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Should Senate be Abolished? Essay Paper

Should Senate be Abolished?
Should Senate be Abolished?

Should Senate be Abolished?

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Australian Senate should not be abolished because it is a very important role in holding the government accountable on everything and ensuring that the legislation with the Parliament is correctly examined

SAMPLE ANSWER

Should Senate be Abolished?

Australian Senate should not be abolished because it has a very important role in holding the government accountable on everything and ensuring that the legislation with the Parliament is correctly examined. The senate plays the role of a house of advice, review, and consent. Although the senate in Australia has limited control over the practice of the government, it is the one mandated to pass any legislation introduced by the government before it can become a law (Russell & Benton, 2010). Senate has to review all proposed legislation to ensure that the under-represented groups are not completely excluded from the parliament’s attention. There are instances in the past and recently when the senators from the minor parties and the independent senators have held the balance of power in the senate (Browne, 2012). By teaming up with the opposition to block passage of legislation, they are able to exert immense influence that ensures proper debate of amendments to legislation. This paper champions the thesis that the Australian senate is completely unalienable due to the mundane role it holds in the process of legislation, representation, and monitoring the excesses of the government.

As Taylor (2014) notes, the senate committee system is the centre of review activity in the Australian Federal Parliament. Committees offer in-depth scrutiny of proposed legislation. They consider evidence and information from other sources by allowing people to give testimony in person or organizations with special expertise to specific evidence. Consequently, they take a long-term view of the public issues since committee members have the time to become experts in the area of interest as well as to consider a broad array of issues.  Committees provide a transparent and open way for the parliament to conduct their policy debates and the evidence is availed for the public to access (Russell & Benton, 2010).

The senator has great potential in informing the government and the parliament concerning matters of public importance by the Parliamentary Inquiries. It is widely recognized that checks and balances are a necessary prerequisite for fair running of any system of government to ensure that power is not abused. The parliament to which the ministry is responsible for its actions is one necessary where checks are required. Parliament being the law-making arm of the government entails representation of interests, beliefs, and opinions of the people (Taylor, 2014). As such, it is perceived as the foundation upon which the modern democracy is built, and it is required to ensure that the government is answerable to the people. However, in the federal parliament this is not the case. The opportunity for the House of Representatives to assume its effective role of checking on the government are significantly reduced since the coalition or parties forming the government in most cases forms the majority seats and controls the House (Lee, 2013). However, the development of the system of responsible government in Australia under which the federal government is now responsible to the House of the Representatives as well as the Senate ensures that the federal Parliament is capable of performing its role of checking on the government.

The Senate has the power to force the government to account for its practices by withholding finance from it. This can occur through rejecting the appropriation bill for the annual services of the government. The Constitution allows the Senate to fulfill this role in relation to the government by scrutinizing and judging its legislation, activities, and policies (Ghazarian, 2012). The Senate is able to check on the government through scrutinizing government administration, delegated legislation, bills, and government policy in general.

The Senate is effective in its role to check the government and ensuring it is accountable since the government unlike in the parliament case rarely possesses a Senate majority. The adoption by the federal Parliament of a system of proportion representation for the Senate elections in 1948 made it possible for parties to gain representations in proportion to the vote’s share (Ghazarian, 2012). Moreover, independents and small parties have gain substantial representation in the senate. As a result, the government has to win the support of non-government Senators before the Senate can agree on passing a government bill. Contrastingly, if the opposition wins the support of the independents and minor parties, the Senate has the ability to reject or amend government bills.

The Senate can also undertake activities which the government is not in support of such as directing a Senate committee to look investigate an activity, legislation, or policy of the government. For instance, a bill must be passed in identical terms by both the House of Representatives and the Senate being enacted to become a law. Although most bills are initiated by the government, the Senate scrutinizes all of them to ensure that they further the interest of the public. Ultimately, senate can pass a bill with amendments, pass it without amendments, or reject it. Bills are first read three times during their process of passage through the Senate. In this phase, the broad policy of the bill is put under debate. The Senate then adopts the form of a committee as a whole to examine the details of the bill. They also engage in debate with ministries and move amendments (Bach, 2008). This whole procedure offers an opportunity to ensure that all the aspects of the bill are examined in totality before the senate can vote to pass, amend, or reject it.

The senate committee system significantly enhances the ability of the senate to review bills and bills that are considered to require more and detailed examination are then referred to the appropriate Legislative Standing Committees for further inquiry (Olivier, 2012). The inquiry process concludes with a presentation of their report to the senate. The report can recommend amendments or passing of a bill without amendments. Notably, the committee on the scrutiny of bills informs the senate of any bill that could trespass on individual liberties or a failure to observe the required legislative safeguards, for instance, the right of appeal. All delegated legislation must also be tabled in the senate. To enhance the effectiveness of the senate function of oversight, the Standing Committee on Regulation and Ordinances scrutinizes all delegated legislation. It then follows up on any problems with the minister in charge while any unresolved problems may result in disallowance of the regulation by senate (Olivier, 2012). Other times that the senate plays a critical role of scrutinizing the government is during for instance, time set aside for raising matters of public importance as well as during debates of a general nature.

The senate through the Estimates Committee is able to review the operations of the agencies and government departments, which are mandated in developing and implementing the policies of the government (Tsang, 2013). For instance, they review the estimates of the annual expenditure of the government agencies and department in detail to establish if revenue is being spent efficiently and appropriately. The estimates are presented in parliament in May in appropriation bills as part of the Budget. There are six committees with each having the responsibility for a given number of departments (Bach, 2008). The Senate minister concerned and other senior department officials have to appear before the senate examining their department to explain expenditure proposals and answer questions in regard to the efficiency and effectiveness of the various programs. The estimates committees then report to the senate following completion of their inquiries.

Although the senate has been faulted for numerous reasons, the big question would be directed towards strengthening it, so that is capable of conducting its crucial duties more effectively instead of efforts to abolish the senate. For instance, mechanisms could be put in place to abolish the likelihood of governments to weaken the powers of senate as happened during the Howard government. The role and powers of the senate should also be enhanced so that it is able to inform the nation by broadening of its investigative powers. It should also be provided with resources and staffing to effectively carry out its roles.

The democratic election process and strategic political function coupled with its extensive constitutional powers have provided the senate with the foundation on the role to check on the government. Although the Senate is faced with numerous challenges and limitations as has been established in the discussion, it is still to a great extent performing its role and function as envisaged in the Constitution; of ensuring that laws are supported by the majority and are properly representative of the entire country, and ensuring that ministries are accountable of their activities and conduct to the people of Australia.

References

Bach, S. (2008). Senate Amendments and Legislative Outcomes in Australia, 1996-2007. Australian Journal Of Political Science,43(3), 395-423.

Browne, E. (2012). Reflections on Former Forced Adoption Policies and Practices: Report of the Senate Community Affairs References Committee, 2012. ISAA Review: Journal Of The Independent Scholars Association Of Australia, (2), 57.

Ghazarian, Z. (2012). The Changing Type of Minor Party Elected to Parliament: The Case of the Australian Senate from 1949 to 2010. Australian Journal of Political Science, 47(3), 441-454.

Lee, A. (2013). How Senate report changes Australia FDI. International Financial Law Review, 32(6), 61.

