Wind Turbines Blades from Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic French Wind manufactures the blades for wind turbines from a glass fiber reinforced plastic.
Wind Turbines Blades from Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic
The suppliers of the glass fiber and reinforced plastic send the raw materials to French Wind in cases, where one case of glass fiber requires two cases of reinforced plastic. Glass fiber is being consumed at steady rate of 2000 cases per year and has a cost per case of $1500.
Reinforced plastic on the other hand has a unit cost of $300 per case. French wind has a 35% annual holding cost rate on all their inventory. The setup/order cost for glass fiber is $200 while for reinforced plastic there is a $650 order cost. Over the duration of a year French Wind is open for 340 days.
The Divided Self a Science of Persons The Divided Self a Science of Persons 1) What does R.D.Laing mean by “a science of persons”? What
problems in clinical diagnosis is he seeking to avoid, and why?
The Divided Self a Science of Persons
2) Why is Laing critical of
a) behaviorism, b) psychoanalysis,
c)classical (Kraepelinian) psychiatry?
3) Why does Laing compare the interpretation of psychotic speech to the deciphering of hieroglyphics? What role does empathy play in the process of interpretation? What role does clinical ‘objectivity’ play in the absence of empathy?
4) What are the chief characteristics of ontological security and insecurity? In his short life the Scottish psychiatrist Ronald (“Ronnie”) Laing progressed from iconoclast to guru and mystic.
Costs and Benefits of European Industralization and Imperialism What were the costs and benefits of European industrialization and imperialism between 1800-1914 for the various parties involved?
Costs and Benefits of European Industrialization
Evaluate the question with details from the lectures, Things Fall Apart, This Earth of Mankind, Chadwick, Miners, Marx, and Ferry. All seven sources must be used and the two novels must be used in depth.
Here are the links to some of the readings
1. Chadwick, “Report on Sanitary Conditions-1842″
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/chadwick2.html
2. “Women Miners in the English Coal Pits”
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1842womenminers.html
3. Jules Ferry, “On French Colonial Expansion”
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1884ferry.html
4. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (Sections I and II)
http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/classics/manifesto.html
5. Benito Mussolini, “What is Fascism?”
http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/mussolini-fascism.asp
Make sure to present a thesis, back it up with a broad evidence base, and acknowledge if there is counterevidence to your argument. You have plenty of sources to use and evaluate so do not use any outside sources (absolutely no Wikipedia or internet sources). The intent of this assignment is to have you use critical thinking in order to analyze a set of sources and write a paper using historical methods.
In composing your answer to the question, you should present all significant perspectives before drawing your conclusions. You should also be attentive to the qualitative differences among the written texts you are using. Chadwick, Miners, Marx, and Ferry are what historians call “primary sources,” that is sources written during the period under study, which can therefore be used as evidence about the way the certain individuals acted and thought. The two novels are secondary sources. Any documentary excerpts we have watched regarding the theme of this paper are not historical documents but rather artistic dramatizations of history that sometimes include commentary from contemporary historians. Thus, these different sources were produced in different contexts, and that governs the way they can be used as evidence or illustration in your papers.
Compare Marx and Darwin Notion of Struggle Question: Just as for Marx history is the history of class struggle, for Darwin evolution is the struggle between species.
Compare Marx and Darwin Notion of Struggle
Compare Marx’s and Darwin’s notion
of ‘struggle’ while paying special attention to the importance of change over time. Furthermore, how do Marx and Darwin’s respective theories of struggle
relate to Heraclitus’ hypothesis that war is the mother of all things? Are there moments in both Marxist and Darwinian theory in which, nevertheless, more
Parmenidean qualities are detectable?
In addition to editing, I want you to write the thesis statement and conclusion as well.
Also please do not shorten the essay.
Make it longer without repeatation.
