Globalization of education assignment paper

Globalization of education

Globalization of education

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Assignment 4: Research Paper Part 3 – The Results

What do reporters, crime scene investigators, and sports broadcasters have in common? All of these occupations are focused on reporting the results from data or information. The final part of your research paper is about the data procedures, reporting, and interpretation of the results of your research topic.

For this assignment, you will create the last part of your research paper. Build on your paper from Assignments 2 and 3, and integrate feedback from your instructor. You should use the headings below for the sections of your paper.

Write a twelve to fifteen (12-15) page paper (this includes the work you already completed in Assignments 2 and 3) in which you:
These items you should have already completed in Assignments 2 and 3:
1. Describe the:
a. Introduction to your topic.
b. Purpose of your research.
c. Problem statement.
2. Summarize the literature you collected related to your topic.
3. Identify the:
a. Gap(s) in the literature.
b. Research question or hypotheses of your topic.
c. Proposed theory for your research.
4. Identify two to three (2-3) common themes in the literature.
5. Contrast the findings and results of the literature.
6. Include seven to ten (7-10) peer-reviewed quantitative articles related to your topic.

These items are new for Assignment 4:
7. Describe the participants in the study.
8. As you are conducting quantitative research, describe the instrument participants completed in the study.
9. Explain the procedures that you conducted.
10. Perform the data analysis.
11. Summarize your findings.
12. Interpret the results of the data analysis.
13. Summarize the findings and limitations of your research.
14. Address the feedback from your instructor for Assignments 2 and 3.

ATTENTION: REFERENCES SOURCES MUST NOT BE OLDER THAN 2010

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
• Identify a research topic and describe why it can and should be studied.
• Determine the appropriateness of peer-reviewed literature to support research topics.
• Use technology and information resources to research issues related to educational research methods.
• Use quantitative and / or qualitative approaches to create research topics.
• Analyze research methodologies that support specific research topics.
• Describe ethical considerations in the research process.
• Evaluate components of a research proposal.
• Write clearly and concisely about educational research methods using proper writing mechanics.
• Determine the appropriate research procedures when designing a quantitative study.
• Determine the appropriate research procedures when designing a qualitative study.

The below are the feedback from the instructor for the assignments 2 and 3.

Assignment 2: You did not submit or incompletely identified the gap(s) in the literature, research question or hypotheses of your topic, and proposed theory for your research.

Assignment 3: Does not meet the required number of references; some or all references poor quality choices.

NB: For this paper, the research to conduct is quantitative.

SAMPLE ANSWER

3.0 Research Methodology

Research methodology follows a thorough investigation of a given topic with the view of augmenting knowledge. In the academic discipline, for instance, dynamism is always evident. As such, the academic system, syllabus, pedagogies of teaching, approaches for teacher training and the government’s commitment to fund educational management for equality are at stake. However, the study delved on unraveling that mystery that limits the access and Equity in Public Education and the need for the federal authority to ensure higher education is made accessible to everyone regardless of race, sex, creed and national origin. The outcome of the study is critical in helping policymakers determine areas of the American society that do not have access to higher education funding (Bogenschneider and Corbett, 2010). By targeting educators and educational planners in the State of Alabama, the study was better placed to evaluate the impact of fundamental changes that would then guide policy recommendations in terms of access to strong teachers, technological and instructional materials, safe school facilities, and extracurricular programs. This section presents the techniques used in the study, which include research design, research methods, sampling design, limitations, and ethical consideration among others.

3.1 Research philosophy

The study philosophy is centered on the process employed in performing a given study while appraising on how information develops. As an issue of great concern, researchers have every reason to recognize conjecture and its association to ethics. Various theories in education planning and policy formulation were employed in the study to help comprehend the state of access and equity in public institutions (Bogenschneider and Corbett, 2010). The study embraced a positivist method because it allowed the scholar to appraise data from Spring Hill College, Stillman College, and Talladega College, all in the state of Alabama in the United States of America. Again, the study was embedded in a particular review of previous findings in responding to the issue of education inequality in public schools.

3.2 Research design

Based on unique research questions requiring a substantive response, the study adopted a questionnaire. With this in mind, data gathering was informed by the longitudinal methodology. Here, data is collected on a sample size of 60 participants from three different institutions of learning namely; Spring Hill College, Stillman College, and Talladega College, all in the state of Alabama in the United States of America. The study employed a detailed analysis of both qualitative and quantitative information. Questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data. The research revolved around the need to expand public education in terms of strong teachers, technological and instructional materials, safe school facilities, and extracurricular programs. For a substantive wrap-up, literature analysis was employed to highlight the aims of the study. The study evaluated how the public education be expanded to meet all the segments of the society. Moreover, the study deliberated on substantial elements that need to be incorporated to ensure that this expansion captures all the under-represented segments of the society.

3.2.1 Quantitative approach

The subject of accuracy in the quantitative method is mainly dependent on issues being researched. To understand the issues on the ground substantively, the study adopted quantitative methods. Quantitative methods have been utilized in research since time to analyze natural conditions in arithmetic, investigations and econometrics (Diggle and Chetwynd, 2011). Self-administered questionnaires were employed for collecting data from educators in three institutions and education planners from the state of Alabama. Questionnaires were preferred for convenience reasons (Bryman 2012).

3.2.1.1 Questionnaire design

The questionnaire was created based on a prose search to determine relevant information surrounding funding inequality in the state of Alabama. A self-completion questionnaire was used in order to be able to collect data from a large sample of students in a short time with the restricted resources available for this study. Questionnaires have long been used in research to measure variables including knowledge, attitudes, intention, beliefs and behaviour. Thus, the use of this approach was considered suitable to facilitate the achievement of the study’s aims and objectives. According to (Bryman 2012) survey methods are critical when it comes to evaluating comparisons and variations between groups, involving a large populace. To suit the Alabama context, certain amendments were made to the original questionnaire regarding social status, religion, national origin, color, gender, and race. However, no alterations were made for scoring information and attitudes. Tools were altered to create a self-administered questionnaire consistent with the state of Alabama regarding highlighting research aims and objectives. The arrangement of wording, form and question hierarchy was expertly presented to mitigate the risk of bias. Also a self-completing questionnaire was considered to be very convenient for participants in terms of completing the questionnaire when they want. At the same time, questionnaires have some disadvantages which should be noted such as; the greater risk of missing data or uncompleted questionnaires and the chance of low response rates (Bryman 2012). The instruments were modified to produce a self-administered questionnaire that would be consistent with higher education funding in the state of Alabama addressing the research aims and objectives. The content was laid out such that the wording, form and order of the questions minimised the risk of bias.

3.3 Participants

The study targeted educators from three different institutions in Alabama namely in Spring Hill College, Stillman College, and Talladega College, in the United States of America. The state of Alabama was picked because it represents some of the inequalities evident despite large enrollments across the larger America. Educators in three institutions of higher learning were used unravel and address how access and equity within the education systems in America can be initiated.

3.4 Methods

3.4.1 Primary data

Primary data was used to gather information using questionnaires. Data was collected at three different institutions of learning; Spring Hill College, Stillman College, and Talladega College, in the state of Alabama in the United States of America. Moreover, 60 educators were interviewed. The respondents were requested to provide their views about access and equity in public education. The questionnaire was designed such that it was easy to respond to. It had closed-ended questions that allowed participants to provide opinions on the choices. In most cases, this is done that the views are related to what is the actual scenario on the ground. Studies that embrace primary information is valid as they provide a thorough comprehension of issues being explored (Berg and Lune, 2012). For that reason, assessment of primary data offers vital recommendations. By and large, primary data suggested significant facts that were useful demonstrating, presenting and assessing association within the information.

3.4.2 Secondary data

Secondary information is essential because it offers valuable information that addresses the research questions (Diggle and Chetwynd, 2011). A meticulous assessment of secondary sources on access and equity in public education was performed. In particular, this was performed to understand the views of participants about access and equity in public education. Different past studies on access and equity in public education in Alabama was obtained from journals, articles with the consideration that they applied to the topic being explored. Furthermore, sources used in this study were validated to maximize reliability. Books are crucial as they provide adequate comprehension of past studies associated with the subject being explored.

