Case Study of Danial

Order Instructions:

Instructions: Respond to the questions at the end of this case study for EACH separate part. As you progress through the assessment requirements, be careful to integrate information from both the current and preceding parts into your responses, as they provide you with valuable history.
Think of each part as your first exposure to Danial, but in each successive part, consider all material from the previous scenarios. For example:
• When you respond to the questions for Part 1, all the information you know about Danial is contained in Part 1. Your answers will relate to ONLY this scenario.
• When you respond to the questions for Part 2, you will have access to the expanded history. You will be expected to respond to the scenario presented in Part 2, but you will also be aware of his previous history detailed in Part 1, as if Part 1 was information from a medical record. Be sure to integrate this information into your response to Part 2.
• When you respond to the questions for Part 3, you will have access to the full history. Respond to the questions with awareness of his previous history, detailed in Part 1 and Part 2. You will be expected integrate this information into your Part 3 answer.
Part 1
Danial is brought to you by his parents when he is seven years old and just starting second grade. He is small for his age and moves in a fashion that could be mistaken for a girl. His mother, Yalda, is 34. She worked as an aide in a pre-school program that Danial attended until he entered kindergarten, “because Danial liked her to be there.” She now works with and for her 39 year-old husband, Nasir, Danial’s father. Nasir owns and manages three convenience stores.
Danial has a 15 year old brother, Salim, who is a very good athlete and already the highest scoring player on a competitive high school soccer team. This Muslim family emigrated from Pakistan ten years ago. They have since helped Yalda’s parents move to the U.S. Assimilation into American culture is somewhat of a struggle from religious and cultural perspectives, particularly as the parents want to hold on to much of their culture of origin. Their English language skills are very good.
When they enter your office, Danial sits very close to his mother on one end of the sofa. His father sits in a separate chair. They speak with a strong Pakistani accent. They are concerned because Danial has been having stomachaches since the new school year started. They think he wants to stay home with Yalda, because he behaved the same way in kindergarten and first grade for the first month or so of school. His complaints about stomachaches, though, are worse this year. He has always wanted someone to stay with him at night until he falls asleep but Nasir put a stop to that at the start of kindergarten, “even though Danial cried like a baby.” Danial is a solid “A-B” student.
Since kindergarten, Danial has awakened frequently at night. He has been found sleeping outside his parents’ bedroom door on a number of nights because he has nightmares about his mother being kidnapped. They are concerned, too, because it was always a battle to get Danial to stay with a babysitter when he was a toddler. Eventually, they could only leave him with Yalda’s parents for an evening because he wouldn’t stop crying if left with anyone else. Throughout the interview, Danial holds tightly to his mother’s sweater or hand, despite her obvious attempts to get him to sit up straight and to move away from her.
You ask Danial if he feels frightened, to which he nods, and says in a soft and somewhat breathy voice, “I worry all the time that something will happen to my mom.” He and his brother speak without accent. You ask if you can talk to him by himself. He responds by clinging to his mother, shaking his head, and saying, “I don’t want to. Don’t make me, please, mommy.” To which his father says, “Good lord,” rolls his eyes, and turns further away from Danial.
Danial’s personal history, and his family’s history on both sides, is unremarkable for mental or medical concerns or for physical or substance use or abuse disorders. There is no history of physical abuse, neglect, or domestic violence. All of Danial’s developmental signs fall within the norm. Other than his concerns of being away from his parents, he has no other behaviors of concern, except, his father says, with another eye roll, “He likes to play with girls and dolls and can’t stand getting dirty. He’ll never be the soccer player his brother is.”