Olivier, E. (2012). Proroguing the Parliament of Australia: The Effects on the Senate and the Conventions That Constrain the Prerogative Power. Federal Law Review, 40(1), [69]-88.

Russell, M., & Benton, M. (2010). (Re)assessing Parliamentary Policy Impact: The Case of the Australian Senate. Australian Journal Of Political Science, 45(2), 159-174.

Taylor, M. (2014). 2014 – A Year of Policy Challenges. Money Management, 28(6), 12-15.

Tsang, A. (2013). Colourful Outlook for Australia’s Senate. The Financial Times.

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Organizational Leadership Assignment

Organizational Leadership
Organizational Leadership

Organizational Leadership

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Applying French and Raven’s Bases of Social Power: A Powerful Solution

Throughout history, people have told stories of leaders who have been corrupted by their power. The very definition of leadership as “a process by which an individual influences the group to achieve a common goal” (Northouse, 2013, p. 5) implies the power to exert influence. Leaders must exert power in order to lead. But they must also strive to understand the complexities of power. Research by French and Raven and by others provides insight on the types, or bases, of power available to a leader, the process of choosing among those bases, and the motivations for leaders’ choices. Recent research also explores the effectiveness of using individual bases of power in particular situations and the effects the use of certain bases of powers have on leaders and those they lead. Armed with this information, leaders can avoid utilizing certain bases of power when the choice may lead to negative consequences. They can instead choose to wield power in ways that will foster organizational success. Understanding the bases also gives both leaders and followers insight into situations they observe and difficult interpersonal interactions they negotiate.
Use this format to complete the paper.

Essay Style of Writing
Start with an introduction with thesis statement, three supporting points, and a conclusion. All essays should include at least 5 paragraphs or sections.
Paragraph 1: Introduction with thesis statement that includes three supporting points.
Paragraph 2: Discussion of supporting point 1 includes support using cited reference.
Paragraph 3: Discussion of supporting point 2 includes support using cited reference.

Paragraph 4: Discussion of supporting point 3 includes support using cited reference.
Paragraph 5: Summary includes discussion of supporting points and conclusion statement of the main topic. This final paragraph should not include new information.

References

To prepare:

Read and analyze Case Study “Three Shifts, Three Supervisors”

In a 2 page word document Write an analysis of the case study. Identify two of French and Raven’s bases of power in the case study and explain how these bases of power can be used to exert influence. Also, explain how you might use your knowledge of French and Raven’s theory to resolve one of the problems presented in the case study. Justify your response.

Learning Resources:

Raven, B. H. (1993). The bases of power: Origins and recent developments. Journal of Social Issues, 49(4), 227–251.

Schriesheim, C. A., Podsakoff, P. M., & Hinkin, T. R. (1991). Can ipsative and single-item measures produce erroneous results in field studies of French and Raven’s (1959) five bases of power? An empirical investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(1), 106–114.

Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and practice (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Organizational Leadership

Leaders have the responsibility to act as role models in guiding their followers in the quest to achieve their goals. Various theories postulated illustrate how leaders act and should lead. One of the famous researchers is French and Raven’s who came up with various bases of power to depict how different leaders execute their leadership responsibilities. This paper delineates on the French and Ravens two bases of power; reward and legitimate power putting into perspective a case study, “Three shifts, Three supervisors.”

The case study “Three Shifts, Three Supervisors” is about three leaders that work in shifts. Every leader has his or her style of leadership and this affects the motivation and the performance of the workers.  A leader that adopts to rewards a source of power uses intangible as well as tangible rewards to influence the followers. Such a leader makes promise in exchange of   something (Raven, 1993). Therefore, followers are required to do or behave in a certain manner to get the reward promised.  On the other hand, legitimate power is where a leader is given power by a given body to execute certain responsibilities.  This form of powers comes from the higher position and there is a tendency for people to obey the position not individuals.

Based on the path-goal theory, it is evident that Carol is a more effective leader compared to the other two Art and Bob. Being a leader Carol behaviors enhances or contributes to motivated followers. She exemplifies directive leadership as she ensures that the followers understand what should be done and how to do it.  She holds trouble-shooting meetings and stresses the goals of the company to the employees and as well, the rewards that comes when the goals are achieved. She is also a supportive leader as she encourages her employees and spends time with them to build their morale.  Therefore, she is an effective supervisor in the company. She also to some extend uses legitimate power because, she has been given the position by the managers and is answerable to them. On the other hand, the other two supervisors, Art and Bob do not demonstrate directive leadership. Their group or followers are not motivated and this is attributed to the way they interact and execute their responsibilities as leaders.  Art leadership approach is more task- oriented and this makes the followers more bored.  Even though to some extend Bob exemplifies supportive leadership style, the followers lack direction on what they should do. They therefore lack focus and this affects their ability to achieve the goals set. Perhaps it is wise for Art and Bob to engage and interact with their followers and as well, use rewards to motivate their employees.

It is therefore, evident that these two bases of power; reward and legitimate can be used to exert influence on the followers.  A leader endowed with legitimate power is able to use the powers to trigger changes in an organization. For instance, a police officer is given legitimate power from his office and is required to execute his roles in line with the power given to him by the state.  Reward power is also used to influence followers especially to trigger positive results. Leaders can make promises to trigger hard work and as well to punish those that fail to achieve the set targets.  French and Raven theory can as well be used to solve some of the problems in the case. For instance, the problem of Bob of failure to motivate and offer direction to his followers can be corrected if he acquires more skills and information about various ways to motivate employees and as well to show them direction.

In summary, leaders can use different leadership bases to execute their responsibilities. French and Raven’s leadership bases; reward and legitimate power can be used to lead and influence followers. Carol is one of the supervisor and a leader that uses directive and supportive leadership styles. She is also able to aply her legitimate power well to motivate her followers. On the other hand, Art and Bob have failed when it comes to motivating and showing direction to their followers. They can apply reward power to motivate their followers to ensure achievement of the organizational goals.

References

Raven, B. H. (1993). The bases of power: Origins and recent developments. Journal of Social Issues, 49(4), 227–251.

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Statistics project Writing Service Available

Statistics project
Statistics project

Statistics project

Order Instructions:

Using any data of interest to your group, compile a data set comprised of one predictor and one
response variable with at least 20 observations (data points), and answer the questions below.
Your project needs to be typed and plots can be made using any software of your choice. Only one
project (with each member’s name) per group needs to be submitted. Your project should include
all the observations used.

Provide a brief description of your project. Make sure to identify the predictor and response
variables, as well as discussing the objective of your regression model.

1. (20%) All your answers must be in the order in which the questions are asked, otherwise you will be
deducted 20%. Note: Even if only one answer is out of order you will still be deducted 20%.

2. (15%) For your predictor and response variables:
(a) compute the range and IQR.
(b) make a histogram of your data.
(c) make a boxplot of your data.