3.5 Sampling

In performing any research, sampling is crucial since it permits a researcher to minimize the information needed. Sampling also assists the researcher to save time. In the present, study non-probability sampling approach was adopted because the sample size was small. This sampling approach allows the researcher to select indiscriminately participants until the needed sample is achieved (Berg and Lune, 2012). This sampling approach is appropriate for this research because it enables the scholar to gather information on the accessibility of participants. In this case, non-probability sampling technique permitted the researcher to gather educators’ and educational planners’ views about the expansion of public education to meet all the segments of the society. They were also requested to give the opinions about substantial elements that need to be incorporated to ensure that academic funding expansion captures all the under-represented segments of the society. Again, 60 participants were indiscriminately selected while ensuring that they were of eligible age, which is 18 years. A sample of 60 participants is suitable for this research because it fits within the deadline.

3.6 Research Ethics

Research ethics play a significant role in performing any given research. In that view, it is essential to put into account that collected facts are kept correctly and only disclosed with owners’ consent (Bogenschneider and Corbett, 2010). The research also made sure that all the participants were of above 18 years. Because a research can cause negative effects on the participants, the researcher ensured that all cases of danger were minimized. Hence, the study obtained the consent before conducting the quantitative research.

3.7 Reliability and validity

In research, reliability is the extent at which the information offers reliable findings. In that view, the researcher validated all the secondary sources so as to increase the reliability of data. Furthermore, secondary information was related to access and equity in public education. On the other hand, validity is a connection between the findings and real situation. Therefore, guaranteed the validity of the study in the design of the questionnaire while assessing some secondary sources. Subsequently, the study adopted a quantitative method to ascertain that collected facts were reliable. The research questions were comprehensively tackled to indicate the issues of accessibility and equity in public education in the US. Nevertheless, this scholar was keen to reduce issues related to sampling errors (Diggle and Chetwynd, 2011). In research, sampling errors are due to the use of incorrect sampling approach. Hence, this study adopted non-probability sampling with a sample size of 60 educators and educational planners in the state of Alabama.

3.8 Limitations

The processing of carrying out any given study is intricate, thus coupled with many limitations. Some of these limitations are;

A sample size of 60 participants is small hence they inadequate viewpoint about access and equity in public education
the study focused on one state, there it was hard to provide the clear scenario of access and equity in public education across the United States

4.0 Data analysis

Data was collected and analyzed using the latest SPSS software. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, means and percentages were necessary for the analysis of social status, religion, national origin, color, gender, and race. In addition chi-square tests and t-tests was used to analyze data One-way ANOVA was employed to examine the significance influence of independent as well as dependent variables (Diggle and Chetwynd, 2011). A p-value of less than 5% was regarded as statistically reliable.

4.1 Research hypotheses

H₀= Public education cannot meet all the segments of the society
H₁= Public education can meet all the sectors of the society
H₀ = Substantial elements cannot help capture under-represented sectors of the society
H₁= Substantial elements can help capture under-represented sectors of the society.

5.0 Summary of findings.

The majority of participants reported that education is a fundamental human right that provides youths the power to break cycles of poverty. This is important, particularly when it comes to increasing the economic and social development of a nation. Based on the findings, participants particularly educational planners reported that education should be developed to meet their learning needs. Moreover, these calls for the implementation of appropriate to not only empower the society but also confer with the responsibility of respecting and building on the collective culture, spiritual and linguistic heritage.

About 35 of participants demonstrated that public education has expanded remarkably, for instance, enrollments of lower grade have increased. However, the rate of admission was higher for girls than boys. These disparities in enrollments ratios have seen girls benefit from education than boys. Moreover, 7 educators alleged that education can be expanded in the society only when it is used as an equalizer, and thus applied equally to get rid of growing rates of inequalities. The study also discovered that to expand education in all segments of the society, should be offered to all learners regardless of their race, gender, national origin, color, social status or religion. Access and equity in education in public schools are an important strategy that allows the state to understand that effective techniques have been adopted to enhance it (Gilbert & Heller, 2013). Findings indicate that public institutions in Alabama have witnessed a drop in the share of revenue that emanates from state funding over the last two and half decade. The findings indicate that students at Alabama pay exorbitant rates when it comes to tuition fees in comparison to other states. About 75% of respondents claim that the emergence of income generating colleges, changes in student aid and the dwindling of state funds for public intuitions of higher learning have contributed to this anomaly. A large percentage of respondents assert that the skyrocketing tuition fee is partly a failure on the part of policymakers and partly tax payers who value higher education for various reasons but do not want states wasting their money obtained from taxes to fund education (Archibald and Feldman, 2011). This thinking may be largely attributed to the fact that education in the United States is seen as a social problem as opposed to an answer to social problems. A large percentage of respondent hold the view that the federal government should enhance the optimum Pell Grant award to help reduce the inflation in the future. While higher education is a crucial outlay for the current and future wellbeing of the state of Alabama the both the state and federal government should ensure all students have access to education irrespective of background. This gesture will enhance not just student lives but also the economic welfare of the state, the country and the world.

5.1 Best Approach

Based on the findings, it becomes clear that educational resources including skilled educators, technological and instructional materials, safe school facilities, and extracurricular programs. Some participants state that to achieve equality of education in public learning institutions, it’s vital for the federal government to equally allocate resources to colleges and universities irrespective of race, sex, creed and national origin. Moreover, the majority of the educators indicated that public schools have the responsibility of making sure that education is expanded in such a way that promotes common goals to end the issues of gender, social status, religion, and race while involving families and community. However, some of the educational planners involved in this study reported that much as federal government equally allocates resources for public institutions; it does not reflect the way in which these institutions are sponsored. Education is the platform used to prepare the youths to increase the skills (Gilbert & Heller, 2013).

Therefore, the study discovered that the main technique to ensure access and equality of public education were by incorporating several structures such as the society in addressing the issue. Besides, the participants argued that to effective expansion of education in all segments can be attained if the state reviews its resource allocation approaches. Participants also reported that education can be designed in a way that provides sustainable learning as well as skills to prepare learners after completing their courses. Education inequality has been pegged on several factors such as sex, race, creed and nation of origin. As such, based on the findings, there is need for sustainable strategies to help expand it equally in all segments since education is fundamental in improvement of the society

6.0 Research gap

The federal authority has an obligation to ensure educational funding for public institutions distributed to all equitably. This demonstrates that equity is influenced by the way learning institution are financially sponsored. Previous studies on access and equity of education in public schools entail preparing learners to increase their skills. Nevertheless, it is vital to put into account that these studies differ when it comes to achieving access and equity in public learning institutions. Some studies demonstrate that the main strategy of realizing access and equity of education is by incorporating of different elements and the society in addressing this issue. Other studies show that access and education equity can be attained when the state amends the ways it funds public learning institutions. Therefore, the research gap is finding an efficient strategy for making sure that access and equity is attained in public learning institutions particularly between low-income districts and affluent districts.

7.0 Interpretation of Results

When it comes to whether funding was equitable in public schools or not, the results demonstrate that the age and household incomes are important variables used in the assessment. In other words, household income is the main determinant the state use to fund learners and extensive effort to offer equal education funding. Based on the findings, the state of Alabama needs to ensure equitable distribution of educators in main subject areas. In addition, there is a need to continuously foster equal distribution qualified instructors while maximizing their availability, particularly in public schools. Moreover, funding of public education should come hand in hand with critical resources such as technological and instructional materials, safe school facilities, and extracurricular programs. However, it is of great importance to put into consideration, that equity and access to education measures are wholly controlled and managed by policy makers in the state. The federal government should therefore ensure that funding is equitably done in public schools as informed by policy. Therefore, when assessing the state’s degree of funding equal public education, it is necessary to understand that funding is based on efforts and financial ability. Moreover, the rate at which students’ attend public schools is not based on the access and equity of public education (Gilbert & Heller, 2013). When it comes to poverty levels of students, 5.5% of educators were not skilled compared to 2.7% in schools with lower levels of students from poor households. In addition, in schools with a high number of students from poor backgrounds, 4.9% of educators were in their first year of teaching than schools with lower levels of learners from low-income families. In public schools with many minority learners 5% of teachers were in their first years of teaching in comparison to 3.1% of teachers in institutions with lower minority learners. These results demonstrate a need for equal distribution of resources in public learning institutions. From the graphical representations based on three years consecutively of non-highly qualified educators in low-income schools. The latest data demonstrates that 2.54% of teachers that are not highly skilled are found in colleges schools with high poverty index in comparison to 1.37 in low poverty schools (Gilbert & Heller, 2013). In the same breadth, a greater equity gap is evident at the secondary level. Statistics indicates 7.72% of educators that are not highly skilled at the tertiary schools with high poverty index public institutions in comparison to 2.57% found in colleges in low-income places. With these inequalities, the need for an action plan becomes apparent.