Part 2
Danial is now 16 years old. His mother accompanies him to the interview and tells you about Danial’s evaluation and successful treatment when he was seven. “He was fine after that treatment worked,” Yalda says, “but lately he’s taken staying to himself all the time. He’s always been a little different, too sensitive, you know. He gets tearful now and then. But lately he’s just been nasty to everyone, irritable. And he just can’t sit still. He’s like a cat on a hot tin roof. He can’t remember half of what I tell him. It’s as if he’s forgotten how to think, sometimes. He can’t keep his mind on anything.” She’s also concerned because he only weighs 130 pounds and has lost twenty pounds in the last six weeks without trying. “He eats like a bird,” she says. “He’s lost his appetite.”
Danial appears agitated. He sulks, won’t make eye contact, sits as far away from his mother as he can, and rolls his eyes when she talks. Again, his history is unremarkable for medical concerns, or physical or substance use or abuse disorders, and there is no history of abuse, neglect, or domestic violence. His only psychological history of note is his treatment at age seven. He expresses irritability with his mother for “tricking” him into coming to see a shrink. His mother thinks he is angry because he isn’t sleeping well at night, and hasn’t been sleeping well for several months. Further questions about that do not reveal any manic behavioral concerns.
When you talk with Danial alone, you learn that he has only one male friend, “More of a good acquaintance,” he says. “But he’s like me.” The only other people he has spent time with are a couple of girls who are loners, too, and who “accept” him. “We don’t really trust people much. I’m a lot more like them than I am like “the guys.” He rolls his eyes. “You know the ones who think they’re better than everyone.” He studies his fingernails, which you notice have been polished with a clear nail polish. You ask him about his relationships with “the guys” and he snaps angrily at you. “They’re like my older brother’s friends. A bunch of jocks. To them, I’m a worthless piece of garbage.” He laughs. “And maybe I am. Ha! Maybe!? Who am I kidding? I’m not worth the dirt on the bottom of my brother’s running shoes! Just ask my old man. My brother was a college jock! Daddy’s star! The big college soccer player!”
For the last two months Danial has not wanted to spend time with anyone, and withdraws to his room whenever he can escape the family. He has withdrawn from his already small group of acquaintances as well as family, and lost interest in almost everything, including band and the theater group, both of which he has dropped out of in the last two months. You get the impression that Danial has started buying half-pint bottles of vodka from an acquaintance in the past month, but he will tell you no more about this once it comes out. You ask if he feels depressed and he snaps at you irritably that he is not. He denies any reason for not wanting to see people or for his loss of interest in almost everything he used to do. “Nothing’s happened to me, I just don’t want to be around people, any people, including you.” He denies feeling suicidal but mentions playing with his father’s revolver the previous week, holding the muzzle to his head and clicking the trigger to imagine what it would feel like if it was loaded. He thinks about death a lot, he says, “But it’s only an existential dream. We’re all going to die. It’s just a matter of when.” At this, he smiles again, as if to himself.

Part 3
Danial, 25, works as a draftsman for a large architectural design firm. It is a fairly solitary job. He’s come to see you because, “My boss told me to get help, or else. Bottom line: He wants to fire me, but his boss, my uncle, won’t let him.” He smiles and says, “It’s good to know people in high places.”
Danial’s physician also referred him, and has sent you Danial’s previous treatment records (Parts 1 and 2), which indicate no significant medical concerns. You ask why he thinks his boss wants to fire him and are told, “He’s always making jokes about me behind my back. I hear ‘em all laughing. I’m his star draftsman, but he doesn’t pay me what I’m worth. I’m sure he pays the others more than he pays me, not that they’ll say boo about that. They have kind of a pact, I think, to keep stuff like that from me. And my boss only gives me compliments to get me to work harder. He’s not fooling me. Neither are the others. They’re jealous because of my uncle and . . . other things. You know the kind of stuff I mean.”
You ask him to tell you more. He frowns at you, stares, then shakes his head. “You’re in on this, aren’t you!?” He laughs. “Sure. I see it now. He gives me the names of three therapists and tells me to see one. Smart. I’ll bet he paid the three of you to do what he wants. You all knew I was coming to one of you! To think I was dumb enough to believe that with three names to choose from this had to be on the up-and-up.” He shakes his head. “Jeez!”
You explain that you don’t know his boss. “Yeah,” Danial says, “I believe you. Now, I suppose you’ve got a bridge to sell me.” You explain that he is welcome to choose any therapist he wants, and that if he prefers to end the session he is free to choose another therapist. “Sure,” he says, “so you can tell my boss I walked out, and he still gets me to work with someone in his pocket. I’m not falling for that. I’m here. I’ll work with you. He said I needed therapy and my uncle went along with it. So, I’m getting therapy. I’m not playing my boss’s game. But I don’t want you sending him any little messages about what we talk about.” You agree that everything you talk about will be confidential unless (in the spirit of informed consent) there’s a potential Danial could harm himself or someone else. “Did he tell you I was a danger to him?” he asks. “Is that what this is about? You can’t trust the man. He’ll say anything to get his way.” You reiterate that you have never spoken with his boss.
In a few minutes, he calms down and asks, “So what do we do in this so-called ‘therapy’?” You suggest that he tell you about himself, maybe what his boss is concerned about, or what he (Danial) might want help with. After another discussion about confidentiality, he insists that you to sign a note stating that you will not reveal anything to anyone about what he says unless it’s about hurting himself or someone else, “Because I’m not going to hurt anyone unless they try to get me first.” You sign the agreement. Only then does he begin to talk about himself, after insisting, “I don’t want you writing all this down. And if you break our agreement, I’ll sue you. I will. Believe me.”