3. (25%) Make a scatterplot of your data and describe the:
(a) Direction
(b) Form
(c) Strength
(d) Correlation
(g) Outliers

4. (40%) Based on your data, construct a linear regression model of your response variable as a function
of your predictor variable following the steps below:
(a) Compute ¯x and ¯y
(b) Compute sx and sy
(c) Compute r
(d) Compute a and b
(e) Construct the respective Least Squares line and plot it over your scatter plot.
(f) Compute the respective R2 and interpret your results.
(g) For your model, compute and plot the residuals vs x. Describe what you observe from
this plot.
(h) Are there any outliers? If so, are they high leverage and/or influential.
(i) Based on your model, make 3 predictions for your response variable (i.e., use 3 different
values of x that are not in your data, and compute the respective y value

SAMPLE ANSWER

Statistics project

Question One

The data below was obtained from an organization that wanted to estimate the cost of leasing a building given the contract value for constructing the building. It follows that the contract value was the predictor variable while the estimated cost is the response variable.

Estimated cost Contract value
85,000 310,000 100,000 360,000
70,000 305,000 120,000 370,000
110,000 180,000 150,000 200,000
90,000 170,000 80,000 250,000
130,000 160,000 180,000 300,000
160,000 110,000 190,000 160,000
160,000 150,000 200,000 210,000
280,000 180,000 350,000 230,000
130,000 175,000 180,000 250,000
320,000 180,000 380,000 270,000

 Question Two

  • compute the range and IQR.

Range

Constructed value           =380,000-80,000

=300,000

Estimated cost                  = 320,000-70,000

=250,000

Quartile Range

Constructed value           = 300000- 175000

=125000

Estimated cost                  = 197500- 125000

= 72500

(b) Make a histogram of your data.

 

(c) make a boxplot of your data.

 

Question Three

(a) Direction

The direction of a relationship tells whether the values on two variables go up

and down together. The nature of the plot indicates direction. If two variables have a positive direction, then as the values on one variable go up, so do the values on the other variable. The data used has a positive direction because the points of the scatter plots run from the lower left to the upper right. This implies that as the vales of the contract value go up so does the value of the estimated cost and vice versa.

(b) Form

The shape of the plot could explain the form of the scatter plot. This is because there are instances where the plot has a curved shape. In other instances, the plot could have a straight line plot. If there is a linear relationship, then the plot will appear to swarm or cloud in a generally straight and consistent form. The plot above indicates that the data points are straight and consistent. I.e. there is a linear relationship between the estimated cost and the contract value.

  • Strength

The strength of the relationship between variables is determined by how close the plotted points are from one another. Closely placed points indicate a strong relationship between the variables. In this case, the points are neither close nor far from each other. Therefore, there is a moderate relationship between the variables.

  • Correlation

The correlation between two variables measures the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables. The strength and direction of the variables have already been established in the previous paragraphs. Therefore, we conclude that there is a moderate positive relationship between the variables.

(g) Outliers

The extreme points in a scatter plot identify outliers. In this case, there are four outliers. The box plot has also demonstrated this.

Question Four

(a) Compute ¯x and ¯y

Mean for estimated cost is given by the sum of all the observations divided by the number of observations.

¯x            = 3,455,000/20

=172750

The mean for the contract value is given by the sum of all the observations divided by the number of observations.

¯y            =4,530,000/20

=226,500

  • Compute sx and sy

The standard deviation of the variables is given by taking the square root of the sum of all the deviations from the mean and dividing by the number of observations less by one.

The standard deviation for the estimated cost is

Sd           = (107,323,750,000/19) ^1/2

= 75157.2912

The standard deviation for the contract value is

Sd           = (209,836,250,000/19) ^1/2

= 105090.4998

  • Compute r

The correlation coefficient is given by the following formula.

Estimated cost (Y) Contract value (X) XY X2 Y2
85,000 100,000 8500000000 7,225,000,000 10,000,000,000
70,000 120,000 8400000000 4,900,000,000 14,400,000,000
110,000 150,000 16500000000 12,100,000,000 22,500,000,000
90,000 80,000 7200000000 8,100,000,000 6,400,000,000
130,000 180,000 23400000000 16,900,000,000 32,400,000,000
160,000 190,000 30400000000 25,600,000,000 36,100,000,000
160,000 200,000 32000000000 25,600,000,000 40,000,000,000
280,000 350,000 98000000000 78,400,000,000 122,500,000,000
130,000 180,000 23400000000 16,900,000,000 32,400,000,000
320,000 380,000 121600000000 102,400,000,000 144,400,000,000
310,000 360,000 111600000000 96,100,000,000 129,600,000,000
305,000 370,000 112850000000 93,025,000,000 136,900,000,000
180,000 200,000 36000000000 32,400,000,000 40,000,000,000
170,000 250,000 42500000000 28,900,000,000 62,500,000,000
160,000 300,000 48000000000 25,600,000,000 90,000,000,000
110,000 160,000 17600000000 12,100,000,000 25,600,000,000
150,000 210,000 31500000000 22,500,000,000 44,100,000,000
180,000 230,000 41400000000 32,400,000,000 52,900,000,000
175,000 250,000 43750000000 30,625,000,000 62,500,000,000
180,000 270,000 48600000000 32,400,000,000 72,900,000,000
3,455,000 4,530,000 903,200,000,000 704,175,000,000 1,178,100,000,000

= 0.94439147

Compute a and b

a              = -6958.173

b             = 0.793

(e) Construct the respective Least Squares line and plot it over your scatter plot.

Estimated Cost = -6958.173 + 0.793 contract value

(f) Compute the respective R2 and interpret your results.

= 0.89187525

This implies that 89 percent of the variation in expected cost is explained by the variation in the contract value.

(g) For your model, compute and plot the residuals vs. x. Describe what you observe from this plot.

The residual plot above indicates that the data has a constant and independent variance because the plots are consistent regardless of the contract value. It is also clear that the data follows a normal distribution form the normal probability plot below.

(h) Are there any outliers? If so, are they high leverage and/or influential?

There are outliers in the data but they are neither high leveraged or influential.

Based on your model, make 3 predictions for your response variable

Using the following equation Estimated Cost = -6958.173 + 0.793 contract value

The predicted value for three values is indicated in the table below.

Contract Value 276000 302000 144000
Predicte Estimated Cost 212023.9716 232652.7243 107293.3807

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Law Reform Research Paper Assignment

Law Reform
Law Reform

Law Reform

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At one level law reform is either a product of parliamentary or judicial activity … Parliament tends, however, to be concerned with particularities of law reform, and the judiciary are constitutionally and practically disbarred from reforming the law in anything other than an opportunistic and piecemeal way.

(Slapper, G. and Kelly, D. (2011) The English Legal System (12th edn), Abingdon, Routledge, p. 153)

Explain the different processes by which UK law can be changed and discuss whether you agree or disagree with the quotation.

You should give examples

This question, therefore, requires you to make plain or account for the ways in which law can be changed in England. ‘Discuss’ means ‘explain, then give two or more sides of the issue and any implications’.

The question requires you to consider the quotation and look at the two sides of the statement by considering the arguments both in favour of and against the quotation.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Law Reform

As specified in the book “The English Legal System” by slapper and Kelly, (2011) the process of reforming the law entails a rigorous process which according to the UK laws can only be undertaken by either the parliament or the judiciary. As for the for the parliament, the process of triggering reform is shaped by the need to refine specific clauses so as to make them more applicable to the current national scenario or suit a certain bill passed by the same parliament. On the other hand, the judiciary engages in reforms entailing making changes to the whole of the constitution. The judiciary therefore has much more mandate over the reform process as compared to the parliamentary process. Nonetheless, these two organs of the government represent the legislature and thus they play the pertinent role of determining the course of law in England. In order to foster the reform process, the government had to appoint a royal commission to deal with issues arising from the implementation of the UK law. The Law Commission operates as an independent body which is set by the parliament. This is done in adherence to the Law Commissions Act enacted in 1965. The act was passed so as to watch over the law and ensure that any reform made to the law is made after a rigorous review and analysis so as to foster the improvement of the lives of the citizens of England.

