operating environment troublesome. In such situations grave errors can be made by human resource personnel who are aiming to resolve the challenges albeit while having a minimal understanding of the problems associated with change. If the executive managers however take up dynamic management as part and parcel of their approach to organizational change, the organizations will improve from the inside out since these principles are applied at the root of the problem (Armenakis et al, 1993).

References

Amburgey, T. L., Kelly, D., & Barnett, W. P. (1990, August). Resetting the Clock: The Dynamics of Organizational Change and Failure. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 1990, No. 1, pp. 160-164). Academy of Management.

Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (1993). Creating readiness for organizational change. Human relations, 46(6), 681-703.

Cunningham, C. E., Woodward, C. A., Shannon, H. S., MacIntosh, J., Lendrum, B., Rosenbloom, D., & Brown, J. (2002). Readiness for organizational change: A longitudinal study of workplace, psychological and behavioural correlates. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(4), 377-392.

Hannan, M. T., & Freeman, J. (1984). Structural inertia and organizational change. American sociological review, 149-164.

Kanter, R. M. (2003). Challenge of organizational change: How companies experience it and leaders guide it. Simon and Schuster.

Levinthal, D., & March, J. G. (1981). A model of adaptive organizational search. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2(4), 307-333.

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