You ask about his earlier emotional issues and the event with his father’s revolver, which you read in the records. “I’m not depressed, if that’s what you’re thinking. I like everyone and everything, I just don’t trust ‘em,” he says. “I’m happy. I sleep fine. I’m not losing weight. I’m not here for happy pills. I’m just here to find out how to get my boss off my back.” He smirks. “And, maybe, how to know if my partner is having an affair. I’ve never been able to prove anything, but . . . I know he is, and he gives me signs all the time. I just haven’t caught him at it.”
Danial is reluctant to talk about himself, but eventually answers some questions after making you explain why you are asking each one. You learn that he drinks three to five highballs a day on weekends, “sometimes more, lots more once in awhile,” and that he has ongoing trouble with his family of origin, whom, he says, “tried to hold him hostage” to old country ways. He tells you his parents don’t understand him and are always “snooping” into his life, which is why he changes his cell phone every couple of months.
“Besides,” he adds sarcastically, “There are no gay Muslims, you know. My dad tells me that all the time.” He wags his head. “Hell, almost everyone at the firm is gay, and we come from all over the world. What’s he think—that Allah only makes Christians and atheists gay?”

SAMPLE ANSWER

Case Study of Danial Assessment Paper

Introduction

This paper intends to come up with an analysis of a case study of Danial Assessment Paper. To achieve this task the essay will look at Danial’s Assessment Paper in four parts.

Part 1

Diagnostic hypotheses for Danial

A lot of people associate Danial’s behaviors with stubbornness in children, believing they are something you grow out of (Brooks, 2014). However, it is not uncommon for children growing to become teens and adults to experience the nightmares as well (Flynn, Johnson, Bolton, & Mojtabai, 2016). In fact, in every 2 adults will experience nightmares now and again, while 2% to 8% of the adult population suffers from chronic or recurring nightmares Last, F. M. (2012, 5,12  ) post traumatic stress disorder (Crafter, 2015). The nightmares are characterized by vividly realistic images, thoughts and emotions which cause your heart to beat faster and sometimes even force you to wake from your sleep (Ferns, 2016). Sometimes details of the nightmare will be remembered and the terrifying or disturbing images can be difficult to shake (Flynn, Johnson, Bolton, & Mojtabai, 2016). As a result, nightmares affect the quality of sleep, leading to physical exhaustion and mental anxiety along with stress. If your sleep is being interrupted by nightmares, it can cause issues in other areas of your life and even lead to long-term health problems (Glăveanu, 2011). Therefore, it is important to understand the source of the nightmares and take steps to prevent them (Ferns, 2016).

Notably, it is very common for pre-school children to develop specific fears or phobias, where most common fears in early childhood include animals, insects, storms, heights, water, blood, and the dark, though these fears usually go away gradually on their own (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011). Throughout a child’s life there will be other times when they feel anxiety, for instance lots of children feel anxious when going to a new school, for example, or before tests and exams, while some children feel shy in social situations and may need support with this (“Living out Islam: voices of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims”, 2014).

Danial is seven years by age and is in second grade. He can be easily mistaken for a girl due to his fashion and looks quite tiny for his age. Danial parents, Yalda his mother is 34 years and his father Nasir is 39years.his father runs three convenience stores.Danial has a brother fifteen years of age who is perfect in athletes and is the best player in scoring in his high school team. Danial parents moves to from Pakistan 10 years ago and they brought Yalda parents with them. danial looks frightened when they entered the office danial clings onto his mother on the one end of the sofa. Danial has complained of stomachaches since beginning of New Year in the new school.  His mother thinks that Danial wants to stay at home since he used to behave the same way in kindergarten and the first months of his first grade schooling.

Further diagnostic information needed

It is important to keep Danial’s bedroom neat, and make sure it’s dark enough while also avoid temperatures that are too hot or cold (Ferns, 2016). In addition, make sure his bed is comfortable by use of a white noise machine to block out any undesirable sounds, while also reserve the bedroom for sleeping since working in the bedroom may cause one to associate it with stress (Shah, 2016). Moreover, it is important to make sure that Danial is involved in  physical exercise as a way of improving his sleep, hence finding an activity that Danial enjoys, whether it’s running, strength training, dancing, rowing or rock climbing and encouraging him to work out 3 to 5 times a week would be effective (Harre, 2016). Moreover, exercise time should be schedule for the morning if possible, which implies that one should not exercise right before bed as it will leave them too amped up for sleep (Heru, 2012).