The commission is made up of a judge from the court of appeal, who is supported by four other commissioners. The main function of the commission is to look to it that it approves reforms that make the law much simpler, fairer, more accessible, cost effective and above all modern. In order to undertake this duty effectively, the members of the commission consult widely and where possible they seek public consultations so as to be accurate in their reporting to the parliament of UK regarding the much needed reforms in order of priority. It is only after the recommendations that the UK parliament can go ahead with the reform process. An example where the procedure for implementing reforms was practice was back in 1832 when the government requested the commission to seek information and collect statistics on the working of a law aimed at alleviating poverty in the UK. The Poor Law as it was known made a suggestion to the parliament to reform the law by bringing the control of the countries funds to a central location in London and secondly, it was mandated that the reforms had to be made in such a way that they prevented unnecessary expenditures of public funds so as to direct them towards funding public projects.

These recommendations were published in a report stating the need for reform in the year 1834 after which it was handed to the parliament. The parliament supported the need for reform thus they had to consider the recommendations made by the commission regarding the problems identified in the Poor Law. The recommendations encompassed in the commission’s report were reasonable to the extent that they would reduce government expenditure to the minimum level possible while simultaneously minimizing the cost of implementation. The parliament has to make the Poor Law Amendment Act in the shortest time possible while making legislations to guide the reform process at the parliament level. The parliament had an easier time adopting the main recommendations made by the commission. A relevant commission by the name the Poor Law Commission had to be set up and located at a strategic location in London. Inspectors were employed to supervise the working of the officials while authority was transferred to 600 parishes in the country so as to facilitate devolution. The parishes were referred to as the board of guardians who were given workhouses to facilitate their functioning. The decision to use the locally elected guardians was to reduce on the cost of setting up formal administrative systems.

The new Poor Law was amended in that the outdoor relief aid which was given to the able bodied people was scrapped off with the aim of triggering the able bodied and physically endowed people into searching for work. On the same note, the reforms protected the less privileged especially the elderly and the sick. More relief was reserved for the people who could prove that they were undergoing a cruel and harsh life and as a result, they needed outdoor relief. The reformation of the Poor Act was based on a pioneering Act where the government had sought to provide a central point where the poor people could be issued with relief food and other basic necessities but as reality dawned in, the government found it burdensome to maintain the increasing number of poor people in UK thus the need for reform was called for. The need for reform was further supported by social commentators who noticed that the able people in the society were becoming dependent on relief at the expense of seeking for employment opportunities and fending for themselves.

By so doing the government became obligated to fulfilling the needs of the people facing genuine economic hardships. In spite of this, there are conservative people who still opposed the reforms by claiming that the government had overlooked some classes of the society that were in dire need of relief was being shadowed by the government. On the brighter side, the impact of the reforms are still felt today as the UK has managed to flourish and improve the economic conditions of its citizens. Today the law has standardized the lives of many people by boosting the unemployed, the sick and the elderly. The argument in favor of the reform therefore stands out as being dominant because it shaped the government expenditures and diverted the revenue saved from providing relief aids towards the common good of all the citizens. This is one reason why UK now enjoys a good system of infrastructure courtesy of the priorities for posterity implemented through the decision by the parliament to make reforms on the Poor Act (Slapper & Kelly, 2011).

The second and a more modernistic application of the legislative reforms in the UK has been the pressure mounted on the parliament to change the English Libel Laws. These laws are not only applied in the UK but all the other Commonwealth countries. The United States and the Republic of Ireland also use these laws but they are historically related to the English Defamation Acts. The act became law under obscure circumstances after a surge in civil cases relating to defamation in the years between 1272 and 1307. The applicability of the law was further clouded by the fact that defamatory remarks could pass for lack of evidence. The defamation law was reinstated under the statute of Westminster in the year 1275. After the Westminster Status, the defamation act became the Libel Law and was enacted under the English Common Law. Currently, the libel law is applicable to any case of defamatory remarks against a person who is taken to the High Court. The evidence for such law suits require that the accuser has to use written or published statement alleging for defamation. The law can be filed under the circumstance that the damage caused on the accuser caused an economical or professional loss. Or that the defamation caused the accuser to lose respect or made the public to think worse about them.

A person seeking legal redress under the Libel Law has to base the defamation remarks on an allegation. This has been common among people practicing journalism and newspaper editors who have come under the wrath of politicians for claims of defamation. The Libel Law also gives companies the privilege of suing people who make defamatory remarks because the English Laws allow companies to stand alone as natural persons. Among the cases that have been brought to book under the Libel Law include the 1894 case law on South Hetton Coal Co. Ltd. v. North Eastern News Ass’n Ltd. as well as the Bognor Regis U.D.C. v. Campion case law in the year 1972 (Delaney, 2014). The most recent case between Keith-Smith v Williams [2006] have necessitated reforms to this law because of the passage of time. With the advancement of Information Technology which has seen the rise of social networking sites and increased involvement of the media in reporting social issues, the need for change is unavoidable.

Many other factors have led to the public call for reformation of the Libel Law. For example people have brought up debates both in favor and against the amendment of the libel law. Reflecting on the commentary made by the citizens in dire need for reforms, it was argued that the libel laws have become oppressive in the sense that they are being misused by the rich who find leeway to impeach and extort unsuspecting journalists. The rich have succeeded in manipulating the legislative organs of the government in UK and this is one instance when the law has been challenged for reforms. The need for reform is therefore driven by the need for advancement of the common good principle where the general public will be at liberty to express their views and expose malice among all the members of the society without the fear of being taken to court for defamation (Delaney, 2014). By so doing, it is evident that the libel law needs reform because it has become an impediment to the advancement of the freedom of speech. In another case, the citizens of UK in favor of the reforms have seconded the fact that the libel laws are oppressing people by silencing vital organs of communication such as human rights activists, journalists, writers and users of social networking sites.

There has been a universal call for reforms among all the countries using the libel laws as they have been termed as being antiquated and overdue. The public has been pushing for a defamation bill by the parliament so as to start a reform process for the libel law. Apparently, all the publics are campaigning for a reformation of the libel law. The only people against the reform might be the rich and corrupt politicians in the UK who are using the loopholes in the law to exploit other citizens. This is because these figure heads enjoy protectionism from the high index of censorship provided to them by the law which makes them immune to remarks that appear to be defaming their professional reputations (Delaney, 2014). The ability for the law to create a super injunction upon which the freedom of expression can be compromised has been enjoyed by a few members of the society thus the call for change led to the reforms in April 2013. The Defamation Act was therefore enacted in 2013 and thus it is required that the plaintiffs face the court of England and convince it that the libel laws are irrelevant and that the court is the most appropriate place to enforce the reform process. The claimants are further required by the court of England to show that the citizens of UK have suffered serious harm and economic loss regarding the miss appropriation of the Libel Law. The defenses of justice have seen to it that the Libel Law comes under scrutiny by the court system in UK. The court was able to prove that the law needs reform because it is outdated.