Paleontology News and Dinosaur Epistemology Research Format Paper length: Minimum 1500 words; maximum 2000 words
Paleontology News and Dinosaur Epistemology Research
Text style: Times New Roman size 12 font, double-spaced; 0.5-inch margins
Only printed copies will be accepted
Paleontology News and Dinosaur Epistemology Research Instructions
Go to the New York Times pages for Paleontology news and browse the articles found there. Select one article, written in the last five years (byline no
earlier than 2018), about dinosaur research. Do not select an article about anything other than dinosaurs and do not select an article about research that we
discussed in class (i.e., the coloration of dinosaur feathers or the end-Cretaceous extinction event).
Read the article and look for a claim made about a belief we now know or a belief we have learned about dinosaurs. This is an epistemological claim. Your
the goal in this paper is to defend this epistemological claim.
Use additional resources, both from our class and from outside our class, to develop an argument that demonstrates why scientists can validly claim to know, understand, or have learned about the belief given in your chosen article.
Paleontology News and Dinosaur Epistemology Research Paper Components
Your paper should include the following components:
Introduction (2 points): briefly describe the discovery made or the research done. Use additional resources if you must.
Thesis argument (8 points): describe the evidence for the belief that paleontologists claim to have learned. Explain how that evidence supports the belief
and why the evidence is enough to say that the belief is strong enough to qualify as knowledge.
Objections (5 points): explain why someone might deny that the belief in question is now known. Give reasons to doubt that the evidence cited actually
supports the stated belief.
Replies (5 points): respond to the objections given in the previous section. Explain why the doubts have given there may be unreasonable. Describe how the issues raised in the rest of your paper may have an effect on other beliefs you hold, and why this connection justifies your claim that the belief given in the article is now known. Do not simply rephrase or restate your thesis argument.
Complete the first draft by December 09 (10 points). We will have a peer review writing workshop in class that day. Use the comments that you receive in the
workshop to revise your essay for the final draft.
Caring for Populations Intervention and Evaluation I need a powerpoint presentation with at least 10-14 slide which includes an introduction, summary, reference slides.
Caring for Populations Intervention and Evaluation
The slide should be from school nurse point of view for teens regarding STD’s and aids prevention/education
Use www.healthypeople.gov as a resource for Georgetown South Carolina
www.census.gov. Obtain information about the demographic characteristics of the population for your county of residence. Once you are on the website, choose the link to “QuickFacts”, and from there you can choose a state, county, and city data.
Caring for Populations Intervention and Evaluation Purpose
The purpose of this PowerPoint presentation is to provide an opportunity to develop a community health nursing intervention and evaluation tool for your identified community health problem (described in Caring for Populations: Assessment and Diagnosis) and identify the components of the nursing process as it applies to a community or population.
Caring for Populations Intervention and Evaluation Scenerio
You are a Community/Public Health Nurse (C/PHN) working in your setting of choice. You have identified a community health problem and have analyzed the data collected from your windshield survey and assessment & diagnosis assignments. You have decided on a nursing intervention and need your organization’s approval for funding of this intervention. Your leadership team has agreed to listen to your proposal.
Caring for Populations Intervention and Evaluation Directions
• Choose a community health nurse set. Some examples of settings are a school nurse, parish nurse, home health nurse, a nurse working in the health
department (be specific to what area in the health department, e.g., WIC, STD clinic, health promotion, maternal-child health, etc.)
• Introduce the identified problem and reiterate at least one or two important findings (average of 1–2 slides)
• Propose one community health nursing intervention that would address one or more of the major direct or indirect factors that contribute to the problem.
Keep in mind the Public Health Intervention Wheel (Nies & McEwen, p. 14, figure 1-3) as your framework (average of 3-4 slides). Your intervention needs to be
specific:
o Who is your target population?
o Where is this intervention taking place?
o Will it take place one time or multiple times?
o How will you reach out to your target population?
? How will you get your target population involved?
o Will you collaborate with anyone (e.g., physician’s office, church, local resources, etc.?)
o Is anyone else involved besides yourself (C/PHN)?
? If yes, are they paid or volunteers?
o What level(s) of prevention is your intervention addressing?