Furthermore, it is important to ensure that Danial also has bonding time with his brother, which is fundamental in owning to the fact that his brother likes sports, which also help Danial as he drifts off to sleep, by making him have  happy thoughts (MacIver, 2013). Encouraging Danial to be anything he likes through trying to imagine  himself as a superhero saving the world, or a famous actor or heading off on his dream holiday may positively impact on assiststing Danial to focus on his goals and envision himself achieving (McAndrew & Warne, 2012).

Impact of culture, and ethnic issues along with psychosexual issues on the life of Danial and  his family using diathesis-stress outlook

Some psychologists believe that today’s middle-years youngsters actually are faced with more stress than the children of previous generations were and have fewer social supports available, due to changes in family structure from the large, supportive, extended families (including both parents, aunts, uncles and grandparents) of previous generations, to the present high incidence of divorced families, single-parent families and stepfamilies, which has drastically altered the experience of childhood hence millions of youngsters are forced to adjust to such changes (Klasios, 2014). However, even in intact and stable families, the growing number of households with two working parents often forces children to spend more time in after-school programs or at home alone, which leads to some children  experiencing stress due to loss of time with their parents, which forces them to have the responsibility for caring for themselves and the family home and sometimes for overseeing a younger sibling after school (MacIver, 2013). Many children and their families are stressed by the multiple activities that fill children’s “free time.” Overscheduled children with inadequate “down time” can become exhausted (Heru, 2012).

Danial is a member of a muslim family. Moreover, Danial’s family is more interested in maintaining the culture of their country of origin, as opposed to assimilating to the American culture. Notably, the culture of Danial’s family’s  country of origin is influenced largely by religion, which is muslim religion. However, in America there are approximately 2 to 8 million muslims. The population of muslims in America is ethnically diverse, and originates from over 80 countries across four continents. Two thirds of the muslims in America are immigrants. Consequently, some American muslims are pious, while others are only moderately religious, whereas others are secular and don’t practice Islam, they only relate to it. Some American muslims may attend the mosque once a week and also pray daily while other American muslims rarely practice or engage in Islam. Therefore, this implies that, since when Danial was a child, he interacted with fellow muslims, who had different levels of engagent to Islam and hence influencing Danial’s growth and belief in Islam.

Today’s children are also being raised in an era in which they are exposed to violence and peer pressure about sexual activity and drug use and are warned to be cautious about kidnapping, sexual abuse and other crimes, which creates the sense that they are living in an unsafe world hence gradually developing a constant source of stress for some children (Roe, 2015). In short, today’s youngsters are regularly confronted with challenges to their coping skills and often are expected to grow up too fast, which is also presented in Danial’s case where we see that danial parents moved from Pakistan to United States ten years ago, later they helped yalda parents move to United States (McAndrew,  & Warne, 2012). The family being from a Muslim culture, they find it hard to fit into American culture, especially Yalda’s parent who embraces their origin in culture, while it is also documented that Danial has never been comfortable being left with a baby sitter since he was a toddler, which is an American culture (Knights, 2012).

Therefore, it is important to ensure that Danial also has bonding time with his brother, which is fundamental in owning to the fact that his brother likes sports, which also help Danial as he drifts off to sleep, by making him have  happy thoughts (MacIver, 2013). Encouraging Danial to be anything he likes through trying to imagine  himself as a superhero saving the world, or a famous actor or heading off on his dream holiday may positively impact on assiststing Danial to focus on his goals and envision himself achieving (McAndrew & Warne, 2012).

Part 2

Diagnostic hypotheses for Danial

Danial’s disturbances are bound to occur during the deeper stages of sleep and so tend to happen in the first few hours of going to bed, which Danial experiences in form of an intense feeling of fear, which is not accompanied by dreams or images, but rather is often accompanied by movement (thrashing or sitting upright in bed) which may cause the him to wake up but usually Danial cannot remember why he was so frightened upon waking (“Living out Islam: voices of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims”, 2014). Intially in the presented case study Danial is small in appearance and loves girly things. We see that he loves playing with girls and dolls too. His father is uncomfortable since he wishes Danial to be like his brother who loves playing soccer and he is the best in his high school team. His discomfort is evident when he rolls his eye during the interview explaining to me about danial behavior. Danial is seven years by age and is in second grade. He can be easily mistaken for a girl due to his fashion and looks quite tiny for his age. Danial parents, Yalda his mother is 34 years and his father Nasir is 39years.his father runs three convenience stores.Danial has a brother fifteen years of age who is perfect in athletes and is the best player in scoring in his high school team. Danial parents moves to from Pakistan 10 years ago and they brought Yalda parents with them. danial looks frightened when they entered the office danial clings onto his mother on the one end of the sofa. Danial has complained of stomachaches since beginning of New Year in the new school.  His mother thinks that Danial wants to stay at home since he used to behave the same way in kindergarten and the first months of his first grade schooling.