8.0 Summary and Limitations

Research findings determined that the development of education in the US remains a defining aspect of modern times. Knowledge acquirement is a key strategy that advances the propensity of the US particularly in the wake of globalization (Williams & Bossu, 2012). This brings us to the point where the access and equity of education in public schools remains an important issue. This is of particular significance to a democratic nation that highlights on the usefulness of civic obligation as well as human rights that require an equal education structure. Other issues that came out strongly in terms of access to academic resources that include strong teachers, technological and instructional materials, safe school facilities, and extracurricular programs. In short, for education equality for all, various interventions should be put in place. The US government has put in writing the need for equal access to quality education. Nevertheless, the US is confronted with the challenge of offering equal educational opportunities for all the citizens regardless of their gender, race, religion, social station, and national origin. This is pegged on the fact that policy framers and implementers have been the system’s undoing (Gilbert & Heller, 2013). As such, this calls for the development of effective strategies that can easily identify areas that lack equal education. Education should be considered as an equalizer and be used a platform for mitigating the increasing rates of inequality to achieve equitable access to public education (Leach, 2013). There is also the need to equalize resources such as qualified educators and fund, which calls for the federal government to ensure that financial aid and qualified educators are distributed equally in public schools. In the end, it is challenging to use the results to determine accurately learning institutions’ in terms of equitable distributions of resources without equivocation. In addition, until the state resources distribution structure is realized, measuring education equity may prove intricate.

9.0 References

Ansell, B. W. (2010): From the Ballot to the Blackboard: The Redistributive Political Economy of Education. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Archibald, R. B., and D. H. Feldman (2011): Why Does College Cost so Much? New York: Oxford University Press.

Ball, S., M. Maguire, and I. Goodson (2012): Education, Capitalism and the Global Crisis. London: Routledge.

Barceló, M. (2012): Higher Education in the World 4: Higher Education’s Commitment to Sustainability: From Understanding to Action. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Berg, B. L., and H. Lune (2012): Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Boston: Pearson.

Bogenschneider, K., and T. Corbett (2010): Evidence-based Policymaking: Insights from Policy -minded Researchers and Research-minded Policymakers. New York: Routledge.

Bragg, D. D., & Durham, B. (2012). Perspectives on Access and Equity in the Era of (Community) College Completion. Community College Review, 40(2), 106-125.

Bryman, A. (2012): Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Diggle, P. J., and A. G. Chetwynd (2011): Statistics and Scientific Method: An Introduction for Students and Researchers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gilbert, C. K., & Heller, D. E. (2013). Access, Equity, and Community Colleges: The Truman Commission and Federal Higher Education Policy from 1947 to 2011. Journal of Higher Education, 84(3), 417-443.

Gilbert, C. K., & Heller, D. E. (2013). Access, Equity, and Community Colleges: The Truman Commission and Federal Higher Education Policy from 1947 to 2011. Journal Of Higher Education, 84(3), 417-443

Leach, L. (2013). Participation and equity in higher education: are we going back to the future? Oxford Review of Education, 39(2), 267-286.

Williams, J., & Bossu, C. (2012). Equity considerations for open educational resources in the globalization of education. Distance Education, 33(2), 185-199.

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Culture Research Paper Writing Service

Culture Research Paper Writing Service

Order Instructions:

Write a 12- to 20-page paper that addresses relevant theories and empirical research, leading to a significant research topic, problem, and research question . Approach your topic by providing an academic argument that would support a deeper understanding of the relationship between transaction cost and principal-agent theory and optimal managerial accounting systems design in a multinational enterprise setting. You do not have to actually design a study to the point of specifying research measures of effective multinational managerial accounting practices or specify samples, but try to evolve your thinking to the point of framing a relevant research topic, problem, and question on which your proposed research would be focused.

This question should be complete enough to suggest the development of an important theory, address a gap in a current model, or demonstrate an immediate application for solving common organizational problems. Rather than attempting to include as many references as possible, try to emphasize the logical coherence of your evidence of conceptual foundations. Build an academic argument for why your research problem and question are important. An obvious extension of your paper would be to use it as a springboard for a doctoral proposal. Your paper could also be useful for potential use in the development of Chapter 2 of your Proposal and Doctoral Study Completion.

Your Final Paper should adhere to APA format (6th edition), which requires a title page, a reference list, and appropriate sections and their headings; and include the following elements:
•A thorough review of the literature (minimum of 20 resources) that shows evidence of a potential research opportunity/gap that has not been discussed in the academic literature.
•A draft problem statement.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

Culture can be defined in relation to accounting procedures as the communal encoding of mind which differentiates a group of people from another. Culture puts into consideration factors such as the groups beliefs, morals, their background knowledge, the groups laws and customs, and any other abilities and habits that individuals from that particular society posses. Some of these cultural elements have been known to have a great influence on the labor circumstances of many organizations and business institutions. Accounting procedures are structured set of handbook and programmed accounting techniques, systems and control methods that are introduced to collect, record, analyze, and present financial information to guide in decision making processes. Several theories have been used to illustrate the relationship and interconnections between cultural values and accounting procedures. The theories can be categorized into two large groups which are economical and sociological approaches. Economical theories includes; principle agent theory, transaction cost theory and managerial accounting system design approach. Accounting systems may include; internal and external tax accounting and expense accounting procedures. Cultural behaviors have influenced the operations of businesses globally.

Problem Statement

Cultural values have not been completely embraced by many organizations in their financial and accounting systems. Business organizations need to incorporate important cultural values that will influence accounting procedures positively. Professionalism of individuals needs to be given priority when it comes to making decisions. Organizations have to create room for independent expert judgments by individuals with enough knowledge on the subject matter. Their decision must be respected as long as they adhere to the set legislations that govern accounting procedures and at the same time the judgments they make should promote fairness to all workers ( Gregg, 2005). Cultural knowledge need to be used more in businesses since it provides valuable cultural information that can influence the making and implementation of more informed decisions.

Businesses will need to employ accounting secrecy and transparency to limit the disclosure of valuable financial information to competitors. Professional individuals must therefore create assurance for the security of any important financial information that may be used by competitors to their advantage. At the same time, transparency and accountability need to be practiced in the accounting and financing systems to avoid cases of a business losing money for individual gains. Certain cultural beliefs and some set code of ethics promote transparency since they prohibit individuals from certain societal backgrounds from activities that may discredit them in providing financial results that lack accountability (Rand, 2006). Therefore, organizations need to employ workers with cultural values that promote accountability and transparency in the financial systems. There is need for all businesses to ensure transparency and accountability in all its departments which can be achieved more efficiently by embracing set societal beliefs and morals. Both the managers and stakeholder should be in the forefront to in making sure that transparency and accountability is observed among all workers. They should be the role models to all other employees.

Organizations also need to employ conservatism which is one of the most ancient ways of valuing accounting procedures. The concept can be associated with uncertainty- avoidance aspect which tries to avoid the uncertain outcomes in the future. Conservative measures need to be taken that will help in the adapting of careful measures that will deal with uncertain results happening in the future. A company that values its cultural conservatism highly is in most cases able to predict future outcomes thus avoiding occurrence of uncertain events in the future. An organization may opt for a lesser conservative theory to achieve consistency with short- term goals since the expected results are attained within their estimated time. Furthermore, this approach is more optimistic when adopted where the organization is trying to conserve its resources and investing these resources to achieve their long- term goals (Newing, 1995). This is clearly shown when determining the total value of the business. In addition, the approach has tried to outline how various cultural values such as good behavior and customs can be used within an organization to facilitate good accounting and financial systems.

Effect of cultural values and societal rule on accounting procedures

Written laws which can include societal rules need to be incorporated in the structural working of organizations to achieve uniformity in accounting and financial systems. Individualism is an aspect where culture has influenced both accounting and financial systems greatly, since it motivates individual performance towards realization of goals of an organization. Further, this aspect has increased individual contribution towards the teams that runs various departments (Khan, 2002). Furthermore, an organization that chooses a more uniform financial and accounting theory, it is associated greatly with avoiding incidences of uncertainty. This has resulted to a lot of concern in matters pertaining laws and regulations which have forced these bodies to come up with strict code of ethics that monitors accounting and financial systems in any business organization. These codes of ethics should go hand in hand with cultural morals that must be adhered to by all individuals. The organization also has role of ensuring that all set regulations of the firm must be followed to the letter without favors. For any business to be successful in the future consideration of individualism must be given more weight and priority since personnel’s with high cultural values will be more committed towards working with the sets regulations (Becker, 1991).