By so doing, a process of reform has been forwarded to the judiciary which is required to amend the act and make it available for public review before it is included in the constitution of the UK. This is the second example demonstrating the ability for the public to enforce the reform process by use of the court system. This is opposed to the first process where a commission is used to table a report requesting the parliament to make reforms of subtle laws that affect the society. The second case is different because the libel law favors the rich and the powerful thus the affected members of the public have to petition and seek for the help of human rights and civil rights activists and follow legal redress as the only possible avenue for instigating reforms (Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act, 2011). In such a circumstance, it is only the court that can call for the review of the antiquated law thus it was necessary for the Defamation Act 2013 to pass through the UK parliament so as to pass through a reform process that will lead to the enactment of a new law reflecting the change of time and the need for freedoms of speech and expression.

The third process of change that has been used to call for reforms in the UK is purely judicial. This is to mean that the judiciary can be mandated to overhaul the constitution of the whole country as it has been exhibited with the government appointed in 1997. The government which is in its third term of office has been vigilant on enforcing constitutional reforms in subtle areas so as to better the lives of the common citizens in the UK. Among the areas that have been called for reform have revolved around the need for devolution, human rights and the House of Lords. Specifically, the reforms in the House of Lords were initiated by doing away with the voting among the hereditary peers (Lacy, 2013). By abolishing the voting rights which were previously enjoyed by hereditary peers and sparing 92 peers to help in reforming the House fully, the UK government is bound to succeed. For example in 2008, the government facilitated reforms in the House of Lords by setting a workable action plan for 80 peers elected to represent the second chamber. The House of Lords Information Office circulated a briefing paper printed with reform proposals which consequently led to the reduction of the members of the House of Lords. Personally, the action has been supported by the fact that the public expenditure incurred in maintaining the House of Lords can be diverted to other economic projects which will boost productivity of other sectors such as agriculture.

The second reform that was necessitated by the constitution under the leadership of the judiciary was the Human Rights Act [1998]. The act was incorporated into the UK laws as part of guaranteeing the freedom of Human Rights Activists. The reformation of the act was assured by the European Convention on Human Rights of which UK has been a member and a signatory since 1951. The first endorsement of the Human Rights Act had been made by the government in 1951 but it was not incorporated into the domestic laws of UK thus the Ministry of Justice found it prudent to push for reforms as one way of fostering justice for the people involved in seeking redress against violation of human rights (Lacy, 2013). The third constitutional reform is still underway but the government through the judiciary is pushing for the introduction of the Bill of Rights. This is according to the 2009 publication in the Green paper where the government stipulated Rights and Responsibilities for developing a constitutional framework that will favour all citizens. This is a long and rigorous process towards addressing the issues of devolution which have been embedded in the legislative system in the UK. This has obscured the administration of justice by the courts because they legal system is basically dependent on these laws while making rulings. The constitutional reforms have been widely supported by different NGO’s which implies that the reforms are timely in addressing the social, economic and social issues faced by most of the UK citizens thus the reforms are aimed at strengthening devolution which will better the lives of all citizens.

References

Delaney, E. F. 2014. Judiciary rising: Constitutional change in the United Kingdom. Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 108 Issue 2, p. 543-605. 63. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&sid=413f2378-382d-4dc0-8f33-55e0711b9554%40sessionmgr110&hid=107&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=96185052

Lacy, J. D. 2013. Reform of UK Company Law. Routledge; United Kingdom. http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=hO-NAgAAQBAJ&dq=law+reforms+in+UNited+Kingdom&source=gbs_navlinks_s

Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act. 2011. International Law – Universal Jurisdiction – United Kingdom adds barrier to private prosecution of universal jurisdiction crimes. Harvard Law Review, Vol. 125 Issue 6, p. 1554-1561. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=91652ab7-4287-4c41-87c8-2fe282b0b42c%40sessionmgr114&vid=1&hid=107&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bth&AN=74313950

Slapper, G. & Kelly, D. 2011. The English Legal System (12th Ed.). Routledge: Abingdon

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Micro economics Essay Paper Assignment

Micro economics
Micro economics

Micro economics

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Assignment # 4 Spring 2014

Please complete the sections on Monopoly price and MR; and Monopolistic competition price, quantity and costs. For each of these two sections, explain what was the most important concept you learned in that lesson (and why) and please explain how the lesson could be improved.

1. Complete a table for Q, Price, TC, MC, MR and profits. This time start the price at the number of P = 9 combined for Q = 1, and then reduce the price as Q increases. For costs, begin with TC = 4 at Q = 1, then you may use any numbers you like for costs. You may need to play around with the numbers to make this work out. Show that MR = MC at profit maximization. Graph MR, MC and P and show the profit maximizing level of output. (You don’t need to graph ATC and show the profit rectangle).

2. During your next trip to the supermarket (Use this website for the supermarket, https://www.ralphs.com/ ) find two examples of different goods for which the market is oligopolistic. ( Please use breakfast cereals and Soft drinks) Make certain that you have chosen a ‘good’ and not a brand name. Remember that several brand names compete in a market. List all the brand names (or at least four brands if there are dozens) and the parent company for each brand name (check the package carefully so that you don’t confuse brand names with the actual producer.) For each good, what is your evidence that this market is oligopolistic? (Number of producers; shelf space give to each one; identical pricing.)

3. The Prisoner’s Dilemma is a famous game in game theory in which two prisoners must decide whether or not to cooperate with another, that is declares their mutual innocence. If both prisoners cooperate, that is do not confess their mutual guilt, then they both go free. If one prisoner cooperates, but the other does not, then the non-cooperating prisoner receives a lighter sentence and the cooperating prisoner is punished severely for refusing to confess. If both prisoners refuse to cooperate—that is they both say the other is guilty—then they both are punished, but less than if only one declared his innocence.
a. Play the Prisoner’s Dilemma at: http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/playground/pd.html Try one set of rounds for practice.
b. Design a strategy for the game. Describe it and then test the strategy in three rounds of the game. Did it work?
c. How is this game similar to the game theory we discussed in class?

4. Every year there are new and sometimes unexpected lawsuits against US corporations. Choose a case for study at the web site http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases.html

You will find many, many antitrust lawsuits listed alphabetically. Please choose two,
a) one involving any aspect of antitrust. Summarize what was the alleged violation and what happened (if anything). Please do so in your own words (that is, not cut and pasting from the site).
b) one involving a merger or acquisition (you may need to look at several to find one.) Again, summarize what was the alleged violation and what happened (if anything). Please do so in your own words (that is, not cut and pasting from the site).

5. Now that we’re at the end of the semester, I’d like you to think about what you have learned in this course. One good measure of learning is the ability to ask good questions. That is: what is it that you would like to understand better about one of the concepts we’ve studied in economics?

a) Specify the question: what is it that you would like to understand better about one of the concepts we’ve studied in economics?
b) Why don’t you fully understand this concept?
c) Why is it important for us to fully understand this concept?