Moreover, in Danial’s case he loves someone to keep him company during the night till he falls asleep but his father Nasir ensured that he stopped it. Danial would cry like a baby when he was left alone. Danial has been often sleeping outside his parent’s bedroom door due to his nightmares about his mother being kidnapped. When danial was a toddler he had troubles staying with the babysitter as he would cry all night long. This made danial to be left under care of his grandparent’s but still he wouldn’t stop crying, his mother had to stay with him. his mother makes effort to move away and make him sit straight from danial since the whole time of the interview danial tightly holds her mother’s hand .when I asks Danial if he is frightened he nods his head and he tells me that he worries all the time that something might happen to his mother, when I check their famiy history I see no traits of mental abuse, physical abuse, neglect, domestic violence or substance abuse.

Although nightmares in children often happen spontaneously with no serious underlying cause, sometimes they occur as a result of psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (“Living out Islam: voices of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims”, 2014). Notably, it is very common for pre-school children to develop specific fears or phobias, where most common fears in early childhood include animals, insects, storms, heights, water, blood, and the dark, though these fears usually go away gradually on their own (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011). Throughout a child’s life there will be other times when they feel anxiety, for instance lots of children feel anxious when going to a new school, for example, or before tests and exams, while some children feel shy in social situations and may need support with this (“Living out Islam: voices of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims”, 2014).

This situation is particularly likely if the sufferer has recently experienced a traumatic or life-changing event, such as the loss of a loved one, changing or losing a job, having a baby, undergoing surgery or being involved in an accident, while sometimes nightmares are a symptom of another sleep disorder such as sleep apnea or restless leg symptom, whereas other times, a person is just genetically predisposed towards nightmares, as research has shown that the likelihood of having nightmares runs in the family (Flynn, Johnson, Bolton, & Mojtabai, 2016).

In Danial’s case he loves someone to keep him company during the night till he falls asleep but his father Nasir ensured that he stopped it. Danial would cry like a baby when he was left alone. Danial has been often sleeping outside his parent’s bedroom door due to his nightmares about his mother being kidnapped. When danial was a toddler he had troubles staying with the babysitter as he would cry all night long. This made danial to be left under care of his grandparent’s but still he wouldn’t stop crying, his mother had to stay with him. his mother makes effort to move away and make him sit straight from danial since the whole time of the interview danial tightly holds her mother’s hand .when I asks Danial if he is frightened he nods his head and he tells me that he worries all the time that something might happen to his mother, when I check their famiy history I see no traits of mental abuse, physical abuse, neglect, domestic violence or substance abuse.

Further diagnostic information needed

Notably, One of the biggest stressors for kids is being overscheduled, yet, today, kids are expected to pay attention and perform in school for seven hours, excel at extracurricular activities, come home, finish homework, and go to bed just to do it all over again the next day, which leaves children with no downtime (Flynn, Johnson, Bolton, & Mojtabai, 2016). It is important for kids to have downtime to rejuvenate, their brains while their bodies need to rest though children might not realize this by themselves, hence it is the task of the parents to know when their child is overscheduled as it is important (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011).

Danial is a member of a muslim family. Moreover, Danial’s family is more interested in maintaining the culture of their country of origin, as opposed to assimilating to the American culture. Notably, the culture of Danial’s family’s  country of origin is influenced largely by religion, which is muslim religion. However, in America there are approximately 2 to 8 million muslims. The population of muslims in America is ethnically diverse, and originates from over 80 countries across four continents. Two thirds of the muslims in America are immigrants. Consequently, some American muslims are pious, while others are only moderately religious, whereas others are secular and don’t practice Islam, they only relate to it. Some American muslims may attend the mosque once a week and also pray daily while other American muslims rarely practice or engage in Islam. Therefore, this implies that, since when Danial was a child, he interacted with fellow muslims, who had different levels of engagent to Islam and hence influencing Danial’s growth and belief in Islam.