Economic theories of organizations control, makes the assumption that the firm is a lawful body that is composed of the manufacturing procedures whose information is accessible by other organizations. Executives are responsible for choosing a certain manufacturing process and provide a suitable environment for maximization of the present and the future revenues. In addition, it is also the responsibility of the managers and stakeholders to offer all required material and financial resources and also equip employees with required skills by offering training courses (Anthony, 2001). Economic theories that have been discussed to help managers in business operations include; the principle agent theory, the transaction cost theory and the management accounting system design. The three theories all focuses on profit maximization where executives, workers, stakeholders and accounting controllers works together to achieve the organizations common goal of increasing the firms total output. Economic theories should always try to adapt to mechanisms that describes the organization. On the other hand, non- economic approaches need to work towards filling the existing gap and expound on the firms’ knowledge behavior (Mullins, 2002).

There has been concern on whether principal agent theory helps in understanding the concept of profit maximization by the management. The approach refers to a point where the owners of the business are interested in capitalizing on profit or are concerned in functions that add value to their enterprise. The theory is also referred to as principle agent problem, since senior staffs may exploit subordinate staffs by for instance, installing financial programs that these junior staffs do not have skills to operate. On the other hand, managers, concentrates on exploiting the available resources that include their salary and money to maximize on profit which is the main functions of their business (Warren, 2005). As managers tries to maximize on profits, it results to an argument of concern on how managers should be controlled in the way they should run their commerce and at the same time do their best to capitalize on the state of ownership. For example, managers must consult investors on a certain decision before implementing so as to get the approval of the stakeholders. This facilitates effective decision making and implementation, since there thorough research on matters of concern and enough consultation is conducted before making a conclusive and final decision ( Harrison, 2004).

Despite managerial power system in relation to organizational activities not encouraging executives to express their open behavior, stakeholder do not have much information on managers day to day activities and the available information on profits. Ownership can therefore not force the management to work towards achieving the companies’ objectives by just highlighting the objective purpose. The solution to this is to design an efficient scheme that aligns the objectives of the stakeholder and those of the management (Whiting, 1986). The scheme will tend to carry more weight on the objectives of the managers in comparison to those of the stakeholders. On the contrary, despite the approach trying to close on the gap within organizations, it faces a problem in that executive tend to utilize their power to enforce rules that may oppress the subordinates. For instance, the manager may authorize the purchase of an expensive machine for production to favor the seller while on the other hand; the manager is oppressing the subordinates who do not understand how to operate the machines. It can be seen that the theory helps managers to maximize on profits as the management is given freedom to exploit resources at their disposal without stakeholders’ interruption. Further, the manager is given the mandate to set the rules and goals of an organization in order to maximize on profits (Bryan, 1999).

Effect of social cultural factors on profit maximization

Social cultural factors also influence the extent to which are managers able to maximize on profits from signing the right contracts which are cheaper compared to their market price. According to the transaction cost theory, a firms’ existence is validated by the ability of the entrepreneur to agree on contracts at lower price than the market price which can be negotiated. The number of contracts that can be negotiated within the firm is always less than the number outside. The contract should only state the power limits of the entrepreneurs and the details of the contract should only be defined after the two parties have agreed on all matters. Due to this, there is a possibility of the firm emerging in cases where short term agreements are not satisfactory. Further, the approach would be seen as the expense incurred while trying to cater for goods by purchasing from the market instead of the organization providing from within. In addition, many organization tend to provide for their needs from within which allows the organization to save more on production cost, thus maximizing on the total income generated (Laffont, 2002).

According to this theory, the control of an organization is related to the control that the firm has over the marketing expenses. In addition, the theory claims that issues relating to organizations details play a vital role in defining the firms’ nature which is determined by the optimal production of available workers which is most likely promoted by the already existing inputs within the firm (Gebert, 2014). In fact, resources with lesser value are priced at a lower cost since they can only generate products with lesser value, whereas, resources of high value are priced at a higher cost due to the high profit incomes that they generate. The approach faces a problem where, before managers undertake any transaction in the market, they have to know who are the willing seller/ buyer in order to initiate a bargain to get into contract and to conduct an inspection required to ascertain the validity o the contract. The long processes involved in acquiring of industrial goods and services delays production by an organization since a lot of time is consumed/ lost between the time of identifying the needed resource and the time of acquiring the good. In addition, time may be also lost as the managers tries to fulfill legal procedures that are required for acquisition and installation of equipment (Flamholtz, 1996).

According to the theory, it can be seen that market prices determines the interactions between organizations. Furthermore, managers are responsible for making and implementing business set rules. For example, when a manager wants to purchase a machine that will be used in production department, he first of all consults an expert, then finds a willing seller, bargains, signs contract and finally makes the purchase (Chandler, 1992). The approach involves three types of costs which are, “search and information cost “,”bargain and decision costs” and “policing and enforcement cost”. Without taking into consideration the transaction cost, managers will not understand well how the economic system work therefore making it hard to implement economic policies. The theory proves that managers are able to strike the right deals when they agree contracts before going to the market to strike at a market price.

Effect of team work and organization culture on profit maximization

In the current business world, most organizations are using accounting and financial data in making critical decisions which in most cases is provided by management agents and controllers. The only question in this is whether the agents and the controllers have different perceptions with the managers on variable designs and the output quality (Chenhall, 2003). Therefore, there is a need for the integration of the accounting controllers and the management involved in the decision making which would result in a consistent accounting language which benefits both the manager and the controllers.

The controllers do not seem to understand how vital their work relies on business success since they provide intangible and harmonizing information to the management. Therefore there exists a gap between the accounting controllers and the executives concerning on how to put into use the financial information. By providing information that promotes the growth of the organization, they improve their position as business consultants thus gaining highly influential positions within the enterprise. On the other hand, managers must be transparent on the type of details they require and use while the controllers should not see themselves as specialists but instead be just like any other employee with the aim of realizing the organizations set targets (Sautet, 2000). Further, when both mangers and controllers agree to examine the policy that runs the business together, they tend to understand the matters concerning the social- economic factors m, thus leading to faster goal achievement of the organization within a short time. In addition, managerial designs have assisted managers in maximizing on profits as decisions made by the two parties, when they work as a team, are implemented as agreed. When both the managers and the accounting controllers work together, it can be seen from the approach that there is quick goal achievement and higher profit maximization.

The above three discussed approaches do interrelate as all are aimed at realizing the long term profit maximization of the firm. First, Principal Agent theory illustrate on a scheme that is aimed at having the management and the stakeholders aligning their objectives so as make and implement efficient decisions that will enhance overall productivity. Though the senior staffs have a higher hand of determining the best course since they understand better the business environment, they still need to consult the investors. The transaction cost theory explains on how managers need to give priority to contracts that can be implemented at lower costs than the market price. The management there focuses on resources that can be acquired at a cheaper cost but at the end yield more products which can generate more incomes. Lastly, the managerial accounting system design like the other two approaches focuses on making decisions that are aimed at maximizing the firms’ profits (Radebaugh, 2005). The theory tries to integrate the company’s management with the accounting controllers so as to enhance the making of more informed decisions that would increase the firms’ total revenue. The three theories therefore summarize the role of different firm organs and departments in the realization of the goals of an organization which are to increase the total income revenue.

Sociological theories of organizational control are approaches that try to describe managerial behavior by stressing on main affinity of teams. Sociologists do not concentrate more on understanding individuals’ psychology and how they interact with others but emphasize more on group interactions. According to the theory, managerial control is executed by set laws, policies and the chain of command (Klewes, 2008). Further, the sociological approach has been described using several other theories that include; functionalism, general system theory approach, contingency theory and theory of bureaucracy.