• Justify why the problem and your nursing interventions should be a priority.
o Based on what you have found in the literature, discuss why these interventions are expected to be effective. Include at least two professional scholarly
sources related to your interventions (average of 2-3 slides).
• Evaluation: Your presentation must include at least one quantitative or qualitative evaluation tool. It should include your method along with desired
outcomes. Outcome measurement is a crucial piece to implementing interventions. There is a helpful tool in Doc Sharing to assist you with understanding
qualitative and quantitative methods of evaluation. (average of 2-3 slides)
o What will be the long-term and short-term impact on your community if the intervention is “successful?” Keep in mind your desired outcomes when analyzing the evaluation.
• In addition to the slides described above, your presentation should include a title slide, an introduction slide, summary slide, and reference slide.
o The introduction should describe the problem in your community and your purpose for this presentation.
o The summary should reiterate the main points of the presentation and conclude with what you are asking to be accomplished, e.g., “Based on ABC, it is
imperative our community has XYZ. Thank you for your consideration.”
• Remember, you are presenting to your leadership team, so the slides should include the most important elements for them to know. You may add additional comments in the notes section to clarify information for your instructor.
Caring for Populations Intervention and Evaluation Guidelines
• Application: Use Microsoft PowerPoint 2010
• Length: The PowerPoint slide show is expected to be no more than 20 slides in length (not including the title slide and reference list slide).
Awareness of Electric car in San Francisco Bay Area Focuses on Electric car only.
All sources can be internet sources but can’t be a blog post.
Awareness of Electric car in San Francisco Bay Area
Follow the outline I provided which will be upload separately.
The audience will be “Car Dealer“; and “Potential new car buyer”;, the; writer can define who is the primary and second audience by themselves.
This purpose of this proposal is to ask for funding from " car dealer" to promote electric car. One would expect that California and its various forward-thinking cities would lead any discussion regarding electric cars. It might be surprising to learn that the Washington DC metropolitan area boasts more than 800 charging stations.
Debunking Myths and the Role of Cognitive Science Order Instructions: Now you have read about how people learn. Part of looking at this issue is the role of cognitive science and brain-based learning in the classroom. In this assignment, you will compare your own understanding of the pros and cons with research on myths about this kind of learning.
1. Choose one of the following:
• Select one myth (article below) and clearly identify what is known to be accurate and inaccurate about that idea. Tie this to your reading about how people learn and how neuroscience or cognitive science concepts have been appropriated for educational use.
• Dig deeper into an issue you uncovered in the reading about the different opinions and concepts present in this field. Rather than a specific myth, you may choose a broader issue (e.g., how teachers are taught about cognitive science and brain-based learning, how professional development has impacted this work, how ideas get from neuroscience researchers to teachers).
Here is the article:
https://theconversation.com/why-urban-myths-about-education-are-so-persistent-and-how-to-tackle-them-60680
Debunking Myths and the Role of Cognitive Science Sample Answer
DEBUNKING MYTHS
In recent times, there has been the continuous adoption of different myths or concepts that are applied in the education sector. In this case, these concepts and ideas are referred to as educational myths that have been accepted as essential teaching methods by most of the trainers, especially in a class setting. Learning style is one of these educational myths. The teachers are encouraged to use the styles since students would become more successful upon matching the styles of learning and the teaching style, which include the auditory vs. visual, dynamic and analytic (James, 2017). The ideas are considered to be accurate since it is believed to be essential in ensuring students get the tailored education. Evidence shows that people with particular learning styles had a good learning experience whenever they were taught using the preferred ways. Through the learning style myth, the teachers can match the best learning experience of students with a variety of approaches which results in I success proving the accuracy of the myth. However, the evidence about the positive impact it not considered to be sufficient thus making the learning style instruments unreliable and not to be valid. The learning style educational myth is said to be a misconception that would result in negative impacts since teachers are encouraged on teaching students on their intellectual strengths rather than on their weaknesses (James, 2017). The lack of enough scientific evidence for learning styles faults discredits the myth.