It is therefore recommendable for one to look at their kids’ schedules over the course of a week, and make sure that there is enough downtime when the parent is not watching the clock, by ensuring that there several hours on the weekend or a few nights during the week when their child can simply kick back and relax (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011). In addition, it is also important for parents to pay attention to how their family is eating their meals and identifying whether everybody is eating on the run, in the car, grabbing and going, since that is an indicator that too much is going on (McAndrew & Warne, 2012).

In Danial’s case he loves someone to keep him company during the night till he falls asleep but his father Nasir ensured that he stopped it. Danial would cry like a baby when he was left alone. Danial has been often sleeping outside his parent’s bedroom door due to his nightmares about his mother being kidnapped. When danial was a toddler he had troubles staying with the babysitter as he would cry all night long. This made danial to be left under care of his grandparent’s but still he wouldn’t stop crying, his mother had to stay with him. his mother makes effort to move away and make him sit straight from danial since the whole time of the interview danial tightly holds her mother’s hand .when I asks Danial if he is frightened he nods his head and he tells me that he worries all the time that something might happen to his mother, when I check their famiy history I see no traits of mental abuse, physical abuse, neglect, domestic violence or substance abuse.

Impact of culture, and ethnic issues along with psychosexual issues on the life of Danial and  his family using diathesis-stress outlook

Notably, it is very common for pre-school children to develop specific fears or phobias, where most common fears in early childhood include animals, insects, storms, heights, water, blood, and the dark, though these fears usually go away gradually on their own (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011). Throughout a child’s life there will be other times when they feel anxiety, for instance lots of children feel anxious when going to a new school, for example, or before tests and exams, while some children feel shy in social situations and may need support with this (“Living out Islam: voices of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims”, 2014).

Severe anxiety like this can harm children’s mental and emotional wellbeing, affecting their self-esteem and confidence, hence they may become withdrawn and go to great lengths to avoid things or situations that make them feel anxious (“Living out Islam: voices of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims”, 2014). Therefore, it is important to talk to Danial about his anxiety or worries and reassuring and show him that you understand how he feels, since Danial is now a child who is old enough, it may help to explain what anxiety is and the physical effects it has on our bodies, thus it may be helpful to describe anxiety as being like a wave that builds up and then ebbs away again (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011).

Notably, as a child, due to his continuous cries when left by the mother, they opted that Danial would stay with Yalda’s parents. Danial always wanted someone to keeping him company till he falls asleep but his father put a stop to that although he would cry terribly. That was when he was in kindergarten. Danial has also been having nightmares hence has also been found a couple of times sleeping outside his parent’s bedroom door as he complained that he has nightmares of his mother being kidnapped.

Moreover, Danial’s always loved someone to keep him company during the night till he falls asleep but his father Nasir ensured that he stopped it. Danial would cry like a baby when he was left alone. Danial has been often sleeping outside his parent’s bedroom door due to his nightmares about his mother being kidnapped. When danial was a toddler he had troubles staying with the babysitter as he would cry all night long. This made danial to be left under care of his grandparent’s but still he wouldn’t stop crying, his mother had to stay with him. his mother makes effort to move away and make him sit straight from danial since the whole time of the interview danial tightly holds her mother’s hand .when I asks Danial if he is frightened he nods his head and he tells me that he worries all the time that something might happen to his mother, when I check their famiy history I see no traits of mental abuse, physical abuse, neglect, domestic violence or substance abuse.

Part 3

Diagnostic hypotheses for Danial

When a child’s nightmares are the result of an underlying condition such as sleep apnea or restless leg symptom, receiving treatment for these conditions should help to reduce them (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011). Notably, it is very common for pre-school children to develop specific fears or phobias, where most common fears in early childhood include animals, insects, storms, heights, water, blood, and the dark, though these fears usually go away gradually on their own (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011). Throughout a child’s life there will be other times when they feel anxiety, for instance lots of children feel anxious when going to a new school, for example, or before tests and exams, while some children feel shy in social situations and may need support with this (“Living out Islam: voices of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims”, 2014).

Danial’s nightmares are related to anxiety, depression or PTSD, certain forms of therapy or medications might help to alleviate these conditions and lessen nightmares, in particular, a drug known as Prazosin is often prescribed to help patients with PTSD, anxiety and panic disorders, and can alleviate nightmares too (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011).

Moreover, it is also important to involve a medical doctor in attending to Danial so as to figure out the best option of treatment option for Danial, as it is also important to note that certain medications can increase the likelihood of nightmares, so speaking to a doctor is essential in identifying whether certain medications can cause issues in Danial’s health (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011).