The theory of functionalism is based on the hypothesis that the social world has a strong, genuine continuation, and an orderly trait oriented to come up with a structured and maintained state affairs. The theory has been applied in social sciences and how they relate to the business world. According to the approach, the organization can be approached in two dimensions; from an internal view and an external perspective. The internal view distinguishes the managerial, the technical and the institutional level. The managerial section takes part in the administration section of the organization (Chenhall, 1990). The technical level focuses on the activities involving practical work. The institutional part has to make sure that the objectives of the company are at par with the social goals.

The second approach is the General system theory approach studies an organization as a program of parts interconnected to each other but each specialized to perform a specific task towards achieving the goals of the organization. Further, the theory explains the common principles and regulations that an organization operates under. The principles must be in agreement with the cultural norms of the involved communal groups. In addition to this, environmental laws must also be adhered to regardless of the firms’ laws and regulations. The cultural values of the society will therefore play a bigger role on the organization during its making of financial and accounting decisions (Bryan, 1999).

Another approach that is used by sociologists is the contingency theory which argues that, individuals cannot be expected to just follow set gestures unless they can respond to own worth and interest. The theory therefore recognizes enabling factors that facilitates capacity building within the firm. Capacity building in an organization can be limited by business environmental factors which always need to be addressed so as to enhance business productivity. Organizations variables have to match with environmental traits so as to ensure an excellent working condition (Klewes, 2008). In addition, the approach also shows that the most successful firms are connected with administrative practices which best matches environmental circumstances with the techniques used for production.

The last approach is the theory of bureaucracy which is based on the official area of jurisdiction, the hierarchy of command, written agreement, training of the office management, the capacity of the employees and lastly the general rules by the management. In addition, the theory emphasizes on the rule of law which focuses on all formal structures of the firm. All employees have equal rights as does the consumers. All customers have to be provided with equal services regardless of their cultural beliefs, morals and the principles that monitor and maintain their behaviors (Radebaugh, 2005).

In conclusion, the impact of cultural values on accounting procedures can be seen clearly in the context. Various theories that include; principle agent theory, transaction cost theory and managerial accounting system design approach have all tried to explain the success of organizations based on how managers makes and implements decisions. Further, sociological theories, such as, functionalism, general system theory approach, contingency theory and theory of bureaucracy have also been used by scholars to explain how cultural values influences financial systems in a business. Cultural values that influences these accounting procedures includes; cultural beliefs, morals, individual habits and the customs of the groups. The above approaches have successfully been able to solve the gap that exists in many business organizations. Further, the study explains more on cultural behaviors which includes; professionalism, secrecy and transparency, conservatism and individualism. These concepts illustrates how cultural values affects the accounting systems and designs

References

Gregg, G. S (2005). The Middle East. A cultural psychology. Oxford; Oxford University Press

Radebaugh, L. H., & Gray, S. J. (1997). International accounting and multinational

enterprises. New York; John Wiley & sons.

Khan, A., & Hildreth, W. B. (2002). Burdget theory in the public sector. Westport,

Conn: Quuorum Books.

Becker, R., & burmeister, E. (1991). Growth theory. Aldershot, Hants, England; E. Elgar.

McChail, K (2013). Accounting ethics

Rand, S, Kouris, H, & Apex Art ( Galley) (2006). On cultural influence Collection papers

fro Apexart international conferences 1999-2006. New York Apexart

Laffont, J-J, & Martimort, D. (2002). The theory of incentives: The principal- agent

model. Princenton, N. J: Princenton University Press

Chandler AD Jr (1992). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the

American industrial enterprise. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

Anthony, R. N., & Govindarajan, V. (2001). Management control systems. Boston

Marchant, K. A., (2012). Management control systems; Performance measurement,

evaluation and incentives. Harlow, England

Chenhall R. (1990). Financial and accounting systems .Boston, MA; Auerbach

Gebert, K. (2014). Performance control in buyer- supplier- relationship; the design and use

of formal management control systems. Wiesbaden; Springer Gabler.

Newing, R, & Ring, T. (1995). Financial and accounting systems. Chorleywood;

Prime marketing.

Harrison, W. T, & Horngen, C. T. (2004). Financial accounting. Upper Saddle River,

N J; Prentice Hall.

Chenhall, R.H,. (2003). Management control system design within its organizational context:

Warren, C. S, & Fess, P. E. (2005). Financial accounting. Mason, Ohio; Thomson/

South- Western.

Whiting, E. (1986). A guide to business performance measurement. London ; Macmillan.

Flamholtz, E. G. (1996). Effective organizational control. A framework, applications, and

implications.

Sautet, Fa. E. (2000). An entrepreneurial theory of the firm. London; Routledge

Mullins, L. J. (2002). Management and organizational behavior. Harlow; Financial

Times Prentice Hall.

Bryan, L. L. (1999). Race for the world. Strategies to build a greater global firm. Boston,

Mass; Harvard Business School Press.

Klewes, J., & Langen, R. (2008). Beyond organizational transformation. Berlin; Springer

We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!

State Party Structure Assignment Paper

State Party Structure

Order Instructions:

Topic: State Party Structure

Thread:

—First, review the lecture about the structure of the Republican Party in Virginia as an example. Select 1 of the major parties in your state to study. Because this was already discussed in the presentation, do not base your discussion on the Republican Party of Virginia. If you live in Virginia, you may examine the Democratic Party of Virginia or you may adopt another state and study its party structure. For example, a Virginia resident could study the Republican Party of North Dakota or Missouri, or any other state except Virginia.

****LINK TO VIDEO*****

https://learn.liberty.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_287092_1&content_id=_10692264_1

user name: jmeadows8
password: Liberty1234

—Second, locate the website for your political party. Use a search engine to find the address. If you are unsuccessful, contact an elected official of that party and ask for help in locating it. Once you have located the party website, determine how much you can learn from it.

—Third, collect the information to answer the following questions:
–What is the structure of the state party?
–Does the website contain the legal document governing the party similar to the Party Plan of the Republican Party of Virginia?
–How does the party choose its state officers?
–How is the party organized locally?
–How can an interested person become a member of the local party committee?
–What other types of information are contained in the website?
–If the website does not have sufficient information, a phone call to a member of the local party can provide this information. You can obtain the names of local party officials from state party headquarters.

—Fourth, organize this information into an essay and submit it. Include the correct citation of the party’s website.

SAMPLE ANSWER

The organization of major political parties in the United States i.e. Democrats and Republicans is generally at the national, state, and local (usually county/precinct) levels. In this case, the structure of state party to be considered is that of the Republican Party of Texas. The structure of the Republican Party of Texas consists of the State Chairman, State Vice Chairman and the State Executive Committee all of which are elected at the State Convention (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016). The party structure also consists of one committeewoman and one committeeman elected from each of the thirty one Senate Districts through primary ballot by Republican Party voters in Texas. In addition, the structure of the Republican Party of Texas consists of Ex Officio members within the State Executive Committee including the National Committeewoman, National Committeeman, Auxiliary Representatives and Party Officers (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016).

Compared to the Party Plan of the Republican Party of Virginia, the website of the Republican Party of Texas contains the legal document governing the party including not only the rules but also the bylaws. The party chooses its state officers through State Conventions where delegates representing counties participate in the elections (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016). The local organization of the Republican Party of Texas is majorly at the county and precinct levels where the structure consists of Precinct Chairmen, who are elected through primary ballot and County Chairmen, who are also elected through primary ballot and may be obliged to appoint County Vice Chairmen, as well as County Executive Committee comprising of the Precinct Chairman and County Chairman (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016).

For an interested person to become local party committee member for the Republican Party in Texas, he/she must be a registered voter and offer his/her candidature during Republican Primaries where party voters elect their county chairmen and precinct chairmen who subsequently constituted the local party committee (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016). The other information contained in the website concerns the party officers, election information/primary process, candidate resource, communication from state party chairman as well as information on various political party conventions (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016).

Reference

The Republican Party of Texas (2016). Party Structure. Retrieved from http://www.texasgop.org/party-structure/

Drug shortage Assignment Paper

Assignment Paper

Order Instructions:

Initial Discussion Post:

How does the shortage of chemotherapy drugs impact health care?
Are work arounds such as substitute medications a safe alternative? Why or why not?
Identify an intervention that you can implement as the RN to advocate for safe patient care and positive patient outcomes when drug shortages occur.
Base your initial post on your readings and research of this topic.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Drug shortage refers to the balance dynamics between the supply of FDA regulated chemotherapy drugs does not met the demand. The chemotherapy drug shortage adversely impacts the healthcare provider and the service users. The healthcare provider experiences increased workloads associated with unanticipated events of the drug alternatives. On the other hand, the service user’s experiences reduced patient autonomy, treatment delay, or even the cancellation of treatment. The consequences include lengthened hospital stays due to medication errors, anticipated adverse side effects due to toxicities and compromised patient safety (Mayer, 2012).