Neuroscience has been appropriated for educational use where it is applied with the aim of familiarizing students with orienting concepts of the field. Neuroscience research is an essential asset in the classroom whose knowledge I used in strengthening lifeline. The teachers have used it in building the brain potential of the students regardless of their past performances. Educators in helping students to change their brains literally for the better use the application of neuroscience. The cognitive science is also appropriated in the education system since it helps in examining with some care the kind of thought and knowledge process required for good performance. Through cognitive science, some crucial teaching methods useful to students in learning thinking skills and vital knowledge are clearly described. In this case, neuroscience and cognitive science have found wide application in education due to their positive impacts compared to the educational methods such as learning styles (Howard, 2014).
Cognitive science and neuroscience are identified to be helpful in satisfying the fundamental curiosity about the thought and learning process of human beings. Brain-based education is understood in three broad definitions, which include principles, strategies, and engagement. There is a collaboration between the teachers and the cognitive researchers that are making efforts in a bid to refine and test the theories in a real class setting and also finding out how interactions impact the application of the theories. Cognitive science and neuroscience have been appropriated for educational use due to the efficient establishment of the connection between the educational practice and the brain function, which is essential for learning due to the positive benefits gained (Howard, 2014). In my understanding based on research about the learning style myth, it’s better for the teachers and trainers to be ready with up-to-date evidence about the effectiveness of applying the approach in the schools rather than wasting time on practices that do not result in the desired effects. On the other hand, neuroscience and cognitive science are essential in helping students and teachers in developing real learning progress and actual success. In a nutshell, the adoption and effective implementation of the right approach in teaching and learning would result in positive impacts rather than using the myths and practices that are not evidence-based.
Debunking Myths and the Role of Cognitive Science Reference
Howard-Jones, P. A. (2014). Neuroscience and education: myths and messages. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(12), 817-824.
James Williams Lecturer in Science Education, Sussex School of Education and Social Work, University of Sussex. (2017, April 27). Why urban myths about education are so persistent – and how to tackle them. Retrieved May 12, 2017, from https://theconversation.com/why-urban-myths-about-education-are-so-persistent-and-how-to-tackle-them-60680
Agri Chem faces a challenge of reduced natural gas supply, following a notification from Enerco, that gas supplies were being rapidly depleted, thus leading to rationing of natural gas. Based on the priorities that Enerco gives from the Federal Power Commission, it is notable that Agri Chem will be significantly affected the rationing. In providing details on rationing, Enerco did not provide proportions for rationing. Agri Chem must determine its usage pattern to determine how best to maximize profits under the circumstances. The problem is to determine which of Agri Chem’s complexes would be least affected by a gas curtailment.
Analysis
The rationing of natural gas is expected to have a significant impact on Agri-Chem, given the high level of usage. Agri Chem mostly utilizes natural gas for the second and third priority, which comprise the commercial use as a raw material source and industrial use as a broiler fuel. This was likely to lead to ‘rolling brownouts’ due to natural gas curtailments. The fact that Enerco does not provide guidelines on the manner in which natural gas will be allocated based on products gives Agri Chem an opportunity to determine its own proportions in a bid to ensure that profitability is maximized under the conditions. While Agri Chem had an allocation of 90,000 ´ 103 cubic feet per day based on its contract with Enerco, this would be reduced by 20% to 40% following the curtailment. This would greatly affect Agri Chem, which utilizes natural gas as broiler fuel except for ammonia production which required natural gas as a raw material.
The situation at hand presents a complex scenario in which the company’s productivity is likely to be curtailed by the rationing of natural gas, given that Agri Chem considerably depends on natural gas for production purposes. This calls for a solution to optimize gas usage under the current circumstances, which essentially calls for a formula for gas usage to ensure that the company’s profits are maximized under the circumstances. Agri Chem has an advantage in that Enerco does not provide proportions for gas allocation and hence the company has the liverty to determine its capacities as deemed appropriate. Determining the product that would be least affected by the curtailment of natural gas helps the company to establish how well it can be utilized to provide optimal results for the company. Linear programming provides a simple solution for this complex situation, such that Agri Chem can determine how best to approach the problem presented by the gas shortage.