SAMPLE ANSWER

  1. Graph of MR, MC and P and the profit maximizing level of output
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
P 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
TC 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
MR 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
MC 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

 

According to the graph above the maximizing level of output (Q) is 5 units. That’s when Marginal Revenue (MR) is 7 and Marginal Cost (MC) is 7. As the Marginal Cost moves beyond 7 Marginal revenue starts dropping and Q starts increasing whereas P starts reducing. This is because demand starts falling as quantities increase. The company now starts making losses (Ruffin, 30).

2) According to Ciobanu (229), a market that is oligopolistic is whereby sellers in the market are a few large companies, products sold by these companies are relatively homogeneous, entry into the market is difficult because of high entry costs and the firms are essentially interdependent. Oligopolistic markets are also characterized by price rigidity in that firms tend to watch what their competitors do before adjusting prices upwards or downwards. This is because if a firm increases the price of its commodities and its competitors do not follow suit it will experience a marked reduction in sales which will force it to reduce it prices to match what the competitors are offering their products at (Ciobanu, 229). The main drinks identified are coca-cola made by Coca-Cola Company, Dr Pepper made by Dr Pepper/7Up Inc, Fanta  and sprite made by Coca-Cola Company, Pepsi and Mountain Dew which is licensed by Pepsi Company. The evidence that this market is oligopolistic is that the products are relatively homogeneous, they are sold by large companies, entry into the market is difficult because of relatively high cost of entry and pricing is relatively identical (Ciobanu, 229).

3)  a). The first option that I chose was cooperate all throughout the game and then I chose compete all through, then I chose two thirds of the game to cooperate and a third to compete and lastly compete and cooperate in equal proportions as the last option (http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/playground/pd.html)

b). The strategy that generates the highest points/gold coins is to cooperate.  This strategy involves cooperating with Serendip in each round of the game. I tested the strategy and it did work perfectly (http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/playground/pd.html).

c). In this game the actions of one player influences the actions of his opponent in the game. In this game, each player must anticipate the actions of the other player. Game theory primarily involves identification of situations in which making decisions is interdependent with decisions made by the other party. Game theory involves anticipating and in many cases influencing another entity’s choices (Schelling, 26). Game theory is similar to this game because the decisions that I made influenced the decisions that Serendip made. I knew Serendip subscribed to a policy of “tit for tat” and therefore when I chose to co operate Serendip also made the same decision. I anticipated that he will make the same choice as I made. Just like in the game theory I anticipated Serendip’s reactions to the choices I made and I also tried to influence his decisions by my actions (Schelling, 26).

4 (a) One of the antitrust lawsuits listed in http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases.html is U.S.v. Ryoji Fukodome and Toshihiko Nagashima. In this antitrust law suit the defendants Ryoji Fukodome and Toshihiko Nagashima with their other undisclosed co-conspirators colluded to suppress and eliminate competition in the automotive parts industry by bid rigging and setting uncompetitive prices for parts sold to Subaru in the United States of America and in other vehicle assembling plants in the world. It was alleged that the accused in meetings held in Japan set prices and rigged bids with the intention of blocking other competitors.  It was alleged that the accused parties interfered with trade between states in the US and also foreign trade and commerce by their actions (http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases.html).

  1. b) An antitrust lawsuit involving a merger was S. v. Abitibi-Consolidated Inc. and Bowater Incorporated. In this lawsuit it was alleged that Abitibi-Consolidated Inc and Bowater Incorporated had set plans to form a $1.6 billion merger which would have resulted in the largest newsprint company in the North America. It was argued that the merger would have resulted in such a large company that it could limit production of newsprint by reducing its capacity utilization thus pushing prices up and suppressing competition. It was held that the new company had the incentive to do so once the merger was finalized. The company was to be about three times larger than its nearest competitor. In violation of Section 5 of the Clayton Act 15 U.S.C &, 18, the merger would have led to a suppression of competition in the production and sale of newsprint. The merger would also have eliminated competition between the two giant competitors which would have led to an increase in newsprint prices in the USA. The court directed that the companies divest the divestiture assets within a stipulated period which in effect stalled the merger plan (http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases.html).
  2. The concept which I would like to understand in a more detailed manner is the various aspects of antitrust behavior. a) What are the different types of antitrust behavior that companies practice?
  3. b) The reason why I have not understood this concept fully is because of the many interpretations and classes of what antitrust behavior and actions constitute c) The reason why it is important to fully understand this concept is to enable me understand how to avoid antitrust behavior and evade huge fines that may lead to the bankruptcy of my company.

Works Cited

Ciobanu, Ramona. “CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING PRICE IN OLIGOPOLISTIC STRUCTURED MARKETS.”Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov.EconomicSciences.Series V 4.2 (2011): 229-38. ProQuest.Web. 30 May 2014.

http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases.html

http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/playground/pd.html

Ruffin, Roy J. Monopolistic Competition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. ProQuest.Web. 30 May 2014.

Schelling, Thomas C. “GAME THEORY: A PRACTITIONER’S APPROACHst.” Economics and Philosophy 26.1 (2010): 27-46. ProQuest.Web. 30 May 2014.

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Exploratory Research Design Assignment

Exploratory Research Design
Exploratory Research Design

Exploratory Research Design

Order Instructions:

You have now learned the foundation of both observational research and experimental design methods. Each contributes significantly to the study and practice of public health. read The Effect of Disseminating Evidence-Based Interventions That Promote Physical Activity to Health Departments, and answer the following questions.

response to the following:

  • What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research methodology presented in Brownson et al. (2007)?
  • What value did using a quasi-experimental design add to the research study?
  • How does this impact the validity of the research project?
  • What do you believe is the best strategy for disseminating research results? Support your position.

Additional Requirements

SAMPLE ANSWER

Exploratory Research Design

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research methodology presented in Brownson et al. (2007)?
The researchers were able to adopt the dissemination approach to the evaluation of evidence-based approaches and to measure the changes in awareness as well as in the adoption of interventions to physical activity. The study was also effective in enhancing the understanding of the topic of study. The integration of the quasi-experimental design enhanced the capability of the study. In addition, the study was helpful in directing the direction of further and subsequent research, especially one that adopts better measures to determine the success of the dissemination approaches.

The major weakness is that the conclusion drawn from the findings cannot be used as definite conclusions since it lacks statistical reinforcement. The use a modest sample of 154 participants is not very representative. Other limitations included difficulty in determining attribution and assessing the effects of the other events in the 2-year period between baseline and follow-up and the lack of a comprehensive process to evaluate data.

What value did using a quasi-experimental design add to the research study?

The quasi-experimental design was an effective method to conduct the outcome-oriented evaluation of the research. By using the pre-existing groups from the baseline study, the researchers avoided additional steps and ethical concerns.

How does this impact the validity of the research project?

As a practical option for the evaluation, the design helped to further analyze the changes in dissemination of guidelines, hence, enhancing the validity of the project. By avoiding potential ethical concerns in substituting a less effective health program for the participants the researchers enhanced the validity of the study.

What do you believe is the best strategy for disseminating research results? Support your position.

The best strategy for disseminating research results is the use of an online journal. This is because it is accessible to a large number of the target audience with the current advancement in IT and shift from the use of the traditional forms such as newsletters to internet channels of acquiring information.