Notably, Anti-depressants and certain blood pressure medications are often responsible for causing nightmares, so speaking to a medical doctor about switching to a different drug is crucial since, sometimes a change in dosage or coming off a particular drug can cause nightmares, in which case the bad dreams experienced by Danial should subside once his body adjusts therefore, the main concern is denial staying away from his parents, all other development signs fall inside the standard (Roe, 2015).

His father complains that Danial loves to play with dolls and girls unlike his brother who kloves playing soccer. His father wishes Danila to be like his brother. Danial is afraid that something bad might happen to his mother, this is diathesis stress. This is making him to be irrational. He usually complains about stomachaches which uses it to seek attention. It seems that his parents don’t him much attention .he also loves girls fashion and loves to play with dolls and girls unlike his brother. His father doesn’t seem happy since we see him rolling his eyes when he is explaining. The father can’t deal with psychosexual issues of Danial.

Further diagnostic information needed

When a person is in middle age, pressures may come from a number of sources, such as within the person himself, as well as from parents, teachers, peers and the larger society in which the person lives (Roe, 2015). Additionally, pressure can take many forms that challenge individuals and to which they must respond and, often, adapt, whether these are events of lasting consequence like the divorce of their parents, or merely a minor hassle like losing their homework, these demands or stresses are a part of individual’s daily existence (McAndrew & Warne, 2012).

In the case of children, they welcome some events and are able to adapt to them with relative ease, while perceiving other events as threats to their own routines or the family’s daily routines or general sense of well-being, and these stresses are more troublesome (McAndrew & Warne, 2012). Most stress faced by children is in the middle, neither welcomed nor seriously harmful, but rather a part of accomplishing the tasks of childhood and learning about themselves (Roe, 2015).

Young adults may also worry about making friends, succeeding in school, combating peer pressure or overcoming a physical impairment, whatever its form, if stress is too intense or long-lasting, it can sometimes take a toll on individuals (Flynn, Johnson, Bolton, & Mojtabai, 2016). Clusters of stressful events seem to predispose children to illness, such as major events, especially those that forever change a child’s family, like the death of a parent, can have lasting effects on children’s psychological health and well-being, while minor daily stresses can also have consequences, which may contribute to loss of sleep or appetite, individuals may also become angry or irritable or their school grades may suffer, while their behavior and their willingness to cooperate may change (Klasios, 2014).

Impact of culture, and ethnic issues along with psychosexual issues on the life of Danial and  his family using diathesis-stress outlook

For many adults, childhood can seem like a carefree time, but for children they still experience stress, through activities such as school and their social life, which may sometimes create pressures that result in overwhelming for kids (Klasios, 2014). As a parent, you cannot protect your kids from stress, but you can help them develop healthy ways to cope with stress and solve everyday problems, since children deal with stress in both healthy and unhealthy ways, while they may not initiate a conversation about what’s bothering them, they do want their parents to reach out and help them cope with their troubles (McAndrew,  & Warne, 2012).

Notably, young adults don’t always feel like talking about what’s bothering them, which sometimes is not bad, hence letting your children know you’ll be there when they do feel like talking is important since, even when kids don’t want to talk, they usually don’t want parents to leave them alone (McAndrew,  & Warne, 2012). As a parent one can help their child feel better just by being there,  keeping him or her company, spending time together, which therefore means that if a parent notices their child seems to be down in the dumps, stressed, or having a bad day, but doesn’t feel like talking , then it is important to initiate something they can do together, like taking a walk, watching a movie, shooting some hoops, or baking some cookies, which proves the importance of being present (Roe, 2015).

Moreover, as a parent it is important to be patient since it is a key component though  it hurts to see your child unhappy or stressed, effectively trying to resist the urge to fix every problem is important and instead, focusing on helping your child, slowly but surely, growing into a good problem-solver (Roe, 2015).  Notably, a kid who knows how to roll with life’s ups and downs, put feelings into words, calm down when needed, and bounce back to try again is stronger, while again parents cannot solve every problem that their kids go through in life, but by teaching healthy coping strategies, a parent will prepare their kids to manage the stresses that come in the future (Glăveanu, 2011).

Moreover, creating a healthy and clean  home, work space and even social environment can influence a persons behaviors, which therefore means that altering your environment can help alleviate stress, such as, cleaning up a cluttered environment can help (Glăveanu, 2011). It is therefore important to look around one’s home or even their car and ask themselves, does this space feel clear and relaxing? (MacIver, 2013).  Clearing up one’s home space for the family is something a parent and his/her children can control, and it teaches children to focus on those things they can control when feeling stressed (Roe, 2015).