The works around are not safe substitute because as often lead to increased cost of care. Additionally, the drug substituted efficacy is usually lower as compared to the drugs with shortages; is most likely to have unanticipated side effects. This increases the possibility of putting patient safety in jeopardy, especially if the healthcare providers have lower professional competence with the substitute medication leading to medication errors. This causes compromised clinical outcomes (McKeever, Bloch, Bratic, 2012).

The healthcare providers must work together in order to identify and implement the most effective policies and procedures that would address the issue of drug shortages amicably. The most important role is patient education and patient advocacy. The patient education intervention should consist of open communication with the patient regarding the drugs and treatment that will be used, and estimate the probability of drug shortages affecting the treatment plan. Policies such as drug substitution, conservation and use of triage, and utilization of compounded medication should be addressed. This will help the patient make informed decisions, as to whether delaying of the chemotherapeutic intervention is prudent until the medication become available. The nurse must advocate for patient’s autonomy (McKeever, Bloch, Bratic, 2012).

References

Mayer, D.K. (2012). Anatomy of a drug shortage. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing 16 (2 ); 107-108

McKeever, A.E., Bloch, J.R., Bratic, A. (2012). Drug Shortages and the Burden of Access to Care: A Critical Issue Affecting Patients with Cancer. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing 17(5); 490-494

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Steps 1 to 3 of Change Model for Clinical Excellence

Steps 1 to 3 of Change Model for Clinical Excellence Order Instructions:

The writer will have to pay attention that most of the steps mention below have been completed in previous weeks. Here below are the order # for the different steps mentioned here below in the order form to help the writer better understand the questions. Step 1 #113812, Step 2 # 113843 Step 3 #113857 , Step 3 #113886, Step 3 #113901. Please take a look at those papers completed during those weeks to be able to understand and then complete this week’s paper.

Clinical Excellence Revisited

During this week’s you will focus on revisiting clinical excellence completed in the past weeks starting from step
Step 1, Asses the need for practice change
Step 2, Locate the best evidence
Step 3, critically analyze the best evidence
Step 3, Synthesize the best evidence.
Step 3, Feasibility, Benefits, and Risk.

Building on work done in the clinical practicum setting and looking toward work with the EBP, address these questions:

1. How does your work done with Steps 1–3 of the Change Model link back to clinical excellence?

2. What key outcome factors or variables will you focus on as you design your practice change?

3. How might you evaluate the impact of your practice change to ensure you are working toward quality and clinical excellence?

Steps 1 to 3 of Change Model for Clinical Excellence Sample Answer

How does your work done with Steps 1–3 of the Change Model link back to clinical excellence?

By assessing the need for practice, I have learnt identified the erroneous believes of the healthcare providers on patient behavioural change to effectively manage Diabetes Type 2. This hinders clinical excellence in that it fails to address patient care holistically. This change model step is important because it facilitates in the identification of clinical experiences that fail to promote clinical excellence (Inzucchi, et al., 2015).

The second step of analysis of diabetes enables me to understand that diabetes is a chronic disease that needs effective coping interventions. The synthesis of the evidence-based practice identifies patient education as a great platform for ensuring lifestyle modification. Additionally, patient education is important as it addresses all components of healthy living as it addresses patient-specific needs such as nutritional requirements, benefits of medication adherence as well as the pharmacodynamics that could be attributable to drug interaction, especially among pediatric and geriatric patients. These are essential components that promote clinical excellence (Steinsbekk, et al., 2012).

Additionally, this change link model enables one to identify the potential barriers that are associated with the proposed changes. Through this model, I have identified that communication barrier is one of the main issues, which could result in staff resistance. Additionally, this type of change requires a commitment in terms of skills and resources, which are the main challenge in this proposed study (Kayshap et al., 2013).

What key outcome factors or variables will you focus on as you design your practice change?

Designing this practice is not an easy task because it is subject to confounding values such as the change in patient medication regimen which could influence the biochemical outcome. Additionally, it can be challenging having a non-educated control group. In this context, the study design will focus on comparing special (evidenced-based practice) education with the basic care education among the patient diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. Evidence-based practice indicates that there are few long term effects on a patient with the self-management education program. One of such programs is the X-PERT (expert patient education) self-management education program, which is associated with empowering patients with the necessary skills, helping the patients to benefit in terms of the biomedical and psychosocial outcomes (Inzucchi, et al., 2012).

The outcome variables that will be evaluated in this context includes the biomedical outcomes (includes Blood pressure, cholesterol level, HDL, LDL, glycated hemoglobin, weight as well as the waist circumference); the illness perception questionnaire, lifestyle questions, smoking status, emotional distress which is specific to diabetes will be evaluated. This will help determine the overall effect of the patient perceptions, their understanding about diabetes, and their perception on their ability to manage diabetes (personal control) (Steinsbekk, et al., 2012).

How might you evaluate the impact of your practice change to ensure you are working toward quality and clinical excellence?

It is vital to analyze the impact the proposed practice facilitates sustaining quality clinical excellence. This is because most of the practice conducted patient educations have not been conclusive; as each of the self-management strategies has its own advantages as well as disadvantages. In this context, the evaluation will be made by comparing the results with other studies. This will facilitate in the identification of the active components that contribute towards clinical excellence. Additionally, it will help evaluate the outcome of goal setting when conducting education on self-management in people diagnosed with diabetes (Kayshap et al., 2013).

Steps 1 to 3 of Change Model for Clinical Excellence References

Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., … & Matthews, D. R. (2012). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care, 35(6), 1364-1379.

Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., … & Matthews, D. R. (2015). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 38(1), 140-149.

Kashyap, S. R., Bhatt, D. L., Wolski, K., Watanabe, R. M., Abdul-Ghani, M., Abood, B., … & Kirwan, J. P. (2013). Metabolic Effects of Bariatric Surgery in Patients With Moderate Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Analysis of a randomized control trial comparing surgery with intensive medical treatment.Diabetes Care, 36(8), 2175-2182.

Steinsbekk, A., Rygg, L., Lisulo, M., Rise, M. B., & Fretheim, A. (2012). Group-based diabetes self-management education compared to routine treatment for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC health services research, 12(1), 213.

Leadership Assignment Research Paper

Order Instructions:

Last year Target pulled out of Canada completely. This was a surprise to say the least. Target is a US based company. When it would sell something in Canada the company would have to eventually change those Canadian dollars into US dollars. See actual news link herein

Target pulling out of Canada

http://www.cbsnews.com/news/target-pulling-out-of-canada/

The people who work at these major corporations are not stupid they had to project what was getting ready to happen. Recently it has been reported:

Canadians Panic As Food Prices Soar On Collapsing Currency

http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-01-13/canadians-panic-food-prices-soar-collapsing-currency

So how would an entity be able mitigate its risk with an accounting system?

SAMPLE ANSWER

Leadership involves the skill that enables one to approach risk that faces an organization in a manner that the risks at hand can be evaded consequently. A leader should be able to identify risks, assess them adequately, and develop algorithms that can counter the risks and hence remaining relevant in the market. Financial institutions and their accounting departments are always focused on the ever growing risks in the accounting field. Hence proper strategies and techniques should be implemented and therefore in the case of any risks they may be properly countered (Sundheim, 2013).

Shareholders in a financial institution together with their account holders are always in the urge and the run to avoid the tax criminals that are ever growing. They differ since they are from the voluntary disclosures by the shareholders to the fines incurred. It also involves the back payment of tax. Securing one’s beneficial ownership in an organization is important in criminal tax avoidance and also committing other accounting crimes (Léautier, 2014).

It is the interest of every business to thrive in their field. Team leaders should always provide direction to a company to realize their full potential in attaining their goals. Changes to the rules and recommendations ensure transparency in an organization’s operations. These include the responses made by a team leader in ensuring that the right path is taken when any decision is made in any organization.

Upon conclusion, team leader responses should always be sound in making their decisions pertaining their organizations and also taking the right steps in drawing of an organization’s conclusion.