Solution
The main objective is to determine, based on Agri Chem’s complexities, the product that will be least affected by the gas curtailment. The solution involves creation of a linear programming equation that bases its calculation on the contribution, current capacity, production rate and natural gas usage, provided in the table of financial and operation data on page 6. This is optimized using linear programming, putting the possible constraints (20% and 40%) into consideration, to determine the product that would be least affected by the natural gas curtailment. Linear programming is considered effective in obtaining solutions for optimal use of resources and profit maximization because it makes use of simple formulas to determine solutions under different constraints (Haidar, 2015). It is therefore effective in making decisions on complex issues affecting organizations, such as the gas allocation dilemma faced by Agri Chem. In this case, two constraints are present. The process begins by determining the new constraints, representing the expected impact when gas supply is reduced by 20% or 40%. Using excel, calculations are made to determine the new quantities. Using these constraints, it is possible to determine the number of tons that can be produced per day to maximize profits as indicated on the calculations on page 7. The gas constraints are developed with reference to the possible changes, from 85,680,000 cu. ft. per day, which Agri Chem utilizes, once the curtailment is done. This is shown on page 7. The results indicate that Caustic Soda would be the least affected by the gas curtailment. This is because the company can operate optimally with Caustic Soda being produced at low levels; 423.2 tons/day when curtailment is 20% and zero tons/day when curtailment is at 40%. Profitability can then be calculated based on the quantities determined.
Justification
The current situation at Agri-Chem calls for an effective measure to determine the utilization of the natural gas supplies under the constraints.
Linear programming is an effective optimization technique, suitable for complex problem solving, such as in the case of Agri Chem.
Through the use of linear programming, Agri Chem can maximize its profits by assessing the gas proportions needed for the company and how this can be allocated to ensure optimal use of the available natural gas.
This solution provides guidance for Agri Chem on the utilization of natural gas, such that it can be effectively allocated for optimal results and loss reduction.
Linear programming gives better outcomes due to its simplicity and definite formula – single and straightforward, thus promoting accuracy.
The calculation of optimal levels for profitability helps in promoting decision making e.g. in the case of Agri Chem where the company determines the complexities that are least affected by natural gas rationing.
The solution provides a basis for determining the result of different scenarios – in this case the company can determine the profit optimization at 20% and 40% curtailment.
Conclusion
The problem presented in this case involves a situation in which Agri Chem’s production is affected by the curtailment of gas supply due to the effects of a heat wave. Enerco provides that Agri Chem’s supply may be affected by 20% to 40%. This calls on Agri Chem to come up with a formula that will optimize the situation, to ensure that it maintains sustainable profitability under the circumstances. A linear programming solution in which constraints are developed at the curtailment proportions provides that, caustic soda would be least affected by the gas curtailment, at the point of optimal profitability.
Question: Which of Agri-Chem’s complexes would be least affected by a gas curtailment?
Financial and Operational Data
Contribution Capacity Production Rate Natural Gas Usage
Product ($/Ton) (Tons/Day) (% of Capacity) (1,000 Cu.Ft./Ton)
Technology and Scientific DNA Discoveries Order Instructions: Please read below for information concerning assignment. Support responses with examples and use APA formatting in the paper. You may access the school’s website by logging into:
Please note that when you log into the website you must click launch class, and on the next screen click syllabus to view this week’s readings (week 5) and Academic Resources to access the school’s library. Please respond to both discussion questions. The minimum length for this assignment is 2,000 words
Discoveries in DNA, cell biology, evolution, biotechnology have been among the major achievements in biology over the past 200 years with accelerated discoveries and insights over the last 50 years. Consider the progress we have made in these areas of human knowledge. Present at least three of the discoveries you find to be most important and describe their significance to society, health, and the culture of modern life.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria Maximum Points
Quality of submission. 100
Connections and higher order thinking. 50
Reference to supporting readings. 50
Language and Grammar. 50
Total: 250
Technology and Scientific DNA Discoveries Sample Answer
DNA Discoveries
Introduction
Indeed, new discoveries in the field of biology have continued to rise over the years due to technological and scientific advances. These extraordinary advances over the past 50 years in cellular and molecular biology, evolution, biotechnology , nd genomics have contributed a great deal to medicine, health and human life in the society because they carry very significant and vital progress towards genetics. In the society today, the study of genetics has received a lot of attention owing to the fact that genes in the human body form the basis of ethe xplanation of several origins of deadly diseases and hereditary variations in man. Singleton & Hardy (2016), point out that the most dangerous diseases in the world today have an underlying genetic basis. Human beings are genetically predisposed to many of these diseases and hence genetic makeup influence their prevalence in man.