Reference

Brownson, R. C., Ballew, P., Brown, K. L., Elliott, M. B., Haire-Joshu, D., Heath, G. W., & Kreuter, M. W. (2007). The Effect of Disseminating Evidence-Based Interventions That Promote Physical Activity to Health Departments. American Journal of Public Health, 97(10), 1900-1907.

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Comparing Crawford Report before and after

Comparing Crawford Report before and after Relative to Australian Soccer
Comparing Crawford Report before and after Relative to Australian Soccer

Comparing Crawford Report before and after Relative to Australian Soccer

Order Instructions:

• Examine the Crawford reports findings and describe how and why it considered that the administration of soccer needed to be changed.
• Complete a table to compare before Crawford with after Crawford in terms of the similarities and differences in the sport and its administrative structure.
• Analyse how the organisational culture of the sport is different now compared with before the Crawford report was implemented?
• Describe and justify whether post Crawford is an improvement on pre Crawford outcomes and conditions.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Comparing Crawford Report before and after Relative to Australian Soccer

Introduction

The Crawford report gets its name from its author, David Crawford who was the chair of a series of investigations into the administration of professional sports in Australia. The report was formulated against a backdrop of improper management of soccer in the country leading to the poor performance of the country on international competitions such as the FIFA world cup and also the Confederations cup (Allison and Monnington, 2002). The then governing body of Soccer in the country had been accused of massive corruption and incompetence through different media outlets. With respect to football in Australia, the 2003 Independent sports panel findings will be analyzed with special attention being given to the manner in which this influenced the state of soccer in the country (Independent Soccer Review Committee and Crawford, 2003).

The reason why a commission was reconvened to formulate this report was that football in Australia at the time was in a state of disarray, leading to the demand for urgent action so as to restore the sport to its previous glory or a level similar to that. Many of the challenges that were found to be plaguing soccer in Australia were thought to have their origins in the lowest levels of the sport (Ferkins et al, 2005).

A major challenge that was pointed out was the fact that facilities were seriously lacking in the grass root levels (Moore, 2004). These facilities include the soccer pitches, stadia and also training equipment which facilitate the growth of the sport through sharpening the skills of armature players (Brabzon, 2004).

Another challenge that was facing soccer in Australia was the disconnect that existed between the clubs and schools. What this meant was that there was no clear-cut path that was in place to facilitate the transition of players in the school leagues into professional and semi-professional clubs (Simmons, 2006). This meant that the major league was missing out on an intake of quality players due to the disconnect (Dabscheck, 2004).

Another challenge that was facing Australia’s soccer is the fact that promotional efforts largely marginalized the indigenous communities thus making the sport exclusive rather than inclusive as is the trend worldwide (Jupp et al, 2007).

Another challenge that Australia’s football was facing was the fact that the existent club football categories were operating as separate entities rather than conducting their activities under a unified banner. This is to say that women’s football, Senior men and also the junior men categories were operating independently rather than being integrated so as to synergize the resources that are available for the sport nationally (Dabscheck, 2003; Hess, 2000).

Last but not least, there was an urgent need for reforms in Australia’s soccer because of the significant decline in participation from the junior and senior sections of the population. This effectively meant that the participation of Australians in soccer was on its deathbed and this, more than anything else would have surely led to the end of the sport in the country (Hay, 2006).

The inquiry sought to rectify these challenges through the implementation of several objectives that it set. The first of these was to make sure the country’s football continued to excel sustainably.

Secondly, the sport of football was to be made part of the government’s multidisciplinary approach towards better healthcare for it citizens through its preventive healthcare campaign. This is because like other sports, soccer is highly demanding and this would automatically translate into it being part of many a fitness plan.

Another objective was to ensure that the pathways used by school leavers who were involved in soccer are strengthened so as to ensure they have an easy time getting into club football.

The fourth objective that was captured in the Crawford Report was to ensure that soccer as well as other sports is prioritized in the same manner that the country does for science, technology and research. The vehicle that will be used for this is sports science.

The report also recommended that the relevant authorities had to put in extra effort towards sourcing for a wide range of funding options so as to ensure the sport receives the relevant resources necessary for its survival at the different levels soccer is played in Australia. This would require a lot of creativity as well as the empowering of the Australia Sports Foundation so as to enhance its effectiveness in improving the state of the sport in Australia (Lock et al, 2008).

Before Crawford After Crawford
The management body, Soccer Australia was in debt to the tune of 2.5 million dollars

Soccer Australia was Undercapitalized

There was widespread mismanagement due to improper leadership taking center stage in the soccer sector.

The then governing body was unable to effectively support the national soccer team, leading it to borrow funds from member organizations.

The National league for soccer was also undergoing financial difficulties (Cohen, 2008).

The main focus of soccer Australia was international soccer, it used the few resources at its disposal to get some national teams to participate in international events while no attention whatsoever was given to community soccer (Stewart, 2007).

Relationship between Soccer Australia and its member associations was not productive in any way

Those in charge of the sport were against the idea of bringing about reforms in the sector. They essentially let it continue in its state of disrepair.

The management of soccer was largely one-sided and tyrannical leading to the disenfranchisement of many at the lower levels (Skinner, 2007; Tatz, 2000).

 A new soccer body, Soccer Association Limited was constituted to replace the ailing Soccer Australia (Perrine, 2001). This was seen as an important task in performing a radical surgery on Australia’s management of soccer.

The management of the newly formed Soccer Association Limited conducted their business with much more accountability and this was seen in the establishment of the nature of the financial challenges (Barton, 2006).

Deliberate steps were being taken to ensure that Australia’s soccer was on the right track and this was seen through the audits and the total restructure of the management of the sport at national level.

The focus of key stakeholders in Australia’s soccer shifted towards the development of the grassroots through community leagues that were in dire need of funding and also professional contributions.

The new management of Australia’s soccer was welcoming to the idea of reforming the manner in which the sport was being administrated since they acknowledged the challenges it was facing.

Democracy became a widespread feature of the administration of soccer since it became much more inclusive of groups that had been previously excluded from participation and decision making (Rosso, 2007).

 

Organizational Structure of Australia’s Football at present compared to the situation prior to the formulation of the Crawford Report.

The organizational structure of Australian football today has a greater emphasis on horizontal relationships between the players rather than vertical relationships. This is to say that there is a lot more peer to peer coordination of Australia’s football compared to the past when the management focused only on soccer at the highest levels.

Another difference is the fact that information and contributions now flow in a bottom-up fashion rather than the past when it was an ineffective version of top-down management. This is due to the renewed emphasis on the importance of the grass root level of soccer as this is more inclusive.

Another change in Australian football is the fact that it is more open today with more emphasis being laid on the accountability of its leadership than before when whoever was in charge did as they pleased so to say (Halabi, 2007).

Justification for Post-Crawford Improvements

From the above analysis, it is evident that the post-Crawford scenario in Australia’s football is a profound improvement of the previous situation. This is because soccer is once again on an upward trend growth and development-wise. The reintroduction of effective leadership and all-inclusive coordination of the sport taking into account the contribution of key players at all levels of the sport. In the previous scenario Australian soccer was clearly on its death bed and it would most likely have ended up being one of the sports played by a select few  while the international community worked towards the inclusiveness of the sport in their respective countries. Money is one of the most important resources in the management of a social venture such as soccer. If the previous management were allowed to have their day, they would have further plunged the sector into chaos due to the lack of adequate resources for basic operations.