References

Sundheim, D. (2013). Taking smart risks: How sharp leaders win when stakes are high. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Crutchfield, N. (2013). Safety Culture: An Innovative Leadership Approach. Elsevier Science & Technology.

Léautier, F. (2014). Leadership in a globalized world: Complexity, dynamics and risks.

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Capital punishment argument Assignment

Capital punishment argument

Order Instructions:

These questions need to be answered for the paper please.

1- Statement of the issue – one or two sentences.
2- Review of the authors arguments – one or two paragraphs stating at least three major points made by each author.
3- Comparison of arguments – at least one paragraph contrasting what each author had to say.
4 – Your opinion – at least one paragraph explaining either
a) why you agree with one of another, or
b)why you disagree with all the authors.
5- Discussion Question – an open ended question that you derive from the readings.

This is the textbook name just in case you need to know or if you want to quote anything. “The Enduring Debate (Norton, 2014)

SAMPLE ANSWER

Statement of the Issue

Constitution interpretation is done in the old fashioned way as evident where the court came to a controversial decision in the Roper Case, proving to be the statement of the issue (Canon, Colenman & Mayer, 2014). This case happened on the ground where one person is defending the opinion on the ground that people ought not to be subjected to greater punishment like; capital punishment.

Authors Arguments

Antonin Scalia doesn’t think that the Constitution should be interpreted in a strict manner or either sloppily. It should be interpreted in a more reasonable manner. Many of the interpreters do not deserve the description strickt and he believes that the text is given the meaning it had if it is well adopted in the right manner. In the modern position, this happens to be opposite as questions are asked as though it is some affliction that seizes people (Canon, Colenman & Mayer, 2014). According to the author, when a constitution changes, it doesn’t need to be given an expansive meaning, rather it is given whatever meaning is needed so as to make it simpler to be changed when future necessities arise. John Marshall explained that we have to know that it is the constitution we are expounding, thus, it has to be given an expansive meaning. The reason behind all this is to help accommodate events that a person is familiar with and which will happen in the future.

Comparison of Authors Arguments

Antonin Scalia talked about how the constitution is a big difference that one could not lie about it. There is no need for a lawyer to make a person understand it (Canon, Colenman & Mayer, 2014). The constitution is a living morph and a person can’t contrast it that first. John Marshall talks of ways that the constitutions use to guarantee the right to represent by counsel and this did not mean that the state had all the mandate of paying for the counsel as the Antonin Scalia stated. John Marshall stated that the constitution has a process named the due process and it mostly states that no person can be deprived off his life only where then law is involved in the whole process. However, Antonin Scalia contradicts this statement by saying that a person can lose everything in the court as his life, liberty and property are not guaranteed in any way.

Own Opinion

It is prudent to agree with the first author as he wanted the constitution to be interpreted in a more reasonable manner. Increased sentences in the court as mentioned by John Marshall meant that it didn’t have all the many trials, and this act violated the right to trial by jury (Canon, Colenman & Mayer, 2014). A person will definitely disagree with Black’s opinion that stated that the lesser are, better off than we are. On the other side, Burton argued that designed to court and the districts courts are designed to work as the school board and have the capacity to formulate the program for desegregation. It is right to disagree with the political scientist named Robert Dahl, who viewed the court as a powerless tool that can affect the course of national policy.

Discussion

It is next to impossible to beat somebody with nobody. Such a phrase is categorized as the principle of legal interpretation, which require to be well considered. Increased emphasis which tends to be upon included the people’s rights and any active powers are highly valued. In most cases, increased emphasis leads to a better constitutional law that helps in the promotion of governmental solutions. The solutions are consistent with individual dignity and all community needs.

References

Canon, D., Colenman, J., & Mayer, Kenneth. (2014). “The Enduring Debate. Retrieved from http://books.wwnorton.com/books/webad.aspx?id=4294975553 on 8^th February 2016

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Contingent Exclusionary Rule Assignment

Contingent Exclusionary Rule

Order Instructions:

Research and read the article by Donald Dripps entitled “The Case for the Contingent Exclusionary Rule,” from the American Criminal Law Review (Winter, 2001).

-Based on the article and your current level of exposure to the topic of constitutional criminal procedure, outline your position as to how Dripps’ model would work in the real world.

-Refer to Dr. Kahlib Fischer’s presentation in Module/Week 1. State whether Dripps’ Model of “Contingent Suppression” is in any way compatible with restorative justice. If not, how could it be made more compatible?

83647492_1/courses/CJUS410https://learn.liberty.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-10560616-dt-content-rid-_B02_201620/Presentations_iSpring/Module%202/Remedies%20%28LMS%29/res/index.html

=Provide at least 1 reference and 1 scripture in support of your post.

****Please read instructions and follow the three bullets…

SAMPLE ANSWER

Contingent Exclusionary Rule

In real world, Donald Dripps model would work as a constitutional remedy that integrates exclusionary regulation with financial damages conventionally related to tort allegations. Courts should begin to test suppression orders contingent based on police failure to pay for damages as determined by courts (Dripps, 2001). In addition, compulsory use of exclusionary rule can be used to not only prevent but also punish deliberate breach of constitutional restrictions. However, a number of seizure and search breaches fail to meet deliberate violations, may be due to police obliviousness or unusual instances, as such contingent exclusionary rule applies to many criminal cases. To some extent, the Contingent Suppression is compatible with restorative justice. To start with, it acts for the best interest of the judicial system since truth is well fostered. This due to the fact that police and judges would not hide evidence to get a criminal sentence when there is practical Fourth Amendment breach that can result in a suppression order, particularly, exclusionary rule in certain conditions fail to cost convictions the Fourth Amendment never forbid. The cost is simply decreased or even eliminated (Dripps, 2001).

Moreover, the tort remedy protects the innocent as well the guilty from unconstitutional seizure and searches. This means tort remedy serves as a deterrent from illegal search and seizure. Both local and state administrations are liable to Forth Amendment breaches, can demand while enforcing training programs for law enforcement bodies in their jurisdiction. The constitutional remedy is important in encouraging ethical police officers and judicial process to be effective. On the other hand, the courts may set damages and thus eliminate legal aspects from politics, especially; contingent exclusionary rule addresses political issues since the federal courts would set damages. By and large, using exclusionary rule as legal remedy will be mooted in way that protects the Constitution for Fourth Amendment breaches following the growing need to ban exclusionary rule.

References

Dripps, D. (2001). The Case for the Contingent Exclusionary Rule. The American Criminal Law Review

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Criminal Justice System and Biblical Perspective

Criminal Justice System and Biblical Perspective Order Instructions: “Competing for perspectives” in the criminal justice system are discussed, including certain “Biblical Perspectives,” one of which is restorative justice.

Restorative justice focuses on restoring the victim by making the offender compensate the victim for the wrong and adding some punishment. Numbers 5:6–7 highlights this principle very well. “Say to the Israelites: ‘When a man or woman wrongs another in any way[a]and so is unfaithful to the Lord, that person is guilty and must confess the sin he has committed. He must make full restitution for his wrong, add one fifth to it and give it all to the person he has wronged” (NIV1984). There is also a secondary emphasis on reintegrating offenders back into society.

The topic of this course is the Criminal Procedure. By nature, criminal procedure is “rights-based.” This is because much of the law comes from the Constitution, which was drafted to enumerate the powers of government. This limits government behavior to only those listed powers, but the Constitution also clearly lays out some rights (but not all) of states and citizens, particularly certain criminal procedure rights. As such, it can be said that criminal procedure focuses on the offender’s rights and government behavior.

Write a 275-word discussion forum on the following:

Based on your practical and educational experience, what is the focus of the criminal justice system, restorative justice, or criminal rights? Give specific examples.

Can these seemingly competing perspectives be better harmonized? Provide at least 1 reference and 1 scripture to support your answer.

Criminal Justice System and Biblical Perspective Sample Answer

There are varied competing perspectives in criminal justice system aimed at crime deterrence (Zehr, 2014). For instance, there three main approaches that can be adopted in a criminal procedure such as the criminal justice system, restorative justice, or criminal rights (Van Ness, 2013). In the criminal justice system process, the crime committed by the offender is deemed to be an act against the State, which is, violating a law or an abstract idea (Zehr, 2014). As a result, through this retributive criminal justice system perspective, the crime is controlled by the criminal justice system whereby the accountability of offenders is defined through the punishment they take. According to Zehr (2014) in this approach, there is no reconciliation between the offender and victim because the punishment is believed to be effective in deterring crimes through behavioral change. A good example is the conviction of an individual on public funds embezzlement or corruption, which through this approach the offender is only jailed or fined while the victim or community do no recover the embezzled funds.