Therefore, advances in molecular biology and by extension genetics in areas that deal with genetic counseling, cancer, autoimmune disorders, personalized medicine and forensic science have helped find medical solutions to these life threatening conditions. Some of the discoveries that have been made include gene therapy that involves inserting new and functional genes into patients to replace mutant ones at the expense of using drugs or surgical interventions. Gene therapy has found extensive use in tthe reatment of cancers and inheritable disorders. Another discovery is reproductive cloning that has been advanced over the years to produce genetically identical organisms. Epigenetics is another discovery that has given a deep understanding of the role of gene expression in inheritable changes observed in man. These epigenetic changes have been characterized by markers that regulate genes in certain inheritable diseases. This essay will enumerate on the significance of gene therapy, cloning and epigenetics as the most recent discoveries in cellular biology and the role of biotechnology in these areas towards human health and modern life.
Technology and Scientific DNA Discoveries Epigenetics
The role of epigenetics in human diseases is a new area of advancement in molecular biology. Epigenetics occur in situations where there is a change in the expression of genes without significant change in the underlying DNA sequence. In other words, there is a change in phenotype without necessarily changing the genotypic make up of an organism. However, during the research for advancement in epigenetics, it has been noted that several factors such as environment, age, and lifestyle and disease state affect these changes.
Impact of Discovery
Epigenetics is commonly used in identifying genetic pre- disposition to diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease as well as the epigenetic markers for cancer progression and ageing of the skin. Cramer, Adjei & Labhasetwar (2015), state that epigenetics has helped in drug discovery where scientists have concluded that drugs that stabilize or inhibit these markers can be used clinically to manage cancer. These drugs are also under investigation for their effectiveness in sickle cell disease.
Epigenetic mechanisms that comprise chromatin and DNA modification of histone proteins and their systems including RNA non coding machinery can help explain human pathologies for instance musculoskeletal disease, chronic inflammatory diseases and Rheumatoid arthritis. Epigenetic markers are important in control of homeostasis and development of these proteins play a role in the pathogenesis of these conditions. Hence understanding the genesis of epigenetics has helped understand how to manage these chronic conditions. Research in this area has played a vital role for therapeutic intervention management and the drug discovery utility that prevent epigenetic signaling not only in cancerous conditions but also these inflammatory diseases.
Epigenetics has also been appreciated at molecular level in understanding the role epigenetics play in ecology and evolution. Epigenetic changes and mechanisms have interactions with morphological, physiological and genetic systems which are important apparatuses in environment-organism interactions in ecology. As proposed in genetics, epigenetic mechanisms are also inheritable hence some scientists have used it to modify explanation of Modern Synthesis. In the society and in the medical field, epigenetics has helped explain the environmental stressor response of individuals critical to soft inheritance and phenotypic plasticity. It has serves a role in conservation and invasive species biology. Therefore epigenetics has helped provide an understanding into community processes both at evolutionary time scales and ecological levels.