References

Allison, L., & Monnington, T. (2002). Sport, prestige and international relations. Government and Opposition, 37(01), 106-134.

Barton, A. D. (2006). Public sector accountability and commercial-in-confidence outsourcing contracts. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 19(2), 256-271.

Brabazon, T. (2004). Who Cares? Perth Glory and the Future of Football. AQ: Journal of Contemporary Analysis, 25-40.

Cohen, D. (2008). Initial public offerings in Australian Sport: The next step.

Dabscheck, B. (2004). The imperfect market for players. Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, 23(4), 345-354.

Dabscheck, B. Of Principals and Agents: The 2003 Australian Soccer Dispute. In New Economies: New Industrial Relations, proceedings of the 18th AIRAANZ Conference (Vol. 1, pp. 164-71).

Ferkins, L., Shilbury, D., & McDonald, G. (2005). The role of the board in building strategic capability: Towards an integrated model of sport governance research. Sport Management Review, 8(3), 195-225.

Halabi, A. K. (2007). Examining the accountability of senior Australian rules football clubs in country Victoria. Accounting, Accountability & Performance, 13(2), 35.

Hay, R. (2006). ‘Our wicked foreign game’: why has association football (soccer) not become the main code of football in Australia?. Soccer and society, 7(2-3), 165-186.

Hess, R. (2000). ‘Ladies are specially invited’: women in the culture of Australian rules football. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 17(2-3), 111-141.

Independent Soccer Review Committee, & Crawford, D. (2003). Report of the independent soccer review committee into the structure, governance and management of soccer in Australia. Australian Sports Commission.

Jupp, J., Nieuwenhuysen, J., & Dawson, E. (Eds.). (2007). Social cohesion in Australia. Cambridge University Press.

Lock, D., Taylor, T., & Darcy, S. (2008). Soccer and social capital in Australia: Social networks in transition. Sport and social capital, 317-338.

Moore, P. (2004). Scouting an anthropology of sport. Anthropologica, 37-46.

Perrine, J. B. (2001). Media Leagues: Australia Suggests New Professional Sports Leagues for the Twenty-First Century. Marq. Sports L. Rev., 12, 703.

Rosso, E. G. (2007). Changes in the ethnic identification of women’s soccer clubs in Adelaide: the case of Adelaide City Women’s Football Club.

Simmons, P. (2006). Tackling abuse of officials: Attitudes and communication skills of experienced football referees. ANZCA,“Empowerment, Creativity and Innovation: Challenging Media and Communication in the 21st Century.

Skinner, J., Zakus, D. H., & Edwards, A. (2008). Coming in from the margins: Ethnicity, community support and the rebranding of Australian soccer. Soccer & Society, 9(3), 394-404.

Stewart, B. (2007). The political economy of football: Framing the analysis. Games Are Not the Same: The Political Economy of Football in Australia, The, 3.

Tatz, C. (2000). Uneven playing field. Index on Censorship, 29(4), 130-135.

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Observational Research Design Paper

Observational Research Design
Observational Research Design

Observational Research Design

Order Instructions:

Observational research often provides the foundation for further exploration of a topic. It is frequently used when conducting a preliminary research study to better describe a problem. Many researchers conduct observational studies that then lead to more in depth and larger experimental projects. It is an important form of qualitative research and has a significant place in public health research. For this Discussion, use the the Internet and locate an article using the keyword search terms of “observational research,” or “qualitative research” that has used observational design as a methodology to conduct public health research. Carefully read the article examining the strengths of the study.

Post a summary of the article, outlining the design and implementation of the study.

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the study?

Why do you think the researchers chose to use an observational methodology for the research study? Support your response.
Additional Requirements

SAMPLE ANSWER

Observational Research Design

The research is an observational study of the Bihar, Indian’s public care system covering over 100 million inhabitants and focused on the Tuberculosis discontinuation and symptom persistence. The research, which was done by Kimberly Babiarz, Sze-chuan Suen, and Jeremy Goldhaber in 2011, sampled patients who had initiated treatment more than six months prior to the interview. The researchers administered questionnaires to patients about their TB treatment duration, symptoms, prior treatment, and the sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, multivariate logistic regression model was adopted to estimate the risk of treatment discontinuation for the recorded characteristics as well as to estimate probabilities of symptom persistent to 25 weeks of the post-treatment initiation. The model included robust standard errors, district fixed effects, and adjustments for the survey sampling design while symptom persistent and treatment default timing relied entirely on self-report (Babiarz et al., 2014).

The study established that 24 percent of the patients discontinued treatment prior to 25 weeks and a higher likelihood of discontinuation happened in patients who failed to complete previous treatment. Again, symptoms persisted in about 42 percent of the patients who had discontinued treatment within six weeks and 28 percent for completing the 25-week treatment (Babiarz et al., 2014).

Concerning the study strengths, the study was able to realize a 92 percent response rate of the respondents. The number of sampled patients (1007) is also quite representative of the target population. The focus on the Bihar state with a population of 100 million, which is only 10 percent of India’s population, is one of the limitations in the study. The second limitation is the focus of the study on self-report with no external validations. The validation of the findings is also limited since the research did not employ any clinical measures.

The researchers chose to use the observational research design as a basis for their effort to study the incidence, causes, and prognosis of the problem of study. Vogt et al. (2012), note that the observational method is effective in distinguishing cause and effect, as well as in determining prevalence and comparisons between groups.

References

Babiarz, K. S., Suen, S., & Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. D. (2014). Tuberculosis Treatment Discontinuation and Symptom Persistence: An Observational Study of Bihar, India’s Public Care System Covering >100,000,000 inhabitants. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1-27.

Vogt, W., Haeffele, L. M., & Gardner, D. C. (2012). When to Use What Research Design. New York: Guilford Press.

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Sexual Harassment Research Paper

Sexual Harassment
Sexual Harassment

Sexual Harassment

The paper should include the following:
Cover Page / presentation
Contents:
Brief Summary (Paragraphs 1 and 2)
Statement of the issue / problem (Paragraph 3)
Viewpoint author (Paragraph 4)
Supporting arguments (paragraph 5)
Models and Theories (Paragraph 6)
Conclusion (Paragraph 7)
Personal Reaction (Paragraphs 8 and 9)
Implications of the study

The EEOC has defined sexual harassment in its guidelines as:
Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when:
· Submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual’s employment, or
· Submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as a basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or
· Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.

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Changes in Monetary Policies Essay

Changes in Monetary Policies
Changes in Monetary Policies

Changes in Monetary Policies Essay

ASSETS LIABILITIES
Cash $33,000 Demand Deposits $99,000
Loans 66,000
Required:
Now assume that the Fed lowers the reserve requirement to 8%.
1. What is the maximum amount of new loans that this bank can make?
2. Assume that the bank makes these loans. What will the new balance sheet look like?
3. By how much has the money supply increased or decreased?
4. If the money multiplier is 5, how much money will ultimately be created by this event?
5. If the Fed wanted to implement a contractionary monetary policy using reserve requirement, how would that work?

Deliverables:
Address the questions above, showing your calculations. Develop your analysis in Microsoft Excel format. Enter non-numerical responses in the same worksheet using text-boxes.

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