Alternatively, restorative justice focuses on the needs of the victims or involved the community and the offenders rather than punishing of the offender or satisfying abstract legal principles (Vanfraechem, 2012; Woolpert, 2015). As a result, restorative justice offers an alternative to a criminal trial to ensure that all parties to the crime are central to solving the issue. The principle of restorative justice is highlighted in (1 Cor. 5:1-8 and Matt. 18: 15-18) where the punishment of offenders in a church is accomplished through hi/her excommunication, whereby the offender is expelled by the church from its fellowship whom may eventually repent and be united to the church. For example, a church member who steals is excommunicated but upon returning the stolen money/property and repenting is accepted back to church.

Furthermore, criminal rights must also can be considered in a criminal procedure based on the bill of rights since most laws are entrenched in the Constitution which enumerates the powers of governments while also specifying the limits of those powers and government behavior. As a result, criminal procedure focuses on government behavior and offender’s rights. A specific example is that an offender cannot continue to be held in cells for a billable crime and also every offender has the right to be represented by a lawyer (Zehr, 2014). These competing perspectives can be harmonized and are important in crime prevention/deterrence, intervention as well as breaking the cycle of crime through appropriate considerations of the State laws, punishment, and individual and social dimensions responsibility of crime in disrupting good relationships as well as community harmony.

Criminal Justice System and Biblical Perspective References

Vanfraechem, I. et al. (Ed.) (2012). Restorative Justice Realities. Empirical Research in a European context. Leuven, Belgium: eleven international publishing.

Van Ness, D.W. (2013). Restorative justice. In B. Galaway, & J. Hudson (Eds.), Criminal justice, restitution, and reconciliation. New York: Willow Tree Press, Inc.

Woolpert, S. (2015). Victim-offender reconciliation programs. In K.G. Duffy, et al. (Eds.), Community mediation: A handbook for practitioners and researchers. New York: The Guilford Press.

Zehr, H. (2014). Changing lenses: A new focus for crime and justice. Waterloo, Ontario: Herald Press.

Managerial Decision Making Assignment Paper

Managerial Decision Making

Order Instructions:

Requested deadline NLT 5pm Saturday 1/23/16 must be at least 2 pages, which doesn’t include title & reference pages.

I am including the actual assignment from the course as well as the headings required, the chosen company is Wells Fargo. Please also use the following to access South University library as well as the syllabus. At least one source must be cited from the school library.

https://mycampus.southuniversity.edu/portal/server.pt? User Name – tiffany_shakepeare / Password – Pr@1seH1m Feel free to contact me at 334-201-0479

ASSIGNMENT DETAILS

Organization Project – 2: Managerial Decision Making

Research your chosen company. Find a minimum of one library source, which will support your thesis in this assignment. Review your assigned weekly lecture and text reading. Select from this reading 3-5 key concepts, which will also support your thesis. In a two to three page paper, address the questions below. Your paper should follow APA format including a title and reference page. The two to three page paper length requirement does NOT include the title page and reference page. Refer to your classroom area titled South University Policies and Guideline. Using APA Standards in Your Coursework to ensure you are following the correct format.

Describe some of the key decisions its management has faced within the past year or two. Identify an ethical issue the organization either faces or has faced in the past. If it has not been resolved, provide an analysis of how the issue should be addressed. If it has been resolved, critique how the organization resolved this issue based on the materials you have reviewed on ethical decision making.

The below are the headings to use for the above assignment:

Week Two Assignment

Introduction

You should write your introduction here. Describe what your paper is going to be about. Make sure you use third person referencing throughout your entire paper.

Key Managerial Decisions in the Past Two Years

This section of your paper should describe some of the key decisions managers have made in the past two years. This is information you will need to interpret based on what you have read about the organization. Minimally you should be writing one full paragraph with 4-5 sentences. You may need two paragraphs to fully address this. You should include one piece of information from the text or lectures to support your work. You must use in text citations to demonstrate you have used this material. Hint the lecture materials on decision making as well as the text materials on Managerial Decision Making should be helpful.

Ethical Issue Organization has Faced

This section of your paper should describe some of the ethical issues the organization has faced. Again you will have to interpret this information based on what you have read about the organization.. Minimally you should be writing one full paragraph with 4-5 sentences. You may need two paragraphs to fully address this. You should include one piece of information from the text or lectures to support your work. You must use in text citations to demonstrate you have used this material. Hint the lecture materials on the Importance of Ethics and the text materials on Managing Ethics and Social responsibility should be very helpful in this section.

Conclusion

Write a one paragraph conclusion summarizing your paper.

References

SAMPLE ANSWER

Organization Project – 2: Managerial Decision Making

Introduction

Every business decision has a moral or ethical dimension since it has an effect on the company’s stakeholders (Robbins & Coulter, 2010). In this paper, some of the main decisions which the management of Wells Fargo bank has faced over the past 2 years are described in detail. An ethical issue which this company has faced within the past two years is also described. An analysis of how the ethical was resolved or should be resolved is provided basing on the materials reviewed on ethical decision making.

Key managerial decisions in the past 2 years

Over the past 2 years, the top management of Wells Fargo bank has made a number of key managerial decisions. Firstly, in order to improve sales and revenue for this financial institution and increase value for shareholders, Well Fargo’s senior executives in the year 2014 put tremendous sales pressure on the company’s staff members. The management also launched Wells Fargo’s going for gr-eight initiative which pushed the bank’s average client to have 8 dissimilar accounts. As a result of this initiative, Wells Fargo’s bankers were pressured to victimize clients or else face consequences such as getting fired for being unable to achieve sales quotas (Zacks investment research, 2015). Ethical decision making is the process in which the decision-maker assesses the ethical implications of a given course of action. In making the managerial decisions, Well Fargo’s top executives certainly did not assess the ethical implications of their decisions (Hartman, 2011).

Ethical issue that Wells Fargo has faced

In the year 2015, an ethical issue that Wells Fargo bank faced was treating its clients and staff members in an unethical manner. This financial firm was accused of setting unrealistic and unreasonable sales targets for its workers and encouraging its employees to adopt fraudulent means to meet the preset quota. Staffs at this corporation assumed deceitful tactics in achieving the stipulated impractical sales targets, for instance by issuing illicit credit cards, opening illegal and needless customer accounts, and forging signatures of clients and charging fees on accounts of clients who are unaware. When they got complaints from customers pertaining to this matter, Wells Fargo refunded such fees only in part and not in full, and it then misstated the phone numbers of those clients so that they are not reached for client satisfaction surveys. Furthermore, the senior managers of this bank did not protect the bank’s clients from the financial harm when they found out about the violations by their employees (Zacks investment research, 2015).

This issue has not yet been resolved by Wells Fargo. The case of Wells Fargo bank is a clear illustration of poor decision making in which the bank’s management made poor ethical decisions. For this issue to be resolved in an effective manner, it is recommended that Wells Fargo should reimburse its customers the fraudulent fees which it charged them and secondly, Wells Fargo should discontinue such unethical and deceitful practices in the future. Wells Fargo should focus on the best interest of its clients and create an ethical, caring and supportive environment for its employees and team members. Non-existent or weak governance structures at Wells Fargo resulted in poor ethical decision-making (Hartman, 2011). As such, Wells Fargo’s management should put in place effective business controls and oversight at all times. The managers should understand ways of leading ethically (Robbins & Coulter, 2010). Furthermore, people in this bank should learn ways of resisting to act in an unethical manner.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Wells Fargo’s senior management encountered an unethical issue when they pressured the employees to achieve impractical and unrealistic sales targets. As a result of this pressure, the bank’s employees utilized fraudulent tactics to attain the impossible targets. This ethical issue is yet to be resolved properly. A straightforward and practical solution is for this bank to pay back its customers the fraudulent fees which it charged them and cease its fraudulent practices in the future.

References

Hartman, L. P. (2011). Business ethics: decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Robbins, S., & Coulter, M. (2010). Management (10^th ed). New York, NY: Pearson Education Inc.

Zacks investment research. (2015). Wells Fargo sued by city of Oakland over predatory lending. Chatham: Newstex. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1715737472?accountid=87314

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