The importance of epigenetics in society, everyday life and healthy living must not be overlooked as it is one area in the society and medical field that is gaining great interest. Commonly called everyday epigenetics, human daily action influences human epigenome studies. Everyday eating and exercise habits influence gene expression as either overreacting or undereating. An area of particular interest is endurance training and its long term effects on gene changes. Exercises are believed to modify the epigenetic mechanisms of muscles increasing their activity. The more genetics play a vital role in everyday life so does epigenetics. However epigenetics has showed the inner being is not necessarily be-all and terminate all in human health. In order to better this important advancement biologists have taken into account the risks that are associated with in vitro reproductive epigenetics. These include genomic imprinting that arise as a result of differences in the expression of alleles and intrauterine alterations. When epigenetic therapy is used in patients there is need for careful monitoring especially in hematological disorders to prevent these alterations from occurring.
Technology and Scientific DNA Discoveries and Cloning
Cloning is another advancement in the field of cell biology that has continued to be researched on. Reproductive cloning was initially fronted by biochemists to produce genetically identical organisms but has found application in medicine, health and the society at large of late. The history of cloning is one that has come a long way and evolved due to scientific research and technology from initial cloning of Dolly sheep by nuclear transfer to what today is considered modern cloning. Cloning creates copies of organisms which are identical using the genetic material of somatic cells. Cloning can be done mainly through artificial twinning or Somatic cell nuclear transfer that identifies and involves use of plasmid vectors such as Escherichia coli bacteria strain or in cases of reproductive cloning using somatic eggs.
In cloning organisms, the vector DNA is prepared by treatment with an endonuclease enzyme that cleaves the part of DNA site where the foreign material will be inserted. The DNA is prepared and a recombinant DNA created with enzyme DNA ligase. This ensures joining together or ligation of the DNA mixtures that is now ready to be introduced into the host organism. The host organism takes up the recombinant DNA and undergo biotransformation to new organisms that are screened for desired inserts of DNA with good properties. Therapeutic cloning which is an area of interest in healthcare creates multiple copies of cells used in treating different diseases. The advancements made in cloning can be viewed as the starting point of genetic engineering methods to biotechnology. Biotechnology applies both cloning and Polymerase chain reaction in making large DNA amounts that are required for genetic engineering.
Impact of Discovery
Cloning in human beings plays an important role in production of new tissues and grafts that are required for organ transplant (Brown & Brown, 2016). These patients most likely suffering from organ failures when cloned organs are transplanted into them there is reduced risk of rejection by the body’s immune system. Some genetic diseases such as Parkinson’s disease are thought to be caused by death of brain cells. Cloning can reduce symptoms of this disease by transplanting pig brain cells in to human brain. Transplantation therapy by applying clones has helped alleviate deadly diseases among them diabetes. Cloning also reduces infertility in women due to somatic cells with female eggs that can be cloned in surrogate mothers to produce children. Cloned organisms poses very desirable characteristics because of genetic viabilities improving their health survival in the society.
Another important application of cloning is in the field of drug discovery treatment or vaccination of certain diseases. Scientists have used the animal model that mimic how the human body behaves in order to test the how effective a drug is. Animals that are not genetically susceptible to some diseases such as AIDS will be asymptomatic when injected with the HIV virus. Therefore because it is hard to test the vaccines used to treat these diseases cloning maybe applied to produce animal models that are genetically modified. This makes it easy to inoculate these diseases and aid in treatment. Additionally, molecular cloning in the society has contributed to discovery of genetic sequences of different organism species, creation of transgenic organisms for example herbicide resistant crops that have high yield.
In the modern society today, cloning has found extensive use in the food production industry. Animals for milk and meat production with selected traits that are desirable can be multiplied by cloning and their products used to manufacture food. These foods commonly called genetically modified foods are under approval for their safety use and efficacy. However, cloning is often faced with ethical issues that arise as it is seen to contradict the religious beliefs that stated that life begins at conception. It is also seen as a threat to human evolution raising key legal compromises but these areas of concern are still being researched on.