Intially in the presented case study Danial is small in appearance and loves girly things. We see that he loves playing with girls and dolls too. His father is uncomfortable since he wishes Danial to be like his brother who loves playing soccer and he is the best in his high school team. His discomfort is evident when he rolls his eye during the interview explaining to me about danial behavior. Danial is seven years by age and is in second grade. He can be easily mistaken for a girl due to his fashion and looks quite tiny for his age. Danial parents, Yalda his mother is 34 years and his father Nasir is 39years.his father runs three convenience stores.Danial has a brother fifteen years of age who is perfect in athletes and is the best player in scoring in his high school team. Danial parents moves to from Pakistan 10 years ago and they brought Yalda parents with them. danial looks frightened when they entered the office danial clings onto his mother on the one end of the sofa. Danial has complained of stomachaches since beginning of New Year in the new school.  His mother thinks that Danial wants to stay at home since he used to behave the same way in kindergarten and the first months of his first grade schooling.

Part 4

Danial is a member of a muslim family. Moreover, Danial’s family is more interested in maintaining the culture of their country of origin, as opposed to assimilating to the American culture. Notably, the culture of Danial’s family’s  country of origin is influenced largely by religion, which is muslim religion. However, in America there are approximately 2 to 8 million muslims. The population of muslims in America is ethnically diverse, and originates from over 80 countries across four continents. Two thirds of the muslims in America are immigrants. Consequently, some American muslims are pious, while others are only moderately religious, whereas others are secular and don’t practice Islam, they only relate to it. Some American muslims may attend the mosque once a week and also pray daily while other American muslims rarely practice or engage in Islam. Therefore, this implies that, since when Danial was a child, he interacted with fellow muslims, who had different levels of engagent to Islam and hence influencing Danial’s growth and belief in Islam.

According to traditional perspectives of Islam, the hadith talks of the main offences practiced in Sodom being idolatry along with avarice. Additionaly, inhospitality was also witnessed with raping of men visitors being rampant. Nonetheless, the hadith unequivocally also condemns acts of male homosexuals. In Quran 4:16 the Quran stresses that there should be indeterminate punishment of men who are found guilty of profanity as one unless the men repent. To a majority of muslims, they are of the view that Prophet Muhammed should have instead declared a penalty of equal weight to Zina for the active partner in homosexuality, along with the passive partner, which is capital punishment through stoning. This then implies that, this is one of the reasons, Danial’s father is so hard on him and disapproves of his behavior and character.

However, in some references of the Quran, there are implications of homosexuality in paradise, which is attributed to Arab culture along with the Muslim culture. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder became famous in the 1950s and was acknowledged by the psychoanalytic community. The clinicians of psychoanalyst differentiated the as a more severe mental illness that made people to lose touch with the actuality of the world. The disorder is caused by how an individual is raised. It was views as a fault in an individual’s personality. The theory of Frued’s was used for psychotherapy in the 1960sIn the 1980s a new model of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as the study fields for sciences. The new models are based upon scientific references unlike in the 1960s where the model was based upon theories which were not proven. For these disorders to proceed to the next level of research, they had to be characterized in a way that they would be observable hence the disorders could be measured. Frued’s theory did not measure disorders hence the theory was swapped with behaviors and thoughts that could be observed and measured. This made Freudian theory to decline and cognitive behavior theory rose rapidly since it put emphasis on manifestation of measurable and observable disorders. The was also rise in the model of medicine since it stressed on symptoms of pathology and their biological causes. This models assisted individuals to have a new knowledge of more efficient healthy ways to behave and think so as to have a better way of reducing their stress.

It is therefore recommendable to keep Danial’s bedroom neat, and make sure it’s dark enough while also avoid temperatures that are too hot or cold (Ferns, 2016). In addition, make sure his bed is comfortable by use of a white noise machine to block out any undesirable sounds, while also reserve the bedroom for sleeping since working in the bedroom may cause one to associate it with stress (Shah, 2016). Moreover, it is important to make sure that Danial is involved in  physical exercise as a way of improving his sleep, hence finding an activity that Danial enjoys, whether it’s running, strength training, dancing, rowing or rock climbing and encouraging him to work out 3 to 5 times a week would be effective (Harre, 2016). Moreover, exercise time should be schedule for the morning if possible, which implies that one should not exercise right before bed as it will leave them too amped up for sleep (Heru, 2012).

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