Technology and Scientific DNA Discoveries Gene Therapy
Gene therapy has been one of the most significant advances in the field of molecular biology over the recent years. This discovery has been advanced in the treatment of single and inherited defects such as blood cancers, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, autoimmune disorders and Severe Combined Immune Deficiencies (ADA-SCID). In targeted genetic therapy, a mutant and defective gene is identified and sequenced to locate the disease causing variant. Then, a new functional gene is injected into the cell. Administration involves using viral vectors such as adenoviruses to deliver the gene to relevant sites at therapeutic levels (Ginn et al., 2013). The adenovirus vector translocates into the target tissue and attaches onto the host cell inducing transfer of genetic material. Hence the defective genes are disrupted and the new genes express themselves taking over the genetic makeup of the tissues by altering DNA or RNA transcript that are useful in protein synthesis.
Impact of Discovery
The discovery of gene therapy has contributed towards providing cure for genetic disorders. The use of somatic gene therapy that replaces faulty genes which in so doing makes the body to produce proteins that eradicate the gene that causes the disorder. Some of these genetic disorders may not have cures and hence gene therapy has gone a long way in treating these patients. For instance, in Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, blood cancers such as leukemia, hemophilia, and Parkinson’s disease. When gene therapy is used it reduces the need for drugs and surgery. Moreover, in cancer patients who require chemotherapy and radiation that are associated with harmful side effects such as hair loss gene therapy is helpful in avoiding these side effects.
Another benefit of gene therapy in the society is that it offers a large scale treatment of hereditary diseases that have the capability to be transferred to generations. Gene therapy also employs germ-line therapy that passes corrected genes from one generation to another through reproductive cells so that the gene is passed to future offspring. Huntington’s disease, a neurogenerative disorders that can be passed down the family line can be stopped so that generations in the family do not get worried about acquiring it. This is the promise that comes with genetic therapy. Hence, the cells that carry the genetic disorders are altered and fixed before they can be inherited by family members. Additionally, gene therapy has a great untapped therapeutic potential hence when advanced it has the potential to reduce the danger of exposure of mankind to pathogens due to new genes that are able to withstand these harmful agents of disease. Gene therapy is still under extensive research but its benefits have served a vital role in bringing an attractive healthy hope to patients who are terminally ill with genetic conditions especially when they are incurable and life threatening.
Thus far, gene therapy has not only served to solve single disease disorders but also to identify the genetic origins and make up of multifunctional diseases such as heart failure, autism, alcohol dependency that sometime are genetically predisposed. One of the most important advancement in gene therapy has been the improvement of technology with a technique called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to aid the process of DNA sequencing and chromosomal corrections. This technique helps amplify sequences at high speed capacity to extract chromosomal mutations hence faster genetic treatment has become increasingly easy. Gene therapy is done with a lot of care during the process of delivery of the gene using vectors to ensure it is delivered to the right target cells. Delivery to wrong cells may lead to errors that are recognized by the body’s immune system as pathogens damaging the genetic pool because of initiation of immune response to counter any foreign body.
Technology and Scientific DNA Discoveries Conclusion
New discoveries in cellular and molecular biology in the recent past like gene therapy, cloning and epigenetic engineering have made it easy to identify, treat and manage not only inheritable conditions but also terminal life threatening diseases. Some of them for instance cancers, neurogenerative disorders like Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease have a genetic origin hence these advancements in DNA have helped reduce their symptoms and find their cures. These areas of genomic science are still under research for the betterment of medicine and the society but it has without a doubt improved medical care for patients with such conditions. These advances have made great contribution to modern healthcare as the science of genetical engineering still continues to grow.
Technology and Scientific DNA Discoveries References
Brown, T. A., & Brown, T. (2016). Gene cloning and DNA analysis: an introduction. John Wiley & Sons.
Cramer, S. A., Adjei, I. M., & Labhasetwar, V. (2015). Advancements in the delivery of epigenetic drugs. Expert opinion on drug delivery, 12(9), 1501-1512.
Ginn, S. L., Alexander, I. E., Edelstein, M. L., Abedi, M. R., & Wixon, J. (2013). Gene therapy clinical trials worldwide to 2012–an update. The journal of gene medicine, 15(2), 65-77.
Singleton, A., & Hardy, J. (2016). The Evolution of Genetics: Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases. Neuron, 90(6), 1154-1163.
